Fuel additive composition and related methods and compositions

Abstract

The disclosure relates to fuel additive compositions including heavy paraffinic distillates and lighter petroleum distillates, in particular with the heavy paraffinic distillates including a mixture of hydrotreated and/or saturated components and solvent-dewaxed and/or branched components. The disclosure further relates to fuel compositions including the fuel additive composition and a liquid or solid combustible fuel. Related methods include methods of making the fuel compositions and methods of burning the fuel compositions. The resulting fuel compositions have several improved combustion properties such as improved combustion efficiency, improved combustion energy/calorie content, reduced sulfur generation, and reduced ash generation.

Claims

1. A fuel additive composition comprising: (a) saturated heavy paraffinic distillates comprising saturated hydrocarbons having from 20 to 50 carbon atoms or a sub-range thereof, wherein the saturated heavy paraffinic distillates have a viscosity as measured at 40° C. in a range from 15 cSt to 60 cSt; (b) branched heavy paraffinic distillates comprising branched hydrocarbons having from 20 to 50 carbon atoms or a sub-range thereof, wherein the branched heavy paraffinic distillates have a viscosity as measured at 40° C. in a range from 200 cSt to 600 cSt; (c) petroleum distillates comprising hydrocarbons having from 5 to 16 carbon atoms; (d) a combustion catalyst comprising a metal oxide; and (e) a cetane improver selected from the group consisting of a nitrate, a nitroalkane, a nitrocarbonate and a peroxide.

2. The fuel additive composition of claim 1, wherein: (i) a weight ratio of the saturated heavy paraffinic distillates relative to the petroleum distillates ranges from 0.90 to 1.05; and (ii) a weight ratio of the branched heavy paraffinic distillates relative to the petroleum distillates ranges from 1.00 to 1.30.

3. The fuel additive composition of claim 1, wherein components (a), (b), and (c) are collectively present in a combined amount ranging from 5 wt. % to 40 wt. % based on the fuel additive composition.

4. The fuel additive composition of claim 1, wherein the combustion catalyst is present in an amount ranging from 0.2 wt. % to 5 wt. % based on the fuel additive composition.

5. The fuel additive composition of claim 1, wherein the cetane improver is present in an amount ranging from 30 wt. % to 90 wt. % based on the fuel additive composition.

6. The fuel additive composition of claim 1, wherein a weight ratio of component (e) relative to components (a), (b), and (c) combined ranges from 1 to 8.

7. The fuel additive composition of claim 1, wherein the combustion catalyst comprises cerium oxide.

8. The fuel additive composition of claim 1, wherein the combustion catalyst is in the form of nanoparticles having an average size ranging from 2 nm to 50 nm.

9. The fuel additive composition of claim 1, wherein the cetane improver comprises 2-ethylhexyl nitrate.

10. A fuel composition comprising: (a) the fuel additive composition of claim 6; and (b) a combustible fuel; wherein a weight ratio of the combustible fuel to the fuel additive composition ranges from 2 to 1000.

11. The fuel composition of claim 10, wherein the liquid fuel comprises one or more of fuel oil #1, fuel oil #2, fuel oil #3, fuel oil #4, fuel oil #5, fuel oil #6, kerosene, jet fuel, gasoline, diesel fuel, biodiesel fuel, liquefied natural gas, and mixtures thereof.

12. A method for burning a fuel composition, the method comprising: burning a fuel composition according to claim 10.

13. A fuel composition comprising: the fuel additive composition of claim 1; and a combustible fuel; wherein: (i) a weight ratio of the combustible fuel to the fuel additive composition ranges from 2 to 1000; (ii) components (a), (b), and (c) of the fuel additive composition are collectively present in a combined amount ranging from 10 ppm to 5000 ppm by weight based on the fuel composition; (iii) the combustion catalyst is present in an amount ranging from 2 ppm to 100 ppm by weight based on the fuel composition; and (iv) the cetane improver is present in an amount ranging from 100 ppm to 10000 ppm by weight based on the fuel composition.

14. The fuel composition of claim 13, wherein the cetane number of the fuel composition is at least 50.

15. A method for making a fuel composition, the method comprising: mixing a fuel additive composition of claim 1 with a combustible fuel to form the fuel composition; wherein a weight ratio of the combustible fuel to the fuel additive composition ranges from 2 to 1000.

16. The fuel additive composition of claim 1, wherein: a weight ratio of the saturated heavy paraffinic distillates relative to the petroleum distillates ranges from 0.90 to 1.05; a weight ratio of the branched heavy paraffinic distillates relative to the petroleum distillates ranges from 1.00 to 1.30; components (a), (b), and (c) are collectively present in a combined amount ranging from 5 wt. % to 40 wt. % based on the fuel additive composition; the combustion catalyst is present in an amount ranging from 0.2 wt. % to 5 wt. % based on the fuel additive composition; the cetane improver is present in an amount ranging from 30 wt. % to 90 wt. % based on the fuel additive composition; and a weight ratio of component (e) relative to components (a), (b), and (c) combined ranges from 1 to 8.

Description

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

(1) The disclosure relates to fuel additive compositions including heavy paraffinic distillates and lighter petroleum distillates, in particular with the heavy paraffinic distillates including a mixture of hydrotreated and/or saturated components and solvent-dewaxed and/or branched components. In some embodiments, the fuel additive compositions further include a combustion catalyst and/or a cetane improver (e.g., such as when intended for addition to a diesel fuel composition). The disclosure further relates to fuel compositions including the fuel additive composition and a liquid or solid combustible fuel. Related methods include methods of making the fuel compositions and methods of burning the fuel compositions. The resulting fuel compositions have several improved combustion properties such as improved combustion efficiency, improved combustion energy/calorie content, reduced sulfur generation, and reduced ash generation.

(2) Hydrotreated heavy paraffinic distillates (e.g., CAS 64742-54-7) can be used in the disclosed fuel additive. The distillates can be formed by treating a petroleum fraction with hydrogen in the presence of a catalyst and they consist of mainly saturated hydrocarbons with carbon numbers of C20 through C50, and the finished oil generally has a viscosity not less than 100 SUS (Seybolt universal second) at 100° F. They typically can contain mostly saturated hydrocarbons after hydrogenation of the petroleum fraction.

(3) Solvent-dewaxed heavy paraffinic distillates (e.g., CAS 64742-65-0) can be used in the disclosed fuel additive. The distillates can be formed by removal of normal paraffins from a petroleum fraction by solvent crystallization and they consist of mainly hydrocarbons with carbon numbers of C20 through C50, and the finished oil generally has a viscosity not less than 100 SUS (Seybolt universal second) at 100° F. They typically can contain branched hydrocarbons remaining after removal of the normal paraffins.

(4) Various suitable petroleum distillates can be used in the disclosed fuel additive composition. Stoddard solvent is a petroleum distillate mixture generally including C.sub.7-C.sub.12 hydrocarbons. The mixture can include three major groups of components: linear and branched alkanes (e.g., paraffins; about 30-50% of the total mixture); cycloalkanes (e.g., cycloparaffins or naphthenes; about 30-40% of the total mixture), and aromatic hydrocarbons (about 10-20% of the total mixture). Stoddard solvent is a refinery blend of differently treated oil fractions. Stoddard solvent typically has a boiling range of 150-200° C. In other embodiments, Stoddard solvent can include C.sub.5-C.sub.12 hydrocarbons and have a boiling range of 185-207° C. White spirits is a suitable petroleum distillate similar to Stoddard solvent with a hydrocarbon range between C.sub.7 and C.sub.11. Naphtha is a suitable petroleum distillate containing predominantly C.sub.5-C.sub.13 aliphatic hydrocarbons and distilling at 30-238° C.

(5) A combustion catalyst generally improves combustion reactions (e.g., as an oxidation catalyst), enhancing decomposition of the combustible fuel in a fuel composition, thereby lowering potential pollutants in the form of unburnt hydrocarbon fuel, soot, NO.sub.x products, etc. Suitable combustion (or oxidation) catalysts include various oxides, for example metal oxides such as those containing cerium (e.g., cerium oxide or ceria), magnesium, aluminum, and/or cobalt. Examples of non-metallic oxidizing combustion catalysts include peroxides such as hydrogen peroxide. The combustion catalyst additionally can exhibit a cleaning effect on an engine's pistons and cylinders (e.g., due to oxidation of residue thereon). Preferably, the combustion catalyst is in a nanoparticle form (e.g., when it is a metal oxide), for example having a size distribution with an average size (e.g., a weight-, volume-, or number-average size such as determined by light scattering or other suitable method) ranging from 2 nm to 50 nm, more generally at least 2, 5, 8, 10, 15, or 20 nm and/or up to 10, 15, 20, 30, 40, or 50 nm, (e.g., 5 nm or 10 nm to 20 nm or 30 nm). The combustion catalyst, in particular when in nanoparticle form, can be provided in the form of a stable, concentrated dispersion of the catalyst in a suitable hydrocarbon medium (e.g., any of the heavy paraffinic distillates and/or lighter petroleum distillates as disclosed herein). The combustion catalyst dispersion can be blended as a as a miscible component with the heavy paraffinic distillates and lighter petroleum distillates in the fuel additive composition and the corresponding fuel composition, resulting in a stable dispersion of the combustion catalyst in the corresponding compositions. Suitable concentrated dispersions of a cerium oxide combustion catalyst are available from NYACOL Nano Technologies, Inc. (Ashland, Mass.).

(6) A cetane improver is generally a chemical which increases a diesel fuel's cetane number as known in the art, for example including nitrates, nitroalkanes, nitrocarbonates and peroxides. A particularly suitable cetane improver is 2-ethylhexyl nitrate (CAS 27247-96-7). The cetane improver is generally a liquid at common usage temperatures, and it can be blended as a miscible component with the heavy paraffinic distillates and lighter petroleum distillates in the fuel additive composition and the corresponding fuel composition. The cetane improver generally has a decomposition temperature lower than that of its corresponding combustible fuel (e.g., blended together in a fuel composition) such that it will begin to decompose or ignite at a relatively lower temperature, which in turn begins ignition of the corresponding combustible fuel (e.g., a particular type of diesel fuel or otherwise). Suitably, the cetane improver is included in the fuel additive composition a level sufficient to increase the cetane number of the fuel composition to at least 50 or 55 (e.g., at least 50, 52, or 55 and/or up to 55, 58, or 60), such as where the combustible fuel alone has a lower cetane number of about 40 to 45 or 50. The cetane number of a composition can be determined by known methods such as ASTM D-613 (ISO 5165) for the Cooperative Fuel Research (CFR) engine, D-6890 for the Ignition Quality Tester (IQT), the D-7170 for the Fuel Ignition Tester (FIT) and D-7668 for the Cetane Ignition Delay (CID 510).

(7) Various embodiments of the disclosed fuel additive compositions, related fuel compositions, and related methods are provided in the following numbered paragraphs.

(8) 1. A fuel additive composition comprising: (a) hydrotreated heavy paraffinic distillates present in amount ranging from 10 wt. % to 50 wt. % based on the fuel additive composition; (b) solvent-dewaxed heavy paraffinic distillates present in amount ranging from 10 wt. % to 50 wt. % based on the fuel additive composition; and (c) petroleum distillates comprising hydrocarbons having from 5 to 16 carbon atoms and present in an amount ranging from 10 wt. % to 50 wt. % based on the fuel additive composition.

(9) 2. The fuel additive composition of paragraph 1, wherein: (i) the hydrotreated heavy paraffinic distillates are present in amount ranging from 20 wt. % to 40 wt. %; (ii) the solvent-dewaxed heavy paraffinic distillates are present in amount ranging from 25 wt. % to 45 wt. %; and (iii) the petroleum distillates are present in amount ranging from 20 wt. % to 40 wt. %.

(10) 3. The fuel additive composition of paragraph 1, wherein: (i) the hydrotreated heavy paraffinic distillates are present in amount ranging from 28 wt. % to 34 wt. %; (ii) the solvent-dewaxed heavy paraffinic distillates are present in amount ranging from 34 wt. % to 40 wt. %; and (iii) the petroleum distillates are present in amount ranging from 29 wt. % to 35 wt. %.

(11) 4. A fuel additive composition comprising: (a) saturated heavy paraffinic distillates comprising saturated hydrocarbons having from 20 to 50 carbon atoms or a sub-range thereof and present in amount ranging from 10 wt. % to 50 wt. % based on the fuel additive composition; (b) branched heavy paraffinic distillates comprising branched hydrocarbons having from 20 to 50 carbon atoms or a sub-range thereof and present in amount ranging from 10 wt. % to 50 wt. % based on the fuel additive composition; and (c) petroleum distillates comprising hydrocarbons having from 5 to 16 carbon atoms and present in an amount ranging from 10 wt. % to 50 wt. % based on the fuel additive composition.

(12) 5. The fuel additive composition of paragraph 4, wherein: (i) the saturated heavy paraffinic distillates are present in amount ranging from 20 wt. % to 40 wt. %; (ii) the branched heavy paraffinic distillates are present in amount ranging from 25 wt. % to 45 wt. %; and (iii) the petroleum distillates are present in amount ranging from 20 wt. % to 40 wt. %.

(13) 6. The fuel additive composition of paragraph 4, wherein: (i) the saturated heavy paraffinic distillates are present in amount ranging from 28 wt. % to 34 wt. %; (ii) the branched heavy paraffinic distillates are present in amount ranging from 34 wt. % to 40 wt. %; and (iii) the petroleum distillates are present in amount ranging from 29 wt. % to 35 wt. %.

(14) 7. A fuel additive composition comprising: (a) hydrotreated heavy paraffinic distillates; (b) solvent-dewaxed heavy paraffinic distillates; (c) petroleum distillates comprising hydrocarbons having from 5 to 16 carbon atoms; (d) (optionally) a combustion catalyst; and (e) (optionally) a cetane improver.

(15) 8. A fuel additive composition comprising: (a) saturated heavy paraffinic distillates comprising saturated hydrocarbons having from 20 to 50 carbon atoms or a sub-range thereof; (b) branched heavy paraffinic distillates comprising branched hydrocarbons having from 20 to 50 carbon atoms or a sub-range thereof; (c) petroleum distillates comprising hydrocarbons having from 5 to 16 carbon atoms; (d) (optionally) a combustion catalyst; and (e) (optionally) a cetane improver.

(16) 9. The fuel additive composition of paragraph 7 or 8, wherein: (i) a weight ratio of the hydrotreated or saturated heavy paraffinic distillates relative to the petroleum distillates ranges from 0.90 to 1.05; and (ii) a weight ratio of the solvent-dewaxed or branched heavy paraffinic distillates relative to the petroleum distillates ranges from 1.00 to 1.30.

(17) 10. The fuel additive composition of any of paragraphs 7 to 9, wherein components (a), (b), and (c) are collectively present in a combined amount ranging from 5 wt. % to 40 wt. % based on the fuel additive composition.

(18) 11. The fuel additive composition of any of paragraphs 7 to 10, wherein the combustion catalyst is present in an amount ranging from 0.2 wt. % to 5 wt. % based on the fuel additive composition.

(19) 12. The fuel additive composition of any of paragraphs 7 to 11, wherein the cetane improver is present in an amount ranging from 30 wt. % to 90 wt. % based on the fuel additive composition.

(20) 13. The fuel additive composition of any of paragraphs 7 to 12, wherein a weight ratio of component (e) relative to components (a), (b), and (c) combined ranges from 1 to 8.

(21) 14. The fuel additive composition of any of paragraphs 7 to 13, wherein the combustion catalyst comprises cerium oxide.

(22) 15. The fuel additive composition of any of paragraphs 7 to 14, wherein the combustion catalyst is in the form of nanoparticles having an average size ranging from 2 nm to 50 nm.

(23) 16. The fuel additive composition of any of paragraphs 7 to 15, wherein the cetane improver comprises 2-ethylhexyl nitrate.

(24) 17. The fuel additive composition of any of paragraphs 1 to 16, wherein the hydrotreated heavy paraffinic distillates or the saturated heavy paraffinic distillates have a viscosity as measured at 40° C. ranging from 15 cSt to 60 cSt.

(25) 18. The fuel additive composition of paragraph 17, wherein the hydrotreated heavy paraffinic distillates or the saturated heavy paraffinic distillates comprises a blend of (i) low-viscosity hydrotreated or saturated heavy paraffinic distillates having a viscosity as measured at 40° C. ranging from 15 cSt to 30 cSt and (ii) high-viscosity hydrotreated or saturated heavy paraffinic distillates having a viscosity as measured at 40° C. ranging from 30 cSt to 60 cSt.

(26) 19. The fuel additive composition of any of paragraphs 1 to 18, wherein the hydrotreated heavy paraffinic distillates or the saturated heavy paraffinic distillates have a viscosity as measured at 100° C. ranging from 3 cSt to 10 cSt.

(27) 20. The fuel additive composition of any of paragraphs 1 to 19, wherein the hydrotreated heavy paraffinic distillates or the saturated heavy paraffinic distillates have a density ranging from 0.845 kg/L to 0.870 kg/L.

(28) 21. The fuel additive composition of any of paragraphs 1 to 20, wherein the solvent-dewaxed heavy paraffinic distillates or the branched heavy paraffinic distillates have a viscosity as measured at 40° C. ranging from 200 cSt to 600 cSt.

(29) 22. The fuel additive composition of any of paragraphs 1 to 21, wherein the solvent-dewaxed heavy paraffinic distillates or the branched heavy paraffinic distillates have a viscosity as measured at 100° C. ranging from 15 cSt to 50 cSt.

(30) 23. The fuel additive composition of any of paragraphs 1 to 22, wherein the petroleum distillates comprise hydrocarbons having from 7 to 12 carbon atoms.

(31) 24. The fuel additive composition of any of paragraphs 1 to 23, wherein the petroleum distillates are selected from the group consisting of mineral spirits, mineral turpentine, petroleum spirits, naphtha, Stoddard solvent, kerosene, and combinations thereof.

(32) 25. The fuel additive composition of any of paragraphs 1 to 24, wherein: (i) a weight ratio of the hydrotreated or saturated heavy paraffinic distillates relative to the petroleum distillates ranges from 0.90 to 1.05; and (ii) a weight ratio of the solvent-dewaxed or branched heavy paraffinic distillates relative to the petroleum distillates ranges from 1.00 to 1.30.

(33) 26. The fuel additive composition of any of paragraphs 1 to 25, further comprising one or more additives selected from the group consisting of combustion catalysts, antioxidants, antimicrobial agents, anti-static agents, and combinations thereof.

(34) 27. The fuel additive composition of any of paragraphs 1 to 26, wherein the fuel additive composition is substantially free from alcohols.

(35) 28. The fuel additive composition of any of paragraphs 1 to 27, wherein the fuel additive composition is substantially free from components other than the hydrotreated heavy paraffinic distillates or the saturated heavy paraffinic distillates, the solvent-dewaxed heavy paraffinic distillates or the branched heavy paraffinic distillates, and the petroleum distillates.

(36) 29. A fuel composition comprising: (a) the fuel additive composition of any of paragraphs 1 to 28, and (b) a combustible fuel; wherein a weight ratio of the combustible fuel to the fuel additive composition ranges from 2 to 1000.

(37) 30. The fuel composition of paragraph 29, wherein the combustible fuel comprises a liquid fuel.

(38) 31. The fuel composition of paragraph 30, wherein the liquid fuel comprises a petroleum distillate fuel or oil.

(39) 32. The fuel composition of paragraph 30, wherein the liquid fuel comprises one or more of fuel oil #1, fuel oil #2, fuel oil #3, fuel oil #4, fuel oil #5, fuel oil #6, kerosene, jet fuel, gasoline, diesel fuel, liquefied natural gas, and mixtures thereof.

(40) 33. The fuel composition of paragraph 30, wherein the liquid fuel comprises gasoline.

(41) 34. The fuel composition of paragraph 30, wherein the liquid fuel comprises diesel fuel.

(42) 35. The fuel composition of paragraph 30, wherein the liquid fuel comprises fuel oil #6.

(43) 36. The fuel composition of paragraph 30, wherein the liquid fuel comprises a biodiesel fuel.

(44) 37. The fuel composition of paragraph 29, wherein the combustible fuel comprises a solid fuel.

(45) 38. The fuel composition of any of paragraphs 29 to 37, 43, or 44, wherein the fuel composition is substantially free from alcohols.

(46) 39. The fuel composition of any of paragraphs 29 to 38, 43, or 44, wherein the fuel composition is substantially free from components other than the fuel additive composition and the combustible fuel.

(47) 40. The fuel composition of any of paragraphs 29 to 39, wherein the weight ratio of the combustible fuel to the fuel additive composition ranges from 2 to 20.

(48) 41. The fuel composition of any of paragraphs 29 to 40, wherein the weight ratio of the combustible fuel to the fuel additive composition ranges from 3 to 15.

(49) 42. The fuel composition of any of paragraphs 29 to 41, wherein the weight ratio of the combustible fuel to the fuel additive composition ranges from 5 to 50.

(50) 43. A fuel composition comprising: the fuel additive composition of any of paragraphs 7 to 28; and a combustible fuel; wherein: (i) a weight ratio of the combustible fuel to the fuel additive composition ranges from 2 to 1000; (ii) components (a), (b), and (c) of the fuel additive composition are collectively present in a combined amount ranging from 10 ppm to 5000 ppm by weight based on the fuel composition; (iii) the combustion catalyst is present in an amount ranging from 2 ppm to 100 ppm by weight based on the fuel composition; and (iv) the cetane improver is present in an amount ranging from 100 ppm to 10000 ppm by weight based on the fuel composition.

(51) 44. The fuel composition of paragraph 43, wherein the cetane number of the fuel composition is at least 50.

(52) 45. A method for burning a fuel composition, the method comprising: burning a fuel composition according to any of paragraphs 29 to 44.

(53) 46. The method of paragraph 45, comprising burning the fuel composition in a vehicle engine.

(54) 47. The method of paragraph 46, wherein the combustible fuel comprises gasoline.

(55) 48. The method of paragraph 46, wherein the combustible fuel comprises diesel fuel.

(56) 49. The method of paragraph 45, comprising burning the fuel composition in a generator.

(57) 50. The method of paragraph 49, wherein the combustible fuel comprises diesel fuel.

(58) 51. The method of paragraph 49, wherein the combustible fuel comprises one or more of fuel oil #1, fuel oil #2, fuel oil #3, fuel oil #4, fuel oil #5, and fuel oil #6.

(59) 52. The method of paragraph 45, comprising burning the fuel composition in a ship engine.

(60) 53. The method of paragraph 52, wherein the combustible fuel comprises fuel oil #6.

(61) 54. A method for making a fuel composition, the method comprising: mixing a fuel additive composition of any of paragraphs 1 to 28 with a combustible fuel to form the fuel composition; wherein a weight ratio of the combustible fuel to the fuel additive composition ranges from 2 to 1000.

EXAMPLES

(62) The following examples illustrate the disclosed fuel additive compositions, but are not intended to limit the scope of any claims thereto.

(63) In Examples 1-3, fuel additive compositions were prepared and burned either alone or in combination with a crushed powder basin coal (i.e., a solid fuel composition). Example 1 was prepared by mixing (i) 60 wt. % hydrotreated heavy paraffinic distillates (CAS 64742-54-7; available as CHEVRON 100N, a blend of neutral oil 100C and neutral oil 220C from Chevron USA), (ii) 8.0 wt. % solvent-dewaxed heavy paraffinic distillates (CAS 64742-65-0; available as CALPAR 2500 from Calumet Shreveport Lubricants and Waxes), and (iii) 32.0 wt. % petroleum distillates in the form of Stoddard solvent (CAS 64742-88-7; available from Fisher Scientific). Example 2 was prepared in same way as Example 1, but instead contained (i) 31.2 wt. % hydrotreated heavy paraffinic distillates, (ii) 36.8 wt. % solvent-dewaxed heavy paraffinic distillates, and (iii) 32.0 wt. % petroleum distillates in the form of Stoddard solvent. Example 3 was a commercially available comparative fuel additive composition.

(64) The example formulations were burned either alone or in combination with coal and measured for moisture content (wt. %; ASTM D2961/D3173), ash content (wt. %; ASTM D3174), sulfur content (ASTM D4239), BTU content (BTU/lb; ASTM D5865), volatile matter (wt. %, ASTM D3175), and fixed carbon content (wt. %). Results for burning of the example formulations or coal alone are summarized in Table 1 on an as-received basis, a dry basis, and a MAF-basis (BTU only; moisture and ash free basis). Results for burning of the example formulations in combination with coal are summarized in Table 2 on an as-received basis, a dry basis, and a MAF-basis (BTU only; moisture and ash free basis). For the burn tests with coal, the example formulations were blended with coal in weight ratios of either 1 or 2 parts fuel additive composition to 10 parts of coal.

(65) TABLE-US-00001 TABLE 1 Burn Data for Fuel Additive Formulations Parameter As Rec'd Dry MAF Example 1 Moisture 0.01 Ash 0.01 0.01 Sulfur 0.64 0.64 BTU 19,856 19,858 19,860 Volatile Matter 99.95 99.96 Fixed Carbon 0.03 0.03 Example 2 Moisture 0.01 Ash 0.01 0.01 Sulfur 0.35 0.35 BTU 19,776 19,777 19,779 Volatile Matter 99.95 99.96 Fixed Carbon 0.03 0.03 Example 3 Moisture 0.03 Ash 0.03 0.03 Sulfur 0.05 0.05 BTU 19,662 19,668 19,647 Volatile Matter 0 0 Fixed Carbon 0 0 Coal Sample 1 Moisture 5.02 Ash 18.27 19.23 Sulfur 1.77 1.86 BTU 11,418 12,021 14,884 Volatile Matter 31.23 32.88 Fixed Carbon 45.48 47.89 Coal Sample 2 Moisture 4.15 Ash 13.35 13.93 Sulfur 3.32 3.47 BTU 12,191 12,719 14,777 Volatile Matter 34.74 36.25 Fixed Carbon 47.75 49.82

(66) TABLE-US-00002 TABLE 2 Burn Data for Fuel Additive Formulations with Coal Coal w/Fuel Additive Coal w/Fuel Additive Coal alone (change after treatment) (percent change) Parameter As Rec'd Dry MAF As Rec'd Dry MAF As Rec'd Dry MAF Example 1 (1 part) and Coal (10 parts) Moisture 3.96 −0.19 −4.58% Ash 12.19 12.69 −1.16 −1.24 −8.69% −8.90% Sulfur 2.9 3.02 −0.42 −0.45 −12.65% −12.97% BTU 12,941 13,475 15,434 750 756 657 6.15% 5.94% 4.45% Volatile Matter 41.25 42.95 6.51 6.70 18.74% 18.48% Fixed Carbon 42.6 44.36 −5.15 −5.46 −10.79% −10.96% Example 1 (2 parts) and Coal (10 parts) Moisture 5.08 0.93 22.41% Ash 11.72 12.35 −1.63 −1.58 −12.21% −11.34% Sulfur 2.82 2.97 −0.50 −0.50 −15.06% −14.41% BTU 13,249 13,958 15,925 1058 1239 1148 8.68% 9.74% 7.77% Volatile Matter 42.17 44.43 7.43 8.18 21.39% 22.57% Fixed Carbon 41.03 43.22 −6.72 −6.60 −14.07% −13.25% Example 2 (1 part) and Coal (10 parts) Moisture 5.17 1.02 24.58% Ash 11.7 12.34 −1.65 −1.59 −12.36% −11.41% Sulfur 2.83 2.98 −0.49 −0.49 −14.76% −14.12% BTU 13,229 13,950 15,913 1038 1231 1136 8.51% 9.68% 7.69% Volatile Matter 42.31 44.62 7.57 8.37 21.79% 23.09% Fixed Carbon 40.82 43.05 −6.93 −6.77 −14.51% −13.59% Example 2 (2 parts) and Coal (10 parts) Moisture 3.62 −0.53 −12.77% Ash 12.36 12.82 −0.99 −1.11 −7.42% −7.97% Sulfur 3.03 3.14 −0.29 −0.33 −8.73% −9.51% BTU 12,933 13,419 15,393 742 700 616 6.09% 5.50% 4.17% Volatile Matter 40.41 41.93 5.67 5.68 16.32% 15.67% Fixed Carbon 43.61 45.25 −4.14 −4.57 −8.67% −9.17% Example 3 (1 part) and Coal (10 parts) Moisture 1.17 −3.85 −76.69% Ash 16.97 17.17 −1.30 −2.06 −7.12% −10.71% Sulfur 2.64 2.67 0.87 0.81 49.15% 43.55% BTU 12,692 12,842 15,504 1274 821 620 11.16% 6.83% 4.17% Volatile Matter 38.9 39.36 7.67 6.48 24.56% 19.71% Fixed Carbon 42.96 43.47 −2.52 −4.42 −5.54% −9.23% Example 3 (2 parts) and Coal (10 parts) Moisture 1.19 −3.83 −76.29% Ash 15.66 15.85 −2.61 −3.38 −14.29% −17.58% Sulfur 2.62 2.65 0.85 0.79 48.02% 42.47% BTU 13,166 13,325 15,835 1748 1304 951 15.31% 10.85% 6.39% Volatile Matter 48.88 44.41 17.65 11.53 56.52% 35.07% Fixed Carbon 39.26 39.74 −6.22 −8.15 −13.68% −17.02%

(67) Because other modifications and changes varied to fit particular operating requirements and environments will be apparent to those skilled in the art, the disclosure is not considered limited to the example chosen for purposes of illustration, and covers all changes and modifications which do not constitute departures from the true spirit and scope of this disclosure.

(68) Accordingly, the foregoing description is given for clearness of understanding only, and no unnecessary limitations should be understood therefrom, as modifications within the scope of the disclosure may be apparent to those having ordinary skill in the art.

(69) All patents, patent applications, government publications, government regulations, and literature references cited in this specification are hereby incorporated herein by reference in their entirety. In case of conflict, the present description, including definitions, will control.

(70) Throughout the specification, where the compositions, processes, or apparatus are described as including components, steps, or materials, it is contemplated that the compositions, processes, or apparatus can also comprise, consist essentially of, or consist of, any combination of the recited components or materials, unless described otherwise. Component concentrations can be expressed in terms of weight concentrations, unless specifically indicated otherwise. Combinations of components are contemplated to include homogeneous and/or heterogeneous mixtures, as would be understood by a person of ordinary skill in the art in view of the foregoing disclosure.