MULTI-STORY BUILDING CONSTRUCTION USING LONG STRAND TIMBER PANELS

Abstract

Products and methods for constructing mass timber structures in multi-story configurations using long strand timber (LST) engineered wood products. Structural LST panels of predetermined dimensions are fabricated using LST manufacturing methods, typically involving steam pressing a billet of scrimber material that includes treatment materials and bonding material. The long strands of the material used in the panels are oriented vertically for improved load bearing capacity. The panels are sized for shipment to a job site. Prior to shipment, a plurality of panels are pre-processed by cutting openings for windows, doors, tongues, and grooves at a fabrication plant. At the job site, the LST panels are quickly assembled into a building shell (i.e. full exterior walls). Floor and roof joists are then attached using conventional wood fastening devices, and interior build out can commence very quickly after initial construction of the exterior walls.

Claims

1. A multi-story building comprising: a plurality of prefabricated long strand timber (LST) engineered wood panels, each panel having at least one side edge shaped to engage with a side edge of an adjacent panel, to thereby resist relative vertical movement between the panels; each LST panel having a length, a width, and a thickness, and having a vertically extending attachment edge extending along each vertically extending side edge of the panel, each LST panel comprising pre-cut openings for windows and doors; each LST panel comprising a linearly extending first engagement structure along a vertically extending side edge of the panel and a complementary linearly extending second engagement structure extending along the other and oppositely disposed vertically extending side edge of the panel, wherein the first engagement structure is configured to engage with a second engagement structure of an adjacent panel, wherein each of the LST panels comprise a cured, long strand timber material that is formed in a steam press from a scrimber material into a panel of predetermined length, width, and thickness.

2. The multi-story building of claim 1 wherein the strands of each LST panel are oriented in a vertical direction to provide for load bearing capacity.

3. The multi-story building of claim 1 wherein the side edges are tongue and groove.

4. The multi-story building of claim 1 comprising a filler material between the side edges of adjacent panels.

5. The multi-story building of claim 1 wherein the filler material is an adhesive, a sealant, a spline.

6. The multi-story building of claim 1 wherein a plurality of the panels are arranged side by side.

7. The multi-story building of claim 1 wherein the panels are arranged such that the lower edges of alternate panels are at substantially the same height.

8. A multi-story building comprising: a plurality of long strand timber panels, each panel having at least one side edge connected to a side edge of an adjacent panel, the connection between the panels being adapted to resist relative vertical and horizontal movement between the panels; wherein the panels are pre-cut at a fabricating plant prior to shipment to a job site to provide for doors and windows and side edge attachment elements, and a foundation for supporting at least one row of said panels along a periphery to form the exterior walls of the building.

9. The multi-story building of claim 8, wherein the strands of long strand timber panels are oriented vertically for load bearing capacity.

10. A method of manufacturing a multi-story building, the method comprising the steps of: i. providing a first long strand timber (LST) panel having at least one side edge; ii. providing a second LST panel having at least one side edge adjacent the first LST panel, such that a side edge of the first panel is adjacent, but spaced apart from, a side edge of the second LST panel; iii. introducing a filler material into a space between the side edges of adjacent LST panels; and iv. pressing the adjacent panels into close proximity to each other to eject excess filler material, and v. continuing the placement of LST panels until forming a complete exterior wall of the building.

11. The method of claim 10, wherein the strands of each LST panel are oriented vertically for load bearing capacity.

12. The method of claim 10 wherein each said LST panel includes a tongue or groove attachment element on each side and top edge.

13. The method of claim 10 wherein the filler material comprises an adhesive.

Description

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0051] The novel features of the invention are set forth with particularity in the claims that follow. A better understanding of the features and advantages of the present invention will be obtained by reference to the following detailed description that sets forth illustrative embodiments, in which the principles of the invention are utilized, and the accompanying drawings of which:

[0052] FIG. 1 is a perspective drawing of a multi-story building constructed from LST panels in accordance with aspects of this disclosure.

[0053] FIG. 2 is a perspective view of single exemplary LST panel according to aspects of this disclosure, having predetermined cut-outs for a door and windows, and showing the direction of long strand orientation.

[0054] FIG. 3 is a top or bottom plan view of the exemplary LST panel of FIG. 2.

[0055] FIG. 4 is a side plan view, showing a single side edge, of the exemplary LST panel of

[0056] FIG. 2.

[0057] FIG. 5 is a partial cross-sectional view of an exemplary LST panel according to aspects of this disclosure showing an exemplary tongue on one side edge and an exemplary groove on another and opposite side edge.

[0058] FIG. 6 is a partial perspective via of a foundation having an upwardly extending tongue for engaging with a groove on a corresponding bottom edge of an exemplary LST panel according to an aspect of this disclosure.

[0059] FIG. 7 is a plan view of an exemplary multi-story building constructed with a plurality of LST panels in accordance with aspects of this disclosure, illustrating the placement of an LST panel into a gap between other LST panels, and also illustrating a multi-panel region for extending the height of the building above that of a single prefabricated LST panel.

[0060] FIG. 8 is a partial side view of an exemplary LST panel in a multi-story configuration, showing the attachment of floor joists for supporting flooring on the interior of the building.

[0061] FIG. 9 is a perspective drawing of a multi-story building constructed from LST panels in accordance with further aspects of this disclosure, wherein the panels are oriented with a longer dimension of the panels in the horizontal direction, maintaining the strand orientation in the vertical, load-bearing direction.

[0062] FIG. 10 is a perspective view of single exemplary LST panel according to other aspects of this disclosure as in FIG. 9, having predetermined cut-outs for a door and windows, and showing the direction of long strand orientation.

[0063] FIG. 11 is a plan view of an exemplary multi-story building constructed with a plurality of LST panels in accordance with other aspects of this disclosure as in FIG. 9, illustrating the placement of an LST panel into a position adjacent other LST panels.

[0064] FIG. 12 is a perspective view of an exemplary finished single LST panel for use as a floor in a multi-story building constructed from LST panels in accordance with further aspects of this disclosure, wherein the floor panel comprises multiple LST layers.

[0065] FIG. 13 is an exploded perspective view of the exemplary LST panel for use as a floor panel as in FIG. 12, showing the cross-orientation of multiple thinner floor panels that are combined to make a thicker laminated floor panel.

[0066] FIG. 14 is a perspective view of an LST panel that is cut to provide one or more construction support columns for use in interior or exterior support in a single or multi-story building constructed with other LST panels according to other aspects of this disclosure.

[0067] FIG. 15 is a perspective view of an exemplary multi-story building constructed with a plurality of LST panels in accordance with aspects of this disclosure, illustrating use of vertical support columns as shown in FIG. 14 and use of panels of both vertically extending multi-story wall support panels as shown in FIG. 1 and horizontally extending single-wall support panels as shown in FIG. 9.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

[0068] Turn now to the drawings, which accompany the following detailed description and illustrate various aspects, embodiments, features, and elements of the claimed inventions and the context for the use thereof. While exemplary embodiments and aspects are described herein, it will be understood that various modifications to the methods and devices can be made without departing from the scope of the present invention, which are solely limited by the appended claims. For example, the size, shape, position, materials, and other aspects of the described structural panels may vary from those illustrated in a number of ways. Furthermore, the sequential recitation of steps in any claim is not a requirement that the steps be performed in any particular order, unless otherwise so stated.

[0069] The following is a description of certain non-limiting preferred embodiments and/or aspects of the claimed invention. Those skilled in the art will recognize, or be able to ascertain using no more than routine experimentation, many equivalents to the specific embodiments and/or aspects of the invention described herein. Those of ordinary skill in the art will appreciate that various changes and modifications to this description may be made without departing from the spirit or scope of the present invention, as defined in the claims that are appended following this description.

[0070] Turning now to the drawings, in which like numerals indicate like elements or components or structure or context throughout the several views, FIG. 1 illustrates an exemplary multi-story building construction 10, constructed in accordance with aspects of the present disclosure. The building 10 is assembled from a plurality of long strand timber (LST) engineered lumber panels 12 that have a length L or height, a width W, and a thickness T. In the example shown, a plurality of panels 12a-12e are shown, forming a corner of the building 10. It will of course be understood that a number of panels, not show in the example of FIG. 1, are required for a complete building having four or more walls. Any number of panels 12 may be used to assemble a building, in various configurations.

[0071] Each panel 12 is preferably a long strand timber (LST) panel fabricated according to the teachings of one or more of the incorporated TimTek Patents. These panels are initially formed from a solid billet of scrimber material, as described in such patents, into a predetermined standard or uniform size, prior to making any cutouts for doors, windows, tongues, grooves, or other material removal for architectural and/or design purposes. A primary consideration for the size of the panels 12 is the steam press that is used to form the panels from the billets of scrimber material that have been initial fabricated with appropriate selected adhesive, fire retardant, insect treatment, or other material, prior to introduction to the steam press in accordance with various of the incorporated TimTek Patents. According to an aspect of this disclosure, wall panels that are 40-50 feet long by 4-6 feet wide by 5-8 inches thick, or within a reasonable variation of those dimensions, are suitable for making the wall panels, floor panels, and column panels as disclosed herein.

[0072] It will be understood from the incorporated TimTek Patents that such patents describe systems and methods for the manufacture of steamed-pressed long fiber reconsolidated wood products, which are suitable for use as the panels 12 as described herein. The systems and methods in such patents typically comprises a bonding agent application system for applying bonding agent to a scrim log material mat that can be formed into the panels 12. The bonding agent application system further comprises a roller mechanism, wherein the roller mechanism is configured to compress the scrim log material mat in order to further open any fissures or cracks within the scrim log material mat in order to aid in the uniform application of the bonding agent onto the scrim log material mat. The resultant mat is of a shape and size corresponding to the raw (uncut) panels prior to pressing in a steam press.

[0073] In accordance with aspects of this disclosure, the LST products are made in accordance with the referenced and incorporated TimTek patents, and formed into structural panels of predetermined dimensions suitable for shipment to a job site. Preferably, the panels are manufactured with the strands or scrimber resulting from the manufacturing process oriented vertically, with long strands being generally parallel, to provide for greater load bearing capacity.

[0074] It will be further understood from the TimTek patents that the described systems and methods comprise a steam press chamber that is configured to release a predetermined volume of steam into the steam press chamber in order to cure the bonding agent that has been applied to the scrim log material mat. The steam press chamber further comprises a pressing mechanism, wherein the pressing mechanism is configured to compress the scrim log material mat to a predetermined thickness, height, width, and density corresponding to the size of the panels 12.

[0075] In particular, an apparatus such as that shown in U.S. Pat. No. 9,931,761, the disclosure of which is incorporated by reference herein as if the same were fully set forth herein, may be used to construct the long strand timber panels according this this disclosure. The steam pressing apparatus as described in the incorporated patent generally comprises a substantially rectangular or square-shaped inner chamber (such as an autoclave) and an outer, generally rectangular or square-shaped structure. The steam pressing apparatus comprises a hydraulic system used to compress and treat a working material with high efficiency, timing and precision. In one aspect, the steam pressing apparatus comprises a structure and system that allows modularity and scalability for manufacturing final products of varying dimensions, for example the long strand timber panels described herein. Advantageously, such a steam pressing apparatus can be designed to respond to computerized instructions relating to the pressure to be applied, steam to be applied, vacuum parameters, timing of the press operation, thickness of the resultant working material, and other informational inputs, so as to provide an end product that is suitable for constructing multi-story buildings as described herein.

[0076] Still referring to FIG. 1, in accordance with one aspect of this disclosure, each LST panel 12 is between about 5 and about 8 inches thick (T), preferably 6-7 inches, to form the exterior walls of the building and support the floors. The panels 12 are preferably made in 30 to 50 foot lengths (L) or height, with 40 feet being preferred for construction of a typical four story building. The panels 12 may be made any width (W), typically in the range of 4 to 6 feet, with 4 feet being preferred to allow ease of fabrication and assembly. Also, the panels 12 will preferably include 3 inch tongue and groove elements, which will require that the panels be made somewhat larger than 4 feet to allow for material removal to form the tongue along one edge.

[0077] Each panel 12 is shown in FIG. 1 as having various cut-outs e.g. 14 for windows, 16 for doors, in a multi-story configuration. For example, the panel 12a is shown with four windows 14a-14d for an exemplary four story configuration. Panels 12b and 12c are shown with cut-outs for windows 14 at a corner of the building 10. Panel 12c is shown with a cut-out 16 for a door. Other cut-outs, of various sizes and shapes, may be provided for aesthetic purposes. It will be understood that engineering calculations involving compression strength and load bearing will need to take into account the removal of material from any doors, windows, or other openings.

[0078] It will be appreciated that the described tongue and groove edge elements, as well as the doors, windows, or other openings into a panel 12 are preferably pre-cut by use of a computer numerical control (CNC) router preprogrammed for the openings required for each of a plurality of panels intended for use in a building construction.

[0079] In accordance with aspects of the invention and this disclosure, the panels 12 are preferably prefabricated solid LST panels all of the same length, width, and height for efficiency of manufacturing. At a factory, based on a design plan (not shown), cutouts for doors and windows are made prior to shipment. The pre-cut panels for an entire building may be pre-cut and sent to a job site, where the building can be quick assembled and roofed in, so as to prevent weather damage and facilitate drying-in for interior work.

[0080] FIG. 1 also shows a foundation 20, constructed in accordance with aspects of this disclosure. The foundation 20 is a poured concrete footer, and will preferably include an upwardly extending flange or tongue 24, better seen in FIG. 6. The flange or tongue 24 is preferably a length of steel or other metal embedded into the pour of the concrete footer 20, of a size to engage with a downward opening groove in an LST panel that is placed on the top surface of the foundation 20. The tongue/flange and groove configuration resists lateral movement of the panels 12, along a shear line of the length of the tongue or flange, as well as inward movement of a panel due to wind or other forces against the sides of the panels 12.

[0081] FIG. 2 illustrates a single exemplary LST panel 12, pre-cut in accordance with aspects of this disclosure with a door 16 and three windows 14a, 14b, 14c. It will of course be understood that many different configurations of doors, windows or other access openings (not shown) may be incorporated into a panel 12, preferably pre-cut at a fabrication plant, prior to assembly.

[0082] The panel 12 in FIG. 2 includes an upwardly extending tongue 24t along a top edge of the panel 12, for engaging with a corresponding groove (not shown) on another, topwardly adjacent panel (also not shown), in the event that a building design calls for more stories with more panels positioned above an initial, lowermost or bottommost panel. It will be understood that multiple panels can be stacked on top of each other to form a taller multi-story assembly. The number of stacked panels is dependent on the compression strength characteristics of the panel, given the number and position of cut-outs, and also dependent on parameters such as the materials employed in the long strand scrimber material used to form the mat for the panels. Those skilled in the art will be able to determine a stacking height based on overall engineering requirements.

[0083] As shown in FIG. 2, according to one aspect of this disclosure, each panel 12 is preferably manufactured with the elongate crushed strands of the long strand timber (LST) or scrimber material oriented in the direction of the arrow, parallel with the length L of the panel. This allows the entire panel 12 to be used for an exterior load bearing wall of a building. Such construction is believed to provide superior load bearing capacity than either CLT or MPP approaches made for load bearing walls.

[0084] Although the disclosed embodiment and aspects involves a tongue and groove configuration for adjacent panels 12, it should be understood that other attachment or placement methods may be used to secure adjacent panels in a building construction. For example, a butt joint type engagement could be employed, as well as interlocking joints formed by CNC at the fabrication plant. It will be appreciated that a tongue and groove configuration, as well as an interlocking configuration, provides more surface area for glue, e.g. at least double the glue surface compared to a butt joint. It will be further appreciated that an interlocking configuration is more costly from a CNC routing perspective, and may be a more delicate structure at more risk to damage during assembly.

[0085] The panel 12 in FIG. 2 also includes a side edge tongue 24s, positioned along one side edge of the panel 12, for engaging with a corresponding groove (not shown) on another, sidewise adjacent panel (also not shown), for constructing a multi-panel building. The panel 12 preferably also includes a side edge groove 26s, positioned along a side edge of the panel 12, opposites the side edge tongue, for engaging with a corresponding tongue (not show) on another, sidewise adjacent panel on the opposite side of the side edge tongue 24s. In accordance with this disclosure, each panel 12 is preferably constructed with a tongue or groove on each edge of the panel, for engaging with its counterpart tongue or groove, as appropriate, on adjacent panels that are placed together to form a building.

[0086] FIG. 3 is a top plan view of the panel 12, showing the upwardly extending top edge tongue 24t. It will be appreciated that a bottom plan view of a panel 12 appears the same, except that it preferably includes a bottom edge groove 26b (not shown, but seen in FIG. 4).

[0087] FIG. 4 is a side edge view of the panel 12, showing the side edge tongue 24s. It will be appreciated that the opposite side edge view of a panel 12 appears the same, except that it preferably includes a side edge groove 26s (not shown, but seen in FIG. 3).

[0088] FIG. 5 is a partial cross-sectional view of an exemplary LST panel 12, showing an exemplary tongue 24 and an exemplary groove 26 on the opposite side (whether side edge or top or bottom edge, as appropriate). As shown in the cross-sectional view, when the long strands of the material of the panel are oriented in the vertical direction as in FIG. 2, the cross-section of the panel will exhibit the diameters of the strands, that is, cross-cut of the logs in the long strand material mat, which comprises a random or tessellated distribution as opposed to a striated appearance.

[0089] In accordance with aspects of this disclosure, the appropriate tongue(s) 24 and groove(s) 26, whether side edge or top or bottom edge, are milled or routed from a fresh panel 12, at a fabrication plant, prior to shipment to a job site and assembly. Preferably, tongues, grooves, doors, and windows are pre-cut at the fabrication plant so as to minimize exposure of the panels to the elements at the job site. It will of course also be appreciated that pre-fabrication of the discrete panels for a particular designed building makes the eventual assembly quicker at the job site.

[0090] FIG. 6 illustrates an exemplary foundation 20, as shown at a corner. The disclosed foundation 20 is preferably poured concrete, and includes a steel embedded foundation tongue 24f that extends upwardly from the foundation and is positioned to engage with a downwardly facing bottom groove 26b of an LST panel 12. As discussed, the panel 12 is lowered into position on the foundation 12, with the panel then standing upright, with its length (L) or height extending upwardly, thereby forming the exterior walls of the building 10.

[0091] In accordance with an aspect of the disclosure, a retaining plate or dagger 35 is provide to engage with the foundation 20 and with a panel 12, to provide a way to bolt down and hold the panels in position and resist shear and inward compression/wind load forces. A retaining plate or dagger 35 may be made of metal such as steel or aluminum. The retaining plate 35 may be rectangular as shown, or may be of other desired shape. The retaining plate is preferably embedded into the concrete of the foundation 20 at the pour. In this manner, the retaining plate distributes forces within the foundation. Alternatively, the retaining plate 35 could be made L-shaped and fastened to the fountain 20 with a concrete bolt or other fastening mechanism. As shown in FIG. 6, the retaining plate 35 includes an opening for receiving a carriage bolt 40, which passes through the retaining plate and through a hole (not shown) in a panel 12 once placed, and held with a threaded nut 42. Preferably, a retaining plate or dagger is positioned every 3-4 feet, for example, a retaining plate may be provided for each panel, for exemplary panels of four foot widths.

[0092] It will be appreciated that the retaining plate 35 is shown in FIG. 6 as on the exterior of the building 10, but could just as readily be placed on the interior of the building. Further still, the retaining plate could be made to replace a portion of the tongue or flange 24f, and extend upwardly a greater extent than the flange 24f, into an opening or slot (not shown) formed in the bottom edge of a panel 12. In this manner, the retaining plate can be hidden from view.

[0093] FIG. 7 shows an exemplary building construction 10 made of multiple vertically extending panels 12, e.g. 12a-12h, for a multi-story construction, and including additional two-story panels 12g-12h, to form a six-story building. In this example the panels 12a-12f are four story, and the panels 12g-12h are two story. The two-story panels 12g-12h are placed atop corresponding four story panels, e.g. 12e-12f. The two story panels are shown with retaining plates 37, preferably steel or aluminum or other metal similar to those of the foundational retaining plates 35, with openings for receiving a fastener such as threaded bolt and nut.

[0094] FIG. 7 also illustrates how the panels 12 may be assembled at a job site, to construct a multistory building 10. Preferably, the panels 12 are lowered into position on top of the foundation 20, or as appropriate on top of lower panels such as 12e and 12f, with a crane 50 or other lifting equipment. For assembly of all the panels except a final or last panel, the placement of the panels is relatively straightforwardthe panels are lowered into position one by one and engaged with an adjacent previously-placed panel. A first panel is placed on the foundation 20 and typically supported temporarily by angled beams or other support means, awaiting placement of adjacent panels. An adjacent or second panel is then lowered into position next to the first panel, to engage with the flange on the foundation 20, and then pressed by sideways pressure so that the tongue (or groove) on the first panel engages with the corresponding and mating groove (or tongue) on the second panel.

[0095] It will be appreciated that preferably the groove is filled or coated with a suitable filler material such as adhesive or sealant or grout, both on the bottom groove and the side edge, to hold the panels together for structural integrity and strength. Alternatively, the tongues may be coated with such adhesive or sealant, prior to engagement. After placement of a panel 12, preferably side pressure is applied to force any excess filler material out and seal the joint securely. Side pressure may be applied with a hydraulic jack or a machine such as a bucket loader, provided of course that suitable protection for the side edge is provided to prevent damage to the tongue or groove. If desired, an elongate protection jig (not shown) having a first surface for engaging with the tongue or groove and a second surface for engaging with a pressure-applying device such as hydraulic jack or bucket loader may be constructed and utilized, to provide a mechanism against which pressure can be applied and distributed along the entire side edge, for uniform pressure.

[0096] Still referring to FIG. 7, placement of a final or last panel, e.g. panel 12b as shown, presents a somewhat different challenge in the overall construction. In the event that the manufacturing tolerance of the panels is sufficiently tight, the final panel 12b must be inserted between two already-placed panels 12a and 12c. The final panel 12b is treated with adhesive or sealant as for the other panels, and then lowered into the slot between panels 12a and 12c. Because the panels are heavy engineered lumber, the force of gravity may be sufficient to bring the final panel 12b down to its final resting position. In the event of tight tolerance, and/or resistance to sliding placement is presented by adhesive or sealant, top pressure may be applied. It will of course be understood that the top edge of the panel 12b should be protected if downward pressure is applied. Alternatively, a pressure rig may be employed through the openings of the windows 14, e.g. a cable or chain that is anchored on one end and attached to a winch on the other end, to apply downward pressure through the surface(s) of the windows. Of course, the window surfaces should be protected from damage with use of an elongate, window-sized jig that engages with the chain or cable and distributes pressure along the edges of the open window.

[0097] Still referring to FIG. 7, in certain circumstances it may be the case that two adjacent panels 12 e.g. panel 12a and/or 12c, have both tongues or grooves for the remaining slot within which a final panel 12b may need to be inserted. If both have a tongue, it may be necessary to remove one of the tongues, or provide a special final panel that includes a pair of opposing grooves. In the case where a tongue is missing, as when two grooves are adjacent, a spline of material may be inserted to close and seal the joint between the final panel 12b and its adjacent panels 12a, 12c. In FIG. 7, a spline 38 may be inserted into the grooves of the panels as the final panel 12b is inserted. It will be understood that a spline is different from a tongue and groove, and is typically a flexible material that can be inserted into a groove, absent a tongue on the adjacent panel, and close up/seal the space of the groove. A spline can be made of material such as rubber, silicone, a cementitious material or adhesive poured in, or any number of other materials.

[0098] FIG. 8 is a partial side perspective view of an exemplary LST panel 12 in a multi-story configuration, showing the attachment of floor joists 60 for supporting flooring on the interior of the building 10, according to an aspect of this disclosure. Alternatively and/or in addition, as discussed further below, prefabricated LST floor panels 80 (see FIG. 12 and FIG. 13) made of LST panels can be employed to provide the flooring in the multi-story building. Because each panel 12 is multi-story and constructed in a manner that is load bearing due to the vertical orientation of the strands in the panel, it is capable of and configured for supporting a plurality of floors within the building. The engineered LST wood provides a solid and load bearing supporting surface for receiving floor joist hangers 62. The floor joist hangers may be of a conventional, somewhat triangular type having openings for fasteners (not shown) that may be drilled or bolted into the panels 12 to hold the hangers 62 and support the floor joists 60 or the LST floor panels 80.

[0099] FIG. 9 illustrates an exemplary multi-story building construction 10, constructed in accordance with another aspect of the present disclosure. The building 10 is assembled from a plurality of long strand timber (LST) engineered lumber single story panels 80 that have a length L or height, a width W, and a thickness T similar to that of the multi-story panels 12 in FIG. 1, but of a height H corresponding to a single story of the building instead of a multi-story panel 12 as in FIG. 1. The strands of the LST material are, as in the multi-story panels 12, oriented vertically for load bearing purposes. A plurality of such panels 80 are assembled adjacent to one another on a single floor, and additional single-story panels are assembled for the second and other stories In the example shown, a plurality of panels 80a-80h are shown, forming a corner of the building 10. It will of course be understood that a number of panels, similar to the example of FIG. 1, are required for a complete building having four or more walls. Any number of panels 80 may be used to assemble a building, in various configurations, with each single story panel forming the exterior walls of a single story of the building.

[0100] As in the multi-story panels 12 of FIG. 1, the single-story panels 80 are preferably provided with cutouts for windows 14, doors 16, and/or other openings prior to shipment to the job site and final assembly. Also as in the multi-story panels 12, cutouts for tongues and grooves (not shown) are preferably provided between vertically and horizontally adjacent panels 80.

[0101] FIG. 10 is a perspective view of single exemplary LST single-story panel 80 according to other aspects of this disclosure as in FIG. 9, having predetermined cut-outs for windows 14 and a door 16, and showing the direction of long strand orientation in the vertical, load-bearing direction. Tongues and grooves, e.g. 24t on the top edge and groove 26b on the bottom edge are preferably provided, similar to that of the FIG. 1 embodiment. A side edge tongue 24s and opposite groove (not shown) are also preferably provided to provide for shear and lateral force resistance between adjacent panels on the same floor.

[0102] FIG. 11 is a plan view of an exemplary multi-story building 10 constructed with a plurality of single-story LST panels 80 in accordance with other aspects of this disclosure as in FIG. 9, illustrating the placement of an exemplary single-story LST panel 80a into a position adjacent two vertically adjacent lower single-story panels 80b, 80c, in a staggered arrangement for additional strength, and a same-story horizontally adjacent panel 80d. The assembly methodologies are the same as for FIG. 1, with tongue and groove engagement between adjacent panels, whether horizontally adjacent or vertically adjacent.

[0103] FIG. 12 is a perspective view of an exemplary finished single LST floor panel 90 adapted for use as a floor in a multi-story building constructed from LST panels in accordance with further aspects of this disclosure, wherein the floor panel comprises multiple LST layers 92. According to these aspects, a floor panel comprises a plurality of layers of LST material in relatively thin layers T, e.g. T1, T2 . . . TN, which are laminated or, more preferably, press-laminated in the steam press shown in the incorporated patents, to provide an integral, robust, final thickness TF which comprises the collective thicknesses T1+T2+ . . . TN of the multiple layers. As seen in FIG. 12, the lengths of the strands or striations are preferably at perpendicular orientation, or angular orientation, relative to each other in adjacent layers, to provide for additional strength.

[0104] As with other LST panels as disclosed herein, the floor panels 90 are preferably provided with tongues and grooves on opposite side edges to provide for shear and compression resistance at the joints between panels or mounting. The tongues and grooves are not necessarily the same dimensions as those of the thicknesses T1, T2 . . . TN, and can be cut out to a preferred dimension. Similarly, the thicknesses of the layers T1, T2 . . . TN need not necessarily to be uniform.

[0105] FIG. 13 is an exploded perspective view of the exemplary multi-layer LST floor panel 90 of FIG. 12, showing the cross-orientation of multiple thinner floor panels 92a, 92b, 92c that are combined to make the final thicker laminated floor panel. The exemplary floor panel 90 in FIG. 13 has three layers, but it will be understood that several layers, e.g. 4-6, could be employed, giving consideration to the costs of each layer and the implications on lamination of the layers and the strength of the layers. It is believed that 3-4 layers, each of about two inches thick, provides a suitable multi-layer construction for a floor panel, for load bearing purposes.

[0106] FIG. 14 is a perspective view of an LST panel 100 that is cut to provide one or more construction support columns 102, for use in interior or exterior support in a single or multi-story building constructed with other LST panels according to other aspects of this disclosure. As shown in FIG. 14, a single LST panel 100 constructed as described in the incorporated TimTek patents provides sufficient material from which several support columns 102 can be cut, prior to delivery to a construction site and utilization for vertical support purposes. A circular saw, e.g. 105, can be used to cut the LST panel 100 in the lengthwise direction to form one or more columns 102. Preferably, the columns are cut in the lengthwise direction parallel to the striations of the long strand timber used to form the panel 100, to provide for vertical support.

[0107] FIG. 15 is a perspective view of an exemplary multi-story building 10 constructed with a plurality of LST panels in accordance with aspects of this disclosure, illustrating use of vertical support columns 102 as shown in FIG. 14 and use of both vertically extending multi-story wall support panels 12 as shown in FIG. 1 and horizontally extending single-wall support panels 80 as shown in FIG. 9. It will be appreciated here that the wall support panels, whether of the multi-story type 12 or the single-story type 80 may be assembled in various combinations to construct a multi-story building having characteristics as described herein.

[0108] According to one aspect, the panels 12, 80, 90 are treated at initial fabrication for outdoor use. Such treatment may include incorporation of insecticide or insect repelling materials, e.g. to repel or discourage termites. Such treatment may include sealing or weatherproofing on the exterior surfaces. Such treatment may also include a fire retardant material.

[0109] It will be appreciated that a building constructed in accordance with this disclosure will exhibit excellent insulating properties. With the panels being dense in constitution and in the realm of 6 inches thick and used as exterior walls, they can be expected to provide a high R insulation rating.

[0110] It will also be appreciated that construction elements such as wall panels (multi-story as well as single-story), floor panels, and vertical support beams constructed with the long strand timber (LST) material as disclosed herein and described in the incorporated TimTek patents, being a species of oriented strand lumber (OSL), exhibit minimal creep when deployed in a building construction, and are believed to satisfy the requirements of current structural standards including ASTM D 5456, Standard Specification for Evaluation of Structural Composite Lumber Products, which includes laminated veneer lumber (LVL), parallel strand lumber (PSL), laminated strand lumber (LSL), and oriented strand lumber (OSL), and ASTM D 6815, Standard Specification for Evaluation of Duration of Load and Creep Effects of Wood and Wood-Based Products.

[0111] From the foregoing, it will now be appreciated that the use of LST products for multi-multi-story building construction provide a better alternative in many respects to either CLT or MPP. The LST products and panels are engineered from low-cost small timber and thinnings, which lowers the cost of the end LST product without compromising structural integrity, susceptibility to weather or insect damage, fire resistance, etc. as well as aesthetics and attractiveness in appearance that is attractive to architects. And, such materials are considered renewable and green, as well as minimize the waste that can occur in particular with CLT. A LST construction panel as described herein provides extremely stiff and dense panels that can be 4 feet wide, 40 feet long and 6 to 8 inches thick, and capable of bearing the load of multiple floors. The panels can be treated in process of panel formation for weather durability, termite, woodborer and other insect protection and fire retardation. Furthermore, the LST engineered wood panels are less at risk of delamination due to the intertwined fiber strands in the LST product. Both CLT and MPP are believed to be at greater risk of delamination in humid climates as compared to LST material.

[0112] With use of the LST panels and construction methods as described herein, multi-story buildings of 4 to 6 stories can be quickly constructed, it is believed in a few days using only 4-5 workers and a small crane capable of lifting the 404 foot panels that are considered a preferred configuration.

[0113] It is further believed that use of LST panels as described herein can be half the cost of CLT methods, because of the use of the long strand timber method which can use smaller logs of varying diameters and lengths, whereas the CLT approach in particular depends on uniform board length to provide an attractive product.

[0114] In the claims that follow, articles such as a, an, and the may mean one or more than one unless indicated to the contrary or otherwise evident from the context. Claims or descriptions that include or between one or more members of a group are considered satisfied if one, more than one, or all of the group members are present in, employed in, or otherwise relevant to a given product or process unless indicated to the contrary or otherwise evident from the context. The invention includes embodiments in which exactly one member of the group is present in, employed in, or otherwise relevant to a given product or process. The invention also includes embodiments in which more than one, or all of the group members are present in, employed in, or otherwise relevant to a given product or process.

[0115] Furthermore, it is to be understood that embodiments of the invention encompasses all variations, combinations, and permutations in which one or more limitations, elements, clauses, descriptive terms, etc., from one or more of the claims or from relevant portions of the description is introduced into another claim. For example, any claim that is dependent on another claim can be modified to include one or more limitations found in any other claim that is dependent on the same base claim. Furthermore, where the claims recite a composition, it is to be understood that methods of using the composition for any of the purposes disclosed herein are included, and methods of making the composition according to any of the methods of making disclosed herein or other methods known in the art are included, unless otherwise indicated or unless it would be evident to one of ordinary skill in the art that a contradiction or inconsistency would arise. In addition, embodiments of the invention encompass compositions made according to any of the methods for preparing compositions disclosed herein.

[0116] Where elements are presented as lists, e.g., in Markush group format, it is to be understood that each subgroup of the elements is also disclosed, and any element(s) can be removed from the group. It is also noted that the term comprising is intended to be open and permits the inclusion of additional elements or steps. It should be understood that, in general, where the invention, or aspects of the invention, is/are referred to as comprising particular elements, features, steps, etc., certain embodiments of the invention or aspects of the invention consist, or consist essentially of, such elements, features, steps, etc. For purposes of simplicity those embodiments have not been specifically set forth in haec verba herein. Thus for each embodiment of the invention that comprises one or more elements, features, steps, etc., the invention also provides embodiments that consist or consist essentially of those elements, features, steps, etc.

[0117] Where ranges are given, endpoints are included. Furthermore, it is to be understood that unless otherwise indicated or otherwise evident from the context and/or the understanding of one of ordinary skill in the art, values that are expressed as ranges can assume any specific value within the stated ranges in different embodiments of the invention, to the tenth of the unit of the lower limit of the range, unless the context clearly dictates otherwise. It is also to be understood that unless otherwise indicated or otherwise evident from the context and/or the understanding of one of ordinary skill in the art, values expressed as ranges can assume any subrange within the given range, wherein the endpoints of the subrange are expressed to the same degree of accuracy as the tenth of the unit of the lower limit of the range.

[0118] In addition, it is to be understood that any particular embodiment of the present invention may be explicitly excluded from any one or more of the claims. Any embodiment, element, feature, application, or aspect of the compositions and/or methods of the invention can be excluded from any one or more claims. For purposes of brevity, all of the embodiments in which one or more elements, features, purposes, or aspects is excluded are not set forth explicitly herein.