Compound and organic electronic device using the same

Abstract

Provided are a novel compound and an organic electronic device using the same. The novel corn pound is represented by the following Formula (I): ##STR00001## wherein Y is an oxygen atom, a sulfur atom, or a sulfur dioxide group; X.sup.1 and X.sup.2 are each independently C(R.sup.a), multiple (R.sup.a)s are the same or different, and the two (R.sup.a)s are joined together to form a first aryl ring; X.sup.3 and X.sup.4 are each independently C(R.sup.b), multiple (R.sup.b)s are the same or different, and the two (R.sup.b)s are joined to form a second aryl ring or a heteroaryl ring.

Claims

1. A compound represented by any one of the following Formulae (I-I) to (I-XXXIII): ##STR00272## ##STR00273## ##STR00274## ##STR00275## ##STR00276## ##STR00277## ##STR00278## ##STR00279## ##STR00280## ##STR00281## ##STR00282## wherein in Formulae (I-I) to (I-XXXIII), X.sup.1 and X.sup.2 are each independently C(R.sup.a), multiple (R.sup.a)s are the same or different, and the two (R.sup.a)s are joined together to form a first aryl ring; wherein in Formulae (I-I) to (I-XXXIII), A.sup.1 and A.sup.2 are each independently C(R.sup.c), multiple (R.sup.c)s are the same or different, and the two (R.sup.c)s are joined together to form an aromatic structure; wherein in Formulae (I-I) to (I-XXXIII), Z.sup.1 to Z.sup.12 are each independently selected from the group consisting of: a hydrogen atom, a deuterium atom, a trifluoromethyl group, a halogen group, a cyano group, a nitro group, an alkyl group having 1 to 40 carbon atoms, an alkenyl group having 2 to 40 carbon atoms, an alkynyl group having 2 to 40 carbon atoms, a cycloalkyl group having 3 to 60 ring carbon atoms, a heterocycloalkyl group having 3 to 60 ring carbon atoms, an aryl group having 6 to 60 ring carbon atoms, a heteroaryl group having 3 to 60 ring carbon atoms, an alkoxy group having 1 to 40 carbon atoms, an aryloxy group having 6 to 60 ring carbon atoms, an alkylsilyl group having 1 to 40 carbon atoms, an arylsilyl group having 6 to 60 ring carbon atoms, an alkylboron group having 1 to 40 carbon atoms, an arylboron group having 6 to 60 ring carbon atoms, a phosphine group having 1 to 40 carbon atoms, and a phosphine oxide group having 1 to 40 carbon atoms; wherein in Formulae (I-I) to (I-XXXIII), each of Z.sup.13 is selected from the group consisting of: a hydrogen atom, a methyl group, an ethyl group, a propyl group, a butyl group, a pentyl group, a hexyl group, and a phenyl group.

2. The compound as claimed in claim 1, wherein the aromatic structure extended from A.sup.1 and A.sup.2 is a substituted or unsubstituted 6 to 20-membered carbon aromatic cyclic structure.

3. The compound as claimed in claim 2, wherein the substituted or unsubstituted 6 to 20-membered carbon aromatic cyclic structure is selected from the group consisting of: a substituted or unsubstituted benzene structure, a substituted or unsubstituted naphthalene structure, a substituted or unsubstituted anthracene structure, a substituted or unsubstituted phenanthrene structure, a substituted or unsubstituted pyrene structure, a substituted or unsubstituted fluoranthene structure, a substituted or unsubstituted benzofluoranthene structure, and a substituted or unsubstituted fluorene structure.

4. The compound as claimed in claim 1, wherein the first aryl ring extended from X.sup.1 and X.sup.2 is a substituted or unsubstituted 6 to 60-membered carbon ring.

5. The compound as claimed in claim 4, wherein the substituted or unsubstituted 6 to 60-membered carbon ring is selected from the group consisting of: a substituted or unsubstituted benzene ring, a substituted or unsubstituted naphthalene ring, a substituted or unsubstituted anthracene ring, a substituted or unsubstituted phenanthrene ring, a substituted or unsubstituted pyrene ring, a substituted or unsubstituted fluoranthene ring, a substituted or unsubstituted benzofluoranthene ring, and a substituted or unsubstituted fluorene structure.

6. The compound as claimed in claim 5, wherein the substituted or unsubstituted 6 to 60-membered carbon ring is a substituted or unsubstituted benzene structure.

7. The compound as claimed in claim 1, wherein at least one of Z.sup.1 to Z.sup.8 in Formulae (I-I) to (I-XXXIII) is selected from the group consisting of: an alkyl group having 1 to 40 carbon atoms and substituted with at least one functional group, an alkenyl group having 2 to 40 carbon atoms and substituted with at least one functional group, an alkynyl group having 2 to 40 carbon atoms and substituted with at least one functional group, a cycloalkyl group having 3 to 60 ring carbon atoms and substituted with at least one functional group, a heterocycloalkyl group having 3 to 60 ring carbon atoms and substituted with at least one functional group, an aryl group having 6 to 60 ring carbon atoms and substituted with at least one functional group, a heteroaryl group having 3 to 60 ring carbon atoms containing at least one nitrogen atom, an alkoxy group having 1 to 40 carbon atoms and substituted with at least one functional group, an aryloxy group having 6 to 60 ring carbon atoms and substituted with at least one functional group, an alkylsilyl group having 1 to 40 carbon atoms and substituted with at least one functional group, an arylsilyl group having 6 to 60 ring carbon atoms and substituted with at least one functional group, an alkylboron group having 1 to 40 carbon atoms and substituted with at least one functional group, an arylboron group having 6 to 60 ring carbon atoms, a phosphine group having 1 to 40 ring carbon atoms and substituted with at least one functional group, and a phosphine oxide group having 1 to 40 carbon atoms and substituted with at least one functional group, wherein said functional group is selected from the group consisting of: a cyano group, a nitro group, a fluoro group, and a chloro group.

8. The compound as claimed in claim 1, wherein at least one of Z.sup.1 to Z.sup.8 in Formulae (I-I) to (I-XXXIII) is selected from the group consisting of: ##STR00283## ##STR00284## ##STR00285## ##STR00286## ##STR00287## ##STR00288## wherein R.sup.1 to R.sup.7 are each independently selected from the group consisting of: a hydrogen atom, a deuterium atom, a halogen group, a cyano group, a nitro group, an alkyl group having 1 to 12 carbon atoms, an alkenyl group having 2 to 12 carbon atoms, an alkynyl group having 2 to 12 carbon atoms, a cycloalkyl group having 3 to 30 ring carbon atoms, a heterocycloalkyl group having 3 to 30 ring carbon atoms, an aryl group having 6 to 30 ring carbon atoms, a heteroaryl group having 3 to 20 carbon atoms, an alkoxy group having 1 to 40 carbon atoms, an aryloxy group having 6 to 30 ring carbon atoms, an alkylsilyl group having 1 to 40 carbon atoms, an arylsilyl group having 6 to 30 ring carbon atoms, an alkylboron group having 1 to 40 ring carbon atoms, an arylboron group having 6 to 30 ring carbon atoms, a phosphine group having 1 to 30 carbon atoms, and a phosphine oxide group having 1 to 30 carbon atoms; wherein n is a positive integral from 0 to 4, m is a positive integral from 0 to 3, o is a positive integral from 0 to 3, and the total of m and o is not more than 5.

9. The compound as claimed in claim 1, wherein at least one of Z.sup.2, Z.sup.3, Z.sup.6, and Z.sup.7 in Formulae (I-I) to (I-XXXIII) is selected from the group consisting of: ##STR00289## ##STR00290## ##STR00291## ##STR00292## ##STR00293## ##STR00294## wherein R.sup.1 to R.sup.7 are each independently selected from the group consisting of: a hydrogen atom, a deuterium atom, a halogen group, a cyano group, a nitro group, an alkyl group having 1 to 12 carbon atoms, an alkenyl group having 2 to 12 carbon atoms, an alkynyl group having 2 to 12 carbon atoms, a cycloalkyl group having 3 to 30 ring carbon atoms, a heterocycloalkyl group having 3 to 30 ring carbon atoms, an aryl group having 6 to 30 ring carbon atoms, a heteroaryl group having 3 to 20 ring carbon atoms, an alkoxy group having 1 to 40 carbon atoms, an aryloxy group having 6 to 30 ring carbon atoms, an alkylsilyl group having 1 to 40 carbon atoms, an arylsilyl group having 6 to 30 ring carbon atoms, an alkylboron group having 1 to 40 carbon atoms, an arylboron group having 6 to 30 ring carbon atoms, a phosphine group having 1 to 30 carbon atoms, and a phosphine oxide group having 1 to 30 carbon atoms; n is a positive integral from 0 to 4, m is a positive integral from 0 to 3, o is a positive integral from 0 to 3, and the total of m and o is not more than 5; wherein Z.sup.1, Z.sup.4, Z.sup.5, Z.sup.8 are each independently selected from the group consisting of: a hydrogen atom, a deuterium atom, a halogen group, a cyano group, a nitro group, an alkyl group having 1 to 12 carbon atoms, an alkenyl group having 2 to 12 carbon atoms, and an alkynyl group having 2 to 12 carbon atoms.

10. The compound as claimed in claim 1, wherein at least one of Z.sup.2, Z.sup.3, Z.sup.6, and Z.sup.7 in Formulae (I-I) to (I-XXXIII) is selected from the group consisting of: ##STR00295## ##STR00296## ##STR00297## ##STR00298## ##STR00299##

11. The compound as claimed in claim 1, wherein Z.sup.9 to Z.sup.12 in Formulae (I-I) to (I-XXXIII) are each independently selected from the group consisting of: a hydrogen atom, a deuterium atom, a halogen group, a cyano group, a nitro group, an alkyl group having 1 to 12 carbon atoms, an alkenyl group having 2 to 12 carbon atoms, and an alkynyl group having 2 to 12 carbon atoms.

12. The compound as claimed in claim 1, wherein the compound is selected from the group consisting of: ##STR00300## ##STR00301## ##STR00302## ##STR00303## ##STR00304## ##STR00305## ##STR00306##

13. An organic electronic device, comprising a first electrode, a second electrode, and an organic layer disposed between the first electrode and the second electrode, wherein the organic layer comprises the compound as claimed in claim 1.

14. The organic electronic device as claimed in claim 13, wherein the organic electronic device is an organic light emitting device.

15. The organic electronic device as claimed in claim 14, wherein the organic light emitting device comprises: a hole injection layer formed on the first electrode; a hole transport layer formed on the hole injection layer; an emission layer formed on the hole transport layer; an electron transport layer formed on the emission layer, wherein the organic layer is the electron transport layer; and an electron injection layer formed between the electron transport layer and the second electrode.

16. The organic electronic device as claimed in claim 14, wherein the organic light emitting device comprises: a hole injection layer formed on the first electrode; a hole transport layer formed on the hole injection layer; an emission layer formed on the hole transport layer; a hole blocking layer formed on the emission layer, wherein the organic layer is the hole blocking layer; an electron transport layer formed on the hole blocking layer; and an electron injection layer formed between the electron transport layer and the second electrode.

17. The organic electronic device as claimed in claim 13, wherein the compound is selected from the group consisting of: ##STR00307## ##STR00308## ##STR00309## ##STR00310## ##STR00311## ##STR00312## ##STR00313##

Description

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

(1) FIG. 1 illustrates a schematic cross-sectional view of an OLED.

(2) FIGS. 2 to 27 are respectively .sup.1H nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectra of Compounds I to XXVI.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS

(3) Hereinafter, one skilled in the arts can easily realize the advantages and effects of a novel compound and an organic light emitting device using the same in accordance with the present invention from the following examples. It should be understood that the descriptions proposed herein are just preferable examples only for the purpose of illustrations, not intended to limit the scope of the invention. Various modifications and variations could be made in order to practice or apply the present invention without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention.

(4) Synthesis of Intermediate A1

(5) Intermediate A1 used for preparing a novel compound was synthesized by the following steps. The synthesis pathway of the Intermediate A1 was summarized in Scheme A1.

(6) ##STR00098##

(7) Step 1: Synthesis of Intermediate A1-1

(8) A mixture of 3-bromodibenzo[a,d]cyclohepten-5-one (86 g, 1.0 eq), N-bromosuccinimide (NBS) (106 g, 2 eq), benzyl peroxide (0.7 g, 0.01 eq) in carbon tetrachloride (CCl.sub.4) (5 times of starting material) was heated to 85 C. The reaction progress was monitored by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). After completion of the reaction, the precipitate was separated by filtration and washed with CH.sub.3OH, which was then purified by recrystallization. The purified product was concentrated to dryness, whereby white solid products were obtained in an amount of 123 g and a yield of 92.3%.

(9) The solid product was identified as Intermediate A1-1 by a field desorption mass spectroscopy (FD-MS) analysis. FD-MS analysis: C.sub.15H.sub.9Br.sub.3O: theoretical value of 444.94 and observed value of 444.94.

(10) Step 2: Synthesis of Intermediate A1-2

(11) The obtained Intermediate A1-1 (116.0 g, 1.0 eq) was dissolved in 960 ml of THF (1.0 M), and the reaction was cooled to 0 C. and then treated with potassium tert-butoxide (K-OtBu) (87.8 g, 3.0 eq). The reaction was allowed to stir at 0 C. for 1 hour, and then stirred at room temperature for additional 12 hours. After completion of the reaction, the reaction was quenched by DI water and the organic layer was recovered by solvent extraction operation and dried over sodium sulfate. The solvent was removed from the organic layer by distillation under reduced pressure, and the resulting residue was purified by silica gel column chromatography. The purified product was concentrated to dryness, whereby a light yellow solid product was obtained in a yield of 60.3%.

(12) The solid product was identified as Intermediate A1-2 by FD-MS analysis. FD-MS analysis C.sub.19H.sub.11BrO.sub.2: theoretical value of 351.19 and observed value of 351.19.

(13) Step 3: Synthesis of Intermediate A1-3

(14) A suspension of Intermediate A1-2 (1.0 eq) and 5% Pd/C (0.025 eq) in ethyl acetate (EA, 2.0 M) was stirred for 3 hours to 6 hours under a hydrogen atmosphere (H.sub.2) provided by a balloon of hydrogen. The resulting mixture was filtered through a pad of celite and washed with EA, and the filtrate was concentrated under reduced pressure to obtain 100 g (100%) of a yellow solid product.

(15) The solid product was identified as Intermediate A1-3 by FD-MS analysis. FD-MS analysis C.sub.19H.sub.13BrO.sub.2: theoretical value of 353.21 and observed value of 353.21. The intermediate A1-3 can be directly used in the following step without further purification.

(16) Step 4: Synthesis of Intermediate A1-4

(17) Intermediate A1-3 (53 g, 1.0 eq) and p-toluenesulfonic acid (PTSA) (2.0 eq) in 530 ml of toluene was heated to reflux for 12 hours. The reaction mixture was cooled to room temperature and then quenched with a saturated aqueous solution of NaHCO.sub.3 and extracted with CH.sub.2Cl.sub.2. The organic layer was washed with water, brine and dried with anhydrous Na.sub.2SO.sub.4 subsequently. Then the resulting solution was concentrated under reduced pressure and purified by column chromatography on silica gel with CH.sub.2Cl.sub.2/hexane 1/1 (v/v) as eluent, whereby a light yellow solid product was obtained in an amount of 46.0 g and a yield of 91.5%.

(18) The solid product was identified as Intermediate A1 by FD-MS analysis. FD-MS analysis C.sub.19H.sub.11BrO: theoretical value of 335.19 and observed value of 335.19.

(19) Synthesis of Intermediate A2

(20) Intermediate A2 used for preparing a novel compound was synthesized in a similar manner as Intermediate A1 through steps 1 to 4, except that the starting material 3-bromodibenzo[a,d]cyclohepten-5-one was replaced by 2-bromodibenzo[a,d]cyclohepten-5-one (CAS No. 198707-82-3). The synthesis pathway of Intermediate A2 was summarized in Scheme A2. All intermediates were analyzed according to the methods as described above, and the results were listed in Table 1.

(21) ##STR00099##

(22) Synthesis of Intermediate A3

(23) Intermediate A3 used for preparing a novel compound was synthesized in a similar manner as Intermediate A1 through steps 1 to 4, except that the starting material 3-bromodibenzo[a,d]cyclohepten-5-one was replaced by 3,7-dibromodibenzo[a, d]cyclohepten-5-one (CAS No. 226946-20-9). The synthesis pathway of Intermediate A3 was summarized in Scheme A3. All intermediates were analyzed as described above, and the results were listed in Table 1.

(24) ##STR00100##

(25) TABLE-US-00001 TABLE 1 chemical structures, yields, formulae, and mass (M.sup.+) analyzed by FD-MS of intermediates. Intermediate A1-1 A1-2 A1-3 A1 Chemical Structure 01 02 03 04 Yield 92.3% 60.3% NA 91.5% Formula C.sub.15H.sub.9Br.sub.3O C.sub.19H.sub.11BrO.sub.2 C.sub.19H.sub.13BrO.sub.2 C.sub.19H.sub.11BrO Mass(M.sup.+) 444.94 351.19 353.21 335.19 Intermediate A2-1 A2-2 A2-3 A2 Chemical Structure 05 06 07 08 Yield 91.5% 58.2% NA 93.5% Formula C.sub.15H.sub.9Br.sub.3O C.sub.19H.sub.11BrO.sub.2 C.sub.19H.sub.13BrO.sub.2 C.sub.19H.sub.11BrO Mass(M.sup.+) 444.94 351.19 353.21 335.19 Intermediate A3-1 A3-2 A3-3 A3 Chemical Structure 09 0 Yield 93.7% 75.8% NA 93.0% Formula C.sub.15H.sub.9Br.sub.3O C.sub.19H.sub.11BrO.sub.2 C.sub.19H.sub.13BrO.sub.2 C.sub.19H.sub.11BrO Mass(M.sup.+) 523.84 430.09 432.11 414.09

(26) Modifications of Intermediates A1 to A3

(27) In addition to the Intermediates A1 to A3, one person skilled in the art can adopt other starting materials and successfully synthesize other desired intermediates through a reaction mechanism similar to Schemes A1 to A3. Applicable modifications of Intermediates A1 to A3 may be, for example, but not limited to, Intermediates A4 to A15 as follows.

(28) ##STR00113## ##STR00114##

(29) Synthesis of Intermediates B1 to B4

(30) Intermediates B1 to B4 were synthesized by reacting 1-fluoro-2-nitrobenzene and phenol derivative. A general synthesis pathway for Intermediate Bn was summarized in Scheme B-1. In the following Scheme B-1, Reactant An may be any one of Reactants A1 to A4 as listed in Table 2-1, and Intermediate Bn may be any one of Intermediates B1 to B4.

(31) ##STR00115##

(32) According to the Scheme B-1, each of Intermediates B1 to B4 was synthesized by the steps 1 to 3 as follows.

(33) Step 1: Synthesis of Intermediate Bn-1

(34) The mixture of Ar.sup.1OH (referred Reactant An, 1 eq.), 1-fluoro-2-nitrobenzene (50 g, 1 eq.), and Cs.sub.2CO.sub.3 (230.9 g, 2 eq.) in DMF (2080 ml, 0.17M) was stirred at 90 C. under an argon atmosphere. After the completion of the reaction, DMF was distilled out. The residue was quenched with water, extracted with EA and dried over magnesium sulfate, followed by concentration under reduced pressure after filtration. The crude mixture was purified by silica-gel column chromatography, and then identified as Intermediate Bn-1 by FD-MS analysis. Take Intermediate B1-1 as an example, FD-MS analysis: C.sub.12H.sub.9NO.sub.3: theoretical value of 215.2 and observed value of 215.2.

(35) Step 2: Synthesis of Intermediate Bn-2

(36) The mixture of intermediate Bn-1 (1 eq.), 5% Pd/C (10 g, 0.015 eq) in EtOH (680 ml, 0.5M) was stirred at 70 C. Hydrazine monohydrate (31.6 g, 2 eq.) was then slowly added to the mixture. After the completion of the reaction, the solution was filtered through a pad of Celite, followed by concentration under reduced pressure to obtain intermediate Bn-2. The product was identified as intermediate B1-2 by FD-MS analysis. Take Intermediate B1-2 as an example, FD-MS analysis: C.sub.12H.sub.11NO: theoretical value of 185.22 and observed value of 185.22.

(37) Step 3: Synthesis of Intermediate Bn

(38) The mixture of intermediate Bn-2 (1 eq.), PTSA*H.sub.2O (172.5 g, 3 eq) in Acetonitrile (224 ml, 1.3 M) was cooled to 5 C. using a ice bath. NaNO.sub.2 (41.7 g, 2 eq.) in 240 ml water was added dropwise. After the addition was finished, the mixture was kept at 5 C. for 1 hr. The resulting diazonium salt was treated slowly with KI (100 g, 2 eq.) in 300 ml water. After the completion of the reaction, the residue was extracted with EtOAc and the combined organic layer was washed with a 10% Na.sub.2SO.sub.3(aq) and then dried over Na.sub.2SO.sub.4. The organic layer was concentrated under reduced pressure after filtration. The crude mixture was purified by silica-gel column chromatography to obtain intermediate Bn.

(39) The chemical structure of Ar.sup.1OH used for synthesizing Intermediate B1 n, i.e., Intermediates B1 to B4, the yield, and the chemical structures of the products obtained in steps 1 to 3 were listed in Table 2-1. All Intermediate Bn, including Intermediates B1 to B4, were analyzed by FD-MS, and the results were listed in Table 2-1.

(40) TABLE-US-00002 TABLE 2-1 Reactant An used for preparing Intermediates B1 to B4, and the chemical structures, yields, formulae, and mass analyzed by FD-MS of Intermediates B1 to B4. Intermediate Bn Yield Reactant (%)/ An IntermediateBn-1 Intermediate Bn-2 Formula/ Chemical Chemical Yield Chemical Yield Chemical Mass Structure Structure (%) Structure (%) Structure (M.sup.+) Reactant A1 Intermediate B1-1 89.2% Intermediate B1-2 95.7% Intermediate B1 78.2%/ C.sub.12H.sub.9IO/ 296.1 0 Reactant A2 Intermediate B2-1 92% Intermediate B2-2 95.3% Intermediate B2 83%/ C.sub.16H.sub.11IO/ 346.16 Reactant A3 Intermediate B3-1 91.6% Intermediate B3-2 94.6% Intermediate B3 86%/ C.sub.18H.sub.11IO.sub.2/ 386.18 Reactant A4 Intermediate B4-1 93% 0 Intermediate B4-2 94% Intermediate B4 81%/ C.sub.21H.sub.17IO/ 412.26

(41) Synthesis of Intermediate B5 and B6

(42) Unlike Intermediates B1 to B4, Intermediates B5 and B6 were synthesized by reacting 2-bromobenzenethiol and aryl iodide. Another general synthesis pathway for Intermediate Bn was summarized in Scheme B-2. In the following Scheme B-2, Reactant An may be any one of Reactants A5 and A6 as listed in Table 2-2 or the like, and Intermediate Bn may be any one of Intermediates B5 and B6.

(43) ##STR00132##

(44) According to the Scheme B-2, a mixture of Pd.sub.2(dba).sub.3(0.5% eq), DPEphos (0.01 eq), and NaOt-Bu (1.5 eq) were added to a screw-cap vial followed by toluene and a stir bar. Iodobenzene (1.0 eq) and 2-bromobenzenethiol (1.05 eq) were added. The vial was sealed and the mixture stirred at 100 C. for 1 h. The crude mixture was filtered through a pad of Celite and the filtrate was concentrated. The residue was purified by filtration through a short column of silica gel and eluted with heptane to give Intermediate Bn.

(45) The chemical structure of IAr.sup.1 used for synthesizing Intermediate Bn, i.e., Intermediates B5 to B6, the chemical structures of the Intermediate Bn, and the yield were listed in Table 2-2. All Intermediate Bn, including Intermediates B5 to B6, were analyzed by FD-MS, and the results were listed in Table 2-2.

(46) TABLE-US-00003 TABLE 2-2 Reactant An used for preparing Intermediates B5 and B6, and the chemical structures, yields, formulae, and mass analyzed by FD-MS of Intermediates B5 to B6. Reactant An Intermediate B Formula/ Chemical Structure Chemical Structure Yield Mass (M.sup.+) Reactant A5 Intermediate B5 85.6% C.sub.12H.sub.9BrS/ 265.17 Reactant A6 Intermediate B6 83.7% C.sub.16H.sub.11BrS/ 315.23

(47) Modifications of Intermediates B1 to B4

(48) In addition to the Intermediates B1 to B4, one person skilled in the art can adopt any halonitrobenzenes other than 1-fluoro-2-nitrobenzene and any phenol derivative other than Reactants A1 to A4 to successfully synthesize other desired Intermediate Bn through a reaction mechanism similar to Scheme B-1. Applicable modifications of Intermediates B1 to B4 may be, for example, but not limited to, Intermediates B7 to B18 as follows.

(49) ##STR00137## ##STR00138##

(50) Modifications of Intermediates B5 and B6

(51) In addition to the Intermediates B5 and B6, one person skilled in the art can adopt any halobenzenethiol other than 2-bromonzenethiol and any aryl iodide other than Reactants A5 and A6 to successfully synthesize other desired Intermediate Bn through a reaction mechanism similar to Scheme B-2. Applicable modifications of Intermediates B5 and B6 may be, for example, but not limited to, Intermediates B19 to B34 as follows.

(52) ##STR00139## ##STR00140## ##STR00141##

(53) Synthesis of Intermediate Cn

(54) The foresaid Intermediates B1 to B34, especially Intermediates B1 to B6, could be further adopted to synthesize Intermediate Cn. A general synthesis pathway for Intermediate Cn was summarized in Scheme C-1. In the following Scheme C-1, Intermediate An may be any one of foresaid Intermediates A1 to A15 or the like, Intermediate Bn may be any one of foresaid Intermediates B1 to B34 or the like, and Intermediate Cn may be any one of Intermediates C1 to C12 as listed in Table 3-1 or the like. Intermediates C1 to C12 were each synthesized by the following steps.

(55) ##STR00142##

(56) Step 1: Synthesis of Alcohol Intermediate

(57) Intermediate Bn (1.0 eq) was dissolved in 120 mL of anhydrous THF (0.4M), and cooled to 78 C. n-Butyllithium (n-BuLi)(2.5 M, 1.0 eq) was slowly added to the above cooled solution, and the reaction mass was stirred for 1 h. After 1 h of stirring, Intermediate An (0.7 eq) was added to the reaction solution and stirred for additional 3 h at normal temperature. After the completion of the reaction, it was quenched by saturated solution of ammonium chloride, and extracted with organic solvent. The organic layer was separated, concentrated, and recrystallized with petroleum ether to obtain a white solid product.

(58) The white solid product was analyzed by FD-MS, and the result was listed in Table 3-1. The chemical structures of Intermediates Cn-1 were listed in Table 3-1.

(59) Step 2: Synthesis of Intermediate Cn

(60) The foresaid Intermediate Cn-1 (1.0 eq), acetic acid (w/v=1/3 to the reactant) and H.sub.2SO.sub.4 (5 drops) were mixed, and then stirred at 110 C. for 6 h. The solvent was then removed under reduced pressure, and the residue was purified with column chromatography. The residual mass was recrystallized with toluene to obtain a white solid product.

(61) The solid product was identified by FD-MS analysis. The chemical structures, yields, formulae, and mass analyzed by FD-MS of Intermediates C1 to C12 were listed in Table 3-1.

(62) TABLE-US-00004 TABLE 3-1 Intermediates An and Bn used for preparing Intermediates C1 to C12, chemical structures of alcohol intermediates, and chemical structures, yields, formulae, and mass analyzed by FD-MS of Intermediates C1 to C12. Intermediate Cn Alcohol intermediate Chemical Structure/ Intermediate Intermediate Yield Formula/ Yield An Bn Chemical Structure (%) Mass (M.sup.+) (%) A1 B1 Intermediate C1-1/ C.sub.31H.sub.21BrO.sub.2/ 505.40 86 Intermediate C1/ C.sub.31H.sub.19BrO/ 487.39 86 A2 B1 Intermediate C2-1 90 Intermediate C2 93 A3 B1 Intermediate C3-1 72 Intermediate C3/ C.sub.31H.sub.18Br.sub.2O/ 566.28 84 A1 B2 Intermediate C4-1 84 0 Intermediate C4 82 A3 B2 Intermediate C5-1 76 Intermediate C5/ C.sub.35H.sub.20Br.sub.2O/ 616.34 84 A1 B3 Intermediate C6-1 82 Intermediate C6 89 A1 B4 Intermediate C7-1 78 Intermediate C7 C.sub.40H.sub.27BrO/ 603.55 85 A3 B4 Intermediate C8-1 73 Intermediate C8 C.sub.40H.sub.26Br.sub.2O/ 682.44 81 A1 B5 Intermediate C9-1 81 0 Intermediate C9/ C.sub.31H.sub.19BrS/ 503.45 87 A2 B5 Intermediate C10-1 85 Intermediate C10 78 A1 B6 Intermediate C11-1 77 Intermediate C11 71 A3 B6 Intermediate C12-1 79 Intermediate C12/ C.sub.35H.sub.20Br.sub.2S/ 632.41 75

(63) Synthesis of Intermediate C13

(64) The foresaid Intermediates C9 to C12 could be further oxidized to synthesize other Intermediate Cn. Take Intermediate C9 as an example, the Intermediate C9 could be oxidized into Intermediate C13 by a method of Scheme C-2.

(65) ##STR00167##

(66) A mixture of Intermediate C9 (20 g, 1.0 eq) and 30% aqueous hydrogen peroxide (7.0 eq) in HOAc (250 ml) was heated at 100 C. for 8 h under nitrogen atmosphere. After the completion of the reaction, the reaction mixture was washed with water, followed by filtered to get solid crude mixture. The crude mixture was purified by silica-gel column chromatography to obtain Intermediate C13 in a yield of 85.3%.

(67) The solid product was identified as intermediate C13 by FD-MS analysis. FD-MS analysis: C.sub.31H.sub.19BrO.sub.2S: theoretical value of 535.45 and observed value of 535.45

(68) Synthesis of Intermediate C14

(69) ##STR00168##

(70) Intermediates C14 was synthesized in a similar manner as Intermediate C13, except that the Intermediate C9 was replaced by Intermediate C10.

(71) Modifications of Intermediates C1 to C12

(72) In addition to the Intermediates C1 to C12, one person skilled in the art can adopt any intermediate An other than Intermediates A1 to A3 and any Intermediate Bn other than Intermediates B1 to B6 to successfully synthesize other desired Intermediate Cn through a reaction mechanism similar to Scheme C-1. Applicable modifications of Intermediates C1 to C12 may be, for example, but not limited to, Intermediates C15 to C46 as follows.

(73) ##STR00169## ##STR00170## ##STR00171## ##STR00172## ##STR00173## ##STR00174## ##STR00175## ##STR00176##

(74) Modifications of Intermediates C13 and C14

(75) In addition to the Intermediates C13 and C14, one person skilled in the art can adopt other Intermediate Cn, such as Intermediates C9 to C12, C31 to C46 to synthesize other desired Intermediate Cn through a reaction mechanism similar to Scheme C-2 or Scheme C-3. Applicable modifications of Intermediates C13 and C14 may be, for example, but not limited to, Intermediates C47 to C58 as follows.

(76) ##STR00177## ##STR00178## ##STR00179##

(77) Synthesis of Intermediate Cn-B

(78) The foresaid Intermediate Cn could be further modified into an Intermediate Cn-B through Miyaura borylation reaction. Intermediate Cn-B was directed to a compound derived from Intermediate Cn whose bromo group was replaced by (pinacolato)boron group. A synthesis pathway of Intermediate Cn-B was summarized in Scheme C1-B. Intermediate Cn-B was synthesized by the following steps.

(79) ##STR00180##

(80) A mixture of bis(pinacolato)diboron (1.2 eq), Intermediate Cn (1.0 eq), 1,1-bis(diphenylphosphino)-ferrocene dichloropalladium (II) (PdCl.sub.2(dppf)) (0.015 eq), and potassium acetate (KOAc) (3.0 eq) in 1,4-dioxane (0.3 M) was stirred at 110 C. for 8 hours under nitrogen atmosphere. After cooling to room temperature, the solvent was then removed under reduced pressure, and the residue was purified via column chromatography to obtain a pale yellow solid product.

(81) The pale yellow solid product was identified by FD-MS analysis. The chemical structures, yields, formulae, and mass analyzed by FD-MS of Intermediates Cn-B were listed in Table 3-2.

(82) TABLE-US-00005 TABLE 3-2 Intermediate Cn used for preparing Intermediate Cn-B and chemical structures, yields, formulae, and mass analyzed by FD-MS of Intermediates Cn-B. Intermediate Cn Intermediate Cn-B Yield Yield Formula/ Chemical Structure (%) Chemical Structure (%) Mass (M+) Intermediate C1 86 Intermediate C1-B 96 C.sub.37H.sub.31BO.sub.3/ 534.45 Intermediate C2 93 Intermediate C2-B 93 C.sub.37H.sub.31BO.sub.3/ 534.45 Intermediate C4 82 Intermediate C4-B 98 C.sub.41H.sub.33BO.sub.3/ 584.51 Intermediate C6 89 Intermediate C6-B 92 C.sub.43H.sub.33BO.sub.4/ 624.53 Intermediate C9 87 0 Intermediate C9-B 92 C.sub.37H.sub.31BO.sub.2S/ 550.52 Intermediate C10 78 Intermediate C10-B 96 C.sub.37H.sub.31BO.sub.2S/ 550.52 Intermediate C11 71 Intermediate C11-B 96 C.sub.41H.sub.33BO.sub.2S/ 600.58 Intermediate C13 85.3 Intermediate C13-B 87 C.sub.37H.sub.31BO.sub.4S/ 582.52 Intermediate C14 NA Intermediate C14-B 88 C.sub.37H.sub.31BO.sub.4S/ 582.52

(83) Modifications of Intermediate Cn-B

(84) In addition to the Intermediate Cn-B, one person skilled in the art can adopt any one of foresaid Intermediates Cn to undergo a Miyaura borylation reaction to successfully synthesize other desired Intermediate Cn-B.

(85) Synthesis of Novel Compounds

(86) Each of the foresaid Intermediates Cn and Cn-B could be reacted with various reactants to synthesis various claimed novel compounds. The general synthesis pathway of the claimed novel compound was summarized in Scheme I. In the following Scheme I, Reactant B may be any one of Reactants B1 to B11 as listed in Table 4, and Intermediate C may be any one of the foresaid Intermediates Cn and Cn-B or the like. The compounds were each synthesized by the following steps.

(87) ##STR00199##

(88) TABLE-US-00006 TABLE 4 chemical structure and CAS No. of Reactants B1 to B34. Reactant Reactant B1 Reactant B2 Reactant B3 Reactant B4 No. Chemical Structure 00 01 02 03 CAS No. [126747-14-6] [1319255-85-0] [181219-01-2] [1260106-29-3] Reactant Reactant B5 Reactant B6 Reactant B7 Reactant B8 No. Chemical Structure 04 05 06 07 CAS No. [6484-25-9] [29874-83-7] [29509-91-9] [3842-55-5] Reactant Reactant B9 Reactant B10 Reactant B11 No. Chemical Structure 08 09 0 CAS No. [3114-52-1] [867044-33-5] [916653-46-8] Reactant Reactant B12 Reactant B13 Reactant B14 No. Chemical Structure CAS No. [1300115-09-6] [329214-79-1] [406482-73-3] Reactant Reactant B15 Reactant B16 Reactant B17 No. Chemical Structure CAS No. [150255-96-2] [7089-68-1] [1616231-57-2] Reactant Reactant B18 Reactant B19 Reactant B20 No. Chemical Structure CAS No. [952514-79-3] [1588407-97-9] [1421599-34-9] Reactant Reactant B21 Reactant B22 No. Chemical Structure 0 CAS No. [99682-89-0] [170230-28-1] Reactant Reactant B23 Reactant B24 Reactant B25 Reactant B26 No. Chemical Structure Reactant Reactant B27 Reactant B28 No. Chemical Structure Reactant Reactant B29 Reactant B30 No. Chemical Structure Reactant Reactant B31 Reactant B32 No. Chemical Structure 0 CAS No. [774-53-8] [867044-33-5] Reactant Reactant B33 Reactant B34 No. Chemical Structure CAS No. [1009033-87-7]

(89) A mixture of Intermediate Cn or CnB (1.0 eq), Pd(OAc).sub.2(0.01 eq), P(Cy).sub.2(2-biphenyl) 0.04 eq), toluene/ethanol (0.5M, v/v=10/1), 3.0 M potassium carbonate solution, and Reactant B (2.1 eq) was stirred at 100 C. for 12 h under nitrogen atmosphere. After the completion of the reaction, water and toluene were added to the reaction mass. Subsequently, the organic layer was recovered by solvent extraction operation and dried over sodium sulfate. The solvent was then removed from the organic layer under reduced pressure, and the resulting residue was purified by silica gel column chromatography. The obtained residue was recrystallized with toluene to obtain white solid as claimed novel compound.

(90) Reactant B and Intermediate Cn or CnB adopted to synthesize Compounds I to XXVI were listed in Table 5. Compounds I to XXVI were identified by H.sup.1-NMR and FD-MS, and the chemical structure, yield, formula and mass of each of Compounds I to XXVI were also listed in Table 5. According to FIGS. 2 to 27 and the results of FD-MS, the chemical structure of Compounds I to XXVI were identified as follows.

(91) TABLE-US-00007 TABLE 5 reactants and intermediates adopted to prepare Compounds I to XXVI and their yields, formulae, and FD-MS data. Claimed Compound Intermediate Reactant Chemical Structure of Yield Formula/ No. No. Claimed Compound (%) Mass (M.sup.+) C1 B1 Compound I 75 C.sub.38H.sub.23NO/ 509.6 C1 B4 Compound II 80 C.sub.41H.sub.26N.sub.2O/ 562.66 C1-B B7 Compound III 82 C.sub.47H.sub.30N.sub.2O 638.75 C1-B B6 Compound IV 72 C.sub.45H.sub.28N.sub.2O/ 612.72 C1-B B10 Compound V 87 C.sub.50H.sub.32N.sub.2O/ 676.80 C1-B B8 Compound VI 93 C.sub.46H.sub.29N.sub.3O/ 639.74 C4-B B8 0 Compound VII 79 C.sub.50H.sub.31N.sub.3O/ 689.80 C6-B B11 Compound VIII 78 C.sub.49H.sub.28N.sub.2O.sub.2/ 676.76 C7 B2 Compound IX 88 C.sub.50H.sub.34N.sub.2O/ 678.82 C2-B B8 Compound X 83 C.sub.46H.sub.29N.sub.3O/ 639.74 C3 B1 Compound XI 82 C.sub.45H.sub.26N.sub.2O/ 610.70 C3 B3 Compound XII 80 C.sub.41H.sub.26N.sub.2O/ 562.66 C5 B2 Compound XIII 62 C.sub.55H.sub.34N.sub.4O/ 766.88 C8 B3 Compound XIV 80 C.sub.50H.sub.34N.sub.2O/ 678.82 C9 B1 Compound XV 86 C.sub.38H.sub.23NS/ 525.66 C9-B B5 Compound XVI 91 C.sub.45H.sub.28N.sub.2S/ 628.78 C9-B B10 0 Compound XVII 71 C.sub.50H.sub.32N.sub.2S/ 692.87 C9-B B8 Compound XVIII 62 C.sub.46H.sub.29N.sub.3S/ 655.81 C9-B B7 Compound XIX 76 C.sub.47H.sub.30N.sub.2S/ 654.82 C10-B B8 Compound XX 92 C.sub.46H.sub.29N.sub.3S/ 655.81 C11-B B9 Compound XXI 83 C.sub.56H.sub.35N.sub.3S/ 781.96 C12 B2 Compound XXII 58 C.sub.55H.sub.34N.sub.4S/ 782.95 C13 B1 Compound XXIII 80 C.sub.38H.sub.23NO.sub.2S/ 557.66 C13-B B7 Compound XXIV 76 C.sub.47H.sub.30N.sub.2O.sub.2S/ 686.82 C13-B B8 Compound XXV 77 C.sub.46H.sub.29N.sub.3O.sub.2S/ 687.81 C14-B B8 Compound XXVI 86 C.sub.46H.sub.29N.sub.3O.sub.2S/ 687.81

(92) Modifications of Compounds I to XXVI

(93) In addition to the Compounds I to XXVI, one person skilled in the art can react any Intermediate C, i.e., the foresaid Intermediate Cn or Cn-B, with any Reactant B through a reaction mechanism similar to Scheme I to synthesize other desired claimed novel compounds.

(94) Preparation of OLED Devices

(95) A glass substrate coated with an ITO layer (abbreviated as ITO substrate) in a thickness of 1500 was placed in distilled water containing a detergent dissolved therein, and was ultrasonically washed. The detergent was a product manufactured by Fischer Co., and the distilled water was distilled water filtered twice through a filter (Millipore Co.). After the ITO layer had been washed for 30 minutes, it was ultrasonically washed twice with distilled water for 10 minutes. After the completion of washing, the glass substrate was ultrasonically washed with isopropyl alcohol, acetone and methanol solvents and then dried, after which it was transported to a plasma cleaner. Then the substrate was cleaned with oxygen plasma for 5 minutes, and then transferred to a vacuum evaporator.

(96) After that, various organic materials and metal materials were sequentially deposited on the ITO substrate to obtain the OLED device of Examples 1 to 33. The vacuum degree during the deposition was maintained at 110.sup.6 to 310.sup.7 torr. Herein, the ITO substrate was deposited with a first hole injection layer (HIL-1), a second hole injection layer (HIL-2), a first hole transporting layer (HTL-1), a second hole transporting layer (HTL-2), a blue/green/red emission layer (BEL/GEL/REL), an electron transporting layer (ETL), an electron injection layer (EIL), and a cathode (Cthd).

(97) Herein, HAT was a material for forming HIL-1 and was a dopant for forming HIL-2; HI-2 was a material for forming HIL-2; HT-1 and HT-2 were materials for forming HTL-1 and HTL-2; conventional ET and novel compounds of the present invention were materials for forming ETL; Liq was a dopant for forming ETL and a material for forming EIL. RH/GH/BH were host material for forming REL/GEL/BEL, and RD/GD/BD were dopants for forming REL/GEL/BEL. The main difference of the OLEDs between Example and Comparative Example was that the ETL of OLED in following comparative examples was made of BCP but the ETL of OLED in following examples was made of the novel compounds of the present invention were listed in Table 5. The detailed chemical structures of foresaid commercial materials were listed in Table 6.

(98) TABLE-US-00008 TABLE 6 chemical structures of commercial materials for OLED devices. HAT 0 HI-2 HT-1 HT-2 BH BD GH GD RH RD Liq 0 BCP

(99) Preparation of Red OLED Devices

(100) To prepare the red OLED device, multiple organic layers were respectively deposited on the ITO substrate according to the sequence as listed in Table 7, and the materials and the thicknesses of the organic layers in red OLED devices were also listed in Table 7.

(101) TABLE-US-00009 TABLE 7 coating sequence, materials and thickness of the organic layers in red OLED device. Coating Sequence Layer Material Thickness 1 HIL-1 HAT 100 2 HIL-2 HI-2 doped with 5.0 wt % of HAT 2100 3 HTL-1 HT-1 100 4 HTL-2 HT-2 100 5 REL RH doped with 3.5 wt % of RD 300 6 ETL Commercial ET/novel compounds 350 doped with 35.0 wt % of Liq 7 EIL Liq 15 8 Cthd Al 1500

(102) Preparation of Green OLED Devices

(103) To prepare the green OLED device, multiple organic layers were respectively deposited on the ITO substrate according to the sequence as listed in Table 8, and the materials and the thicknesses of the organic layers in green OLED devices were also listed in Table 8.

(104) TABLE-US-00010 TABLE 8 coating sequence, materials and thickness of the layers in green OLED device. Coating Sequence Layer Material Thickness 1 HIL-1 HAT 100 2 HIL-2 HI-2 doped with 5.0 wt % of HAT 1300 3 HTL-1 HT-1 100 4 HTL-2 HT-2 100 5 GEL GH doped with 10.0 wt % of GD 400 6 ETL Commercial ET/novel compounds 350 doped with 35.0 wt % of Liq 7 EIL Liq 15 8 Cthd Al 1500

(105) Preparation of Blue OLED Devices

(106) To prepare the blue OLED device, multiple organic layers were respectively deposited on the ITO substrate according to the sequence as listed in Table 9, and the materials and the thicknesses of the organic layers in blue OLED devices were also listed in Table 9.

(107) TABLE-US-00011 TABLE 9 coating sequence, materials and thickness of the layers in blue OLED device. Coating Sequence Layer Material Thickness 1 HIL-1 HAT 100 2 HIL-2 HI-2 doped with 5.0 wt % of HAT 750 3 HTL-1 HT-1 100 4 HTL-2 HT-2 100 5 BEL BH doped with 3.5 wt % of BD 250 6 ETL Commercial ET/novel compounds 250 doped with 35.0 wt % of Liq 7 EIL Liq 15 8 Cthd Al 1500

(108) Performance of OLED Device

(109) To evaluate the performance of OLED devices, red, green, and blue OLED devices were measured by PR650 as photometer and Keithley 2400 as power supply. Color coordinates (x,y) were determined according to the CIE chromaticity scale (Commission Internationale de L'Eclairage, 1931). The results were shown in Table 10. For the blue and red OLED devices, the data were collected at 1000 nits. For the green OLED devices, the data were collected at 3000 nits.

(110) The materials of ETL, color and data of CIE, driving voltage, current efficiency, and external quantum efficiency (EQE) of Examples 1 to 33 and Comparative Examples 1 to 3 were listed in Table 10.

(111) TABLE-US-00012 TABLE 10 materials of ETL, colors, CIEs, voltages, current efficiencies, and EQE of OLED devices of Examples 1 to 33 and Comparative Examples 1 to 3. Volt- Example Compound Color age Efficiency EQE No. No. CIE (x, y) (V) (cd/A) (%) Example 1 I B (0.130, 0.150) 4.32 11.70 7.99 Example 2 II B (0.129, 0.162) 4.53 11.30 7.93 Example 3 IV B (0.130, 0.144) 4.84 9.96 7.39 Example 4 VII B (0.130, 0.151) 3.91 11.20 7.37 Example 5 VIII B (0.129, 0.158) 4.94 10.10 7.16 Example 6 XI B (0.129, 0.155) 4.10 7.71 5.78 Example 7 XII B (0.130, 0.151) 4.14 11.10 7.78 Example 8 XIII B (0.129, 0.164) 5.74 10.50 7.22 Example 9 XV B (0.129, 0.157) 5.55 8.56 6.23 Example 10 XVI B (0.129, 0.155) 5.09 10.50 7.20 Example 11 XVIII B (0.129, 0.153) 4.21 11.40 8.20 Example 12 XIX B (0.130, 0.151) 5.39 10.20 6.82 Example 13 XX B (0.129, 0.154) 5.76 7.64 5.47 Example 14 XXII B (0.129, 0.166) 4.57 11.10 7.62 Example 15 XXIII B (0.130, 0.148) 5.91 7.64 5.54 Example 16 XXIV B (0.130, 0.146) 4.80 10.50 6.89 Example 17 XXV B (0.129, 0.150) 5.14 7.93 4.96 Comparative BCP B (0.130, 0.142) 6.71 6.98 4.88 Example 1 Example 18 I G (0.311, 0.640) 3.20 70.90 17.75 Example 19 IV G (0.311, 0.639) 3.33 74.70 17.82 Example 20 IX G (0.315, 0.638) 4.56 77.20 19.43 Example 21 XI G (0.309, 0.641) 2.75 72.00 17.01 Example 22 XII G (0.315, 0.638) 3.10 73.40 17.13 Example 23 XV G (0.319, 0.636) 3.84 77.30 18.87 Example 24 XVI G (0.312, 0.640) 3.46 71.80 17.17 Example 25 XVIII G (0.316, 0.638) 2.96 74.70 17.75 Example 26 XX G (0.318, 0.636) 3.30 74.70 18.32 Example 27 XXIII G (0.319, 0.636) 4.58 78.60 19.16 Example 28 XXIV G (0.314, 0.638) 3.87 70.40 18.12 Example 29 XXV G (0.312, 0.639) 3.36 72.30 17.38 Example 30 XXVI G (0.310, 0.641) 3.62 72.60 18.07 Comparative BCP G (0.313, 0.638) 4.67 70.3 16.95 Example 2 Example 31 XVI R (0.659, 0.339) 4.07 24.8 16.69 Example 32 XVIII R (0.658, 0.340) 3.43 24.30 16.16 Example 33 XX R (0.662, 0.337) 3.94 24.50 16.29 Comparative BCP R (0.659, 0.340) 4.16 24.1 16.05 Example 3

(112) Based on the results, in comparison with the commercial electron transport material, adopting Compounds I to XXVI as the electron transport material can reduce the driving voltage and improve the current efficiency and the external quantum efficiency of the red, green, or blue OLEDs. It demonstrated that the novel compound of the present invention is suitable as an electron transport material for any color OLEDs, and allows the OLEDs using the same to have low driving voltage and improved current efficiency as well as improved external quantum efficiency.

(113) Even though numerous characteristics and advantages of the present invention have been set forth in the foregoing description, together with details of the structure and features of the invention, the disclosure is illustrative only. Changes may be made in the details, especially in matters of shape, size, and arrangement of parts within the principles of the invention to the full extent indicated by the broad general meaning of the terms in which the appended claims are expressed.