Systems and methods for preparing reinforced graft constructs

Abstract

Systems and methods for preparing a tissue repair construct for a ligament reconstruction procedure using a reinforced whip-stitching are provided. The described techniques include passing a needle having suture tails attached thereto through a first surface of a graft at an origin point so that a portion of the suture tails exits on a second, opposite surface of the graft while a terminal length of the suture tails is maintained on the first surface of the graft. Multiple suture loops are formed by repeatedly passing the needle with the suture tails around opposite sides of the graft and through the first surface of the graft at subsequent entry points spaced apart along a length of the graft. Each loop is formed so that the construct is reinforced by having a terminal length of each of the suture tails disposed between the first surface of the graft and the loop.

Claims

1. A tissue repair construct, comprising: a graft having first and second ends; and a suture affixed to the graft and extending along a portion of a length of the graft from an origin point remote from the first end of the graft, the suture having a pattern comprising multiple loops of suture spaced apart along the portion of the length of the graft and extending from the origin point to the first end of the graft, each loop overlaying a terminal length of each of two suture tails of the suture such that at least a portion of the terminal length of each suture tail is disposed between a first surface of the graft and a portion of one of the multiple loops.

2. The tissue repair construct of claim 1, wherein the multiple loops of suture encircle opposed sides of the graft.

3. The tissue repair construct of claim 1, wherein the terminal length of each of the two suture tails is disposed along the surface of the graft and extends from the origin point to the first end of the graft.

4. The tissue repair construct of claim 1, wherein the suture penetrates the first surface of the graft at the origin point.

5. A tissue repair construct, comprising: a graft including a first end and a second end opposite the first end; and a suture coupled to the graft and including a first free end, a second free end opposite the first end, and first and second portions extending from the first free end and the second free end respectively, the first free end and the second free end of the suture disposed on a surface of the graft, the first and second portions configured to form multiple loops of suture, each loop being spaced apart along a length of the graft and encircling the graft and the first and second free ends of the suture such that the first and second free ends of the suture are disposed between the surface of the graft and a portion of one of the multiple loops.

6. The tissue repair construct of claim 5, wherein the first free end and the second free end of the suture form a spine when disposed on the surface of the graft.

7. The tissue repair construct of claim 5, wherein the suture penetrates the surface of the graft at an origin point remote from the first end of the graft.

8. A tissue repair construct, comprising: a graft having first and second ends; and a suture affixed to the graft and extending along a portion of a length of the graft from an origin point remote from the first end of the graft, the suture having a pattern comprising multiple loops of suture spaced apart along the portion of the length of the graft and extending from the origin point to a terminal point adjacent to the first end of the graft, each loop overlaying a terminal length of each of two suture tails of the suture such that at least a portion of the terminal length of each suture tail is disposed between a first surface of the graft and a portion of one of the multiple loops, wherein each loop is defined by adjacent portions of the suture tails passing around opposite sides of the graft.

9. The tissue repair construct of claim 8, further comprising: a second suture affixed to the graft and extending along a second portion of the length of the graft from a second origin point remote from the second end of the graft, the second suture having a pattern comprising second multiple loops of suture spaced apart along the second portion of the length of the graft and extending from the second origin point to a second terminal point adjacent to the second end of the graft, each loop overlaying a second terminal length of each of two second suture tails of the second suture such that the second terminal length of each suture tail is disposed between the first surface of the graft and a portion of one of the second multiple loops, wherein each of the second loops is defined by adjacent portions of the second suture tails passing around opposite sides of the graft.

10. The tissue repair construct of claim 8, wherein a needle is positioned at substantially a mid-point of the suture and the first and second suture tails attached to the needle have approximately the same length.

11. The tissue repair construct of claim 8, wherein the suture tails extend beyond the first end of the graft.

12. The tissue repair construct of claim 8, wherein the suture comprises a continuous suture.

13. The tissue repair construct of claim 8, wherein the adjacent portions of the suture tails pass through the first surface of the graft at one entry point to a second surface of the graft, and wherein each of the suture tails passes around opposite sides of the graft to another entry point spaced longitudinally from the origin point.

Description

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

(1) The embodiments described above will be more fully understood from the following detailed description taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings. The drawings are not intended to be drawn to scale. For purposes of clarity, not every component may be labeled in every drawing. In the drawings:

(2) FIG. 1 is a schematic illustration of a graft prepared using reinforced whip-stitching in accordance with some embodiments;

(3) FIG. 2 is a schematic illustration of a portion of the graft of FIG. 1;

(4) FIGS. 3A-3D are schematic illustrations of one embodiment of a method of preparing a tissue repair construct;

(5) FIG. 4 is a schematic illustration of one embodiment of a graft having both ends thereof prepared using the described techniques; and

(6) FIG. 5 is a schematic illustration of a graft prepared using reinforced whip-stitching in accordance with some embodiments.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

(7) Certain exemplary embodiments will now be described to provide an overall understanding of the principles of the systems and methods disclosed herein. One or more examples of these embodiments are illustrated in the accompanying drawings. Those skilled in the art will understand that the systems and methods specifically described herein and illustrated in the accompanying drawings are non-limiting exemplary embodiments and that the scope of the embodiments is defined solely by the claims. Further, the features illustrated or described in connection with one exemplary embodiment may be combined with the features of other embodiments. Such modifications and variations are intended to be included within the scope of the described embodiments.

(8) The embodiments described herein generally relate to systems and methods for preparing ligament grafts for ligament reconstruction, or augmentation, surgeries. A graft is prepared by reinforcing one or both end portions thereof to thus create a tissue repair construct. In some embodiments, a method is provided that includes preparing a tissue repair construct using a whip-stitching technique and reinforcing the graft and the stitching using free ends, or a terminal length, of suture tails of the suture being affixed to the graft. As a needle attached to the suture is passed through a first surface of the graft at a first entry point, the free ends of the suture tails remain positioned on the first surface of the graft so that multiple suture loops subsequently formed around and through the graft encompass the suture tails.

(9) The systems and methods described herein may have a number of advantages over existing techniques for preparing ligament grafts. In particular, a graft is prepared using the described tissue repair construct in a simple and effective manner. Because the tissue repair construct is reinforced using the same suture that is used to form loops, reinforcing the construct does not increase the time required for the construct preparation. Furthermore, the reinforcement improves the overall strength of the tissue repair construct. Thus, the time required to prepare the graft can be reduced, which can reduce the overall time and cost of the surgery and mitigate risk to the patient. Also, the described graft preparation procedure is simplified and is less labor-intensive.

(10) The described techniques can be used in conjunction with a variety of ligament grafts, including hamstring ligament grafts, and in a variety of different surgical contexts regardless of the type of ligament graft being used in a particular surgical procedure. The systems and methods described herein can be utilized in connection with preparing graft ligaments for repairing or replacing ligaments in a variety of joints, but can in some embodiments have particular utility in cruciate ligament reconstruction procedures. For example, the described techniques are used to prepare grafts used in ACL and/or PCL repair procedures.

(11) FIG. 1 illustrates a tissue repair construct 100 in accordance with some embodiments that has an improved strength relative to a graft construct prepared using some existing techniques. As shown in FIG. 1, the tissue repair construct 100 includes a graft 102 having first and second ends (only a first end 102a is shown in FIG. 1) and a suture 104 having first and second suture tails 106, 108. The suture 104 is secured to the graft 102 by passing through the graft 102 and forming multiple loops 110 around the graft 102, as discussed in more detail below.

(12) The graft 102 can be a tendon or any other type of graft, and it can include one or more graft bundles or strands. The first and second suture tails 106, 108 affixed to the graft 102 have respective free ends 116, 118 that are used to provide structural support for the tissue repair construct 110. As shown in FIG. 1, the suture 104 is passed through a first surface 109 of the graft 102 at a first entry point or origin point 112 that is remote from the first end 102a of the graft 102 so that a terminal length or free ends 116, 118 of each of the first and second suture tails 106, 108, respectively, remain positioned on the first surface 109 of the graft 202.

(13) The suture 104 is passed through the first surface 109 of the graft 202 at the origin point 112 so that it exits from the second surface of the graft 102, opposite to the first surface 109, which is not shown in FIG. 1. As also shown in FIG. 1, the suture 104 affixed to the graft 102 has a pattern in the form of multiple suture loops 110 that are spaced apart along the length of the graft 102 and that extend from the origin point 112 to a terminal point 128 adjacent to the first end 102a of the graft 102. Each of the multiple suture loops 110 is defined by a portion of the first and second suture tails 106, 108 passing through the first surface 109 of the graft 102 at one entry point to the second surface of the graft 102 so that each of the suture tails 106, 108 passes around opposite sides of the graft to another entry point spaced longitudinally from the first or origin entry point 112.

(14) In the illustrated embodiment, the suture loops 110 are formed in the direction towards the first end 102a of the graft 102. As shown in FIG. 1, to prepare the tissue repair construct 100, the first and second suture tails 106, 108 are attached to a needle, such as a needle 103. It should be appreciated that the needle 103 is shown in FIG. 1 for illustration purposes only, as the needle 103 is removed from the tissue repair construct 100 prior to using the construct 100 in a ligament replacement or augmentation procedure.

(15) As shown in FIG. 1, the tissue repair construct 100 is reinforced using first and second free ends 116, 118 of the first and second suture tails 106, 108, respectively. Each of the suture loops 110, e.g., a first loop 110A formed by passing the first and second suture tails 106, 108 around the opposite sides of the graft 102 and through a second entry point 114 longitudinally spaced apart from the first entry point 112, has the first and second free ends 116, 118 disposed between the first surface 109 of the graft 102 and the loop 110A.

(16) FIG. 2, illustrating a portion of the tissue repair construct 100, shows that the first loop 110A is formed so that its first and second portions 111a, 111b disposed around opposite sides of the graft 102 each have a respective one of the first and second free ends 116, 118 disposed underneath the first and second portions 111a, 111b. Thus, the first free end 116 of the first suture tail 106 is disposed between the first portion 111a of the loop 110A and the first surface 109 of the graft 102. The second free end 118 of the second suture tail 108 is similarly disposed between the second portion 111b of the loop 110A and the first surface 109 of the graft 102. In this way, the loop 110A locks down on the first and second free suture ends 116, 118 that are positioned on the surface 109 of the graft 102.

(17) In the prepared tissue repair construct 100, the first and second free ends 116, 118 of the first and second suture tails 106, 108 are positioned on the first surface 109 of the graft 102 so that they are disposed along the sides of the graft 102, as shown in FIGS. 1 and 2. One skilled in the art will appreciate that the first and second free ends 116, 118 of the suture 104 can be positioned in other ways along the first surface of the graft. For example, the first and second free ends 116, 118 can be positioned on opposite surfaces of the graft 102. Furthermore, in one embodiment, the first and second free ends 116, 118 can be criss-crossed one or more times along the length of the graft 102.

(18) Regardless of the way in which the first and second free ends 116, 118 are positioned on the surface of the graft 102, the first and second free ends 116, 118 function like a spine extending along the graft 102, thus improving the strength of the construct. In a typical graft preparation technique, at each pass through the surface of the graft 102, the needle 103 pierces the graft 102 approximately in the middle of the graft surface. Thus, the graft fibers can be moved apart by the needle piercing therethrough, which can lead to a certain degree of disintegration of graft fibers, which may ultimately cause weakening of the graft 102. The reinforcement features described herein, such as use of the first and second free ends 116, 118 on the surface of the graft so that they are encircled by the loops, strengthen the tissue repair construct 100 and improve load distribution when a load is applied to the graft 102. In particular, the first and second free ends 116, 118 help to distribute the load from the needle/suture entry points on the graft 102, so that a larger load can be applied without causing damage to tissue of the graft 102. Thus, the first and second free ends 116, 118 act as a “rip-stop” that helps to protect the graft tissue from being excessively deformed or ripped.

(19) As discussed above, the needle 103 having the first and second suture tails 106, 108 of the suture 104 attached thereto is shown in FIG. 1 to illustrate that the free suture tails 106, 108 are passed through the graft 102 using the needle 103 with the suture tails 106, 108. After the multiple suture loops 110 are formed, the suture tails 106, 108 may be cut to be separated from the needle 103 so that a certain length of free ends of the suture tails 106, 108 remains attached to the first end 102a of the graft 102. These free ends, which are opposite to the first and second free ends 116, 118, are then used for insertion and fixation of the tissue repair construct 100 at an insertion site.

(20) A length of the first and second free ends 116, 118 reinforcing the tissue repair construct 100 can vary in a number of ways. In the illustrated embodiment, the length of the first and second free ends 116, 118 can be equal or approximately equal to a length of a portion of the graft 102 that has the loops 110 formed thereon. Thus, the first and second free ends 116, 118 can extend from the origin point 112 to the terminal point 128 adjacent to the first end 102a of the graft 102. The first and second free ends 116, 118 can extend beyond the terminal point 128 towards the first end 102a of the graft 102 and they may extend only slightly (e.g., to a distance of less than 1 cm) or not extend at all beyond the first end 102a of the graft 102.

(21) Alternatively, in some embodiments, one or both of the first and second free ends 116, 118 extend beyond the first end 102a of the graft 102 by a distance that is greater than 1 cm. For example, the first and second free ends 116, 118 can extend beyond the first end 102a of the graft 102 so that their length is approximately equal to a length of the free ends of the suture tails 106, 108 that are formed after the suture tails 106, 108 are separated from the needle 103. One skilled in the art will appreciate that the first and second free ends 116, 118 can have any suitable length, as the described embodiments are not limited in this respect.

(22) The suture 104, as well as other sutures that are used in the described graft preparation techniques, can be formed from any suitable materials. In some embodiments, the suture can be from size 0 to size 5, such as Orthocord™ suture commercially available from DePuy Mitek, and Ethibond™ suture available from Ethicon, Inc. Orthocord™ suture is approximately fifty-five to sixty-five percent PDS™ polydioxanone, which is bioabsorbable, and the remaining percent includes ultra high molecular weight polyethylene, while Ethibond™ suture is primarily high strength polyester. In some embodiments, the issue repair construct can be formed from ultra-high-molecular-weight polyethylene (UHMWPE). In some embodiments, the construct can include High-Molecular Weight-polyethylene (HMWPE) sutures or HMWPE sutures with a co-braid (e.g., monofilament polypropylene, nylon or other co-braid). In some embodiments, monofilament sutures such as, for example, Monocryl® available from Ethicon, Inc., may be utilized. As another example, an absorbable suture such as Vycryl® (a copolymer made from 90% glycolide and 10% L-lactide) also available from Ethicon, Inc. may be used. The sutures used herein can have any suitable amount and type of bioabsorbable material, which can depend on a particular surgical procedure and/or surgeon preferences.

(23) It should be appreciated that although the tissue repair construct 100 is shown on one end of the graft 102 in FIG. 1, a similar tissue repair construct can be formed on both ends of the graft, as shown in FIG. 4. Furthermore, multiple grafts can be used during a surgery, with one or both ends of each of the grafts being prepared as shown in FIG. 1.

(24) FIGS. 3A-3D illustrate one embodiment of a method of preparing a tissue repair construct 200, which can be similar to tissue repair construct 100 shown in FIGS. 1 and 2. As shown in FIG. 3A, a needle 203 has first and second suture tails 206, 208 of a suture 204 attached thereto (a portion of the first and second suture tails 206, 208 is shown). The needle 203 can be attached to the first and second suture tails 206, 208 in any suitable manner. For example, the suture 204 can be passed through an eyelet formed in the needle 203. In some embodiments, the needle 203 can be coupled to the suture 204 via an intermediate feature, such as a small suture loop or other feature connected to the needle 203 and to the suture 204. Such intermediate feature can facilitate the stitching.

(25) In the illustrated embodiment, the suture 204 is attached to the needle 203 so that the needle 203 is positioned approximately in the middle of the suture 204 and the first and second suture tails 206, 208 have approximately the same length. However, it should be appreciated that the first and second suture tails 206, 208 can have any suitable lengths, including different lengths.

(26) As shown in FIG. 3A, the needle 203 having the first and second suture tails 206, 208 attached thereto is passed through a first surface 209 of the graft 202 at a first entry or origin point 212 so that the needle 203 and a portion of the suture tails 206, 208 are passed to a second, opposite surface 211 of the graft 202. In the illustrated embodiment, the first entry point 212 is remote from a first end 202a of the graft 202. The first entry point 212 can be located a suitable distance apart from the first end 202a. In some embodiments, that distance is approximately a half of a length of the graft 202. However, in other embodiments, the distance is less than the half-length of the graft 202. For example, in some embodiments, a distance between the first entry point 212 and the first end 202a of the graft 202 is from about 0.5 cm to about 6 cm. In some embodiments, the distance between the first entry point 212 and the first end 202a of the graft 202 is from about 2 cm to about 4 cm.

(27) As also shown in FIG. 3A, the needle 203 with the first and second suture tails 206, 208 attached thereto is passed through the first surface 209 of the graft 202 at the origin point 212 so that a terminal length of each of the first and second suture tails 206, 208 is maintained on the first surface 209 of the graft 202. The terminal length or free suture ends 216, 218 of the first and second suture tails 206, 208 extend in a first direction from the first entry point 212 towards the first end 202a of the graft 202. In the illustrated embodiment, the first direction is from an intermediate portion 202c of the graft towards the first end 202a thereof. The free suture ends 216, 218 can be held on the first surface 209 of the graft 202 while being tensioned. The free suture ends 216, 218 thus serve as a structural support that reinforces the graft 202.

(28) As shown in FIG. 3A, the free suture ends 216, 218 extending from the first entry point 212 have a length approximately equal to the length of a portion of the graft 202 from the first entry point 212 to the first end 202a of the graft 202. However, as mentioned above, free suture ends, such as free suture ends 216, 218, can have any suitable length. The free suture ends 216, 218 can be trimmed to an appropriate length, if desired.

(29) As shown in FIG. 3B, to form a first loop 210A (FIG. 3C), the needle 203 having the first and second suture tails 206, 208 attached thereto and extending from the second side 211 of the graft 209 is passed around the first end 202a of the graft 202 so that the first and second suture tails 206, 208 are passed around opposite side surfaces 205a, 205b of the graft 202. The needle 203 then pierces the first surface 209 of the graft 202 at a second entry point 214 longitudinally spaced apart from the first entry point 212 in the first direction. As also shown in FIG. 3B, the needle 203 is advanced through the graft 202 while being positioned between the free suture ends 216, 218 extending on both sides of the second entry point 214.

(30) The needle 203 with the attached first and second suture tails 206, 208 is passed through the graft 202 from its first surface 209 to the second surface 211, and then extended so that the first and second suture tails 206, 208 are passed through the graft 202 to thereby form the first loop 210A as shown in FIG. 3C. The first loop 210A is formed so that the first and second suture tails 206, 208 are disposed around opposite side surfaces 205a, 205b of the graft 202 and so that the loop 210A is defined by the suture tails 206, 208 extending from the second entry point 214, to an exit point (not shown in FIG. 3C) on the second surface 211 of the graft 202 and around the opposite sides 205a, 205b of the graft 202.

(31) In some embodiments, as shown in more detail below with regard to FIG. 5, the needle penetrates through one or both of the terminal free suture ends 216, 218. In this way, one or both of the free suture ends 216, 218 can be locked down and at least some of the fibers of the free suture end(s) serve to bolster the strength of the stitching.

(32) As shown in FIG. 3C, first and second portions 213a, 213b of the loop 210A formed by the first and second suture tails 206, 208, respectively, overlay the terminal lengths or free suture ends 216, 218 of the first and second suture tails 206, 208 such that the terminal lengths 216, 218 are disposed between the first surface 209 of the graft 202 and the loop 210A. For example, the first free suture end 216 is disposed between the first surface 209 of the graft 202 and the first portion 213a of the loop 210A. Similarly, the second free suture end 218 is disposed between the first surface 209 of the graft 202 and the second portion 213b of the loop 210A. Thus, the loop 210A holds the free suture ends 216, 218 in place so that the free suture ends 216, 218 extend along the opposite side surfaces 205a, 205b of the graft 202.

(33) The needle 203 with the attached first and second suture tails 206, 208 is then repeatedly passed through the first surface 209 of the graft 202 at subsequent entry points longitudinally spaced apart from the first and second entry points 212, 214 in the first direction to the second surface 211 to form multiple loops. In this way, a tissue repair construct 200 shown in FIG. 3D is created.

(34) As shown in FIG. 3D, each of the multiple loops is spaced apart from adjacent loops in the first direction and each loop is formed such that the terminal length of the suture tails is disposed between the first surface of the graft and the loop. The needle 203 with the first and second suture tails 206, 208 is repeatedly passed through the first surface 209 of the graft 202 in the manner explained above until a final entry point 228 in proximity to the first end 202a of the graft 202 is reached. One skilled in the art will appreciate that the final entry point can be positioned at any suitable distance from the first end 202a of the graft 202.

(35) After the multiple loops are formed, the suture 204 can be cut off to separate the suture tails 206, 208 from the needle 203. As a result, as shown in FIG. 3D, a suitable length of free ends of the suture tails 206, 208 can extend from the first end 202a of the graft 202. The free ends of the suture tails 206, 208 are used to advance the tissue repair construct in a tunnel prepared for a ligament repair procedure, or in another surgical site receiving the graft 202.

(36) In some embodiments, the tissue repair construct 200 is formed so that a length of the free suture ends 216, 218 having at least a portion thereof disposed along a portion of a length of the graft 202 is approximately equal to a length of the free ends of the suture tails 206, 208 shown in FIG. 3D. In this way, an increased number of free suture ends is used for graft insertion and fixation, which can improve the strength of the attachment of the graft to the surgical site while allowing an increased tension to be applied to the graft. For example, the multiple free suture ends can be useful for certain fixation techniques (e.g., wrapping around a tibial post) where a larger number of sutures can provide more secure graft fixation.

(37) Although not shown in FIGS. 3A-3D, in some embodiments, in addition to suture loops 210, additional stitches can be applied to the graft 202 in any suitable pattern, to additionally increase the strength of the fixation of the suture 204 to the graft. The additional stitches can be formed from the suture 204 in proximity to the first end 202a of the graft 202 to additionally increase the strength of the fixation of the suture 204 to the graft. Furthermore, as discussed below tissue repair construct such as the tissue repair construct 200 can be formed on another, second end of the graft 202 opposite to the first end 202a of the graft 202 so that both end portions of the graft 202 are prepared using the described techniques.

(38) A person skilled in the art will appreciate that the suture loops, such as suture loops 110 (FIGS. 1 and 2) or suture loops 210 (FIGS. 3A-3D), can be formed in other ways different from the manner as shown in FIGS. 3A-3D. Regardless of the way in which the suture loops are formed to prepare a tissue repair construct, the tissue repair construct includes a terminal length of each of the suture tails disposed on a surface of the graft between the surface and the loops so as to provide a “spine” reinforcing the graft.

(39) A tissue repair construct in accordance with some embodiments can be formed such that the suture reinforcement structure is present on both of the opposite end portions of the graft. For example, in one exemplary embodiment illustrated in FIG. 4, a tissue repair construct 400 has suture reinforcement portions or regions 401, 401′ formed on portions of a graft 402 proximate to first and second ends 402a, 402b of the graft 402, respectively. The graft 402 can be any suitable type of graft, which can be harvested and prepared for suture attachment in any suitable manner, as known in the art.

(40) The suture reinforcement regions 401, 401′ of construct 400 can have any suitable configurations. As shown in FIG. 4, the graft 402 can have multiple loops 410 formed of first and second suture tails 406, 408 of a suture 404 attached thereto. The suture loops 410 are spaced along a length of the graft 402 from an origin entry point 412 to a terminal entry point 428 proximate to the first end 402a. As shown, each of the suture loops 410 is formed so that free suture ends 416, 418 of the first and second suture tails 406, 408 are disposed on a surface of the graft 402, between the surface and the loop. In a similar manner, multiple suture loops 410′ formed of first and second suture tails 406′, 408′ of a suture 404′ are spaced along a length of the graft 402 from an origin entry point 412′ to a terminal entry point 428′ proximate to the second end 402b of the graft 402. Each of the suture loops 410′ is formed so that free suture ends 416′, 418′ of the first and second suture tails 406′, 408′ are disposed on a surface of the graft 402, between the surface and the loop.

(41) One skilled in the art will appreciate that three loops of each of the multiple suture loops 410, 410′ are shown by way of example only, as the suture reinforcement regions 401, 401′ can include any suitable number of loops, including a different number of loops among the regions 401, 401′. For example, in some embodiments, a number of the loops formed in each of the suture reinforcement regions 401, 401′ can range from three to eight. However, other number of loops can be formed. A desired number of loops can depend on characteristics of the graft (e.g., its size, condition, number of bundles used, etc.), a type of the surgery, a nature of the damage at the surgical site, and any other factors.

(42) The suture reinforcement regions 401, 401′ can be formed in any suitable order. For example, the suture reinforcement region 401 can be formed first and then the suture reinforcement region 401′ can be prepared, or vice versa. One or both ends of the graft 402 can be held steady using suitable graft preparation equipment. For example, the DePuy Mitek Graft Preparation System can be utilized.

(43) One skilled in the art will appreciate that the suture reinforcement regions 401, 401′ can vary in any number of ways. For example, different suture reinforcement regions can be formed on opposite ends of the graft. Furthermore, the free suture ends 416, 418, 416′, 418′ are shown in FIG. 4 to terminate in proximity to the first and second ends 402a, 402b of the graft 402, respectively, by way of example only. The first and second suture tails 406, 408, 406′, 408′ and free suture ends 416, 418, 416′, 418′ can have any suitable lengths. Furthermore, the suture reinforcement regions 401, 401′ can be formed so that the free suture ends reinforcing the tissue repair construct are formed on the same or opposite surfaces of the graft.

(44) It should be appreciated that although illustrated embodiments provide techniques for preparing anterior or posterior cruciate ligaments for ligament reconstruction surgery, the techniques can be adapted for preparation of grafts for repair of other ligaments as well. For example, the described method can be used to prepare grafts for proximal or distal biceps repair.

(45) Having thus described some examples of the described embodiments, various alterations, modifications, and improvements will readily occur to those skilled in the art. For example, in some embodiments, as suture loops of a tissue repair construct are formed, free suture ends of the suture can be penetrated through by a needle having tails of the suture attached thereto. Thus, FIG. 5 shows one embodiment of a tissue repair construct 500 that is formed so that terminal lengths or first and second free suture ends 516, 518 of first and second suture tails 506, 508 of a suture 504 positioned on a surface of a graft are locked to the graft 502 by being penetrated therethrough.

(46) A needle (not shown) can be attached to the first and second suture tails 506, 508 of the suture 504 in any suitable manner. FIG. 5 illustrates that the needle with the first and second suture tails 506, 508 attached thereto is passed through a first surface 509 of the graft 502 at a first entry point 512 to exit from an opposite, second surface of the graft. The free suture ends 516, 518 of the first and second suture tails 506, 508 remain on the first surface 509 of the graft 502, as shown in FIG. 5. In the illustrated embodiment, at least a portion of one or both of the free suture ends 516, 518 can be wider than the rest of the suture 504 so that, as shown in FIG. 5, one of the free suture ends 516, 518 can be at least partially disposed over the other of the free suture ends 516, 518.

(47) After the first and second suture tails 506, 508 are then passed around opposite side surfaces of the graft 502, the needle with the suture tails 506, 508 can pass through the first surface 509 at a second entry point 514. In the illustrated embodiment, as the needle with the suture tails 506, 508 passes through the first surface 509 at the second entry point 514, it also penetrates through one or both of the free suture ends 516, 518. As shown in FIG. 5, the second free suture end 518 can be positioned over the first free suture end 516 and the needle can thus pass through both of the first and second free suture ends 516, 518 and then pass through the first surface 509 of the graft 502 at the second entry point 514 to create a first loop 510A. In this way, the suture loop 510A overlays the free suture ends 516, 518 such that the free suture ends 516, 518 are disposed between the first surface 509 of the graft 502 and the loop. The process can then continue in a similar manner to form multiple suture loops 510 of the tissue repair construct 500, as shown in FIG. 5.

(48) One skilled in the art will appreciate that the needle can pass through both or one of the free suture ends 516, 518. Thus, even though in FIG. 5 the first free suture end 516 is positioned at least partially underneath the second free suture end 518 along almost the entirety of a length of the free suture ends 516, 518, the free suture ends 516, 518 can only partially overlap (e.g., which different degrees of overlap throughout their length), or they may not overlap at all. The free suture ends 516, 518 can be positioned in any manner with respect to each other. In this way, the needle with the first and second suture tails 506, 508 attached thereto can pass through either or both of the free suture ends 516, 518. Furthermore, the needle can pass through one or both of the free suture ends 516, 518 at each of the entry points or at only some of the entry points.

(49) The free suture ends 516, 518 can have any suitable width. For example, in one embodiment, the width of one or both of the free suture ends 516, 518 can range from about 2 mm to about 4 mm. However, one skilled in the art will appreciate that the free suture ends 516, 518 can have other widths.

(50) The free suture ends 516, 518 can have any suitable configuration. In some embodiments, one or both of the free suture ends 516, 518 can be at least partially flat so that they are easier to penetrate therethrough than a suture with a round or approximately round cross-section. For example, one or both of the free suture ends 516, 518 can be tape-like or ribbon-like or they can be in any other form. The free suture ends 516, 518 can be flattened throughout their entire lengths or at portions thereof. The free suture ends 516, 518 can be formed as at least partially flat in a number of ways. For example, the suture 504 can be flattened (e.g., mechanically and/or by heat, etc.). Additionally or alternatively, the wider portion can be created by braiding, weaving, crocheting, knitting, or otherwise manipulating the suture 504. Furthermore, in some embodiments, the portion of the suture forming the free suture ends 516, 518 can be one or more separate elements that can be attached to the suture tails 506, 508 in a suitable manner.

(51) The above alterations, modifications, and improvements are intended to be within the spirit and scope of the described embodiments. Accordingly, the foregoing description is by way of example only, and not intended to be limiting.