Counter-Flow Membrane Plate Exchanger and Method of Making

Abstract

A counter-flow plate type exchanger is manufactured by repeatedly folding and joining at least two strips of membrane to form a counter-pleated core with a stack of openings or fluid passageways configured in an alternating counter-flow arrangement. Methods for manufacturing such counter-pleated cores are described. Counter-pleated cores comprising water-permeable membranes can be used in a variety of applications, including heat and water vapor exchangers. In particular, they can be incorporated into energy recovery ventilators (ERVs) for exchanging heat and water vapor between air streams directed into and out of buildings, automobiles, or other Industrial processes.

Claims

1. A method for making the counter-pleated membrane exchanger of claim 19, the method comprising: (a) positioning at least two membrane strips, extending in alternately opposite directions, so that a first edge portion of a first membrane strip is adjacent to a second edge portion of a second membrane strip; (b) forming a first membrane seam by joining said first edge portion of said first membrane strip with said second edge portion of said second membrane strip of said at least two membrane strips and forming additional membrane seams by joining adjacent edge portions of additional membrane strips to form a first membrane layer; (c) making a 180 reverse fold in each of said at least two membrane strips to overlie said first membrane layer; (d) forming a second membrane seam by joining said first edge portion of said first membrane strip to the adjacent second edge portion of said second membrane strip of said at least two membrane strips and forming additional membrane seams by joining adjacent edge portions of additional adjacent membrane strips to form a second membrane layer overlying said first membrane layer, said second membrane layer being parallel to and spaced from said first membrane layer; (e) repeating steps (b), (c), and (d), thereby forming the counter-pleated membrane exchanger with a stacked array of passageways between the membrane layers.

2. The method of claim 1 wherein the adjacent portions of the at least two membrane strips are positioned so that they partially overlap one another at the seams.

3. The method of claim 2 wherein joining of said adjacent edge portions of the at least two membrane strips comprises the step of thermally bonding the edge portions along the seams.

4. The method of claim 2 wherein joining said adjacent edge portions of the at least two membrane strips is performed by a method selected from a group consisting of adhesively bonding the at least two edge portions and vibration welding the at least two edge portions to form the seams.

5. The method of claim 1 wherein the adjacent edge portions of the at least two membrane strips are positioned so that they abut one another along the seams.

6. The method of claim 1 wherein joining of said adjacent edge portions of the at least two membrane strips is achieved by applying adhesive tape along the seams.

7. The method of claim 1 wherein each of the membrane layers in the counter-pleated exchanger has two non-folded edges, and wherein the method further comprises sealing the non-folded edges of the core with a sealant material.

8. The method of claim 1 wherein each of the membrane layers in the counter-pleated exchanger has two non-folded edges and a first and second adjacent membrane layer, and wherein one non-folded edge is sealed to a first adjacent membrane edge while the second non-folded edge is sealed to a second adjacent membrane edge.

9. The method of claim 1 wherein the method further comprises inserting a separator between at least some of the plurality of membrane layers.

10.-12. (canceled)

13. The method of claim 9 wherein the separator is selected from a group consisting of a corrugated mesh material, corrugated sheet material, a mesh material, and a molded plastic insert.

14. The method of claim 1 wherein the membrane is a water-permeable membrane.

15. The method of claim 1 wherein the membrane strips have surface features on at least one surface thereof.

16. The method of claim 15 where the surface features are integrally formed in the membrane.

17. (canceled)

18. The method of claim 15 where the surface features are formed by a step selected from a group consisting of laminating and depositing material onto least one surface of the membrane.

19. (canceled)

20. A membrane separator for a heat and water vapor exchanger, the separator comprising: a corrugated netting formed of biaxial orientated thermoplastic material, and having a sinusoidal shape when viewed relative to a z-axis adapted for defining a plurality of discrete fluid flow channels within a resulting heat and water vapor exchanger.

21. The membrane separator of claim 20 wherein said biaxial oriented thermoplastic is selected from a group consisting of polypropylene and other thermoplastics having a netting sheet weight of less than 6 lbs/1000 ft.sup.2.

22. The membrane separator of claim 21 wherein said thermoplastic has a netting sheet weight of less than 2.0 lbs/1000 ft.sup.2.

23. The membrane separator of claim 20 wherein said corrugated netting comprises a square-mesh lattice lattice having a primary x-axis and a primary y-axis, said extruded square mesh lattice being stretched in a direction of at least one of said primary x-axis and said primary y-axis to create said biaxially orientated thermoplastic material.

Description

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0040] The subject matter which is regarded as the invention is set forth in the appended claims. The invention itself, however, together with further objects and advantages thereof may be better understood in reference to the accompanying drawings in which:

[0041] FIGS. 1a-b show simplified schematic diagrams illustrating a variety of starting positions and starting number of membrane strips that can be utilized to make a counter-pleated, counter-flow plate exchanger;

[0042] FIGS. 2a-f show a series of simplified schematic diagrams illustrating steps in a counter-pleating technique utilizing three (3) continuous membrane strips.

[0043] FIG. 3a illustrates counter-flow exchanger with air stream flows, air stream separation, and counter-pleated membrane housing structure;

[0044] FIG. 3b illustrates counter-pleat core without the context of the housing structure;

[0045] FIG. 3c illustrates counter-pleat core without the context of the housing structure, but including cross-pleated, continuous strip separators and alternately sealed membrane ends; and,

[0046] FIG. 4 is a perspective view showing preferred embodiment of one layer of corrugated netting of thermoplastic material.

DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS

[0047] FIGS. 1a-b show simplified schematic diagrams illustrating a variety of starting positions and starting number of membrane strips that can be utilized to make a counter-pleated, counter-flow core 100. In FIG. 1a two strips of membrane 110a and 120a of width Z are drawn in substantially opposite directions from two reels of membrane, 110 and 120, respectively. Start of membrane 110a is produced by 90 angle cut 125. Start of membrane 120a is produced by 90 angle cut 126. Membrane strips 110a and 120a are arranged edge-to-edge in the same plane on the top surface of a base frame or platform 190. The resultant seam 150a forms an overlap of X distance. One strip of separator 130a is drawn at a 90 angle to strips 110a and 120a from reel of separator 130 of width Y. FIG. 1b illustrates a repeating pattern to start construction of a counter-pleated core 100. Three or more strips of membrane 160a, 170a, and 180a of width W or 2W are drawn in substantially opposite directions from two reels of membrane 160, 170, and 180, respectively. Multiple membrane strips 160a, 170a, and 180a are arranged edge-to-edge in the same plane on the top surface of a base frame or platform 190. Two or more resultant seams 150b and 150c form an overlap of X distance.

[0048] FIGS. 2a-f show a series of simplified schematic diagrams illustrating steps in a counter-pleating technique utilizing three (3) continuous membrane strips and cross-pleating technique utilizing one (1) continuous spacer strip. While the cross insertion of a separator layer has been omitted from the depiction for the sake of simplicity, it will be understood that the insertion of a separator strip 130a between each fold is within scope of the invention. In FIG. 2a three strips of membrane 210a, 220a, and 230a are drawn in substantially opposite directions from three reels of membrane 210, 220, and 230, respectively. Membrane strips 210a of width W, 220a of width 2W, and 230a of width W are arranged edge-to-edge in the same plane on the top surface of a base frame or platform 290. Resultant seam 250b of width X is between membrane strips 210a and 220a while the resultant seam 250a of width X is between membrane strips 230a and 220a. The edges of membrane strips 210a and 220a are joined together along seam 250b with length Y. The edges of membrane strips 230a and 220a are joined together along seam 250a with length Y.

[0049] Slits 260b and 260a of length X are formed along the end of membrane strip 210a and end of membrane strip 230a, respectively. In the next step, shown completed in FIG. 2b, each membrane strip 210a, 220a, and 230a is reverse folded 180 to its edge, to overlie previous layer. Membrane strips 210a, 220a, and 230a are similarly arranged edge-to-edge in the same plane to overlie previous layer. Resultant seam 251b is between membrane strips 210a and 220a while resultant seam 251a is between membrane strips 230a and 220a. In the next step, shown completed in FIG. 2c, membrane edge 230a is joined to previous layer along parallel edge to form seam 270. Slits 261b and 261a are formed along the folded edge of membrane 210a and 230a, respectively. In the next step, shown completed in FIG. 2d, each membrane strip 210a, 220a, and 230a is similarly reverse folded 180 to its edge, to overlie previous layer. Membrane strips 210a, 220a, and 230a are similarly arranged edge-to-edge in the same plane to overlie previous layer. Resultant seam 252b is between membrane strips 210a and 220a while resultant seam 252a is between membrane strips 230a and 220a. In the next step, shown completed in FIG. 2e, membrane edge 210a is joined to previous layer along parallel edge to form seam 280. Slits 262b and 262a are formed along the folded edge of membrane 210a and 230a, respectively. The folding and joining process (shown in FIGS. 2a-e) is then repeated to give the desired number of layers in membrane core 200.

[0050] For the last layer of the core, the end of each membrane strip 210a, 220a, and 230a is trimmed at 90 to form the top surface of the core. The resulting counter-pleated core has layered alternating openings or passageways with a plurality of inlet ports and outlet ports on only two out of six faces of the core, thereby creating counter-flow or parallel airflow passageways. FIG. 2f shows a first divided fluid supplied to one face of the core 200 as indicated by arrows 201a and 202a that will pass through the layered passageways exiting together at the opposite face as indicated by arrows 201b and 202b. A second divided fluid is supplied to one face of the core 200 as indicated by arrows 203a and 204a that will pass through the layered passageways exiting together at the opposite face as indicated by arrows 203b and 204b in FIG. 2f. This allows for the counter-flow configuration of two different fluids through alternating layers of the core.

[0051] Such cores can be manufactured in a wide variety of sizes and number of membrane strips. The height of the finished core will depend on the number of folded layers, as well as the thickness of the membrane and separator (if any) in each layer. A continuous folding operation could also be envisioned with core size selected and generally cut to any size specification.

[0052] Various methods can be used to join the two or more strips of membrane along the in-plane seams (for example, 251b and 251a in FIG. 2c) and the edge seams between layers (for example, 270 in FIG. 2c). For example, the membrane strips can be thermally joined using impulse type heaters. Using this technique, back pressure would be utilized to create compression and then thermal energy applied. Depending on the membrane material, high strength seals have been produced with less than 1/16 overlap of the membranes. In preferred embodiments, slits (for example, 260b and 260a in FIG. 2a) found at the ends of edge seams in FIGS. 2a-e may be eliminated when membrane overlap distance X is minimal. A yielding in the membrane material may allow for membrane overlap without slits depending on the membrane material and method of joining. The membrane strips can also be joined together using a suitable adhesive tape, selected depending on the nature of the membrane and/or the end-use application for the core. If adhesive tape is used, the membrane edges preferably abut edge-to-edge. Thus, in FIG. 1a the overlap dimension X would be zero. Adhesive tape can be placed along the seam contacting each membrane strip and forming a seal. Preferably the tape is wide enough to adequately cover the seam and accommodate variability in the manufacturing process, without obscuring too much of the membrane surface. Depending on the properties of the membrane, the edges can instead be vibration welded together along the seams. For thermal bonding, vibration welding, or adhesive bonding, preferably the membrane roll width is slightly oversized so that the membrane edges can be overlapped slightly along the seams. Whatever method is used to join the membrane strips along the diagonal seams, preferably it forms a good seal so that fluids do not pass between layers via a breach or leak in the seam, causing undesirable mixing or cross-contamination of the process streams in the particular end-use application of the core.

[0053] In preferred embodiments, a counter-pleated core is provided with seals along corners of each fold produced by the counter-pleating process. In one approach these seals are formed with thermally activated glue, caulk, potting materials, or foam to form a seal between adjacent folded corners comprising each layer. The sealant will close off the holes created at the intersection between corners of each fold produced by the counter-pleating process, and select folds can also provide attachment to a framework by which the core is held together. The seals can be formed using a suitable material, for example a low smoke hot-melt adhesive specifically formulated for air filter applications, or a two-part rubber epoxy material can be used.

[0054] In preferred embodiments, a counter-pleated core is also provided with seals along the start of membrane strips (for example, 125 and 126 in FIG. 1a) with adjoined housing and along the end of membrane strips with adjoined housing (306 in FIG. 3a, for example). Various methods can be used to seal the ends of the membrane strips to the housing. In one approach these seals are formed with folded mechanical clips, separate or apart of the counter-pleated housing. The ends of membrane strips could also be sealed to the counter-pleated core housing through suitable single sided adhesive tape, suitable double sided adhesive tape, caulk, two-part epoxy, or other thermally activated adhesive.

[0055] FIGS. 3a-c show perspective views illustrating a counter-flow exchanger constructed of three (3) continuous membrane strips (two or more membrane strips can be utilized). Specifically, FIG. 3a illustrates counter-flow exchanger with air stream flows, air stream separation, and counter-pleated membrane housing structure. An embodiment of a heat and water vapor exchanger 300, for transferring heat and vapor between first fluid streams 301a and 302a and second fluid streams 303a and 304a, the exchanger 300 comprising: a housing 306 with a first surface 390 containing a first plurality of inlet ports (320,322) and outlet port 321, and a substantially parallel opposing second surface 391 containing a second plurality of inlet ports (325,323) and outlet port 324. The first inlet ports (320,322) on first surface 390 are directly opposite second inlet ports (325,323) on second surface 391 and first outlet port 321 on first surface 390 are directly opposite second outlet port 324 on second surface 391. A counter-pleated membrane core 309 is generally enclosed within a housing 306. The folds of water-permeable membranes define inlet ports (322, 320, 325, 323) and outlet ports (321, 324) on first face 390 and second face 391 of counter-pleated core 309 and being substantially perpendicular to internal seams. All first inlets (322, 320) on first face 390 fluidly connect to second outlet 324 on second face 391 and wherein all second inlets (325, 323) on the second face 391 fluidly connect to first outlet 321 on the first face 390. Furthermore, all first inlet air flows (301a, 302a) entering first face 390 fluidly connect to second outlet air flows (301b, 302b) on second face 391 and wherein all second inlet air flows (303a, 304a) on the second face 391 fluidly connect to first outlet air flows (303b, 304b) on the first face 390.

[0056] FIG. 3b illustrates counter-pleat core 309 without the context of the housing structure (for example, 300 in FIG. 3a). The core 309 comprises multiple layers of folded, water-permeable membrane material defining a stack of alternating first and second fluid passageways, wherein each layer comprises a portion of at least two strips of said water-permeable membrane material (310, 311, 312) joined by one seam 351 for a first pair of two membrane strips (312, 311) and one additional seam 350 for additional strip 310. Membrane strip 312 has repeated 180 folds 332 creating a multiplicity of layers 342. Membrane strip 311 has repeated 180 folds 331 creating a multiplicity of layers 342. Membrane strip 310 has repeated 180 folds 330 creating a multiplicity of layers 342. Membrane strips 312, 311, and 310 are arranged edge-to-edge in the same plane. Membrane strip edge 312a overlaps membrane and is joined together with strip edge 311a resulting in membrane seam 351. Membrane strip edge 310a overlaps and is joined together with membrane strip edge 311b resulting in membrane seam 350. The seams (351, 350) joining the membrane strips are mostly internal within counter-pleated core 309 and substantially parallel to a direction of general airflow movement (for example, FIG. 3a).

[0057] Counter-pleated cores of the type described herein can further comprise separators positioned between the membrane layers, for example, to assist with fluid flow distribution and/or to help maintain separation of the layers. For example, corrugated netting of thermoplastic material, corrugated aluminum inserts, plastic molded inserts, or mesh inserts can be disposed in some of all the passageways between adjacent membrane layers. Separators may be inserted between the membrane layers after the core is formed or may be inserted during the counter-pleating process, for example between the steps shown in FIG. 2a and FIG. 2b and then again between FIG. 2c and FIG. 2d described above.

[0058] FIG. 3c illustrates counter-pleated core 309 without the context of the housing structure (for example, 306 in FIG. 3a), but including cross-pleated, continuous strip separators 380 and alternately sealed membrane ends 370, 371, and 372. Separators 380 are preferably woven at a 90 degree orientation to continuous membrane strips 312, 311, and 310; forming cross-pleated pattern. Preferably, separators 380 are oriented so that the corrugated channels are generally parallel to the inlet and outlet passageway into which they are inserted and oriented parallel to each other, to provide a counter-flow configuration. Furthermore, cross-pleated separators 380 can be locked in place through additional membrane edge sealing. This is advantageous because it also acts to replace potting resin on the top and bottom side of counter-pleated core 309. Referring to FIGS. 3b-c, edge 360 of membrane strip 312 is joined to edge 361 of membrane strip 312 forming edge bond 370. Similarly, edge 362 of membrane strip 312 is joined to edge 363 of membrane strip 312 forming edge bond 371. This pattern is repeated for all membrane layers 342 generated by the counter-pleated folds 332 of membrane strip 312, joining every other parallel edge of membrane strip 312 together. Preferred joining method involves impulse-type, thermally applied heat wherein continuous separator 380 partially melts, but does not break apart. Edge bonds 370, 371 and others are fashioned in a way to provide complete air-tight seal between airflow paths. Furthermore, edge 340 of membrane strip 310 is joined to edge 341 forming edge bond 390. This pattern is repeated for all membrane layers 342 generated by the counter-pleated folds 330 of membrane strip 310, joining every other parallel edge of membrane strip 310 together. Different separator designs can be used for the alternate layers, or at different locations in the coresthey need not all be the same.

[0059] FIG. 4 is a perspective view showing one layer of corrugated netting composed with thermoplastic material 500. Netting material 500 is defined by sinusoidal pattern 510 on X plane with substantially straight connectors 520 at 90 angles along Y plane. Sinusoidal pattern 510 with amplitude of Z defines a discrete fluid flow channel within the context of heat and/or moisture exchangers. Plastic mesh apertures (hole sizes) are selected to produce the optimal combination of vapor transmission, pressure drop, and strength. Thermoplastic netting may be produced through an extrusion process. Furthermore, thermoplastic material 500 is preferably biaxial oriented netting which is lighter weight and more flexible than extruded square mesh. Orientation stretches extruded square mesh in X and Y directions under controlled conditions to produce strong, flexible, and light weight netting.

[0060] Thermoplastic netting material is selected from a group consisting of polypropylene, polyethylene, or other thermoplastics with netting sheet weight of less than 3 lbs/1000 ft.sup.2, preferably less than 1.5 lbs/1000 ft.sup.2.

[0061] The above defined separator can be used in all current heat and moisture exchanger designs known in the prior art. Biaxial oriented mesh has superior performance over prior art heat and water vapor separator materials and techniques. The mesh apertures (hole size) presents more membrane surface area to the air stream and facilitates faster water vapor transfer over corrugated sheet materials such as foils, plastics, or paper. In addition, water vapor within an air stream will, on average, travel a shorter distance to interact with membrane than with sheet materials. Furthermore, biaxial oriented mesh facilitates fluid movement in both the X and Y plane directions where airflow entering corrugated sheet material travels only in a straight line path. Bi-directional airflow allows for a broader range of geometric shapes within the context of heat and moisture exchangers. Corrugated mesh utilizes less material than corrugated sheets, achieving both cost reduction as well as better performance in smoke/fire testing. Thermoplastic material is resistant to most forms of corrosion allowing for operation in air streams containing corrosive chemicals. Thermoplastic material is generally known to be compatible with most forms of heat and vapor membrane materials.

[0062] Membrane material used in counter-pleated cores of the type described herein can be selected to have suitable properties for the particular end-use application. Preferably the membrane is pliable or flexible mechanically such that it can be folded as described herein without splitting. Preferably the membrane will also form and hold a crease when it is folded, rather than tending to unfold and open up again. It is also advantageous that the membrane be of a washable variety so that cores can be completely submerged in cleaning solution. An additional property that is advantageous is the ability to thermally bond membranes using impulse style heating elements.

[0063] For energy recovery ventilators or other heat and water vapor exchanger applications, the membrane is water-permeable. In addition, more conventional water-permeable, porous membranes with a thin film coating, that substantially blocks gas flow across the membrane but allows water vapor exchange, can be used. Also porous membranes that contain one or more hydrophilic additives or coatings can be used. Porous membranes with hydrophilic additives or coatings can be used. Porous membranes with hydrophilic additives or coatings have desirable properties for use in heat and water vapor exchangers, and in particular for use in heat and water vapor exchangers with a counter-pleated membrane core. Preferably, membranes have favorable heat and water vapor transfer properties, are inexpensive, mechanically strong, dimensionally stable, easy to pleat, are bondable to gasket materials such as polyurethane, are resistant to cold climate conditions, and have low permeability to gas cross-over when wet or dry. The membrane should be unaffected by exposure to high levels of condensation (high saturation) and under freeze-thaw conditions.

[0064] Asymmetric membranes that have different properties on each surface can be used. If the two asymmetric membrane strips are oriented the same way in the manufacturing process, one set of passageways in the finished counter-pleated core will have different properties than the alternating set of passageways. For example, the membrane strips could be coated or laminated on one side so that the passageways for just one of the two fluid streams are lined by the coating or laminate.

[0065] External profiles or features can be added to or incorporated into the membrane to enhance fluid distribution between the layers and/or to help maintain separation of the layers. Ribs or other protrusions or features can be molded, embossed or otherwise formed integrally with the membrane material, or can be added to the membrane afterwards, for example by a deposition or lamination process. Such membranes can be used in counter-pleated cores of the type described herein with or without the use of additional separators.

[0066] Counter-pleated cores of the type described herein can comprise more than one type of membrane. For example, in some embodiments, instead of using two strips or reels of membrane that are essentially the same, two different types of membrane can be used. This will result in a counter-pleated core where each layer comprises two different membrane types.

[0067] Counter-pleated cores of the type described herein can also be formed so that a portion of the core is devoted to heat transfer only while the remaining portion is devoted to both heat and moisture transfer. This arrangement is advantageous in extremely cold climates where the sensible portion of the plate provides a pre-heating effect to the incoming fresh air stream and thus reduces possibility of sub-freezing condensation conditions. A hybrid counter-pleated core can be manufactured by partially dipping a portion of the core into a solution that will block the porous nature of respective membrane.

[0068] A counter-pleating process of the type described in references to FIGS. 2a-f can be performed manually or can be partially or fully automated for volume manufacturing.

[0069] As can be seen from FIGS. 2a-f, there is no waste in the manufacturing process associated with counter-pleating technique. All of the membrane is used. Also, in the finished core almost the entire membrane surface is accessible to the fluids that are directed through the core and available to provide the desired fluid and/or heat transport.

[0070] The present counter-pleated membrane core can be used in various types of heat and water vapor exchangers. For example, as mentioned above, the present counter-pleated membrane cores can be used in energy recovery ventilators for transferring heat and water vapor between air streams entering and exiting a building. This is accomplished by flowing the streams on opposite sides of the counter-pleated membrane core. The membrane allows the heat and moisture to transfer from one stream to the other while substantially preventing the air streams from mixing or crossing over.

[0071] Other potential applications for the counter-pleated cores of the type described herein include, but are not limited to:

[0072] 1) Fuel cell humidifiers where the counter-pleated cores comprises a water-permeable membrane material. For this application the humidifier is configured to effect heat and water vapor transfer from and/to a fuel cell reactant or product stream. For example, it can be used to recycle the heat and water vapor from the exhaust stream of an operating fuel cell transferring latent and sensible energy from one stream to another.

[0073] 2) Remote energy recovery where an exhaust air stream is located remotely and distinctly from a supply air stream. For this application, two or more independent, counter-pleated cores separated by a distance would be joined by a pumped run-around piping system. One of two distinct air passages per core would be replaced with a liquid, affecting an air-to-liquid-to-air transfer. Heat and water vapor would be transferred through pumped liquid to remote and distinctly separate core(s). A multitude of different counter-flow cores are envisioned connecting a multitude of distinctly separator supply and exhaust air streams. [0074] 3) Flue gas recapture or filter devices. Flue gas is an exhaust gas that exits to the atmosphere via a flue from a fireplace, oven, furnace, direct-fire burner, boiler, steam generator, power plant, or other such source. Quite often, it refers to the combustion exhaust gas produced at power plants. A counter-pleated core can be used to recapture or filter flue gases, water vapor and heat, with a high quality seal thereby limiting toxic gas leakage. Advantages of such configuration would eliminate liquid condensation and produce clean, heated, and humidified supply air to an application.

[0075] 4) Sequestering (carbon). A counter-pleated core can comprise a layer of sequestering material, for example, in alternate membrane layers to transfer, absorb, or trap heat, water vapor, materials, or contaminants.

[0076] 5) Dryers where a counter-pleated core is used in drying of gases by transfer of water from one stream to another through a water-permeable membrane.

[0077] 6) Gas/liquid separators where the counter-pleated core comprises a membrane material that promotes the selective transfer of particular gases or liquids.

[0078] 7) Gas filtering, where the counter-pleated core comprises a membrane material that promotes the selective transfer of particular gas, and can be used to separate that gas from other components.

[0079] Other membrane materials (thin sheets or films) besides selectively permeable membrane materials could be pleated to form cores, using the counter-pleating technique described herein, for a variety of different applications. For example, pliable metal or foil sheets could be used for heat exchangers, and porous sheet materials could be used for other applications such as filters. In addition, a hybrid sheet where one part is heat transfer only and one part where moisture transfer is allowed is also envisioned.

[0080] The preferred orientation of the core will depend upon the particular end-use application. For example, in many applications an orientation with vertically oriented passageways may be preferred (for example, to facilitate drainage); in other applications it may be desirable to have the passageways layered in a vertical stack; or functionally it may not matter how the core is oriented. More than one core can be used in series or in parallel, and multiple cores can otherwise enclosed in a single housing, stacked or side-by-side. Manifolds of various sizes and made out of various materials can be added to facilitate a number of flow configurations.

[0081] While particular elements, embodiments, and applications of the present invention have been shown and described, it will be understood that the invention is not limited thereto since modifications can be made by those skilled in the art without departing from the scope of the addended claims, particularly in light of the foregoing teachings.