Bio buckypaper synthesized with fish scales

Abstract

A bio buckypaper synthesized with fish scales may be manufactured by mixing carrageenan with a bio waste solution to provide a first mixture, adding carbon nanotubes to the first mixture produce a second mixture, sonicating the second mixture, and evaporative-casting the second mixture to produce the bio buckypaper. In an embodiment, the carrageenan may be -carrageenan. In an embodiment, the carbon nanotubes may be single walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) or multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs). In an embodiment, the bio waste solution may be derived from fish scales.

Claims

1. A method of synthesis of bio buckypaper, comprising: synthesizing a bio waste solution from fish scales, wherein the bio waste solution is synthesized by adding about 30 mg to about 75 mg powdered fish scales into a boiling solution of about 15 ml to about 50 ml ethanol and deionized water (1:9 v/v); mixing a carrageenan with the bio waste solution to provide a first mixture; adding carbon nanotubes to the first mixture to produce a second mixture; sonicating the second mixture; and evaporative-casting the second mixture to produce bio buckypaper.

2. The method of synthesis of bio buckypaper according to claim 1, wherein the carrageenan comprises iota-carrageenan.

3. The method of synthesis of bio buckypaper according to claim 2, wherein the iota-carrageenan comprises -carrageenan.

4. The method of synthesis of bio buckypaper according to claim 1, wherein about 120 mg of the carrageenan is mixed with about 15 ml of the bio waste solution.

5. The method of synthesis of bio buckypaper according to claim 1, wherein the carrageenan is mixed with the bio waste solution by stirring for 3 hours at about 70 C.

6. The method of synthesis of bio buckypaper according to claim 1, wherein the carbon nanotubes are single walled carbon nanotubes.

7. The method of synthesis of bio buckypaper according to claim 6, wherein about 15 mg of the carbon nanotubes is added to the first mixture.

8. The method of synthesis of bio buckypaper according to claim 1, wherein the carbon nanotubes are multi-walled carbon nanotubes.

9. The method of synthesis of bio buckypaper according to claim 8, wherein about 10 mg of the carbon nanotubes is added to the first mixture.

Description

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

(1) FIG. 1 depicts an ultraviolet spectrum of bio buckypaper synthesized using MWCNTs.

(2) FIG. 2 depicts an ultraviolet spectrum of bio buckypaper synthesized using SWCNTs.

(3) FIG. 3 depicts a X-ray diffraction spectrum of bio buckypaper synthesized using MWCNTs.

(4) FIG. 4 depicts a X-ray diffraction spectrum of bio buckypaper synthesized using SWCNTs.

(5) FIG. 5A depicts a scanning electron micrograph spectrum of bio buckypaper synthesized using MWCNTs.

(6) FIG. 5B depicts a scanning electron micrograph spectrum of bio buckypaper synthesized using MWCNTs.

(7) FIG. 6A depicts a scanning electron micrograph spectrum of bio buckypaper synthesized using SWCNTs.

(8) FIG. 6B depicts a scanning electron micrograph spectrum of bio buckypaper synthesized using SWCNTs.

(9) FIG. 7A depicts a transmission electron micrograph spectrum of bio buckypaper synthesized using MWCNTs.

(10) FIG. 7B depicts a transmission electron micrograph spectrum of bio buckypaper synthesized using MWCNTs.

(11) FIG. 8A depicts a transmission electron micrograph spectrum of bio buckypaper synthesized using SWCNTs.

(12) FIG. 8B depicts a transmission electron micrograph spectrum of bio buckypaper synthesized using SWCNTs.

(13) FIG. 9 depicts an energy dispersive X-ray spectrum of bio buckypaper synthesized using MWCNTs.

(14) FIG. 10 depicts an energy dispersive X-ray spectrum of bio buckypaper synthesized using SWCNTs.

(15) FIG. 11 depicts a graph of tensile testing stress versus strain curves for bio buckypaper synthesized using SWCNTs

(16) FIG. 12 depicts a graph of tensile testing stress versus strain curves for bio buckypaper synthesized using MWCNTs

(17) FIG. 13 depicts a thermogravimetric analysis thermogram of bio buckypaper synthesized using SWCNTs.

(18) FIG. 14 depicts a thermogravimetric analysis thermogram of bio buckypaper synthesized using MWCNTs.

(19) FIG. 15 depicts a graph of the dielectric constant as a function of applied frequency for bio buckypaper synthesized with SWCNTs.

(20) FIG. 16 depicts a graph of the dielectric constant as a function of applied frequency for bio buckypaper synthesized with MWCNTs.

(21) Similar reference characters denote corresponding features consistently throughout the attached drawings.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS

(22) A bio buckypaper synthesized with fish scales may be manufactured by mixing carrageenan with a bio waste solution to provide a first mixture, adding carbon nanotubes to the first mixture to produce a second mixture, sonicating the second mixture, and evaporative-casting the second mixture to produce the bio buckypaper. In an embodiment, the carrageenan may be -carrageenan. In an embodiment, the carbon nanotubes may be single walled carbon nanotubes or multi-walled carbon nanotubes.

(23) As used herein, the term about, when used to modify a numerical value, means within ten percent of that numerical value.

(24) In an embodiment, the bio buckypaper includes a buckypaper having carbon nanotubes, carrageenan, and fish scales.

(25) Fish scales are a bio waste material produced when fish are prepared for human consumption. One object of this invention is to recycle bio waste to reduce the impact of landfills or other bio waste disposal mechanisms on the environment. The bio waste may be derived from fish scales. The fish scales may be waste fish scales. In an embodiment, the bio waste may be in an amount ranging from about 30 mg to about 75 mg powdered fish scales. The powdered fish scales may be suspended in a boiling solution of about 15 ml to about 50 ml ethanol and deionized water (1:9 v/v), to produce the bio waste solution.

(26) Carrageenan is a biopolymer commonly extracted from Rhodophyta (red seaweed). There are three main types of carrageenan, Kappa-carrageenan, iota-carrageenan, and lambda-carrageenan. These types of carrageenan are distinguished by their degree of sulfation. Kappa-carrageenan has a single sulfate group per disaccharide, while iota-carrageenan has two, and lambda-carrageenan has three. In an embodiment, the carrageenan may be iota carrageenan. In a further embodiment the iota carrageenan may be -carrageenan.

(27) In an embodiment, the CNTs may be added to produce a final carbon nanotube concentration of about 0.1% w/v in the mixture.

(28) The following examples illustrate the present teachings.

Example 1

Preparation of Bio Buckypaper

(29) A bio waste solution was prepared by mixing ethanol and deionized water (1:9 v/v) (15-50 ml total volume), boiling, and adding between about 30 mg and about 75 mg powdered fish scales to the mixture to produce the bio waste solution. About 120 mg -carrageenan (IC) was then added to about 15 ml of the bio waste solution and stirred for about 3 hours at about 70 C. to produce a biopolymer/bio waste mixture. SWCNTs (15 mg) or MWCNTs (10 mg) were then added to the biopolymer/bio waste mixture, and the resulting CNTs/carrageenan/bio waste mixtures were sonicated with a digital sonicator with a probe diameter of 10 mm, in pulse mode (0.5 s on/off), ultrasonic power of 750 W, and a frequency of 20 kHz. During sonication, the mixtures were maintained at constant temperature by placing them in 20 C. water baths. The mixtures were then used to prepare bio buckypapers by evaporative-casting in petri dishes and drying in the oven at 35 C. for about 24 hours.

Example 2

Analysis of Bio Buckypapers

(30) Bio buckypapers prepared according to the method of Example 1 with both SWCNTs and MWCNTs were analyzed. The ultraviolet-visible-absorption spectrum of bio buckypaper synthesized with MWCNTs demonstrated an absorption peak at 200-250 nm (FIG. 1), while the spectrum of bio buckypaper synthesized with SWCNTs had an absorption peak at 250-300 nm and illustrated absorbance of dispersed CNTs at 600-660 nm (the maximum absorption band arising from van Hove singularities for SWNTs).

(31) An X-ray diffraction spectrum of bio buckypaper synthesized with MWCNTs illustrated characteristic MWNCT peaks at 2 angle and about 26 (FIG. 3). An X-ray diffraction spectrum of bio buckypaper synthesized with SWCNTs illustrated characteristic SWNCT peaks at about 25 (FIG. 4). CNT reinforced polymer peaks are shifted to about 20 and about 30, respectively (See FIGS. 3 and 4). The peak shift and reduced X-ray intensity further support the formation of a nanocomposite.

(32) Scanning electron micrographs of bio buckypapers synthesized with MWCNTs and SWCNTs, respectively, demonstrate polymer aggregation of composite biopolymer -carrageenan, fish scales, and CNTs (FIGS. 5A-5B and FIGS. 6A-6B).

(33) Transmission electron micrographs of bio buckypapers synthesized with MWCNTs and SWCNTs, respectively, demonstrate CNTs reinforced in a polymer matrix (FIGS. 7A-7B and FIGS. 8A-8B).

(34) Energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (Oxford Instrument, Incax-act, UK) using a JEM-21000F transmission electron microscope of bio buckypapers synthesized with MWCNTs and SWCNTs revealed strong signals for carbon and oxygen, and confirmed the presence of other elements, such as Cu, Fe, P, S, Ca, and K (FIGS. 9-10).

(35) The mechanical properties of the bio buckypapers synthesized using MWCNTs and SWCNTs, respectively, were analyzed using a dynamic mechanical analyzer (Q800; TA instruments, New Castle, Del., USA). The bio buckypaper synthesized with SWCNTs exhibited a tensile strength at about 12 MPa (FIG. 11). The bio buckypaper synthesized with MWCNTs exhibited a tensile strength at about 16 MPa (FIG. 12). Thus, the incorporation of CNTs in the biopolymer matrix appears to have had a reinforcement effect, increasing the tensile strength of the bio buckypapers.

(36) Thermo-gravimetric analysis profiles of the bio buckypapers were recorded from 100 C. to 800 C. in a nitrogen atmosphere (FIGS. 12-13). Degradation was not observed between 100 C. and 200 C. Degradation occurred between 200 C. and 700 C., resulting in about 62% overall weight loss (FIGS. 12-13). This suggests the bio buckypapers synthesized according to the method of Example 1 have improved thermal stability.

(37) Dielectric properties of the bio buckypapers were measured and the dielectric constant was graphed as a function of applied frequency (FIGS. 15-16). Both bio buckypapers tested showed notably high dielectric constants at low frequency. This may indicate the presence of space charge effects. At higher frequencies, the dielectric constants were relatively constant.

(38) It is to be understood that the method of synthesis of bio buckypaper is not limited to the specific embodiments described above, but encompasses any and all embodiments within the scope of the generic language of the following claims enabled by the embodiments described herein, or otherwise shown in the drawings or described above in terms sufficient to enable one of ordinary skill in the art to make and use the claimed subject matter.