DIMMING AGENT AND LIGHT-EMITTING DEVICE CONTAINING DIMMING AGENT

Abstract

A dimming agent according to one or more embodiments is disclosed that may include at least one of terbium, praseodymium, manganese, titanium. A diffuse reflection intensity of the dimming agent in a wavelength of from 400 nm to 750 nm may be 80% or less.

Claims

1. A dimming agent comprising: at least one of terbium, praseodymium, manganese, and titanium, wherein a diffuse reflection intensity of the dimming agent in a wavelength of from 400 nm to 750 nm is 80% or less.

2. A dimming agent comprising: an alkali earth metal as a constituent element; and at least one of terbium, praseodymium, manganese, and titanium, wherein a diffuse reflection intensity of the dimming agent in a wavelength of from 400 nm to 750 nm is 80% or less.

3. A light-emitting device comprising: a light-emitting element; and the dimming agent according to claim 1, wherein a portion of light from the light-emitting element is absorbed.

4. A light-emitting device comprising: a light-emitting element; and the dimming agent according to claim 2, wherein a portion of light from the light-emitting element is absorbed.

5. A light-emitting device comprising: a light-emitting element; the dimming agent according to claim 1, wherein a part of light from the light-emitting element is absorbed; and a phosphor that absorbs a part of light from the light-emitting element and converts the part of the light into light with an emission peak wavelength different from the peak wavelength of an emission wavelength of the light-emitting element.

6. A light-emitting device comprising: a light-emitting element; the dimming agent according to claim 2, wherein a part of light from the light-emitting element is absorbed; and a phosphor that absorbs a part of light from the light-emitting element and converts the part of the light into light with an emission peak wavelength different from the peak wavelength of an emission wavelength of the light-emitting element.

Description

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF DRAWINGS

[0014] FIG. 1 is a diagram illustrating a light-emitting device according to one or more embodiments.

[0015] FIG. 2 is a diagram illustrating diffuse reflection spectra of an AIN dimming agent and a BOS phosphor.

[0016] FIG. 3 is a diagram illustrating diffuse reflection spectra of body-colored dark powders.

[0017] FIG. 4 is a diagram illustrating diffuse reflection spectra of a comparative example 1 and of a first, second and third embodiment or embodiments.

[0018] FIG. 5 is a diagram illustrating diffuse reflection spectra of a comparative example 1 and a first and fourth embodiment or embodiments.

[0019] FIG. 6 is a diagram illustrating emission spectra of a comparative example 2 and a fifth embodiment or embodiments.

[0020] FIG. 7 is a diagram illustrating normalized emission spectra of a comparative example 2 and a fifth embodiment or embodiments.

[0021] FIG. 8 is a diagram illustrating emission spectra of a comparative example 3 and a sixth embodiment or embodiments.

[0022] FIG. 9 is a diagram illustrating normalized emission spectra of a comparative example 3 and a sixth embodiment or embodiments.

[0023] FIG. 10 is an explanatory diagram illustrating how a luminous flux of an LED changes in response to the current injected into the LED.

[0024] FIG. 11 is a diagram illustrating a variation of an emission wavelength of a blue LED when an injection current to the LED is set to a constant current.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

[0025] A dimming agent and a light-emitting device containing a dimming agent according to one or more embodiments are described, but the invention is not limited to the one or more embodiments described herein.

[0026] There is a need for a light-emitting device with reduced brightness without reducing the current value of the current injected into the LED.

[0027] The inventors, after careful consideration of the above-mentioned problem, found that a dimming agent with the diffuse reflection intensity of 80% or less at a wavelength from 400 nm to 750 nm and containing at least one of terbium, praseodymium, manganese, and titanium may provide a light-emitting device with low brightness without reducing the current value of an injection current to the LED.

[0028] The inventors also found that a light-emitting device may include a light-emitting element, a dimming agent as described in claims 1 and 2 that absorbs a portion of the light from the light-emitting element, and a phosphor that absorbs a part of the light from the light-emitting element and converts the light into light with an emission peak wavelength different from the peak wavelength of the emission wavelength of the light-emitting element.

[0029] The following is explained with reference to the figures and tables included herein.

[0030] As mentioned above, a light-emitting device used in a dark environment, such as a white LED for an automotive use, is required to be bright enough to be recognized under sunlight during the daytime and not too glaring during the nighttime. A white LED for a nighttime use with a light intensity of 300 mcd is a most common example. However, from the viewpoint of safety at night, especially for a white LED for automotive use placed close to a driver, the market is looking for LEDs with a light intensity of 120 mcd or less, in particular, white LEDs with light intensity of 100 to 10 mcd are demanded. If such a light-emitting device with light intensity of 120 mcd or less is to be achieved by lowering the injection current in a traditional way, the emission wavelength (peak wavelength) of a blue LED varies, and the chromaticity of a white LED changes as described above.

[0031] One solution is to use a conventional blue LED with low luminous efficiency. However, as the technological trend is toward higher efficiency blue LEDs, there are no manufacturers that may supply blue LEDs with low luminous efficiency at a stable quality and at a low price. Therefore, it is necessary to develop a technology to manufacture dark LEDs based on high-efficiency, high-quality, and low-cost blue LEDs that are widely available in the market.

[0032] As a result of the inventors' diligent study, the present inventors have developed a white LED with a light intensity of 30 mcd or lower by using a light-emitting element, a dimming agent that absorbs a portion of the light from the light-emitting element, contains at least one of terbium, praseodymium, manganese, and titanium, and has 80% or less of the diffuse reflection intensity of a wavelength of 400 nm to 750 nm, and a phosphor that absorbs a part of the light from the light-emitting element and converts the light into light with an emission peak wavelength different from the peak wavelength of the emission wavelength of the light-emitting element.

[0033] As described below in detail, the light-diminishing effect of terbium and praseodymium is weak when trivalent rare earth elements are included as constituent elements of the dimming agent. Therefore, matrix crystals containing divalent alkaline earth metals are preferable.

[0034] FIG. 1 is a diagram illustrating an example of a light-emitting device 100 according to present embodiments. The light-emitting device 100 according to one or more aspects includes a light-emitting element 10 provided on a substrate 40 and a dimming agent 2 that absorbs a portion of the light from the light-emitting element 10. The dimming agent 2 is dispersed in a resin layer 20 that serves as a resin sealant covering the light-emitting element 10 and stored in a package 30. In the resin layer 20, an additive such as Aerosil may be added as needed to enhance the dispersibility of the dimming agent 2, etc.

[0035] For the light-emitting element 10, an emission peak wavelength is in a 380 to 490 nm range. Such light-emitting element emits blue light and is relatively readily available with high quality and low cost. The dimming agent 2 contains at least one of terbium, praseodymium, manganese, and titanium and has a diffuse reflection intensity of 80% or less at a wavelength from 400 nm to 750 nm. The use of the dimming agent 2 results in a blue light-emitting device with reduced brightness without lowering the current value of the current injected into the LED.

[0036] The resin layer 20 may include a phosphor 1 (1a, 1b). By changing the emission wavelength of the phosphor 1, the inventors discovered that a dark light-emitting device may be created that exhibits not only white but also various emission colors such as green, yellow, and red.

[0037] In an experiment, an embodiment or embodiments, and a comparative example (CE) described below, a blue LED with an output of 60 mcd and a dominant wavelength of 458 nm when 5 mA of current is applied is used as the light-emitting element 10.

Dimming Agent

[0038] The following explanation relates to a dimming agent. A diffuse reflection spectrum of a currently used dimming agent is illustrated in FIG. 2. For a comparison, a commercial product with an emission peak wavelength of 530 nm (Ba, Sr).sub.2SiO.sub.4:Eu phosphor (hereinafter referred to as BOS phosphor) is illustrated in FIG. 2. The BOS phosphor selectively absorbs light with 500 nm or lower, whereas an AlN dimming agent absorbs light uniformly from 400 nm to 750 nm.

[0039] However, the light absorption of the AlN dimming agent is not very strong. Making 30 mcd or less with a white LED increases the used amount of AlN dimming agent. However, as a powder concentration in a resin increases, a resin viscosity increases, making uniform application difficult.

[0040] Therefore, a development of a new dimming agent is sought. FIG. 3 illustrates the diffuse reflectance spectra of body-colored dark powders. Terbium oxide (Tb.sub.4O.sub.7), praseodymium oxide (Pr.sub.4O.sub.11), and manganese oxide (MnO.sub.2) are commonly used materials when making a phosphor, and terbium oxide (Tb.sub.4O.sub.7), praseodymium oxide (Pr.sub.4O.sub.11), and manganese oxide (MnO.sub.2) indicate strong optical absorption in a wide range of wavelengths from 400 nm to 750 nm. Titanium is also used in various compounds as a raw material for a phosphor, a photocatalyst and a pigment. A typical titanium black is titanium oxynitride, which also indicates strong optical absorption in a wide range of wavelengths from 400 nm to 750 nm. As a comparison, a carbon black powder used in an automobile tire also indicates strong optical absorption in a wide range of wavelengths from 400 nm to 750 nm.

[0041] When the dimming agent with a dark body-colored is added to a white LED, a small amount of the diming agent greatly diminishes the white LED. From the workability at the time of weighing, a dimming agent that may be added in a certain amount is required.

[0042] A specific gravity and a particle size of each particle may preferably be adjusted in order to uniformly disperse the phosphor and dimming agent in the resin.

Specific Gravity of Diminishing Agent

[0043] The specific gravity of a material is determined by its constituent element and crystal structure. Therefore, it is difficult to change the specific gravity of a phosphor while maintaining the luminescence characteristic. As illustrated in Table 1, phosphors use relatively heavy elements (e.g., alkaline earth metals and rare earth elements) and therefore have relatively high specific gravities. AlN and similar body-colored Si.sub.3N.sub.4 powders are made of relatively light elements and therefore have relatively low specific gravities.

[0044] The specific gravity of each material, referenced from the Inorganic Crystal Structure Database (ICSD), is listed in Table 1.

TABLE-US-00001 TABLE 1 Specific Gravity Material (g/cm.sup.3) Reference AlN 3.38 ICSD #82789 Si.sub.3N.sub.4 3.43 ICSD #97567 Ca.sub.2SiO.sub.4 2.96 ICSD #200707 Sr.sub.2SiO.sub.4 4.51 ICSD #35667 Ba.sub.2SiO.sub.4 5.49 ICSD #38155 Y.sub.3Al.sub.5O.sub.12 4.57 ICSD #93635

[0045] The specific gravity of the dimming agent may be adjusted by selecting a crystal matrix of the dimming agent.

Attenuation Rate

[0046] An attenuation rate (an absorption rate) may be increased by increasing the amount of a doping element.

[0047] The main point is that the selection of the matrix material and impurity doping may be configured in the same way as a phosphor with a luminescent center (an impurity) added.

Particle Size of a Dimming Agent

[0048] A particle growth of a phosphor may be controlled by the particle size of the raw material used and the temperature and time of firing. By using the crystal matrix used in a phosphor as a dimming agent, a manufacture in the same way as a phosphor may be done. Therefore, the particle size of the dimming agent may be easily adjusted.

[0049] From the above, by adding elements (terbium, praseodymium, manganese, and titanium) that cause light absorption to the same crystal matrix as the phosphor, a white LED with 30 mcd or lower may be provided.

[0050] A valence of an element causing an optical absorption is considered.

[0051] Terbium oxide (Tb.sub.4O.sub.7) is a mixture of Tb.sub.2O.sub.3 and TbO.sub.2 and contains trivalent and tetravalent Tb. The body color is brownish brown. For trivalent Tb, LaPO.sub.4:Ce.sup.3+, Tb.sup.3+ (LAP) are well known as green phosphors for fluorescent lamps. The green phosphor has a white body color and shows weak light absorption in a visible light region. The visible light absorption of terbium oxide (Tb.sub.4O.sub.7) is therefore attributed to tetravalent Tb.

[0052] On the other hand, praseodymium oxide (Pr.sub.4O.sub.11) is also a mixture of Pr.sub.2O.sub.3 and PrO.sub.2 and contains trivalent and tetravalent Pr. The body color is dark gray. Pr in praseodymium fluoride (PrF.sub.3) is trivalent, and its powder has a green body color. Therefore, the black body color may be attributed to the tetravalent Pr.

[0053] Mn in manganese oxide (MnO.sub.2) is tetravalent based on its chemical formula. The body color is gray, and its light absorption is thought to be due to tetravalent Mn.

[0054] Terbium and praseodymium tend to be trivalent and tetravalent. When the crystal matrix contains trivalent rare earth ion as a constituent element, terbium and praseodymium tend to exist as trivalent. Therefore, the crystal matrix containing a divalent alkaline earth metal is selected.

Preparation of a Dimming Agent

[0055] The same matrix as the well-known phosphor (Ba, Sr, Ca).sub.2SiO.sub.4:Eu is used as an example. The matrix may be (Ba, Sr, Ca).sub.3SiO.sub.5, (Ba, Sr, Ca).sub.3MgSi.sub.2O.sub.8, etc., but it is not limited to.

First Embodiment

[0056] For raw materials for the dimming agent, barium carbonate (BaCO.sub.3), strontium carbonate (SrCO.sub.3), terbium oxide (Tb.sub.4O.sub.7), and silicon oxide (SiO.sub.2) are used. The raw material composition ratios are shown below.

[0057] Barium carbonate (BaCO.sub.3): 7.451 g

[0058] Strontium carbonate (SrCO.sub.3): 9.000 g

[0059] Terbium oxide (Tb.sub.4O.sub.7): 0.470 g

[0060] Silicon oxide (SiO.sub.2): 3.079 g

[0061] The above raw materials are mixed in a ball mill, filled into an alumina crucible, and fired at 1200° C. for 3 hours. When (Ba, Sr).sub.2SiO.sub.4:Eu.sup.2+ phosphor is calcined, mixed gas of nitrogen and hydrogen is used because a reduction reaction of Eu.sup.3+.fwdarw.Eu.sup.2+ is required. However, the Tb.sup.4+ phosphor is calcined in an atmospheric atmosphere because no reduction reaction is required. In addition, the particle size is adjusted in the same way as for the phosphor to obtain the dimming agent.

Second Embodiment

[0062] As in a first embodiment, raw materials are mixed in the following composition ratios.

[0063] Barium carbonate (BaCO.sub.3): 16.904 g

[0064] Terbium oxide (Tb.sub.4O.sub.7): 0.410 g

[0065] Silicon oxide (SiO.sub.2): 2.687 g

[0066] The dimming agent is obtained after calcination and adjustment of the particle size in the same manner.

Third Embodiment

[0067] Similarly, raw materials are mixed in the following composition ratios.

[0068] Strontium carbonate (SrCO.sub.3): 16.095 g

[0069] Terbium oxide (Tb.sub.4O.sub.7): 0.517 g

[0070] Silicon oxide (SiO.sub.2): 3.389 g

[0071] The dimming agent is obtained after calcination and adjustment of the particle size in the same manner.

Comparative Example 1 (CE1)

[0072] Similarly, raw materials are mixed in the following composition ratios.

[0073] Barium carbonate (BaCO.sub.3): 7.487 g

[0074] Strontium carbonate (SrCO.sub.3): 9.420 g

[0075] Silicon oxide (SiO.sub.2): 3.094 g

[0076] The dimming agent is obtained after calcination and adjustment of the particle size in the same manner.

Measurement of a Diffuse Reflection Spectrum

[0077] Diffuse reflection spectra are obtained using the integrating sphere unit of the spectrophotometer FP-6500 manufactured by Japan Spectrophotometer Co. The diffuse reflection spectrum of the prepared dimming agent is obtained by setting a reflection intensity against the spectralon of a standard white plate as 100%.

[0078] FIG. 4 is a diagram illustrating diffuse reflection spectra of the dimming agents of Embodiments 1 to 3 and the powder of Comparative Example 1 without terbium. The light absorbance of the dimming agent containing terbium is stronger.

Fourth Embodiment

[0079] As in a first embodiment, raw materials are mixed in the following composition ratios.

[0080] Barium carbonate (BaCO.sub.3): 8.584 g

[0081] Strontium carbonate (SrCO.sub.3): 7.416 g

[0082] Terbium oxide (Tb.sub.4O.sub.7): 0.935 g

[0083] Silicon oxide (SiO.sub.2): 3.065 g

[0084] FIG. 5 is a diagram illustrating powder diffuse reflectance spectra of the dimming agents of a first and fourth embodiment or embodiments and Comparative Example 1 without terbium. The diffuse reflection intensity becomes stronger as the amount of terbium increases, i.e., the optical absorption becomes stronger.

[0085] The above-mentioned embodiments illustrate (Ba, Sr).sub.2SiO.sub.4 matrix as an example, but other crystal matrices may also be applied in other embodiments. In addition to terbium, praseodymium, manganese, and titanium may also be doped to cause similar optical absorption and may be used as a dimming agent.

[0086] In an experiment, an embodiment or embodiments, and a comparative example described below, a blue light-emitting device with an output of 60 mcd and a dominant wavelength of 458 nm when 5 mA of current is applied is used as a light-emitting device 10.

Comparative Example 2 (CE2)

[0087] A blue light-emitting element 10 is covered with a thermosetting silicone resin encapsulant 20 to make a blue light-emitting device 100A. Silicone resin composition ratios are shown below.

[0088] Silicone resin A (main agent): 0.5000 g

[0089] Silicone resin B (curing agent): 0.5000 g

Fifth Embodiment

[0090] A blue light-emitting device 100B is made by being covered with the blue light-emitting element 10 and the thermosetting silicone resin encapsulant 20 containing the dimming agent powder 2 of a fourth embodiment or embodiments. Aerosil is added to the encapsulant 20 to prevent sedimentation of the dimming agent. Material composition ratios are shown below.

[0091] Silicone resin A (main agent): 0.5000 g

[0092] Silicone resin B (curing agent): 0.5000 g

[0093] Aerosil: 0.0150 g

[0094] The dimming agent of a fourth embodiment or embodiments: 0.3390 g

[0095] Table 2 illustrates luminescence characteristics of the light-emitting devices according to Comparative Example 2 and a fifth embodiment or embodiments. The emission spectra of the light-emitting devices according to Comparative Example 2 and a fifth embodiment or embodiments are illustrated in FIG. 6, and the normalized emission spectra are illustrated in FIG. 7. The blue light-emitting device according to a fifth embodiment or embodiments is sufficiently smaller than that of the comparative example.

TABLE-US-00002 TABLE 2 Luminosity (mcd) Chromaticity x Chromaticity y CE 2 61.9 0.142 0.041 Fifth Embodiment 2.1 0.142 0.041

[0096] Comparative Example 3 (CE 3)

[0097] The blue light-emitting element 10 and a (Ba, Sr).sub.2SiO.sub.4:Eu.sup.2+ phosphor (hereinafter referred to as a BOS phosphor) with an emission peak wavelength of 565 nm as a phosphor 1a are covered with a thermosetting silicone resin encapsulant 20 to make a white light-emitting device 100. Material composition ratios are shown below.

[0098] Silicone resin A (main agent): 0.5000 g

[0099] Silicone resin B (curing agent): 0.5000 g

[0100] Aerosil: 0.0150 g

[0101] BOS phosphor (565 nm): 0.3308 g

Comparative Example 4 (CE 4)

[0102] A white light-emitting device is made as in Comparative Example 3. AIN is used as a dimming agent to reduce brightness. The BOS phosphor with an emission peak wavelength of 530 nm is used as a phosphor 1b to adjust the chromaticity of the white color. The BOS phosphor is formulated to have the same chromaticity as in Comparative Example 3. Material composition ratios are shown below.

[0103] Silicone resin A (main agent): 0.5000 g

[0104] Silicone resin B (curing agent) 0.5000 g

[0105] Aerosil: 0.0150 g

[0106] BOS phosphor (530 nm): 0.0093 g

[0107] BOS phosphor (565 nm): 0.0699 g

[0108] AlN: 0.3121 g

Comparative Example 5 (CE 5)

[0109] A white light-emitting device is made as in Comparative Example 4. Carbon black is used as a dimming agent to reduce brightness. Material composition ratios are shown below.

[0110] Silicone resin A (main agent): 0.5000 g

[0111] Silicone resin B (curing agent): 0.5000 g

[0112] Aerosil: 0.0150 g

[0113] BOS phosphor (565 nm): 0.1624 g

[0114] Carbon black: 0.0001 g

Sixth Embodiment

[0115] A white light-emitting device is made as in Comparative Example 5. The dimming agent according to a fourth embodiment or embodiments is used to reduce brightness. Material composition ratios are shown below.

[0116] Silicone resin A (main agent): 0.5000 g

[0117] Silicone resin B (curing agent): 0.5000 g

[0118] Aerosil: 0.0150 g

[0119] BOS phosphor (530 nm): 0.0242 g

[0120] BOS phosphor (565 nm): 0.1624 g

[0121] Dimming agent according to Embodiment 4: 0.1581 g

Seventh Embodiment

[0122] A white light-emitting device is made as in a sixth embodiment or embodiments. Material composition ratios are shown below.

[0123] Silicone resin A (main agent): 0.5000 g

[0124] Silicone resin B (curing agent): 0.5000 g

[0125] Aerosil: 0.015 0g

[0126] BOS phosphor (530 nm): 0.0935 g

[0127] BOS phosphor (565 nm): 0.4480 g

[0128] Dimming agent according to Embodiment 4: 0.3399 g

[0129] Table 3 illustrates luminescence characteristics of the light-emitting devices according to Comparative Example 3, Comparative Example 4, Comparative Example 5, a sixth embodiment or embodiments, and a seventh embodiment or embodiments. The emission spectra of the light-emitting devices according to Comparative Example 3 and a sixth embodiment or embodiments are illustrated in FIG. 8, and the normalized emission spectra are illustrated in FIG. 9. A sixth embodiment may sufficiently reduce light emission compared to Comparative Example 3.

TABLE-US-00003 TABLE 3 Luminosity (mcd) Chromaticity x Chromaticity y CE 3 357 0.307 0.316 CE 4 46 0.309 0.315 CE 5 9 0.307 0.314 Sixth Embodiment 69 0.305 0.315 Seventh Embod. 26 0.308 0.314

[0130] The concentration of a powder 1 (1a, 1b) with respect to the encapsulant 20 is considered. The powder concentration is expressed by the following equation.

Powder concentration [%]=(Powder weight [g])/(Powder weight [g]+Encapsulated weight [g])

[0131] The phosphor concentration and the dimming agent concentration according to Comparative Example 3, Comparative Example 4, Comparative Example 5, and a sixth embodiment, as well as the total powder concentration obtained by adding the phosphor concentration and the dimming agent concentration together, are illustrated in Table 4.

TABLE-US-00004 TABLE 4 Phosphor Dimming Agent Total Powder Concentration Concentration Concentration CE 3 24.6% — 24.6% CE 4 7.2% 28.5% 35.7% CE 5 50.1% 0.005% 50.1% Sixth Embodiment 15.5% 13.2% 28.7% Seventh Embod. 34.8% 21.8% 56.6%

[0132] Table 5 illustrates the percentage of light intensity maintained when the light-emitting devices according to Comparative Example 3, Comparative Example 4, and a sixth embodiment are placed in a 60° C. RH 90% constant temperature and humidity chamber and energized.

TABLE-US-00005 TABLE 5 0 Hour 240 Hours 1000 Hours CE 3 100% 97% 94% CE 4 100% 94% 91% Sixth Embod. 100% 97% 97%

[0133] In Comparative Example 4, a decrease in light intensity is observed. Compared to a sixth embodiment or embodiments, the lower phosphor concentration resulted in a higher excitation density per grain, which is considered to be photo-degradation. In Comparative Example 3, the phosphor excitation density is also high because a dimming agent is not contained, which is considered to result in photo-degradation. In contrast, in a sixth embodiment, the excitation density per grain is lower due to the higher phosphor concentration and the inclusion of a dimming agent, resulting in a light-emitting device with a smaller change in light intensity.

[0134] From Comparative Example 5, a black powder such as carbon black causes significant dimming in a small amount. Since carbon black tends to agglomerate easily, some manufacturing ingenuity may be required to ensure uniform dispersion.

[0135] A dimming agent according to one or more embodiments may reduce brightness without lowering a current value of a current injected into an LED and a light-emitting device using the dimming agent.

[0136] As described above, the use of the dimming agent according to one or more embodiments may result in a light-emitting device with reduced brightness without lowering the current value of the current injected into the LED. In addition, the use of a phosphor may provide a light-emitting device with various brightness in green, yellow, red, and white as well as blue.

[0137] One or more embodiments may be adapted to a light-emitting device, etc. with low brightness without reducing the current value of the current injected into the LED.

[0138] The invention is not limited to the above embodiments, which are illustrative examples. Any composition that is substantially identical to the technical concept described in the present disclosure and defined in the claims and that achieves similar effects is included in the technical scope of the invention. For example, although the oxide matrix is described as an example for the dimming agent in embodiments, it goes without saying that it is also applicable to halogen compounds, acid halogen compounds, and crystal matrices such as oxynitride, nitride, and sulfide.