Method and apparatus for a variable-resolution screen

Abstract

A variable-resolution screen apparatus and methodology for transforming an image from a microdisplay, display or projector into a variable-resolution image is described herein. The apparatus and methodology could take a high resolution part and a low resolution part, which could be created as a continuous stream of images that are masked to split into two, or as two interleaved images separated by time (or both). The two image streams are reassembled, the high resolution portion into the low resolution background, using various optical embodiments. The various embodiments use beam splitters, beam combiners, shutters, optical masks, lenses, mirrors, optical slabs, lens arrays and other optics in various combinations to create the variable-resolution image. The image from the microdisplay, display or projector is split (in some embodiments), transformed, and recombined to display on a screen or viewer's retina. This apparatus could be implemented in a virtual reality headset.

Claims

1. An optical apparatus, comprising: an image source configured to output a first image component and a second image component; an image steering element configured to direct the first image component to a small image optical element and to direct the second image component to a large image optical element; the small image optical element, configured to receive the first image component and output a high resolution, small image focused onto a screen; and the large image optical element, configured to receive the second image component and output a low resolution, large image focused onto the screen; wherein the high resolution, small image and the low resolution, large image appear as a variable resolution image on the screen.

2. The optical apparatus of claim 1, wherein the image source comprises at least one of a projector, a display or a microdisplay.

3. The optical apparatus of claim 1, wherein the first image component and the second image component are distinct frames of an image stream, and wherein the image source is configured to output the first image component and the second image component in the distinct frames in a time multiplexed manner.

4. The optical apparatus of claim 1, wherein the image source is configured to output an initial image comprising the first image component and the second image component, wherein the first image component comprises a first plurality of pixels of the initial image and the second image component comprises a second plurality of pixels of the initial image.

5. The optical apparatus of claim 1, further comprising: an image separation element that separates the first image component from the second image component, wherein the image separation element comprises an optical mask.

6. The optical apparatus of claim 1, wherein the screen is included in a virtual reality headset.

7. The optical apparatus of claim 1, wherein the small image optical element comprises a lens array configured to output a plurality of duplicates of the high resolution, small image.

8. The optical apparatus of claim 7, further comprising: an optical masking element to mask off at least portions of one or more of the plurality of duplicates of the high resolution, small image.

9. The optical apparatus of claim 8, wherein the optical masking element comprises a display, and wherein the lens array is configured to focus the plurality of duplicates of the high resolution, small image onto pixels of the display, the optical apparatus further comprising: a second lens array or lens to focus a single duplicate of the high resolution, small image onto the screen.

10. The optical apparatus of claim 8, wherein the optical masking element comprises a microdisplay, and wherein the lens array is configured to focus the plurality of duplicates of the high resolution, small image onto pixels of the microdisplay, the optical apparatus further comprising: a second lens array or lens to focus a single duplicate of the high resolution, small image onto the screen.

11. The optical apparatus of claim 8, wherein the optical masking element is configured to reconstruct a single duplicate of the high resolution, small image from digitally rearranged portions of at least four duplicates of the high resolution, small image.

12. The optical apparatus of claim 1, further comprising: a second image steering element to control a placement of the high resolution, small image on the screen.

13. The optical apparatus of claim 1, wherein: the large image optical element comprises at least one lens configured to focus the low resolution, large image onto a field of view of a viewer, and the small image optical element comprises at least one lens configured to focus the high resolution, small image onto an inner portion of the field of view of the viewer.

14. The optical apparatus of claim 1, wherein the image steering element is further configured to separate the first image component from the second image component.

15. The optical apparatus of claim 1, further comprising: an image separation element that separates the first image component from the second image component, wherein the image separation element comprises an optical shutter.

16. The optical apparatus of claim 1, wherein the image steering element comprises a switchable liquid crystal polarization rotator and a polarization beam splitter.

17. The optical apparatus of claim 1, further comprising: a mask to mask a portion of the low resolution, large image that overlaps with the high resolution, small image.

18. The optical apparatus of claim 1, further comprising: a gaze tracking element to detect a foveal view of a viewer, wherein the high resolution, small image is positioned on the low resolution, large image at a position corresponding to the foveal view of the viewer.

19. The optical apparatus of claim 1, further comprising: a beam combiner to combine the high resolution, small image and the low resolution, large image to produce the variable resolution image for output onto the screen.

20. The optical apparatus of claim 1, wherein the screen comprises a viewer's retina.

21. An optical apparatus, comprising: a first image source configured to output a low resolution, large image focused onto a screen; a second image source configured to output a high resolution, small image; an image duplication element to receive the high resolution, small image and output a plurality of duplicates of the high resolution, small image; and an optical masking element to mask off one or more of the plurality of duplicates of the high resolution, small image such that portions of one or more duplicates of the high resolution, small image remain, wherein the portions of the one or more duplicates of the high resolution, small image together form a complete single duplicate of the high resolution, small image that is focused onto a target position on the screen; wherein the high resolution, small image and the low resolution, large image appear as a variable resolution image on the screen.

22. The optical apparatus of claim 21, wherein at least one of the first image source or the second image source comprises at least one of a projector, a display or a microdisplay.

23. The optical apparatus of claim 21, wherein the screen is included in a virtual reality headset.

24. The optical apparatus of claim 21, wherein the image duplication element comprises a lens array.

25. The optical apparatus of claim 24, wherein the optical masking element comprises a display, and wherein the lens array is configured to focus the plurality of duplicates of the high resolution, small image onto pixels of the display, the optical apparatus further comprising: a second lens array or lens to focus the single duplicate of the high resolution, small image onto the screen.

26. The optical apparatus of claim 24, wherein the optical masking element comprises a microdisplay, and wherein the lens array is configured to focus the plurality of duplicates of the high resolution, small image onto pixels of the microdisplay, the optical apparatus further comprising: a second lens array or lens to focus the single duplicate of the high resolution, small image onto the screen.

27. The optical apparatus of claim 21, wherein the screen comprises a viewer's retina.

28. The optical apparatus of claim 21, further comprising: a gaze tracking element to detect a foveal view of a viewer; wherein the single duplicate of the high resolution, small image is positioned on the low resolution, large image at a position corresponding to the foveal view of the viewer.

29. The optical apparatus of claim 21, wherein the portions of the one or more duplicates of the high resolution, small image comprise digitally rearranged portions of at least four duplicates of the high resolution, small image, and wherein the optical masking element is configured to reconstruct the complete single duplicate of the high resolution, small image from the digitally rearranged portions of the at least four duplicates of the high resolution, small image.

30. The optical apparatus of claim 21, further comprising: a beam combiner to combine the high resolution, small image with the low resolution, large image to produce the variable resolution image for output onto the screen.

Description

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

(1) FIG. 1A shows the single pixel approach to display devices.

(2) FIG. 1B shows the scanline approach to display devices.

(3) FIG. 1C shows a multi-focus approach to a display.

(4) FIG. 2 illustrates using persistence of vision to blend images from two consecutive frames into one final image.

(5) FIG. 3 shows splitting an image of a microdisplay, display or projector into two parts that are combined.

(6) FIG. 4A is a functional flow of the light through the optical functions in the simplest embodiment.

(7) FIG. 4B is a hardware flow of the light through the optical elements in the simplest embodiment.

(8) FIG. 5A is a functional flow of the light through the optical functions in a slightly more complex embodiment.

(9) FIG. 5B is a hardware flow of the light through the optical elements in a slightly more complex embodiment.

(10) FIG. 5C is a hardware flow of the light through the optical elements as in the previous drawing with an optical mask (stencil).

(11) FIG. 5D is a hardware flow of the light through the optical elements as in the FIG. 5B for each eye in a head-mounted display.

(12) FIG. 5E illustrates an embodiment using optical slab elements.

(13) FIG. 5F is a hardware flow of the light through the optical elements in a slightly more complex embodiment, using a screen.

(14) FIG. 5G is a hardware flow of the light through the optical elements as in the previous drawing with an optical mask, using a screen.

(15) FIG. 5H is a hardware flow of the light through the optical elements as in the FIG. 5F for each screen in a head-mounted display.

(16) FIG. 6A shows an illustration with rectangles representing individual pixels.

(17) FIG. 6B shows an illustration with individual pixels displaying an actual image.

(18) FIG. 7A shows an original image.

(19) FIG. 7B shows a perspective distorted image.

(20) FIG. 8A shows the image with no distortion or distortion mismatch corrected.

(21) FIG. 8B shows the image with the distortion mismatch.

(22) FIG. 9A shows light going through an optical slab.

(23) FIG. 9B shows light going through an optical slab at an angle.

(24) FIG. 9C shows light going through an optical slab at a different angle.

(25) FIG. 9D shows a superimposition of light going through the same optical slab at two opposite maximum angles.

(26) FIG. 10A illustrates offsetting the image or beam with two mirrors tilted 45 degrees.

(27) FIG. 10B illustrates offsetting the image or beam with two mirrors tilted 40 degrees.

(28) FIG. 11 illustrates offsetting the image or beam with a set of four mirrors.

(29) FIG. 12 illustrates offsetting the image or beam with a set of Dove prism and four mirrors.

(30) FIG. 13 shows a functional flow of light through the optical functions in a lens array embodiment.

(31) FIG. 14 shows a functional flow of light through the optical functions in a second lens array embodiment.

(32) FIG. 15 shows the light flow through the elements of one lens array embodiment.

(33) FIGS. 16A and 16B illustrates an image (FIG. 16A) as it is seen on a screen or viewer's retina (FIG. 16B) after using a lens array.

(34) FIG. 17A shows an embodiment using a matched set of lens arrays and an optical masking element.

(35) FIG. 17B demonstrates reflective microdisplay used for the optical masking element.

(36) FIG. 17C shows the use of a display, such as an LCD display with its reflective and backlight layers removed as the optical masking element.

(37) FIG. 17D illustrates the elements for generating an image with large and small parts that are already optically combined, with the ability to hide the duplicated images of the small part and show only one of them.

(38) FIG. 17E shows the elements for generating an image with large and small parts that are already optically combined, with the ability to hide the duplicated images of the small part and show only one of them.

(39) FIG. 17F demonstrates the elements for another embodiments for generating an image with large and small parts that are already optically combined, with the ability to hide the duplicated images of the small part and show only one of them.

(40) FIG. 17G presents another embodiments of the elements for generating an image with large and small parts that are already optically combined, with the ability to hide the duplicated images of the small part and show only one of them.

(41) FIG. 18 illustrates digitally and optically rearranging portions of an image.

(42) FIG. 19 shows the portions of the images to be optically and digitally rearranged do not have to be partitioned from the middle of the images.

(43) FIG. 20 shows an embodiment of the mounting of the present inventions in a head-mounted display were the physical size is reduced.

(44) FIG. 21 shows an embodiment of the mounting of the present inventions in a head-mounted display using a mirror to reduce the physical size of the unit.

(45) FIG. 22 shows an embodiment of the mounting of the present inventions in a head-mounted display using a mirror and a beam splitter to reduce the physical size of the unit.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

(46) The present inventions describe a system and method for implementing a variable-resolution screen, where the area in front of the viewer's field of view, where the foveal vision expects the greatest resolution, are in a higher resolution than the areas of the screen on the periphery, where the peripheral vision expects less resolution and clarity. In this application four major (and many minor) embodiments are described.

(47) The following inventions describe a method and display apparatus for achieving a variable-resolution screen, which can be defined as a screen which allows the image, when viewed directly or by, but not limited to, an eyepiece (the lens closest to the viewer's eye) or waveguide, provide a resolution which is not uniform across the image but rather more pixels or scanlines are visible to the viewer where needed on the image, such as the center of the viewer's field of view and less in other part or parts of the image.

(48) Such a screen is different from existing screens displaying pre-rendered or real time-rendered foveated content as such methods of variable-resolution content display limit the high resolution part of the content to the native resolution possible with that part of the screen. The term screen can also be used to describe the viewer's retina.

(49) Foveated content is an image, video or real time-generated images where on each image the resolution varies across the image, for example to show more resolution only where the viewer is looking, is able to look at or is meant to look at.

(50) The variable-resolution screen methods and apparatus described here allow to achieve more resolution visible in one or more parts of the image than is possible with the microdisplay, display or projector when used without the methods described here.

(51) The methods described need only existing computing hardware such as a PC, mobile phone or tablet to provide the pre-rendered or real time-rendered content for it.

(52) The methods require as little as only a single DLP (Digital light processing), LCoS (Liquid crystal on silicon), LCD (Liquid crystal display), OLED (Organic light-emitting diode), MicroLED or similar microdisplay, display or projector or LBS (Laser beam steering) or similar projector 401, 411, 501, 511, 521, 551, 2301, 5111, 5121, 5151, 1401 for one variable-resolution screen or one of the above for one variable-resolution screen per eye, for example for head-mounted displays. Using as little as only a single microdisplay, display or projector or only one per eye allows to minimize the cost of producing such a variable-resolution screen apparatus, reduce weight and size of the apparatus. A single microdisplay, display or projector can also refer to microdisplays, displays or projectors where a separate display or microdisplay panel is used for each color channel and they are optically combined such as with a trichroic prism, X-cube prism or dichroic filters. This can be useful for various reasons such as eliminating color separation (also known as rainbow artifact) and increasing the refresh rate.

(53) The usage of such variable-resolution screens are, but not limited to, virtual reality, augmented reality and mixed reality headsets (XR headsets) and video projectors.

(54) Positioning with Mirrors or Wedge Prisms of a High Resolution Small Image Over a Low Resolution Large Image

(55) In one embodiment, a variable-resolution screen can be achieved by positioning a high resolution small image over a low resolution large image with mirrors or wedge (Risley) prisms.

(56) To achieve a variable-resolution screen a single display technology such as a microdisplay or display 401, 411, 501, 511, 521, 551 is operated at fast refresh rates. Each consecutive frame (frame n+1) the microdisplay or display is used to either display a small high resolution part 204 or parts of the final image 205 or a large low resolution part 203 or parts of the final image 205 by sharing the refresh rate of the frames 201, 202 and final image 205 between the latter's two or more parts 203, 204. Persistence of vision blends the two parts 203, 204 into one final image 205. See FIG. 2.

(57) In FIG. 2, the frames alternate with the low resolution frame n 201 displayed followed by high resolution frame n+1 202. With a sufficient refresh rate, the eye interprets the two as a single image 205. The low resolution portion of the combined screen 203 could have a neutral color (black) in the high resolution area 204. And the high resolution portion of the combined screen 204 could have a neutral color (black) in the low resolution area 203. A slight overlap between the two regions 203, 204 will prevent a noticeable seam or gaps by having a blend region where regions 203, 204 overlap. In another embodiment, the low resolution section 203 is not masked and blends with the high resolution portion 204 in the area where the high resolution resides.

(58) Alternatively, to achieve a variable-resolution screen a single display technology such as a microdisplay or display is optically split into two or more parts 301, 302. This method allows one part 301 or parts to use more pixels on the final image by sacrificing the resolution of another part 302 or parts on the final image. See FIG. 3.

(59) The two methods can also be combined to allow to create more parts on the final image or to allow to create two or more final images by sharing both the resolution and refresh rate of the microdisplay or display between the parts, such as for using a single microdisplay or display to create final images for both eyes in a head-mounted display.

(60) In FIG. 3, a 16:9 aspect ratio microdisplay or display split into two parts 301, 302 is shown, for example 19201080 pixel microdisplay or display split into a small 10801080 pixel high resolution part 301 and a large 8401080 pixel low resolution part 302 (the latter may then be optically flipped 90 degrees for a better aspect ratio).

(61) Using optical or optical and mechanical and also optionally digital methods, the parts 301 and 302 can be resized and superimposed on each other 305. The large low resolution part 303 can be masked where the small high resolution part is 304 and where they overlap.

(62) The masking can further be made more seamless by blending the edges optically or digitally by making the transition less abrupt with a digital resolution falloff in the high resolution small image or dimming the pixels with a falloff on both images.

(63) The brightness levels between the two parts may be balanced optically such as with neutral density filters or digitally.

(64) Look to FIGS. 4A and 4B. To be able to use the same microdisplay or display 401, 411 for each part which have a different size and position on the final image 405, with the first method from FIG. 2, the image of the microdisplay or display is steered with a steering element optomechanically or optically, such as, but not limited to, a rotating mirror or beam splitter 402, 412 and an optional mirror 413, only to one of two optical elements 403, 404, 414, 415 for each frame. In case of using a beam splitter instead of a rotating mirror as the steering element, each image each frame must be blocked or let to pass accordingly before, inside or after the optical element 403, 404, 414, 415 with an optical or mechanical shutter such as an LCD shutter in order to prevent 403, 414 and 404, 415 from receiving the same image of every frame instead of the different images of different consecutive frames. This is of course not needed if a polarizer beam splitter is used and the polarization of the image can be controlled each frame before it reaches the beam splitter, such as with a switchable liquid crystal polarization rotator.

(65) To be able to use the same microdisplay or display 401, 411 for each part which have a different size and position on the final image 405, with the second method from FIG. 3, the image of the microdisplay or display 401, 411 is steered with a steering element such as, but not limited to, a beam splitter or a mirror on an image plane 402, 412 and an optional mirror 413, to two optical elements 403, 404, 414, 415. In case of using a beam splitter and not a mirror on an image plane, each image is then masked accordingly before, inside or after the optical element 403, 404, 414, 415 with an optical masking element such as a stencil. The mirror or stencil must be on an image plane to create a sharp cut.

(66) Steering element 402, 412 may be, but is not limited to, a mirror, mirrors, beam splitter and optical or mechanical shutter or shutters combined with one of the above.

(67) The optical element 403, 404, 414, 415 may be, but is not limited to, one of the following, or a combination of: lenses, mirrors, prisms, free-form mirrors.

(68) One of the optical elements 404, 415 may create a small image 417 and the other optical element 403, 414 a comparably large image 416.

(69) In FIG. 4A, the microdisplay or display 401 creates the image and optically sends it to the image or beam steering element 402. The image steering element 402 splits the image into two (or more) images, sending the images to optics creating the low resolution, large image 403 and a high resolution, small image 404. The optical output of the optics 403, 404 are sent to a screen 418 or onto the viewer's retina where the final image is created 405.

(70) Looking to FIG. 4B, the microdisplay or display 411 creates an image that is split with a beam splitter (such as half silvered mirror or polarizer beam splitter) 412 into two identical images going in different directions. One is directed to optics which create a large image 414, while the other goes through a mirror 413 to another optics which creates a small image 415. The large image optics 414 create the lower resolution image 416. The small image optics 415 creates the higher resolution image 417. Both the lower 416 and higher 417 resolution images are projected on the screen 418 or on the viewer's retina as seen in FIG. 5B.

(71) Masking of the area of the large image 416 where the small image 417 is can be achieved, again, digitally, by having black pixels displayed there, or optically, for example by having a stencil on an image plane somewhere inside, before or after the optics to physically (optically) mask off that part of the image.

(72) Then, optionally, the positioning of the small image can be achieved with, but not limited to one or more of the following: actuators with mirrors, galvanometer scanners, actuators with wedge (Risley) prisms, actuators with tilting or shifting lenses, as seen in FIG. 5A.

(73) FIG. 5A shows a microdisplay or display 501 creating an image that is sent to an image or beam steering element 502 (could be a beam splitter). One of the two identical images is sent to the large image optical element 503 and the other image is sent to the small image optical element 504. The small image optical element 504 sends the image to an image or beam steering element 506 (could be a mirror). The images are then combined into a final image 505.

(74) The two images are optically combined, such as with a beam splitter and viewed directly, or through, but not limited to, an eyepiece or waveguide.

(75) Looking to FIG. 5B, the optical elements are shown. The microdisplay or display 511 sends the image to a beam splitter or a rotating mirror 512, that sends images to the large image optics 514 and to a mirror 513 that redirects the image to the small image optics 515. From the small image optics 515, the image is sent to a mirror 519 and then to a beam combiner 518 (beam splitter) to combine with the output of the large image optics 514. From the beam combiner 518, the large image 516 and the small image 517, are sent as a combined image to the viewer's retina 510. In case of using a beam splitter instead of a rotating mirror as the steering element, each image each frame must be blocked or let to pass accordingly before, inside or after the optical element 514, 515 with an optical or mechanical shutter such as an LCD shutter in order to prevent 514 and 515 from receiving the same image of every frame instead of the different images of different consecutive frames. This is of course not needed if a polarizer beam splitter is used and the polarization of the image can be controlled each frame before it reaches the beam splitter, such as with a switchable liquid crystal polarization rotator.

(76) One difference between FIGS. 5B and 5C is that images are illustrated as two lines rather than one before reaching the optical masking elements. This is done to illustrate how the image is masked/cropped by the optical masking elements 530, 531.

(77) Looking to FIG. 5C, the optical elements are shown, for processing the image structure in FIG. 3. The microdisplay or display 521 sends the images to a beam splitter 522, that sends two identical images, one to a mirror 523 first, to optical masking elements (stencils, physical barriers to hide part of the image) 530, 531. The stencil must be on an image plane to create a sharp cut, so can also be inside the optics (524 and 525), or after the optics.

(78) The images leave from the stencils 530, 531 to the large image optics 524 and to the small image optics 525. From the small image optics 525, the image is sent to a mirror 529 and then to a beam combiner 528 (beam splitter) to combine with the output of the large image optics 524. From the beam combiner 528, the large image 526 and the small image 527, are sent as a combined image to the viewer's retina 520.

(79) Looking to FIG. 5D we see a head-mounted display embodiment which uses a single microdisplay or display 551 for both eyes. First the resolution of the microdisplay or display is split between eyes, then each frame is used only for one projection (large or small image). For example with a 240 Hz DLP microdisplay this provides 120 Hz refresh rate per image per eye.

(80) The microdisplay or display 551 sends the image to a beam splitter 560 that sends two identical images, one to a mirror 580 first, to the stencils 561, 571 that mask off the portion of the image not destined for the specific eye. In one embodiment, the stencils 561, 571 could be shutters such as an LCD shutter or LCD pi-cell so each frame will be sent only to one optics and blocked for the rest of the optics 554, 555, 574, 575, such as in the instance seen in FIG. 2. In another embodiment, the stencils 561, 571 could be removed so each frame the whole image will be sent only to one optics and blocked for the rest of the optics 554, 555, 574, 575, such as in the instance seen in FIG. 2. For example with a 240 Hz DLP microdisplay this provides 60 Hz refresh rate per image per eye.

(81) The left stencil (top in the diagram) 561 sends the image to a second beam splitter 552 which send two identical images, one to a mirror 553 first, to the two LCD shutters 562, 563 for the FIG. 2 embodiment. The shutters 562, 563 could be replaced with stencils (a physical barrier to hide part of the image) for the FIG. 3 embodiment. The stencils have to be on an image plane to create a sharp cut, so can also be inside the optics (554 and 555), or after the optics.

(82) The images leave from the shutters (or stencils) 562, 563 to the large image optics 554 and to the small image optics 555. From the small image optics 555, the image is sent to a mirror 559 and then to a beam combiner 558 (beam splitter) to combine with the output of the large image optics 554. From the beam combiner 558, the large image 556 and the small image 557, are sent as a combined image to the viewer's retina 550.

(83) The right stencil (bottom in the diagram) 571 sends the image to a second beam splitter 572 which sends two identical images, one to a mirror 573 first, to the two LCD shutters 580, 581 for the FIG. 2 embodiment. The shutters 580, 581 could be replaced with stencils for the FIG. 3 embodiment. The stencils must be on an image plane to create a sharp cut, so can also be inside the optics (574 and 575), or after the optics.

(84) The images leave from the shutters (or stencils) 580, 581 to the large image optics 574 and to the small image optics 575. From the small image optics 575, the image is sent to a mirror 579 and then to a beam combiner 578 (beam splitter) to combine with the output of the large image optics 574. From the beam combiner 578, the large image 576 and the small image 577, are sent as a combined image to the viewer's retina 570.

(85) Due to persistence of vision with the method in FIG. 2 and masking with the method in FIG. 3 the two parts appear as one uniform image 604 in FIG. 6B.

(86) In FIG. 6A, the illustration shows rectangles representing individual pixels 601. FIG. 6B shows an illustration with individual pixels displaying an actual image 604.

(87) Since the small high resolution part 603, 606 in the final image 601, 604 can be smaller than it could be without the use of these methods, the variable-resolution screen method and apparatus described here allows to achieve more resolution visible in one or more parts of the image than is possible with the display technology when used without the methods described here.

(88) This allows to achieve a variable-resolution screen, such as a head-mounted display screen which uses only one microdisplay or display or one per eye with a high pixel or scanline density in the center of the field of view of the viewer and less in the periphery.

(89) Optionally, by adding eye tracking via, but not limited to, gaze tracking cameras or electrodes, the small high resolution part 603, 606 can be positioned on the final image 601, 604 on the large low resolution part 602, 605 where the viewer's foveal view is at any given point in time. This allows to always have more pixels or scanlines concentrated in the foveal and optionally also in the near peripheral view of the viewer at any given point in time.

(90) Optionally the positioning of the large low resolution part 602, 605 can be achieved the same way the positioning of the small high resolution part 603, 606, for example to have pixels only in the field of view of the viewer's eye and not the total field of view of the viewer which takes into account eye rotations.

(91) There can also be more than two parts, such as three, one for the foveal view, one for near peripheral and one for far peripheral and they can be combined and optionally positioned the same way as mentioned above.

(92) Those skilled in the art will understand that the order of some elements can be changed and more can be added, such as steering both large and small images together after they are optically combined, or adding more elements for creating more small or large parts on the final image.

(93) Positioning with Mirrors or Wedge Prisms of a High Resolution Narrow Projection Beam Over a Low Resolution Wide Projection Beam

(94) In another embodiment, a variable-resolution screen is achieved by positioning a high resolution narrow video projection over a low resolution wide video projection with mirrors or wedge (Risley) prisms.

(95) To achieve a variable-resolution screen a single video projector such as a single illuminated microdisplay, display, LBS (Laser beam steering) projector or other type of video projector (from now on referred to as projector) 401, 411, 501, 511, 521, 551, 5111, 5121, 5151 is operated at fast refresh rates. Each consecutive frame (frame n+1) the projector is used to either display a small high resolution part 204 or parts of the final image 205 or a large low resolution part 203 or parts of the final image 205 by sharing the refresh rate of the frames 201, 202 and final image 205 between the latter's two or more parts 203, 204. Persistence of vision blends the two parts 203, 204 into one final projected image 205.

(96) Alternatively, in FIG. 3, to achieve a variable-resolution screen 305 a single video projector such as a single illuminated microdisplay, display, LBS (laser beam steering) projector or other type of video projector (from now on referred to as projector) is optically split into two or more parts 301, 302. This method allows one part 301, 304 or parts to use more pixels on the final projected image 305 by sacrificing the resolution of another part 302, 303 or parts.

(97) The two methods can also be combined to allow to create more parts on the final projected image or to allow to create two or more final projected images by sharing both the resolution and refresh rate of the projector between the parts, such as for using a single projector to create final projected images for both eyes in a head-mounted display.

(98) There are several advantages to using projection beams rather than microdisplays and displays when viewed directly or through lens or other optics:

(99) First of all, it is very challenging to design a wide field of view head-mounted display when using microdisplays while trying to keep the magnification lenses or other optics small and lightweight versus using much smaller projection lenses to project onto a screen larger than the microdisplay and viewing that screen through lenses or other optics instead.

(100) Second, using video projections has the advantage of allowing to have all of the optical elements including steering elements be much smaller as they can be positioned in the optical design before, or somewhere in between the projection optics which create the large final image on a projection screen.

(101) Third, due to the external illumination nature of reflective microdisplays such as LCoS, DLP and transmissive microdisplays such as LCD, the beam angle for each pixel can be narrower than with emissive microdisplays such as OLED or microLED which can allow to provide an optical system with less stray light and be more efficient while providing the same or higher brightness to the viewer.

(102) Fourth, due to the external illumination nature of reflective and transmissive microdisplays much higher brightness is achievable than with emissive microdisplays which have the physical pixels emit the light themselves like OLEDs and microLEDs or with LCD displays which makes it challenging to have them provide enough brightness, especially as the field of view and magnification of the display increases, or for augmented reality head-mounted displays where there can be a lot of light loss in the optical system.

(103) In FIG. 3, a single 16:9 aspect ratio microdisplay or display is split into two parts, for example 19201080 pixel microdisplay or display split into a small 10801080 pixel high resolution part 301 and a large 8401080 pixel low resolution part 302 (the latter may then be optically flipped 90 degrees for a better aspect ratio).

(104) Using optical or optical and mechanical and also optionally digital methods, the parts 301 and 302 can be resized and superimposed on each other 305 and the large low resolution part 303 can be masked where the small high resolution part 304 is and where they overlap.

(105) The masking can further be made more seamless by blending the edges optically or digitally by making the transition less abrupt with a digital resolution falloff in the high resolution small image or dimming the pixels with a falloff on both images.

(106) The brightness levels between the two parts may be balanced optically such as with neutral density filters or digitally.

(107) Look to FIGS. 4A and 4B. To be able to use the same projector 401, 411 for each part which have a different size and position on the final projected image 405, with the first method from FIG. 2, the beam of the projector is steered with a steering element optomechanically or optically, such as, but not limited to, a rotating mirror or beam splitter 402, 412 and an optional mirror 413, only to one of two optical elements 403, 404, 414, 415 for each frame. In case of using a beam splitter instead of a rotating mirror as the steering element, each beam each frame must be blocked or let to pass accordingly before, inside or after the optical element 403, 404, 414, 415 with an optical or mechanical shutter such as an LCD shutter in order to prevent 403, 414 and 404, 415 from receiving the same beam of every frame instead of the different beams of different consecutive frames. This is of course not needed if a polarizer beam splitter is used and the polarization of the beam can be controlled each frame before it reaches the beam splitter, such as with a switchable liquid crystal polarization rotator.

(108) To be able to use the same projector 401, 411 for each part which have a different size and position on the final image 405 on the screen 418, with the second method from FIG. 3, the beam of the projector 401, 411 is steered with a steering element such as, but not limited to, a beam splitter or a mirror on an image plane 402, 412 and an optional mirror 413, to two optical elements 403, 404, 414, 415. In case of using a beam splitter and not a mirror on an image plane, each beam is then masked accordingly before, inside or after the optical element 403, 404, 414, 415 with an optical masking element such as a stencil. The mirror or stencil must be on an image plane to create a sharp cut.

(109) Steering element 402, 412 may be, but is not limited to, a mirror, mirrors, beam splitter and optical or mechanical shutter or shutters combined with one of the above.

(110) The optical element 403, 404, 414, 415 may be, but is not limited to, one of the following, or a combination of: lenses, mirrors, prisms, free-form mirrors.

(111) One of the optical elements 404, 415 may create a narrow beam 417 and the other optical element 403, 414 a comparably wide beam 416.

(112) Looking to FIG. 4B, the projector 411 creates a projection beam that is split with a beam splitter (such as half silvered mirror or polarizer beam splitter) 412 into two identical projection beams going in different directions. One is directed to optics 414 which create a wide beam, while the other goes through a mirror 413 to another optics 415 which creates a narrow beam. The wide beam optics 414 create the lower resolution image beam 416. The narrow beam optics 415 creates the higher resolution image beam 417. Both the lower 416 and higher 417 resolution beams are projected onto the viewer's retina or screen 418.

(113) Masking of the area of the wide beam 416 where the narrow beam 417 is can be achieved, again, digitally by having black pixels displayed there, or optically, for example by having a stencil on an image plane somewhere inside, before or after the optics to physically (optically) mask off that part of the projection beam.

(114) Then, optionally, the positioning of the small image of the narrow beam can be achieved with, but not limited to one or more of the following: actuators with mirrors, galvanometer scanners, actuators with wedge (Risley) prisms, actuators with tilting or shifting lenses, as seen in FIG. 5A.

(115) The two beams are projected onto the same screen as seen in FIG. 4B or first optically combined, such as with a beam splitter, projected onto a screen and viewed directly, or through, but not limited to, an eyepiece or waveguide. This is seen in the beam steering elements 519 and 518 of FIG. 5B.

(116) Looking to FIG. 5F, the optical elements are shown. The projector 5111 sends the projection beam to a beam splitter or a rotating mirror 5112, that sends projection beams to the wide beam optics 5114 and to a mirror 5113 that redirects the projection beam to the narrow beam optics 5115. From the narrow beam optics 5115, the beam is sent to a mirror 5119 and then to a beam combiner 5118 (beam splitter) to combine with the output of the wide beam optics 5114. From the beam combiner 5118, the wide beam 5116 and the narrow beam 5117, are sent as a combined projection beam to the viewer's retina or the screen 5110. In case of using a beam splitter instead of a rotating mirror as the steering element, each beam each frame must be blocked or let to pass accordingly before, inside or after the optical element 5114, 5115 with an optical or mechanical shutter such as an LCD shutter in order to prevent 5114 and 5115 from receiving the same beam of every frame instead of the different beams of different consecutive frames. This is of course not needed if a polarizer beam splitter is used and the polarization of the image can be controlled each frame before it reaches the beam splitter, such as with a switchable liquid crystal polarization rotator.

(117) One difference between FIGS. 5F and 5G is that projection beams are illustrated as two lines rather than one before reaching the optical masking elements. This is done to illustrate how the projection beam is masked/cropped by the optical masking elements 5130, 5131.

(118) Looking to FIG. 5G, the optical elements are shown, for processing the image structure in FIG. 3. The projector 5121 sends the projection beam to a beam splitter 5122, that sends two identical projection beams, one to a mirror 5123 first, to a stencil (a physical barrier to hide part of the image) 5130, 5131. The stencils must be on an image plane to create a sharp cut, so can also be inside the optics (5124 and 5125), or after the optics.

(119) The beams leave from the stencils 5130, 5131 to the wide beam optics 5124 and to the narrow beam optics 5125. From the narrow beam optics 5125, the beam is sent to a mirror 5129 and then to a beam combiner 5128 (beam splitter) to combine with the output of the wide beam optics 5124. From the beam combiner 5128, the wide beam 5126 and the narrow beam 5127, are sent as a combined projection beam to the viewer's retina or screen 5120.

(120) Looking to FIG. 5H we see a head-mounted display embodiment which uses a single projector 5151 for both screens (for both eyes). First the resolution of the microdisplay or display is split between eyes, then each frame is used only for one projection (large or small image). For example with a 240 Hz DLP projector this provides 120 Hz refresh rate per image per screen.

(121) The projector 5151 sends the beam to a beam splitter 5160 that sends two identical beams, one reflected from a mirror 5182 first, to the stencils 5161, 5171 that mask off the portion of the image not destined for the specific eye. In one embodiment, the stencils 5161, 5171 could be shutters such as an LCD shutter or LCD pi-cell, so each frame will be sent only to one optics and blocked for the rest of the optics 5154, 5155, 5174, 5175, such as in the instance seen in FIG. 2. In another embodiment, the stencils 5161, 5171 could be removed so each frame the whole image will be sent only to one optics and blocked for the rest of the optics 5154, 5155, 5174, 5175, such as in the instance seen in FIG. 2. For example with a 240 Hz DLP projector this provides 60 Hz refresh rate per image per eye.

(122) The left stencil (top in the diagram) 5161 sends the beam to a second beam splitter 5152 which send two identical beams, one to a mirror 5153 first, to the two LCD shutters 5162, 5163 for the FIG. 2 embodiment. The LCD shutters 5162, 5163 could be replaced with stencils (a physical barrier to hide part of the projection beam) for the FIG. 3 embodiment. The stencils must be on an image plane to create a sharp cut, so can also be inside the optics (5154 and 5155), or after the optics.

(123) The beams leave from the shutters (or stencils) 5162, 5163 to the wide beam optics 5154 and narrow beam optics 5155. From the narrow beam optics 5155, the beam is sent to a mirror 5159 and then to a beam combiner 5158 (beam splitter) to combine with the output of the wide beam optics 5154. From the beam combiner 5158, the wide beam 5156 and the narrow beam 5157, are sent as a combined beam to the screen 5150 or viewer's retina.

(124) The right stencil (bottom in the diagram) 5171 sends the beam to a second beam splitter 5172 which sends two identical beams, one to a mirror 5173 first, to the two LCD shutters 5180, 5181 for the FIG. 2 embodiment. The LCD shutters 5180, 5181 could be replaced with stencils (a physical barrier to hide part of the projection beam) for the FIG. 3 embodiment. This has to be in an image plane to create a sharp cut, so can also be inside the optics (5174 and 5175), or after the optics.

(125) The beams leave from the LCD shutters (or stencils) 5180, 5181 to the wide beam optics 5174 and narrow beam optics 5175. From the narrow beam optics 5175, the beam is sent to a mirror 5179 and then to a beam combiner 5178 (beam splitter) to combine with the output of the wide beam optics 5174. From the beam combiner 5178, the wide beam 5176 and the narrow beam 5177, are sent as a combined beam to the screen 5170 or viewer's retina.

(126) Due to persistence of vision with the method in FIG. 2 and masking with the method in FIG. 3 the two parts appear as one uniform projected image 604 in FIG. 6B.

(127) In FIG. 6A, the illustration shows rectangles representing individual pixels 601. FIG. 6B shows an illustration with individual pixels displaying an actual image 604.

(128) Since the small high resolution part 603, 606 in the final projected image 601, 604 can be smaller than it could be without the use of these methods, the variable-resolution screen method and apparatus described here allows to achieve more resolution visible in one or more parts of the projected image than is possible with the projector when used without the methods described here.

(129) This allows to achieve a variable-resolution screen, such as a head-mounted display screen which uses only one projector or one per eye with a high pixel or scanline density in the center of the field of view of the viewer and less in the periphery.

(130) Optionally, by adding eye tracking via, but not limited to, gaze tracking cameras or electrodes, the small high resolution part 603, 606 can be positioned on the final projected image 601, 604 on the large low resolution part 602, 605 where the viewer's foveal view is at any given point in time. This allows to always have more pixels or scanlines concentrated in the foveal and optionally also in the near peripheral view of the viewer at any given point in time.

(131) Optionally the positioning of the large low resolution part 602, 605 can be achieved the same way the positioning of the small high resolution part 603, 606, for example to have pixels only in the field of view of the viewer's eye and not the total field of view of the viewer which takes into account eye rotations.

(132) There can also be more than two parts, such as three, one for the foveal view, one for near peripheral and one for far peripheral and they can be combined and optionally positioned the same way as mentioned above.

(133) Those skilled in the art will understand that the order of some elements can be changed and more can be added, such as steering both large and small images together after they are optically combined, or adding more elements for creating more small or large parts on the final projected image.

(134) Shifting with Optical Slabs or Mirrors a High Resolution Small Image or Narrow Projection Beam Over a Low Resolution Large Image or Wide Projection Beam

(135) In another embodiment, a variable-resolution screen is achieved by shifting/offsetting a small and high resolution image or projection beam over a large and low resolution image or projection beam with optical slabs or mirrors.

(136) To achieve a variable-resolution screen a single display technology such as a microdisplay or display or a single video projector such as a single illuminated microdisplay, display, LBS (laser beam steering) projector or other type of video projector (from now on referred to as projector) 401, 411, 501, 511, 521, 551, 2301, 5111, 5121, 5151 is operated at fast refresh rates. In FIG. 2, each consecutive frame (frame n+1) the microdisplay, display or projector is used to either display or project a small high resolution part 204 or parts of the final image 205 or a large low resolution part 203 or parts of the final image 205 by sharing the refresh rate of the frames 201, 202 and final image 205 between the latter's two or more parts 203, 204. Persistence of vision blends the two parts 203, 204 into one final image 205.

(137) FIG. 3 shows an alternative embodiment, to achieve a variable-resolution screen a single display technology such as a microdisplay, display or a single video projector such as a single illuminated microdisplay, display, LBS (Laser beam steering) projector or other type of video projector (from now on referred to as projector) is optically split into two or more parts 301, 302. This method allows a small high resolution part or parts 304 to use more pixels on the final image 305 by sacrificing the resolution of a large low resolution part 303 or parts.

(138) The two methods can also be combined to allow to create more parts on the final image or to allow to create two or more final images by sharing both the resolution and refresh rate of the microdisplay, display or projector between the parts, such as for using a single microdisplay, display or projector to create final images for both eyes in a head-mounted display.

(139) In FIG. 3, a single 16:9 aspect ratio microdisplay or display is split into two parts, for example 19201080 pixel microdisplay or display split into a small 10801080 pixel high resolution part 301 and a large 8401080 pixel low resolution part 302 (the latter may then be optically flipped 90 degrees for a better aspect ratio).

(140) Using optical or optical and mechanical and also optionally digital methods, the parts 301 and 302 can be resized and superimposed on each other and the large low resolution part 303 can be masked where the small high resolution part 304 is and where they overlap.

(141) The masking can further be made more seamless by blending the edges optically or digitally by making the transition less abrupt with a digital resolution falloff in the high resolution small image 304 or narrow beam or dimming the pixels with a falloff on both images or beams.

(142) The brightness levels between the two parts may be balanced optically such as with neutral density filters or digitally.

(143) Look to FIGS. 4A and 4B. To be able to use the same microdisplay, display or projector 401, 411 for each part which have a different size and position on the final image 405, with the first method from FIG. 2, the image of the microdisplay or display or the beam of the projector is steered with a steering element optomechanically or optically, such as, but not limited to, a rotating mirror or beam splitter 402, 412 and an optional mirror 413, only to one of two optical elements 403, 404, 414, 415 for each frame. In case of using a beam splitter instead of a rotating mirror as the steering element, each image or beam each frame must be blocked or let to pass accordingly before, inside or after the optical element 403, 404, 414, 415 with an optical or mechanical shutter such as an LCD shutter in order to prevent 403, 414 and 404, 415 from receiving the same image or beam of every frame instead of the different images or beams of different consecutive frames. This is of course not needed if a polarizer beam splitter is used and the polarization of the beam can be controlled each frame before it reaches the beam splitter, such as with a switchable liquid crystal polarization rotator.

(144) To be able to use the same microdisplay, display or projector 401, 411 for each part which have a different size and position on the final image 405 with the second method from FIG. 3, the image of the microdisplay or display or the beam of the projector 401, 411 is steered with a steering element such as, but not limited to, a beam splitter or a mirror on an image plane 402, 412 and an optional mirror 413, to two optical elements 403, 404, 414, 415. In case of using a beam splitter and not a mirror on an image plane, each image or beam is then masked accordingly before, inside or after the optical element 403, 404, 414, 415 with an optical masking element such as a stencil. The mirror or stencil must be on an image plane to create a sharp cut.

(145) Steering element 402, 412 may be, but is not limited to, a mirror, mirrors, beam splitter and optical or mechanical shutter or shutters combined with one of the above.

(146) The optical element 403, 404, 414, 415 may be, but is not limited to, one of the following, or a combination of: lenses, mirrors, prisms, free-form mirrors.

(147) One of the optical elements 404, 415 may create a small image or narrow beam 417 and the other optical element 403, 414 a comparably large image or wide beam 416.

(148) In the embodiment in FIGS. 5A and 5B, the positioning of the small image or narrow beam can be achieved with, but not limited to one or more of the following: optical slabs or mirrors 506, 519, 529, 559, 579, 2310, 2311, 5119, 5129, 5159, 5179.

(149) The two images or beams are optically combined, such as with a beam splitter and viewed directly, or through, but not limited to, an eyepiece or waveguide.

(150) Due to persistence of vision with the method in FIG. 2 and masking with the method in FIG. 3 the two parts appear as one uniform image 604 in FIG. 6B.

(151) Looking to FIG. 5E, we see a variant of FIG. 5B or 5F with two tilting optical slabs 2310 and 2311. The microdisplay, display or projector 2301 creates the image or beam and sends the image or beam through a beam splitter or a rotating mirror 2302. Two identical images or beams are sent from the beam splitter 2302. One image or beam is sent through the low resolution, large image or wide beam optics 2304, where the high resolution portion is masked off in case of using the method in FIG. 3, and then to the beam splitter 2308, used here as a beam combiner. The other image or beam is sent from the beam splitter 2302 to a mirror 2303 to the high resolution, small image or narrow beam optics 2305, where the low resolution image is masked off in case of using the method in FIG. 3. From the small image or narrow beam optics 2305, the image or beam is reflected off a mirror 2309 to two beam steering elements 2310, 2311, to offset the small image or narrow beam in the axis (after it will be combined with the beam combiner 2308) of the large image or wide beam. In this illustration the beam steering elements are two thick optical slabs 2310, 2311 that rotate in X and Y axis respectively to offset the image or beam in these two respective axis. The optical slabs 2310, 2311 may each be substituted with a single mirror that rotates in both axis or two rotating/tilting mirrors, to name a few possible alternative embodiments. From the second optical slab 2311, the shifted image or beam travels to the beam splitter 2308, used here as a beam combiner. From the beam splitter 2308, the low resolution, large image or wide beam 2306 and the high resolution, small image or narrow beam 2307 travel to the screen 2300 or viewer's retina.

(152) In case of using a beam splitter instead of a rotating mirror as the steering element 2302 and using the method in FIG. 2, each image each frame must be blocked or let to pass accordingly before, inside or after the optical element 2304, 2305 with an optical or mechanical shutter such as an LCD shutter in order to prevent 2304 and 2305 from receiving the same image of every frame instead of the different images of different consecutive frames. This is of course not needed if a polarizer beam splitter is used and the polarization of the image can be controlled each frame before it reaches the beam splitter, such as with a switchable liquid crystal polarization rotator.

(153) In FIG. 6A, the illustration shows rectangles representing individual pixels 601. FIG. 6B shows an illustration with individual pixels displaying an actual image 604.

(154) With tilting/rotating mirrors and rotating wedge (Risley) prisms, the projection beam or image is steered and gets a perspective distortion, as seen in FIG. 7B, and some optical aberrations which get progressively worse as the image or beam is steered farther away from the center. To fix the perspective distortion the image 702 must be pre-distorted digitally which reduces the possible size of the high resolution small image and the number of utilized pixels significantly.

(155) Also, if there is any inaccuracy or precision issues during positioning, it is visible as a very apparent distortion and seam as the digital distortion and image or projection beam do not match the current positioning by the mirror, prism or other tilting element, as seen in FIG. 8A.

(156) FIG. 7A is an original image 701, and FIG. 7B is a perspective distorted image 702.

(157) In FIG. 8A, the correct image 801 is seen. In the image on the right 802 (FIG. 8B) the digital imaging and image positioning and distortion mismatch which causes distortion and seam between the two image parts is seen.

(158) With shifting/offsetting the image or beam instead, these issues do not happen.

(159) The beam or image can be shifted by, but not limited to, two tilting/rotating optical slabs, one for each axis, two dual axis tilting/rotating mirrors such as Optotune MR-15-30-PS-2525D or four tilting/rotating mirrors (two per axis).

(160) In FIGS. 9A-D, an optical slab 902 is a glass slab or a plastic polymer slab clear in the visible spectrum which allows to shift/offset an image or projection beam 903.

(161) Both an image as well as a projection beam 903 may be shifted with this method. The latter allows to have the slabs 902 relatively small which can direct the projection beam to projection optics which can produce a large projected image not requiring much more magnification by the eyepiece lens, waveguide or similar optics in a head-mounted display device.

(162) However, an image may be shifted by this method as well when the magnification can be performed by the eyepiece optics, limited amount of shifting is needed or limited amount of magnification is needed by the eyepiece lens, waveguide or similar optics.

(163) In FIG. 9B we see a 202020 mm PMMA (Poly(methyl methacrylate)) polymer optical slab 902 with a collimated 5 mm wide 638 nm wavelength beam 903 passing through it and being shifted. In this example the slab can tilt +34 degrees (the range is 34 degrees) and offset the beam by up to 8.04 mm. Considering a situation where such a beam later goes through a projection lens and the 5 mm beam is meant to cover 20 degrees of the field of view when looking through the eyepiece or waveguide, a 16.08 mm shift would allow to move the high resolution image which the beam contains by over 64 degrees or more which is more than the average human can comfortably rotate their eyes.

(164) In FIG. 9B the optical slab 904 is tilted 34 degrees to offset the beam 903 8.04 mm downwards.

(165) Two of such slabs 902,904 will be needed, as seen in FIG. 5E, rotating in different axis to allow to shift the beam 903 in both axis, or having an optical component such as a Dove prism or an identical mirror assembly between two slabs 902, 904 allowing them to rotate in the same axis.

(166) The illustration is just for example purposes and different materials and sizes for the slabs 902, 904, dimensions for the beams 903 and rotation ranges are possible.

(167) Slight dispersion of an RGB image or projection beam 903 caused by the optical slab 902, 904 can be compensated for by digitally offsetting each color channel by several pixels accordingly. Since offsetting will need to be done only to one or two color channels with higher refractive index, one or two color channels won't be able to reach the same offset on the edges of the image or projection beam 903 which may require to digitally or optically crop the image or projection beam 903 slightly on the edges so the pixels in each color channel can be offset as much as is required to undo the separation of the color channels caused by dispersion. This loss of pixels on the edges is still negligible compared to loss of pixels/detail due to correction of a perspective distortion from previous embodiments.

(168) With the above example at the extreme 34 degree slab tilt the angle of refraction at 445 nm wavelength is 21.9 degrees and at 638 nm wavelength is 22.1 degrees. This results in 0.06 mm dispersion between the red and blue color channel of the image or projection beam 903. Assuming the resolution of this 5 mm wide image or projection beam 903 is 1080 pixels by 1080 pixels, this amounts to 0.061080/5=12.96 pixels. Sacrificing 13 pixels on each edge of the beam 903 will allow to offset the color channels digitally to undo the effect of dispersion at any angle.

(169) Specifically looking to FIG. 9A, we see the beam 903 moving through the air 901 to the slab 902. Since the slab 902 is perpendicular to the beam 903, the beam 903 goes straight through the slab 902.

(170) In FIG. 9B, the slab 904 is tilted 34 degrees, causing the beam 903 to be offset 8.04 mm downwards.

(171) In FIG. 9C, the slab 902 is tilted +34 degrees, causing the beam 903 to be offset 8.04 mm upwards.

(172) In FIG. 9D, there are two views of a single slab 902, 904 superimposed over each other to illustrate how much the beam offsets from one angle to the other. The slab view 904 is tilted 34 degrees, causing the beam 903 to be offset 8.04 mm downwards while slab view 902 is tilted +34 causing the beam 903 to be offset 8.04 mm upwards. Thus the beam 903 may be offset up and down, creating images or beams at most 16.08 mm apart.

(173) As seen in FIG. 10A and FIG. 10B, the slabs 902, 904 can also be swapped with 2d mirrors (dual axis tilting/rotating mirrors such as Optotune MR-15-30-PS-2525D) or two mirrors 1001, 1002 or 1003, 1004. This is a savings in cost traded off with bigger space requirements. On the other hand, dispersion is not an issue with mirrors.

(174) In FIG. 10A the mirrors are tilted at 45 degrees 1001, 1002 and 40 degrees 1003, 1004 in FIG. 10B.

(175) Two 2d mirrors rotating in two axis or four mirrors 1101, 1102, 1103, 1104 are required to shift the beam or image in two axis as seen in FIG. 11.

(176) In FIG. 11, both mirrors 1101, 1102 have a top-down view purely for illustrative purposes, the second set of mirrors 1103, 1104 are in another axis.

(177) FIG. 12 shows another embodiment. Either the second set of mirrors 1204, 1205 can be flipped and rotated in another axis or to save space in one axis a Dove prism 1203 or an equivalent mirror assembly may be placed between the two 2d mirrors or mirror pairs 1201, 1202 and 1204, 1205 to flip the axis of the offset performed by the previous set and have the mirrors and the components which shift/offset them in the same axis.

(178) In FIG. 12 we see the path the ray travels when using the Dove prism 1203 (The Dove prism proportions and angle are not accurate in this drawing, nor is the path the ray travels inside the Dove prism itself).

(179) Since the smaller high resolution part in the final image can be smaller than it could be without the use of these methods, the variable-resolution screen method and apparatus described here allows to achieve more resolution visible in one or more parts of the final image than is possible with the display, microdisplay or projector when used without the method described here.

(180) This allows to achieve a variable-resolution screen, such as a head-mounted display screen which uses as little as only one microdisplay, display or projector or one per eye with a high pixel or scanline density in the center of the field of view of the viewer and less in the periphery.

(181) By adding eye tracking via, but not limited to, gaze tracking cameras or electrodes, the smaller high resolution part can be moved on the final image or screen on the bigger low resolution part where the viewer's foveal view is at any given point in time. This allows to always have more pixels or scanlines concentrated in the foveal and optionally also in the near peripheral view of the viewer at any given point in time.

(182) Optionally the positioning of the bigger low resolution part can be achieved the same way the positioning of the smaller high resolution part, for example to have pixels only in the field of view of the viewer's eye and not the total field of view of the viewer which takes into account eye rotations.

(183) There can also be more than two parts, such as three, one for the foveal view, one for near peripheral and one for far peripheral and they can be combined the same way as mentioned above.

(184) Those skilled in the art will understand that the order of some elements in the diagrams can be changed and more can be added, such as shifting both large and small images or beams together after they are optically combined, or adding more elements for creating more smaller or bigger parts on the final image.

(185) Variable-Resolution Screen with No Moving Parts

(186) In a further embodiment, a variable-resolution screen is achieved by creating and digitally and optically positioning a small and high resolution image or projection over a large low resolution image or projection with no mechanically moving parts.

(187) The image source for the at least one large low resolution part 201 and at least one small high resolution part 202 can be the same microdisplay, display or projector with consecutive frames (frame n and frame n+1) distributed between the two or more parts 203, 204 of the final image or beam (see FIG. 2). Or the parts of the images of the microdisplay, display or projector could be optically split into two 301, 302 or more and allocated between the at least one large low resolution part 303 and at least one small high resolution part 304, as in FIG. 3. Alternatively, the at least one large low resolution part and at least one small high resolution part can have a different microdisplay, display or projector as image source each as in FIG. 13.

(188) See FIG. 3, where a single 16:9 aspect ratio microdisplay or display is split into two parts, for example 19201080 pixel microdisplay or display split into a small 10801080 pixel high resolution part 301 and a large 8401080 pixel low resolution part 302 (the latter may then be optically flipped 90 degrees for a better aspect ratio).

(189) The lack of mechanically moving parts provides several advantages:

(190) First, eliminating moving parts eliminates the sensitivity to vibration, misalignment, mechanical failure, audible noise or any other issues associated with using mechanically moving parts.

(191) Second, repositioning of the small high resolution part can take as low as few microseconds to few milliseconds, based on the speed of the optical masking element used as described below. By contrast it is difficult to get actuators to rotate a mirror, prism or slab as fast as the saccadic movement of the human eye while keeping such a motor as small as possible for a wearable device.

(192) Third, positioning takes equal amounts of time irrespective of the new position the small high resolution part has to be positioned to.

(193) At first, an image or projection beam is optically duplicated across the whole or most of the screen or the viewer's retina or part of the screen the human eye can rotate and focus at.

(194) This can be achieved by, for example, the use of lens arrays. For illustrative and purposes of showing an example a single or double sided lens array is used, however a multi-element lens and/or lens array setup is required to reduce optical aberrations in the duplicated images or video projections.

(195) FIG. 13 shows a two microdisplays, displays or projectors 1301, 1302 embodiment using a lens array. The large image or wide beam is created by the first microdisplay, display or projector 1301 and sent directly (or through a large image or wide beam optics) to the final image 1305. The second microdisplay, display or projector 1302 creates the small image or narrow beam, sending it to the lens array (or other duplication element) 1303 and then to an optical masking element 1304 to mask off (hide) the duplicates in the area outside of the one duplicate image to be shown. The image or beam then proceeds to the final image 1305 where it is combined with the large image or wide beam from the first microdisplay, display or projector 1301.

(196) FIG. 14 shows a similar embodiment, using a single microdisplay, display or projector 1401. The image or beam proceeds from the microdisplay, display or projector 1401 to an image or beam steering element 1402. The steering element 1402 splits the image or beam, with the large image portion of the final image or beam sent directly (or through a large image or wide beam optics) to the final image 1405 (in some embodiments, such as in FIG. 3, the image is masked to extract small and large image portions accordingly first). The small image portion of the final image or beam is sent to the lens array (or other duplication element) 1403, and then to the optical masking element 1404 to mask off (hide) the duplicates in the area outside of the one duplicate image to be shown. This small image or narrow beam is then combined with the large image or wide beam from the steering element 1402 to form the final image 1405.

(197) FIG. 15 shows the simplest setup of how display, microdisplay or projection beam can be duplicated this way and FIGS. 16A and 16B show the simulated result.

(198) In FIG. 15, the image source (display, microdisplay or projector) 1501 sends the image to a lens 1502 which sends it to the aperture stop 1504. The image or beam then proceeds to the lens array 1503 and then to the screen 1505 or viewer's retina.

(199) FIGS. 16A and 16B show the simulated result. FIG. 16A is the original image from the display, microdisplay or projector 1601 and FIG. 16B is the resulting image on the screen or viewer's retina 1602.

(200) FIG. 17A shows a simple setup with one possible position of the optical masking element. 1701 is a microdisplay, display or projector, 1702 is the light cone (beam) of a single pixel from 1701. 1703 is a simplified illustration of a multi-element lens. 1704 is the first lens array which focuses the pixel light cones (beams) to pixels on a LCD microdisplay optical masking element 1705 on an intermediate image plane and 1706 is the second lens array which again focuses the pixel light cones on the final image plane on a projection screen 1707 or the viewer's retina. The second lens array 1706 can also be replaced with other optics such as an ordinary projection lens or eyepiece lens.

(201) FIG. 17B shows a reflective microdisplay such as LCoS or DLP used for the optical masking element. 1711 is a microdisplay, display or projector generating the image or beam, 1712 is a light cone (beam) of a single pixel from 1711, 1713 is a simplified illustration of a multi-element lens, 1714 is the first lens array which focuses the pixel light cones (beams) to pixels on a LCoS microdisplay optical masking element 1715 on an intermediate image plane and 1717 is the second lens array which again focuses the pixel light cones (beams) on the final image plane on a projection screen 1718 or the viewer's retina. A polarizer beam splitter or a PBS (polarizer beam splitter) cube 1716 is used to redirect the image or beam reflected off the LCoS microdisplay optical masking element 1715 90 degrees to the side rather than back to the first lens array. The second lens array 1717 can also be replaced with other optics such as an ordinary projection lens or eyepiece lens. With DLP microdisplay a TIR or RTIR (total internal reflection) prism can be used in place of the polarizer beam splitter or PBS (polarizer beam splitter) cube 1716.

(202) FIG. 17C shows that it is also possible to use a display, not microdisplay, such as an LCD display with its reflective and backlight layers removed as the optical masking element. 1721 is a microdisplay, display or projector generating the image or beam, 1722 is a light cone (beam) of a single pixel from 1721, 1723 is a simplified illustration of a multi-element lens, 1724 is the lens array which focuses the pixel light cones (beams) to pixels on a screen 1727 on an image plane behind a LCD display optical masking element 1726 by reflecting the beam with a beam splitter 1725. The image from second display 1728 also reflects from the beam splitter thus both the second display and the screen are seen by the eye 1720 directly or through an eyepiece or waveguide 1729. Here the screen 1727 is used to display the small high resolution image and the display 1728 is used to display the large low resolution image of the final combined image combined by the beam splitter 1725.

(203) Alternatively, it is also possible to use a LCD display with its reflective and backlight layers removed as an optical masking element with a single microdisplay, display or projector (or two, as seen in FIG. 13) generating the image or beam without a second display 1728, as illustrated in FIG. 17D. In case of time-multiplexed approach as described in FIG. 2 a beam splitter 1725 is also not necessary as illustrated in FIG. 20 and FIG. 21.

(204) In the FIG. 17D illustration, the elements for generating a duplicated image or beam are not illustrated and are in 1731 which represents a microdisplay, display or projector or two microdisplays, displays or projectors with the wide beam and duplicated beam already optically combined as described in FIG. 13 and FIG. 14. Light cone (beam) of a single pixel of the wide beam 1732 and light cone (beam) of single pixel of a duplicate beam 1733 both focus to pixels on a screen 1736 on an image plane behind a LCD display optical masking element 1735 by being reflected from a beam splitter 1734. The screen 1736 is seen by the eye 1738 directly or through an eyepiece or waveguide 1737.

(205) In case of splitting a microdisplay, display or projector into two or more parts as illustrated in FIG. 3 a beam splitter is needed and also a second screen as illustrated in FIG. 17E.

(206) In the next illustration, FIG. 17E, the elements for generating a duplicated image or beam are not illustrated and are in 1741 which represents a microdisplay, display or projector or two microdisplays, displays or projectors with the wide beam and duplicated beam already optically combined as described in FIG. 13 and FIG. 14.

(207) Light cone (beam) of a single pixel of the wide beam 1742 and light cone (beam) of a single pixel of a duplicate beam 1743 focus to pixels on a second screen 1747 and screen 1746 respectively, the latter on an image plane behind a LCD display optical masking element 1745 by being reflected from a beam splitter 1744. The wide beam 1742 passes through the beam splitter 1744 and the duplicate beam gets reflected from the beam splitter 1744 instead due to these beams having different polarization (or in the case the beam splitter is a band pass filter or dichroic filter, having different light wavelengths). The screens 1746 and 1747 are optically combined with the beam splitter 1744 and seen by the eye 1749 directly or through the eyepiece or waveguide 1748.

(208) Alternatively, in case of splitting a microdisplay, display or projector into two or more parts as illustrated in FIG. 3 both a beam splitter and also a second screen are not needed similarly to the case of time-multiplexing as illustrated in FIG. 2, as illustrated in FIGS. 17F and 17G.

(209) In FIG. 17F the elements for generating a duplicated image or beam are not illustrated and are in 1751 which represents a microdisplay, display or projector or two microdisplays, displays or projectors with the wide beam and duplicated beam already optically combined as described in FIG. 13 and FIG. 14.

(210) Light cone (beam) of a single pixel of the wide beam 1752 and light cone (beam) of single pixel of a duplicate beam 1753 both focus to pixels on a screen 1756 on an image plane behind a LCD display optical masking element 1755 by being reflected from a beam splitter 1754. The screen 1756 is seen by the eye 1759 directly or through the eyepiece or waveguide 1757.

(211) To be able to pass both the wide and duplicated beams through the same LCD display optical masking element but use the optical masking element for blocking only the duplicated beams, instead of a traditional LCD display optical masking element a switchable liquid crystal polarization rotator display is used which is an LCD display optical masking element without polarizers. A single polarizer 1758, not two as on LCD display optical masking elements and displays, is placed before the viewer's eye 1759 and in front of the eyepiece or waveguide 1757 or somewhere before it or left on the LCD display optical masking element 1755.

(212) The wide beam in this instance is not polarized or in the polarization state the polarizer 1758 is not going to filter out after the wide beam passes through the switchable liquid crystal polarization rotator/LCD display optical masking element 1755. The duplicated beam gets masked as expected by the LCD display optical masking element 1755 and the polarizer 1758 while the wide beam does not or gets masked where the duplicated beam is not masked.

(213) As mentioned previously the beam splitter 1754 is not necessary and used for reasons such as decreasing the physical dimensions of the apparatus. FIG. 17G illustrates the same system as FIG. 17F sans the beam splitter 1754.

(214) In FIG. 17G the elements for generating a duplicated image or beam are not illustrated and are in 1761 which represents a microdisplay, display or projector or two microdisplays, displays or projectors with the wide beam and duplicated beam already optically combined as described in FIG. 13 and FIG. 14.

(215) Light cone (beam) of a single pixel of the wide beam 1762 and light cone (beam) of single pixel of a duplicate beam 1763 both focus to pixels on a screen 1765 on an image plane behind a LCD display optical masking element 1764. The screen 1765 is seen by the eye 1768 directly or through the eyepiece or waveguide 1766.

(216) To be able to pass the wide and duplicated beams through the same LCD display optical masking element but use the optical masking element for blocking only the duplicated beams, instead of a traditional LCD display optical masking element a switchable liquid crystal polarization rotator display is used which is an LCD display optical masking element without polarizers. A single polarizer 1767, not two as on LCD display optical masking element and displays, is placed before the viewer's eye 1768 and in front of the eyepiece or waveguide 1766 or somewhere before it or left on the LCD display optical masking element 1764.

(217) The wide beam in this instance is not polarized or in the polarization state the polarizer 1767 is not going to filter out after the wide beam passes through the switchable liquid crystal polarization rotator/LCD display optical masking element without the polarizers 1764. The duplicated beam gets masked as expected by the LCD display optical masking element without the polarizers 1764 and the polarizer 1767 while the wide beam does not or gets masked where the duplicated beam is not masked.

(218) With the optical masking element it is possible to show only one of the duplicate images at a time, however with digital manipulation of the source frame it is possible to have a digital and optical reconstruction of the original image visible anywhere on the duplicated image array area while hiding everything else with a positional accuracy up to the pixel resolution of the optical masking element and positioning speed equal to the few microsecond to millisecond pixel switching speed of the optical masking element.

(219) As an example, let's consider each duplicated image being made up for 4 parts, 1, 2, 3 and 4, as illustrated in FIG. 18, item 1801. In FIG. 18, the items on the left column illustrate these parts as squares with numbers while the right column uses actual image parts.

(220) In FIG. 18, 4 of such duplicate images are stacked 1802. If we wanted to display only one duplicate in the middle of this array 1802, we wouldn't be able to as illustrated in item 1803.

(221) However, if we take the original image 1801, partition it into 4 pieces digitally and reposition those pieces digitally as in 1804, then we will get the result we want even though we are displaying parts of 4 duplicates at once.

(222) The duplicates are then masked and the original image 1801 properly reconstructed by optical and digital methods as seen in 1805.

(223) Since the optical masking elements discussed such as DLP, LCoS or LCD microdisplays or LCD displays are usually not double the resolution of the lens array but much more, the images can be partitioned into 4 rectangles and rearranged digitally not only at the middle of the image but at any desired location on the image as seen in 1901, 1902, 1903, 1904 in FIG. 19 with the only limitation being the resolution of the source image display, microdisplay or projector and the resolution of the optical masking element. Of course the visible portion from the optical masking element cannot be larger than the size of a single duplicate image from the array.

(224) Head-Mounted Display Embodiments

(225) The above optical designs can work for many different types of image and video displays. In head-mounted displays, the small space requirements present additional challenges.

(226) FIG. 20 shows a direct embodiment of the mounting of the present inventions in a head-mounted display. The variable-resolution optics 2003 as shown in FIGS. 4A, 4B, 5, 13, 14, 17 produces the high resolution small image 2005 and the low resolution large image 2006 that are sent directly to the screen 2004. A human eye 2001 looks through a lens 2002 or other optics that collects the light 2007 from the image on the screen 2004.

(227) FIG. 21 shows an indirect embodiment of the mounting of the present inventions in a head-mounted display. The variable-resolution optics 2103 as shown in FIGS. 4A, 4B, 5, 13, 14, 17 produces an image that is reflected off of a mirror 2108. The high resolution small image 2105 and the low resolution large image 2106 from the mirror 2108 are sent to the screen 2104. A human eye 2101 looks through a lens 2102 or other optics that collects the light 2107 from the image on the screen 2104.

(228) FIG. 22 shows an indirect embodiment with a beam splitter of the mounting of the present inventions in a head-mounted display. The variable-resolution optics 2203 as shown in FIGS. 4A, 4B, 5, 13, 14, 17 produces an image that is reflected off of a mirror 2208. The mirror 2208 reflects the light to a beam splitter 2209 which reflects the high resolution small image 2205 and the low resolution large image 2206 onto the screen 2204. A human eye 2201 looks through a lens 2202 or other optics and through the beam splitter 2209 to see the light 2207 from the image on the screen 2204.

(229) The foregoing devices and operations, including their implementation, will be familiar to, and understood by, those having ordinary skill in the art. All sizes and proportions used in this description could be scaled up or down or changed without impacting the scope of these inventions.

(230) The above description of the embodiments, alternative embodiments, and specific examples, are given by way of illustration and should not be viewed as limiting. Further, many changes and modifications within the scope of the present embodiments may be made without departing from the spirit thereof, and the present invention includes such changes and modifications.