Liquid Foundation Using Starch as Filler and Preparation Method thereof
20230000754 · 2023-01-05
Inventors
- Yan Hong (Wuxi, CN)
- Wenwen Zhu (Wuxi, CN)
- Zhengbiao Gu (Wuxi, CN)
- Li Cheng (Wuxi, CN)
- Zhaofeng Li (Wuxi, CN)
- Caiming Li (Wuxi, CN)
- Xiaofeng Ban (Wuxi, CN)
Cpc classification
A61Q1/02
HUMAN NECESSITIES
A61K8/0241
HUMAN NECESSITIES
A61K2800/412
HUMAN NECESSITIES
A61Q1/12
HUMAN NECESSITIES
International classification
A61Q1/02
HUMAN NECESSITIES
Abstract
The disclosure discloses a liquid foundation using starch as a filler and a preparation method thereof, belonging to the technical fields of deep processing of starch and preparation of cosmetics. In the disclosure, starch is modified by an OSA reagent and then homogenized and micronized to obtain a starch filler; powder materials and the water phase in the formula of the liquid foundation are sequentially added to the oil phase at a certain temperature; the mixture is sheared at low speed, homogenized, and cooled to room temperature; and the starch filler is added to prepare the liquid foundation using starch as a filler, wherein the formula includes 10-20 parts of oil phase, 65-75 parts of water phase, 5-10 parts of toner, and 5-15 parts of starch filler. The starch filler in the disclosure is hypoallergenic, environmental and safe, and the liquid foundation containing the starch filler is refreshing and not easy to clog pores, solves the problems of traditional fillers which are thick and greasy, unbreathable, easy to aggravate facial acne, and the like, and is in line with the current propensity to consume of consumers for green and safe beauty products.
Claims
1. A liquid foundation using starch as a filler, comprising the following ingredients in parts by mass: 10-20 parts oil phase, 65-75 parts water phase, 5-10 parts toner, 5-15 parts starch filler; wherein the OSA degree of substitution of the starch filler is 0.02-0.05, and the average particle size is 5-12 μm.
2. The liquid foundation claim 1, wherein the composition of water phase raw materials comprises the following ingredients in parts by mass: 0.1-0.5 part of p-hydroxyacetophenone, 1-3 parts of triethanolamine, 2-4 parts of propylene glycol, 0.1-0.5 part of sodium carboxymethyl cellulose and 57-71.8 parts of water; the composition of the oil phase comprises the following ingredients in parts by mass: 1-3 parts of stearic acid, 1-3 parts of glycerol monostearate, 0.5-2 parts of lanolin, and 2-17.5 parts of white mineral oil; and the composition of the toner comprises the following ingredients in parts by mass: 0.5-2 parts of an inorganic colorant and 3-9.5 parts of titanium dioxide.
3. The liquid foundation of claim 1, wherein the starch filler is obtained by modifying starch with an OSA reagent and then performing homogenization and micronization, and the method specifically comprises: under the reaction conditions of pH 8.0-8.8 and 30-40° C., adding an OSA reagent which is 5-9% of the mass of starch to starch milk to react for 3-5 h; and after neutralizing and washing, micronizing the mixture using a high-pressure homogenizer, homogenizing the mixture 20-40 times under a pressure of 40-70 MPa, and centrifugally drying, pulverizing and sieving the mixture.
4. The liquid foundation of claim 2, wherein the inorganic colorant comprises one or more of iron oxide yellow, iron oxide red, and iron oxide black.
5. The liquid foundation of claim 4, wherein when the inorganic colorant comprises iron oxide yellow and iron oxide red, the mass ratio of the iron oxide yellow to the iron oxide red is 4:1.
6. The liquid foundation of claim 3, wherein the starch is any one or more of corn starch, wheat starch, potato starch, tapioca starch and corresponding waxy starch thereof.
7. The liquid foundation of claim 6, wherein the concentration of the starch milk is 30-40% (w/w, d.b).
8. A preparation method of the liquid foundation of claim 1, comprising the following steps: 1) weighing raw materials according to the formula, and heating the water phase and oil phase raw materials to 75-80° C. to completely dissolve the raw materials; 2) under a stirring state at 70-75° C., adding a toner powder mixed evenly to the oil phase; 3) then adding the water phase raw materials under high-speed stirring, mixing the raw materials evenly for 10-20 min, and cooling the mixture to 20-30° C.; and 4) adding a starch filler at 20-30° C., stirring the mixture for 5-10 min, and then performing discharging and packing after stirring.
Description
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF FIGURES
[0036]
[0037]
[0038]
DETAILED DESCRIPTION
[0039] Implementations of the disclosure will be described in detail below with reference to the examples. However, those skilled in the art will understand that the following examples are merely illustrative of the disclosure and should not be construed as limiting the scope of the disclosure.
[0040] The examples in which specific conditions are not specified are carried out according to conventional conditions or conditions recommended by the manufacturer. Any reagents or instruments that are not indicated with the manufacturers are commercially available products.
[0041] Determination of degree of substitution of starch: Refer to GB 28303-2012 “Food Additive Starch Sodium Octenyl Succinate” for a determination method.
[0042] Determination of particle size of starch: An appropriate amount of starch sample is taken and placed in a tank of a laser particle size analyzer. After the sample is absorbed, sample injection is completed by the laser particle size analyzer, and a particle size distribution diagram and average particle size data are obtained by processing using software.
[0043] Determination of gelatinization characteristic of starch: 6% (w/w, d.b) starch milk is prepared, and measured by an RVA viscometer using a Standard 2 procedure specified by the American association of cereal chemistry (AACC).
[0044] Determination of contact angle of starch: 0.50 g of starch sample is taken and pressed into a tablet by a tablet press machine under 25 MPa, and then a three-phase contact angle of the sample surface to water in an oil phase is measured by a contact angle meter.
[0045] Determination of apparent viscosity of liquid foundation sample: A liquid foundation sample is added to a measuring cup, a rotor is installed to connect to a BROOKFIELD rotating viscometer, and the viscosity value is recorded at the 10th s, where the rotational speed is 60 r/min, and the rotor model is No. 29.
[0046] Determination of rheological properties of liquid foundation sample: An appropriate amount of liquid foundation sample is taken and placed on a bottom plate of an HR-3 rheometer, where the diameter of the plate is 4.0 cm, the setting gap is 1.0 mm, and the measurement temperature is 25° C. A static shear rheometry program is run: the shear rate (y) is set to increase progressively from 1 s.sup.−1 to 100 s.sup.−1, and the shear stress (t) of a sample is measured as a function of the shear v rate.
[0047] Determination of dispersion rate: 4 g of dried starch sample is weighed, 10 g of oil phase is added and mixed with the sample evenly, and the mixture is transferred into a mixing cylinder with stopper. The mixture is allowed to stand at room temperature, and the settling volume is read once every 1 h to calculate the dispersion rate.
[0048] Determination of oil separation rate of liquid foundation: 100 mL of liquid foundation sample is measured in a mixing cylinder with stopper. The liquid foundation sample is allowed stand at room temperature, the volume of the separated oil phase is read at regular intervals, and the oil separation of different samples is compared.
[0049] Sensory evaluation method of liquid foundation: The 5 makeup effects of a liquid foundation product, including applicability, skin adhesion, concealing effect, transparency, and skin tone brightening effect, are evaluated by self-assessment of consumers, and scores are obtained by quantitative descriptive analysis from a sensory evaluation panel (including 50 volunteers). The sensory indices of the liquid foundation are described in Table 1.
TABLE-US-00002 TABLE 1 Sensory evaluation indices and definitions Sensory attributes Definition Dimension range Score Applicability The ease with which the product is applied 15 (Easy) − 1 (Difficult) 15, to the skin surface to an even state Skin adhesion Adhesion effect of the product on the skin 15 (Good) − 1 (Poor) 13, after application Concealing The ability to conceal the 15 (Very well 11, 9, effect original complexion of the skin after application of concealment) − 1 (No concealment) the product Transparency Whether the sense of 15 (No sense 7, 5, makeup is obvious on of makeup) − 1 the surface after application (Obvious sense of the product of makeup) Brightness Degree of obvious increase in skin surface 15 (Increase) − 1 (Decrease) 3, 1, brightness after application of the product
[0050] In conjunction with examples, the liquid foundation using starch as a filler and preparation thereof of the disclosure will be further described below:
Example 1
[0051] 1. A liquid foundation using starch as a filler, including the following composition ingredients (where the inorganic colorant includes iron oxide yellow and iron oxide red in a mass ratio of 4:1):
TABLE-US-00003 Stearic acid 1 part White mineral oil 10 parts Glycerol monostearate 2 parts Lanolin 1 part P-hydroxyacetophenone 0.1 part Triethanolamine 1 part Propylene glycol 3 parts Sodium carboxymethyl cellulose 0.1 part Deionized water 66.8 parts Titanium dioxide 7 parts Inorganic colorant 1 part Starch filler 7 parts
[0052] 2. A preparation method of example 1 includes the following steps:
[0053] 1) The raw materials were weighed according to the formula, and the water phase and oil phase raw materials were heated to 70° C. to completely dissolve the raw materials;
[0054] 2) The oil phase was insulated at 75° C., and a toner powder mixed evenly was added under stirring;
[0055] 3) The water phase raw materials were added under high-speed stirring and mixed evenly for 10 min, and the mixture was cooled to room temperature; and
[0056] 4) The starch filler was added at 20° C., and the mixture was stirred for 10 min, and discharged and packed after stirring.
[0057] 3. The relevant properties of Example 1 were measured. As shown by data in Table 2 and
TABLE-US-00004 TABLE 2 Properties of emulsified liquid foundation sample Rheological properties Apparent Consistency Coefficient of Sample viscosity/ mPa .Math. s coefficient K/(Pa .Math. s) Rheological index n determination R.sup.2 Example 1 1255 12.724 0.3282 0.9801
[0058] 4. A preparation method of the starch filler in Example 1 includes: under the reaction conditions of pH 8.5 and 35° C., 5 wt % of an OSA reagent was added to 35% (w/w, d.b) starch milk to react for 4 h; and the mixture was neutralized, washed, micronized using a high-pressure homogenizer, homogenized 20 times under a pressure of 40 MPa, centrifugally dried, pulverized and sieved to obtain compound modified starch for the filler. The filler in Example 1, that is, the compound modified starch, was characterized for the degree of modification with the results shown in Table 3, and measured for the relevant properties with the results shown in Table 4. It can be seen that the degree of substitution of OSA is 0.0263 and the average particle size is 10.24 μm.
TABLE-US-00005 TABLE 3 Degree of modification of starch for filler Characterization item Example 1 Example 2 Example 3 Example 4 Degree of 0.0263 0.0352 0.0421 0.03815 substitution of OSA Average particle 10.24 6.82 10.58 7.94 size/μm
TABLE-US-00006 TABLE 4 Relevant properties of compound modified starch for filler Gelatinization characteristic Peak Final Gelatinization viscosity/ viscosity/ Contact Sample temperature/° C. (mPa .Math. s) (mPa .Math. s) angle/° Example 1 63.4 3880 1649 57.80
[0059] 5. To further illustrate the beneficial effects of the disclosure, the liquid foundation sample was subjected to sensory evaluation, and the evaluation scores were shown in Table 5, where the control was a commercial liquid foundation product with talcum powder and bentonite as the fillers. It can be seen that the liquid foundation using starch as a filler prepared by the disclosure is close to the control sample in performance, and can basically reach the standard of the commercial product. The higher scores of Example 1 in terms of transparency and brightness indicate that the sample of Example 1 has better makeup effect.
TABLE-US-00007 TABLE 5 Sensory evaluation scores of emulsified liquid foundation samples Skin Concealing Trans- Applicability adhesion effect parency Brightness Example 1 10.5 9.4 8.9 9.3 11.2 Control 10.8 10.0 9.5 8.9 9.6
Example 2
[0060] 1. A liquid foundation using starch as a filler, including the following composition ingredients (where the inorganic colorant includes iron oxide yellow and iron oxide red in a mass ratio of 4:1):
TABLE-US-00008 Stearic acid 2 parts White mineral oil 8 parts Glycerol monostearate 3 parts Lanolin 2 parts P-hydroxyacetophenone 0.2 part Triethanolamine 1 part Propylene glycol 2 parts Sodium carboxymethyl cellulose 0.1 part Deionized water 67 parts Titanium dioxide 6 parts Inorganic colorant 0.7 part Starch filler 8 parts
[0061] 2. A preparation method of example 2 includes the following steps:
[0062] 1) The raw materials were weighed according to the formula, and the water phase and oil phase raw materials were heated to 75° C. to completely dissolve the raw materials;
[0063] 2) The oil phase was insulated at 70° C., and a toner powder mixed evenly was added under stirring;
[0064] 3) The water phase raw materials were added under high-speed stirring and mixed evenly for 15 min, and the mixture was cooled to room temperature; and
[0065] 4) The starch filler was added at 25° C., and the mixture was stirred for 10 min, and discharged and packed after stirring.
[0066] 3. The relevant properties of Example 2 were measured. As shown by data in Table 6 and
TABLE-US-00009 TABLE 6 Properties of emulsified liquid foundation sample Rheological properties Apparent Consistency Coefficient of viscosity/ coefficient K/ Rheological determination Sample mPa .Math. s (Pa .Math. s) index n R.sup.2 Example 2 1820 17.778 0.2982 0.9560
[0067] 4. A preparation method of the starch filler in Example 2 includes: under the reaction conditions of pH 8.6 and 35° C., 7 wt % of an OSA reagent was added to 35% (w/w, d.b) starch milk to react for 4 h; and the mixture was neutralized, washed, micronized using a high-pressure homogenizer, homogenized 30 times under a pressure of 50 MPa, centrifugally dried, pulverized and sieved to obtain compound modified starch for the filler. The filler in Example 2, that is, the compound modified starch, was characterized for the degree of modification with the results shown in Table 3, and measured for the relevant properties with the results shown in Table 7. It can be seen that the degree of substitution of OSA is 0.0352 and the average particle size is 6.82 μm.
TABLE-US-00010 TABLE 7 Relevant properties of compound modified starch for filler Gelatinization characteristic Gelatinization temperature/ Peak viscosity/ Final viscosity/ Contact Sample ° C. (mPa .Math. s) (mPa .Math. s) angle/° Example 2 56.3 4258 1577 61.30
[0068] 5. To further illustrate the beneficial effects of the disclosure, the liquid foundation sample was subjected to sensory evaluation, and the evaluation scores were shown in Table 8. It can be seen that the liquid foundation using starch as a filler prepared by the disclosure is close to the control sample in performance, and can basically reach the standard of the commercial product. Also, since the particle size of the starch added in Example 2 is smaller, the liquid foundation of Example 2 has better applicability and skin adhesion.
TABLE-US-00011 TABLE 8 Sensory evaluation scores of emulsified liquid foundation samples Skin Concealing Trans- Bright- Applicability adhesion effect parency ness Example 11.4 11.5 8.9 10.7 12.1 2 Control 10.8 10.0 9.5 8.9 9.6
Example 3
[0069] 1. A liquid foundation using starch as a filler, including the following composition ingredients (where the inorganic colorant includes iron oxide yellow and iron oxide red in a mass ratio of 4:1): [0070] Stearic acid 1.5 parts
TABLE-US-00012 White mineral oil 9 parts Glycerol monostearate 2.5 parts Lanolin 1.5 parts P-hydroxyacetophenone 0.3 part Triethanolamine 1.5 parts Propylene glycol 3 parts Sodium carboxymethyl cellulose 0.1 part Deionized water 66.1 parts Titanium dioxide 8 parts Inorganic colorant 0.5 part Starch filler 10 parts
[0071] 2. A preparation method of example 3 includes the following steps:
[0072] 1) The raw materials were weighed according to the formula, and the water phase and oil phase raw materials were heated to 80° C. to completely dissolve the raw materials;
[0073] 2) The oil phase was insulated at 75° C., and a toner powder mixed evenly was added under stirring;
[0074] 3) The water phase raw materials were added under high-speed stirring and mixed evenly for 20 min, and the mixture was cooled to room temperature; and
[0075] 4) The starch filler was added at 25° C., and the mixture was stirred for 15 min, and discharged and packed after stirring.
[0076] 3. The relevant properties of Example 3 were measured. As shown by data in Table 9 and
TABLE-US-00013 TABLE 9 Properties of emulsified liquid foundation sample Rheological properties Apparent Consistency Coefficient of viscosity/ coefficient Rheological determination Sample mPa .Math. s K/(Pa .Math. s) index n R.sup.2 Example 3 2150 39.281 0.1644 0.9266
[0077] 4. A preparation method of the starch filler in Example 3 includes: under the reaction conditions of pH 8.7 and 35° C., 9 wt % of an OSA reagent was added to 35% (w/w, d.b) starch milk to react for 4 h; and the mixture was neutralized, washed, micronized using a high-pressure homogenizer, homogenized 20 times under a pressure of 60 MPa, centrifugally dried, pulverized and sieved to obtain compound modified starch for the filler. The filler in Example 3, that is, the compound modified starch, was characterized for the degree of modification with the results shown in Table 3, and measured for the relevant properties with the results shown in Table 10. It can be seen that the degree of substitution of OSA is 0.0421 and the average particle size is 10.58 μm.
TABLE-US-00014 TABLE 10 Relevant properties of compound modified starch for filler Gelatinization characteristic Gelatinization temperature/ Peak viscosity/ Final viscosity/ Contact Sample ° C. (mPa .Math. s) (mPa .Math. s) angle/° Example 3 59.9 4190 1574 84.00
[0078] 5. To further illustrate the beneficial effects of the disclosure, the liquid foundation sample was subjected to sensory evaluation, and the evaluation scores were shown in Table 11. It can be seen that the liquid foundation using starch as a filler prepared by the disclosure is close to the control sample in performance, and can basically reach the standard of the commercial product.
TABLE-US-00015 TABLE 11 Sensory evaluation scores of emulsified liquid foundation samples Skin Concealing Trans- Bright- Applicability adhesion effect parency ness Example 3 9.1 10.6 11.7 8.4 9.3 Control 10.8 10.0 9.5 8.9 9.6
Example 4
[0079] 1. A liquid foundation using starch as a filler, including the following composition ingredients:
TABLE-US-00016 Stearic acid 3 parts White mineral oil 10 parts Glycerol monostearate 3 parts Lanolin 2 parts P-hydroxyacetophenone 0.2 part Triethanolamine 2 parts Propylene glycol 2 parts Sodium carboxymethyl cellulose 0.1 part Deionized water 60.7 parts Titanium dioxide 7 parts Inorganic colorant 1 part Starch filler 9 parts
[0080] 2. A preparation method of example 4 includes the following steps:
[0081] 1) The raw materials were weighed according to the formula, and the water phase and oil phase raw materials were heated to 70° C. to completely dissolve the raw materials;
[0082] 2) The oil phase was insulated at 70° C., and a toner powder mixed evenly was added under stirring;
[0083] 3) The water phase raw materials were added under high-speed stirring and mixed evenly for 15 min, and the mixture was cooled to room temperature; and
[0084] 4) Starch was added at 20° C., and the mixture was stirred for 20 min, and discharged and packed after stirring.
[0085] 3. The relevant properties of Example 4 were measured. As shown by data in Table 12 and
TABLE-US-00017 TABLE 12 Properties of emulsified liquid foundation sample Rheological properties Apparent Consistency Coefficient of viscosity/ coefficient K/ Rheological determination Sample mPa .Math. s (Pa .Math. s) index n R.sup.2 Example 4 1670 31.214 0.1775 0.9464
[0086] 4. A preparation method of the starch filler in Example 4 includes: under the reaction conditions of pH 8.4 and 35° C., 8 wt % of an OSA reagent was added to 35% (w/w, d.b) starch milk to react for 4 h; and the mixture was neutralized, washed, micronized using a high-pressure homogenizer, homogenized 40 times under a pressure of 40 MPa, centrifugally dried, pulverized and sieved to obtain compound modified starch for the filler. The filler in Example 4, that is, the compound modified starch, was characterized for the degree of modification with the results shown in Table 3, and measured for the relevant properties with the results shown in Table 13. It can be seen that the degree of substitution of OSA is 0.03815 and the average particle size is 7.94 μm.
TABLE-US-00018 TABLE 13 Relevant properties of compound modified starch for filler Gelatinization characteristic Gelatinization Peak viscosity/ Final viscosity/ Contact Sample temperature/° C. (mPa .Math. s) (mPa .Math. s) angle/° Example 4 57.3 4010 1452 64.00
[0087] 5. To further illustrate the beneficial effects of the disclosure, the liquid foundation sample was subjected to sensory evaluation, and the evaluation scores were shown in Table 14. It can be seen that the liquid foundation using starch as a filler prepared by the disclosure is close to the control sample in performance, and can basically reach the standard of the commercial product.
TABLE-US-00019 TABLE 14 Sensory evaluation scores of emulsified liquid foundation samples Skin Concealing Trans- Bright- Applicability adhesion effect parency ness Example 4 11.1 10.5 10.8 9.0 10.4 Control 10.8 10.0 9.5 8.9 9.6
Comparative Example 1
[0088] A preparation method of a starch filler includes: under the reaction conditions of pH 8.5 and 35° C., 5 wt % of an OSA reagent was added to starch milk to react for 4 h; and the mixture was neutralized, washed, dried, pulverized and sieved to obtain OSA modified starch. By measurement, the degree of substitution of OSA is 0.0263, and the average particle size is 15.93 μm.
[0089] The composition of the liquid foundation is the same as that of Example 1. The OSA modified starch prepared in this comparative example was used as the filler, and the liquid foundation was prepared by the method of Example 1. The relevant properties of Comparative Example 1 were measured. The apparent viscosity and the rheological properties are shown by data in Table 15, the apparent viscosity is 1311 mPa.Math.s, and shown by static rheological fitting data, Comparative Example 1 has little difference from Example 1 in static rheological properties. However, there is a certain gap between the sensory evaluation results of Comparative Example 1 and Example 1, and the evaluation scores are shown in Table 16. By comparison, the scores of the liquid foundation sample of Comparative Example 1 are generally lower than those of Example 1, especially in terms of applicability, skin adhesion and transparency, and the sample has a coarse texture and poor applicability. Moreover, as shown in
TABLE-US-00020 TABLE 15 Properties of emulsified liquid foundation samples Rheological properties Apparent Consistency Coefficient of viscosity/ coefficient Rheological determination Sample mPa .Math. s K/(Pa .Math. s) index n R.sup.2 Example 1 1255 12.724 0.3282 0.9801 Comparative 1311 11.948 0.2815 0.9510 Example 1
TABLE-US-00021 TABLE 16 Sensory evaluation scores of emulsified liquid foundation samples Skin Concealing Trans- Bright- Applicability adhesion effect parency ness Example 1 10.5 9.4 8.9 9.3 11.2 Comparative 8.5 8.5 9.1 7.5 10.5 Example 1
Comparative Example 2
[0090] The composition of the liquid foundation is same as Example 1.
[0091] A preparation method includes:
[0092] 1) The raw materials were weighed according to the formula, and the water phase and oil phase raw materials were heated to 70° C. to completely dissolve the raw materials;
[0093] 2) The oil phase was insulated at 75° C., and a toner powder mixed evenly and the starch filler were added under stirring; and
[0094] 3) The water phase raw materials were added under high-speed stirring slowly and mixed evenly for 10 min, and the mixture was cooled to room temperature, discharged and packed.
[0095] The relevant properties of Comparative Example 2 were measured. As shown by data in Table 17, the apparent viscosity is 1075 mPa.Math.s, which is slightly smaller than that of Example 1. Also, shown by static rheological fitting data, the sample of Comparative Example 2 is shear-thinned, has a consistency coefficient K also smaller than that of Example 1, and a fluid index with little difference.
[0096] The sensory evaluation scores of Comparative Example 2 are shown in Table 18. By comparison, the sample of Comparative Example 2 has lower scores in applicability, concealing effect and brightness, mainly because in the preparation process of Comparative Example 2, the starch was gelatinized by heat, had no complete particle shape, and could not spread or adhere to the skin surface or play a role of light scattering. Moreover,
TABLE-US-00022 TABLE 17 Properties of emulsified liquid foundation samples Rheological properties Apparent Consistency Coefficient of viscosity/ coefficient Rheological determination Sample mPa .Math. s K/(Pa .Math. s) index n R.sup.2 Example 1 1255 12.724 0.3282 0.9801 Comparative 1075 10.887 0.2931 0.9510 Example 2
TABLE-US-00023 TABLE 18 Sensory evaluation scores of emulsified liquid foundation samples Skin Concealing Trans- Bright- Applicability adhesion effect parency ness Example 1 10.5 9.4 8.9 9.3 11.2 Comparative 8.1 9.8 6.5 8.5 9.6 Example 2
[0097] Although the disclosure has been disclosed as above in the preferred examples, it is not intended to limit the disclosure. Any person skilled in the art can make various changes and modifications without departing from the spirit and scope of the disclosure. Therefore, the protection scope of the disclosure should be as defined in the claims.