High speed, high density electrical connector with shielded signal paths

Abstract

A modular electrical connector with separately shielded signal conductor pairs. The connector may be assembled from modules, each containing a pair of signal conductors with surrounding partially or fully conductive material. Modules of different sizes may be assembled into wafers, which are then assembled into a connector. Wafers may include lossy material. In some embodiments, shielding members of two mating connectors may each have compliant members along their distal portions, such that, the shielding members engage at points of contact at multiple locations, some of which are adjacent the mating edge of each of the mating shielding members.

Claims

1. A subassembly for an electrical connector, the subassembly comprising: a plurality of conductive elements each comprising a mating contact portion, a contact tail, and an intermediate portion extending between the mating contact portion and the contact tail; and a plurality of shield members of electromagnetic shielding material, wherein: the plurality of conductive elements are disposed in pairs, at least the intermediate portions of the conductive elements of the pairs are disposed in a column, the plurality of shield members are aligned in a direction parallel to the column, the intermediate portions of each pair are at least in part surrounded by a shield member of the plurality of shield members, and the shield members of adjacent pairs are electrically coupled within the subassembly.

2. The subassembly for an electrical connector of claim 1, wherein: adjacent pairs are separated by the electromagnetic shielding material.

3. The subassembly for an electrical connector of claim 1, wherein: the shield members of adjacent pairs comprise features that hold together and electrically couple the shield members.

4. The subassembly for an electrical connector of claim 1, wherein: the mating contact portions of each pair are at least in part surrounded by the shield member.

5. The subassembly for an electrical connector of claim 1, comprising: a plurality of contact tails electrically coupled to the shield members, and the plurality of contact tails and the contact tails of the pairs form a mounting interface.

6. The subassembly for an electrical connector of claim 5, wherein: the plurality of contact tails extend from sides of the shield members and are offset from the sides of the shield members.

7. The subassembly for an electrical connector of claim 1, further comprising: lossy material electrically coupling the shield members.

8. A connector module comprising: a plurality of conductive elements each comprising a mating contact portion, a contact tail, and an intermediate portion extending between the mating contact portion and the contact tail, at least the intermediate portion comprising broadsides joined by edges, the plurality of conductive elements being disposed in pairs that align broadside to broadside; and electromagnetic shielding material at least in part surrounding each pair and separating adjacent pairs, wherein: at least the intermediate portions of the conductive elements of the pairs are disposed in a column, and each pair comprises transition regions between the intermediate portions and the mating contact portions of the conductive elements of the pair such that the mating contact portions of each pair are aligned in a pair direction that is at a non-right angle to the column.

9. The connector module of claim 8, wherein: the contact tails of the conductive elements in the pair are edge coupled.

10. The connector module of claim 9, wherein: the transition regions comprise jogs toward the broadsides of the intermediate portion of the other conductive element in the pair.

11. The connector module of claim 9, wherein: the transition regions comprise jogs away from the edges of the intermediate portions of the other conductive element in the pair.

12. The connector module of claim 8, wherein: the mating contact portions of the conductive elements in the pair are edge coupled.

13. The connector module of claim 12, wherein: the transition regions in a pair comprise jogs in first conductive elements of the pair toward the broadside of a second conductive element in the pair.

14. The connector module of claim 13, wherein: the transition regions in a pair comprise jogs in first conductive elements of the pair away from the edge of the intermediate portion of a second conductive element in the pair.

15. A connector module comprising: a pair of conductive elements each comprising a mating contact portion, a contact tail, and an intermediate portion extending between the mating contact portion and the contact tail; first and second shield members, each of the first and second shield members being U-shaped such that the first and second shield members together are disposed on at least three sides of the pair of conductive elements so as to at least partially enclose the pair of conductive elements, the first and second shield members separated by a gap; and lossy material at least at a portion of the gap and electrically coupling the first and second shield members.

16. The connector module of claim 15, wherein: the portion of the gap is adjacent a transition region between the intermediate regions and contact tails of the pair.

17. The connector module of claim 15, wherein: the portion of the gap is adjacent a transition region between the intermediate regions and mating contact portions of the pair.

18. The connector module of claim 15, wherein: the first and second shield members are at least in part covered by the lossy material.

19. The connector module of claim 15, comprising: an insulative member supporting the pair of conductive elements and separating the pair of conductive elements from the first and second shield members.

20. The connector module of claim 15, wherein: the lossy material is at least partially between the portion of the gap.

Description

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF DRAWINGS

(1) In the drawings:

(2) FIG. 1A is an isometric view of an illustrative electrical interconnection system, in accordance with some embodiments;

(3) FIG. 1B is an exploded view of the illustrative electrical interconnection system shown in FIG. 1A, in accordance with some embodiments;

(4) FIGS. 2A-B show opposing side views of an illustrative wafer, in accordance with some embodiments;

(5) FIG. 3 is a plan view of an illustrative lead frame used in the manufacture of a connector, in accordance with some embodiments;

(6) FIGS. 4A-B shows a plurality of illustrative modular wafers stacked side to side, in accordance with some embodiments;

(7) FIGS. 5A-B shows an illustrative organizer adapted to fit over contact tails of the illustrative wafers of the example of FIGS. 4A-B, in accordance with some embodiments;

(8) FIGS. 6A-B are, respectively, perspective and exploded views of an illustrative modular wafer, in accordance with some embodiments;

(9) FIGS. 7A and 7C are perspective views of an illustrative module of a wafer, in accordance with some embodiments.

(10) FIG. 7B is an exploded view of the illustrative module of the example of FIG. 7A, in accordance with some embodiments:

(11) FIGS. 8A and 8C are perspective views of an illustrative housing of the module of the example of FIG. 7A, in accordance with some embodiments;

(12) FIG. 8B is a front view of the illustrative housing of the example of FIG. 8A, in accordance with some embodiments:

(13) FIGS. 9A-B are, respectively, front and perspective views of the illustrative housing of the example of FIG. 8A, with conductive elements inserted into the housing, in accordance with some embodiments;

(14) FIGS. 9C-D are, respectively, perspective and front views of illustrative conductive elements adapted to be inserted into the housing of the example of FIG. 8A, in accordance with some embodiments;

(15) FIGS. 10A-B are, respectively, perspective and front views of an illustrative shield member of the module of the example of FIG. 7A, in accordance with some embodiments;

(16) FIGS. 11A-B are, respectively, perspective and cross-sectional views of an illustrative shield member for a module of a connector, in accordance with some embodiments;

(17) FIGS. 12A-C, 13A-C are perspective views of a tail portion and a mating contact portion, respectively, of an illustrative module of a connector at various stages of manufacturing, in accordance with some embodiments;

(18) FIGS. 14A-C are perspective views of a mating contact portion of another illustrative module of a connector, in accordance with some embodiments;

(19) FIG. 15 is an exploded view of portions of a pair of illustrative connectors adapted to mate with each other, in accordance with some embodiments;

(20) FIG. 16 is an exploded view of another pair of illustrative connectors adapted to mate with each other, in accordance with some embodiments;

(21) FIG. 17 is an exploded view of yet another pair of illustrative connectors adapted to mate with each other, in accordance with some embodiments; and

(22) FIGS. 18A-B shows vias disposed in columns on an illustrative printed circuit board, routing channels between the columns of vias, and traces running in the routing channels, in accordance with some embodiments.

DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENT

(23) Designs of an electrical connector are described herein that improve signal integrity for high frequency signals, such as at frequencies in the GHz range, including up to about 25 GHz or up to about 40 GHz or higher, while maintaining high density, such as with a spacing between adjacent mating contacts on the order of 2 mm or less, including center-to-center spacing between adjacent contacts in a column of between 0.75 mm and 1.85 mm, between 1 mm and 1.75 mm, or between 2 mm and 2.5 mm (e.g., 2.40 mm), for example. Spacing between columns of mating contact portions may be similar, although there is no requirement that the spacing between all mating contacts in a connector be the same.

(24) The present disclosure is not limited to the details of construction or the arrangements of components set forth in the following description and/or the drawings. Various embodiments are provided solely for purposes of illustration, and the concepts described herein are capable of being practiced or carried out in other ways. Also, the phraseology and terminology used herein are for the purpose of description and should not be regarded as limiting. The use of “including,” “comprising,” “having,” “containing,” or “involving,” and variations thereof herein, is meant to encompass the items listed thereafter (or equivalents thereof) and/or as additional items.

(25) FIGS. 1A-B illustrate an electrical interconnection system of the form that may be used in an electronic system. In this example, the electrical interconnection system includes a right angle connector and may be used, for example, in electrically connecting a daughter card to a backplane. These figures illustrate two mating connectors—one designed to attach to a daughter card and one designed to attach to a backplane. As can be seen in FIG. 1A, each of the connectors includes contact tails, which are shaped for attachment to a printed circuit board. Each of the connectors also has a mating interface where that connector can mate—or be separated from—the other connector. Numerous conductors extend through a housing for each connector. Each of these conductors connects a contact tail to a mating contact portion.

(26) FIG. 1A is an isometric view of an illustrative electrical interconnection system 100, in accordance with some embodiments. In this example, the electrical interconnection system 100 includes a backplane connector 114 and a daughter card connector 116 adapted to mate with each other.

(27) FIG. 1B shows an exploded view of the illustrative electrical interconnection system 100 shown in FIG. B, in accordance with some embodiments. As shown in FIG. 1A, the backplane connector 114 may be configured to be attached to a backplane 110, and the daughter card connector 116 may be configured to be attached to a daughter card 112. When the backplane connector 114 and the daughter card connector 116 mate with each other, conductors in these two connectors become electrically connected, thereby completing conductive paths between corresponding conductive elements in the backplane 110 and the daughter card 112.

(28) Although not shown, the backplane 110 may, in some embodiments, have many other backplane connectors attached to it so that multiple daughter cards can be connected to the backplane 110. Additionally, multiple backplane connectors may be aligned end to end so that they may be used to connect to one daughter card. However, for clarity, only a portion of the backplane 110 and a single daughter card 112 are shown in FIG. 1B.

(29) In the example of FIG. 1B, the backplane connector 114 may include a shroud 120, which may serve as a base for the backplane connector 114 and a housing for conductors within the backplane connector. In various embodiments, the shroud 120 may be molded from a dielectric material such as plastic or nylon. Examples of suitable materials include, but are not limited to, liquid crystal polymer (LCP), polyphenyline sulfide (PPS), high temperature nylon or polypropylene (PP), or polyphenylenoxide (PPO). Other suitable materials may be employed, as aspects of the present disclosure are not limited in this regard.

(30) All of the above-described materials are suitable for use as binder material in manufacturing connectors. In accordance some embodiments, one or more fillers may be included in some or all of the binder material used to form the backplane shroud 120 to control the electrical and/or mechanical properties of the backplane shroud 120. As a non-limiting example, thermoplastic PPS filled to 30% by volume with glass fiber may be used.

(31) In some embodiments, the floor of the shroud 120 may have columns of openings 126, and conductors 122 may be inserted into the openings 126 with tails 124 extending through the lower surface of the shroud 120. The tails 124 may be adapted to be attached to the backplane 110. For example, in some embodiments, the tails 124 may be adapted to be inserted into respective signal holes 136 on the backplane 110. The signal holes 136 may be plated with some suitable conductive material and may serve to electrically connect the conductors 122 to signal traces (not shown) in the backplane 110.

(32) In some embodiments, the tails 124 may be press fit “eye of the needle” compliant sections that fit within the signal holes 136. However, other configurations may also be used, such as surface mount elements, spring contacts, solderable pins, etc., as aspects of the present disclosure are not limited to the use of any particular mechanism for attaching the backplane connector 114 to the backplane 110.

(33) For clarity of illustration, only one of the conductors 122 is shown in FIG. 1B. However, in various embodiments, the backplane connector may include any suitable number of parallel columns of conductors and each column may include any suitable number of conductors. For example, in one embodiment, there are eight conductors in each column.

(34) The spacing between adjacent columns of conductors is not critical. However, a higher density may be achieved by placing the conductors closes together. As a non-limiting example, the conductors 122 may be stamped from 0.4 mm thick copper alloy, and the conductors within each column may be spaced apart by 2.25 mm and the columns of conductors may be spaced apart by 2 mm. However, in other embodiments, smaller dimensions may be used to provide higher density, such as a thickness between 0.2 and 0.4 mils or spacing of 0.7 to 1.85 mm between columns or between conductors within a column.

(35) In the example shown in FIG. 1B, a groove 132 is formed in the floor of the shroud 120. The groove 132 runs parallel to the column of openings 126. The shroud 120 also has grooves 134 formed in its inner sidewalls. In some embodiments, a shield plate 128 is adapted fit into the grooves 132 and 134. The shield plate 128 may have tails 130 adapted to extend through openings (not shown) in the bottom of the groove 132 and to engage ground holes 138 in the backplane 110. Like the signal holes 136, the ground holes 138 may be plated with any suitable conductive material, but the ground holes 138 may connect to ground traces (not shown) on the backplane 110, as opposed to signal traces.

(36) In the example shown in FIG. 1B, the shield plate 128 has several torsional beam contacts 142 formed therein. In some embodiments, each contact may be formed by stamping arms 144 and 146 in the shield plate 128. Arms 144 and 146 may then be bent out of the plane of the shield plate 128, and may be long enough that they may flex when pressed back into the plane of the shield plate 128. Additionally, the arms 144 and 146 may be sufficiently resilient to provide a spring force when pressed back into the plane of the shield plate 128. The spring force generated by each arm 144 or 146 may create a point of contact between the arm and a shield plate 150 of the daughter card connector 116 when the backplane connector 114 is mated with the daughter card connector 116. The generated spring force may be sufficient to ensure this contact even after the daughter card connector 116 has been repeatedly mated and unmated from the backplane connector 114.

(37) In some embodiments, the arms 144 and 146 may be coined during manufacture. Coining may reduce the thickness of the material and increase the compliancy of the beams without weakening the shield plate 128. For enhanced electrical performance, it may also be desirable that the arms 144 and 146 be short and straight. Therefore, in some embodiments, the arms 114 and 146 are made only as long as needed to provide sufficient spring force.

(38) In some embodiments, alignment or gathering features may be included on either the backplane connector or the mating connector. Complementary features that engage with the alignment or gathering features on one connector may be included on the other connector. In the example shown in FIG. 1B, grooves 140 are formed on the inner sidewalls of the shroud 120. These grooves may be used to align the daughter card connector 116 with the backplane connector 114 during mating. For example, in some embodiments, tabs 152 of the daughter card connector 116 may be adapted to fit into corresponding grooves 140 for alignment and/or to prevent side-to-side motion of the daughter card connector 116 relative to the backplane connector 114.

(39) In some embodiments, the daughter card connector 116 may include one or more wafers. In the example of FIG. 1B, only one wafer 154 is shown for clarity, but the daughter card connector 116 may have several wafers stacked side to side. In some embodiments, the wafer 154 may include a column of one or more receptacles 158, where each receptacle 158 may be adapted to engage a respective one of the conductors 122 of the backplane connector 114 when the backplane connector 114 and the daughter card connector 116 are mated. Thus, in such an embodiment, the daughter card connector 116 may have as many wafers as there are columns of conductors in the backplane connector 114.

(40) In some embodiments, the wafers may be held in or attached to a support member. In the example shown in FIG. 1B, wafers of the daughter card connector 116 are supported in a stiffener 156. In some embodiments, the stiffener 156 may be stamped and formed from a metal strip. However, it should be appreciated that other materials and/or manufacturing techniques may also be suitable, as aspects of the present disclosure are not limited to the use of any particular type of stiffeners, or any stiffener at all. Furthermore, other structures, including a housing portion to which individual wafers may be attached may alternatively or additionally be used to support the wafers. In some embodiments, if the housing portion is insulative, it may have cavities that receive mating contact portions of the wafers to electrically isolate the mating contact portions. Alternatively or additionally, a housing portion may incorporate materials that impact electrical properties of the connector. For example, the housing may include shielding and/or electrically lossy material.

(41) In embodiments with a stiffener, the stiffener 156 may be stamped with features (e.g., one or more attachment points) to hold the wafer 154 in a desired position. As a non-limiting example, the stiffener 156 may have a slot 160A formed along its front edge. The slot 160A may be adapted to engage a tab 160B of the wafer 154. The stiffener 156 may further include holes 162A and 164A, which may be adapted to engage, respectively, hubs 162B and 164B of the wafer 154. In some embodiments, the hubs 162B and 164B are sized to provide an interference fit in the holes 162A and 164A, respectively. However, it should be appreciated that other attachment mechanisms may also be suitable, such as adhesives.

(42) While a specific combination and arrangement of slots and holes on the stiffener 156 are shown in FIG. B, it should be appreciated that aspects of the present disclosure are not limited to any particular way of attaching wafers to the stiffener 156. For example, the stiffener 156 may have a set of slots and/or holes for each wafer supported by the stiffener 156, so that a pattern of slots and/or holes is repeated along the length of stiffener 156 at each point where a wafer is to be attached. Alternatively, the stiffener 156 may have different combinations of slots and/or holes, or may have different attachment mechanisms for different wafers.

(43) In the example shown in FIG. B, the wafer 154 includes two pieces, a shield piece 166 and a signal piece 168. In some embodiments, the shield piece 166 may be formed by insert molding a housing 170 around a front portion of the shield plate 150, and the signal piece 168 may be formed by insert molding a housing 172 around one or more conductive elements. Examples of such conductive elements are described in greater detail below in connection with FIG. 3.

(44) FIGS. 2A-B show opposing side views of an illustrative wafer 220A, in accordance with some embodiments. The wafer 220A may be formed in whole or in part by injection molding of material to form a housing 260 around a wafer strip assembly. In the example shown in FIGS. 2A-B, the wafer 220A is formed with a two shot molding operation, allowing the housing 260 to be formed of two types of materials having different properties. The insulative portion 240 is formed in a first shot and a lossy portion 250 is formed in a second shot. However, any suitable number and types of materials may be used in the housing 260. For example, in some embodiments, the housing 260 is formed around a column of conductive elements by injection molding plastic.

(45) In some embodiments, the housing 260 may be provided with openings, such as windows or slots 264.sub.1 . . . 264.sub.6, and holes, of which hole 262 is numbered, adjacent signal conductors enclosed in the housing 260. These openings may serve multiple purposes, including: (i) to ensure during an injection molding process that the conductive elements are properly positioned, and/or (ii) to facilitate insertion of materials that have different electrical properties, if so desired.

(46) The time it takes an electrical signal to propagate from one end of a signal conductor to the other end is known as the “propagation delay.” In some embodiments, it may be desirable that the signals within a pair have the same propagation delay, which is commonly referred to as having “zero skew” within the pair.

(47) Wafers with various configurations may be formed in any suitable way, as aspects of the present disclosure are not limited to any particular manufacturing method. In some embodiments, insert molding may be used to form a wafer or a wafer module. Such components may be formed by an insert molding operation in which a housing material is molded around conductive elements. The housing may be wholly insulative or may include electrically lossy material, which may be positioned depending on the intended use of the conductive elements in the wafer or module being formed.

(48) FIG. 3 shows illustrative wafer strip assemblies 410A and 410B suitable for use in making a wafer, in accordance with some embodiments. For example, the wafer strip assemblies 410A-B may be used in making the wafer 154 in the example of FIG. 1B by insert molding a housing around intermediate portions of the conductive elements of wafer strip assemblies. However, it should be appreciated that conductive elements as disclosed herein may be incorporated into electrical connectors whether or not manufactured using insert molding.

(49) In the example of FIG. 3, the wafer strip assemblies 410A-B each includes conductive elements in a configuration suitable for use as one column of conductors in a daughter card connector (e.g., the daughter card connector 116 in the example of FIG. 1B). A housing may then be molded around the conductive elements in each wafer strip assembly in an insert molding operation to form a wafer.

(50) To facilitate the manufacture of wafers, signal conductors (e.g., signal conductor 420) and ground conductors (e.g., ground conductor 430) may be held together on a lead frame, such as the illustrative lead frame 400 in the example of FIG. 3. For example, the signal conductors and the ground conductors may be attached to one or more carrier strips, such as the illustrative carrier stripes 402 shown in FIG. 3.

(51) In some embodiments, conductive elements (e.g., in single-ended or differential configuration) may be stamped for many wafers from a single sheet of conductive material. The sheet may be made of metal or any other material that is conductive and provides suitable mechanical properties for conductive elements in an electrical connector. Phosphor-bronze, beryllium copper and other copper alloys are non-limiting example of materials that may be used.

(52) FIG. 3 illustrates a portion of a sheet of conductive material in which the wafer strip assemblies 410A-B have been stamped. Conductive elements in the wafer strip assemblies 410A-B may be held in a desired position by one or more retaining features (e.g., tie bars 452, 454 and 456 in the example of FIG. 3) to facilitate easy handling during the manufacture of wafers. Once material is molded around the conductive elements to form housings, the retaining features may be disengaged. For example, the tie bars 452, 454 and 456 may be severed, thereby providing electronically separate conductive elements and/or separating the wafer strip assemblies 410A-B from the carrier strips 402. The resulting individual wafers may then be assembled into daughter board connectors.

(53) In the example of FIG. 3, ground conductors (e.g., the ground conductor 430) are wider compared to signal conductors (e.g., the signal conductor 420). Such a configuration may be suitable for carrying differential signals, where it may be desirable to have the two signal conductors within a differential pair disposed close to each other to facilitate preferential coupling. However, it should be appreciated that aspects of the present disclosure are not limited to the use of differential signals. Various concepts disclosed herein may alternatively be used in connectors adapted to carry single-ended signals.

(54) Although the illustrative lead frame 400 in the example of FIG. 3 has both ground conductors and signal conductors, such a construction is not required. In alternative embodiments, ground and signal conductors may be formed in two separate lead frames, respectively. In yet some embodiments, no lead frame may be used, and individual conductive elements may instead be employed during manufacture. Additionally, in some embodiments, no insulative material may be molded over a lead frame or individual conductive elements, as a wafer may be assembled by inserting the conductive elements into one or more preformed housing portions. If there are multiple housing portions, they may be secured together with any suitable one or more attachment features, such as snap fit features.

(55) The wafer strip assemblies shown in FIG. 3 provide just one illustrative example of a component that may be used in the manufacture of wafers. Other types and/or configurations of components may also be suitable. For example, a sheet of conductive material may be stamped to include one or more additional carrier strips and/or bridging members between conductive elements for positioning and/or support of the conductive elements during manufacture. Accordingly, the details shown in FIG. 3 are merely illustrative and are non-limiting. It should be appreciated that some or all of the concepts discussed above in connection with daughter card connectors for providing desirable characteristics may also be employed in the backplane connectors. For example, in some embodiments, signal conductors in a backplane connector (e.g., the backplane connector 114 in the example of FIG. 1B) may be arranged in columns, each containing differential pairs interspersed with ground conductors. In some embodiments, the ground conductors may partially or completely surround each pair of signal conductors. Such a configuration of signal conductors and ground shielding may provide desirable electrical characteristics, which can facilitate operation of the connectors at higher frequencies, such between about 25 GHz and 40 GHz, or higher.

(56) The inventors have recognized and appreciated, however, that using conventional connector manufacturing techniques to incorporate sufficient grounding structures into a connector to largely surround some or all of the signal pairs within the connector may increase the size of the connector such that there is an undesirable decrease in the number of signals that can be carried per inch of the connector. Moreover, the inventors have recognized and appreciated that using conventional connector manufacturing techniques to provide ground structures around signal pairs introduces substantial complexity and expense in the manufacture of connector families as may be sold commercially. Such families include a range of connector sizes, such as 2-pair, 3-pair, 4-pair, 5-pair, or 6-pair, to satisfy a range of system configurations. Here, the number of pairs refers to the number of pairs in one column of conductive elements, which means that the number of rows of conductive elements is different for each connector size. Tooling to manufacture all of the desired sizes can multiply the cost of providing a connector family.

(57) Further, the inventors have recognized and appreciated that conventional approaches for reducing “skew” in signal pairs are less effective at higher frequencies, such between about 25 GHz and 40 GHz, or higher. Skew, in this context, refers to the difference in electrical propagation time between signals of a pair that operates as a differential signal. Such differences can arise from differences in physical length of the conductive elements that form the pair. Such differences can arise, for example, in a right angle connector in which conductive elements forming a pair are next to each other within the same column. One conductive element will have a larger radius of curvature than the other as the signal conductors bend through a right angle. Conventional approaches have entailed selective positioning of material of lower dielectric constant around the longer conductive element, which causes a signal to propagate faster through the longer conductive element, which compensates for the longer distance a signal travels through that conductive element.

(58) In some embodiments, connectors may be formed of modules, each carrying a signal pair. The modules may be individually shielded, such as by attaching shield members to the modules and/or inserting the modules into an organizer or other structure that may provide electrical shielding between pairs and/or ground structures around the conductive elements carrying signals.

(59) The modules may be assembled into wafers or other connector structures. In some embodiments, different modules may be formed for each row position at which a pair is to be assembled into a right angle connector. These modules may be made to be used together to build up a connector with as many rows as desired. For example, a module of one shape may be formed for a pair to be positioned at the shortest row of the connector, sometimes called the a-b rows. A separate module may be formed for conductive elements in the next longest rows, sometimes called the c-d rows. The inner portion of the module with the c-d rows may be designed to conform to the outer portion of the module with a-b rows.

(60) This pattern may be repeated for any number of pairs. Each module may be shaped to be used with modules that carry pairs for shorter and/or longer rows. To make a connector of any suitable size, a connector manufacturer may assemble into a wafer a number of modules to provide a desired number of pairs in the wafer. In this way, a connector manufacturer may introduce a connector family for a widely used connector size—such as 2 pairs. As customer requirements change, the connector manufacturer may procure tools for each additional pair, or, for modules that contain multiple pairs, group of pairs to produce connectors of larger sizes. The tooling used to produce modules for smaller connectors can be used to produce modules for the shorter rows even of the larger connectors.

(61) Such a modular connector is illustrated in FIGS. 4A-B. FIGS. 4A-B shows a plurality of illustrative wafers 754A-D stacked side to side, in accordance with some embodiments. In this example, the illustrative wafers 754A-D have a right angle configuration and may be suitable for use in a right angle electrical connector (e.g., the daughter-card connector 116 of the example of FIG. 1B). However, it should be appreciated that the concepts disclosed herein may also be used with other types of connectors, such as backplane connectors, cable connectors, stacking connectors, mezzanine connectors, I/O connectors, chip sockets, etc.

(62) In the example of FIGS. 4A-B, the wafers 754A-D are adapted for attachment to a printed circuit board, such as daughter card 712, which may allow conductive elements in the wafers 754A-D to form electrical connections with respective traces in the daughter card 712. Any suitable mechanism may be used to connect the conductive elements in the wafers 754A-D to traces in the daughter card 712. For example, as shown in FIG. 4B, conductive elements in the wafers 754A-D may include a plurality of contact tails 720 adapted to be inserted into via holes (not shown) formed in the daughter card 712. In some embodiments, the contact tails 720 may be press fit “eye of the needle” compliant sections that fit within the via holes of the daughter card 712. However, other configurations may also be used, such as compliant members of other shapes, surface mount elements, spring contacts, solderable pins, etc., as aspects of the present disclosure are not limited to the use of any particular mechanism for attaching the wafers 754A-D to the daughter card 712.

(63) In some embodiments, the wafers 754A-D may be attached to members that hold the wafers together or that support elements of the connector. For example, an organizer configured to hold contact tails of multiple wafers may be used. FIGS. 5A-B show an illustrative organizer 756 adapted to fit over the wafers 754A-D of the example of FIGS. 4A-B, in accordance with some embodiments. In this example, the organizer 756 includes a plurality of openings, such as opening 762. These openings may be sized and arranged to receive the contact tails 720 of the illustrative wafers 754A-D. In some embodiments, the illustrative organizer 756 may be made of a rigid material, and may facilitate alignment and/or reduce relative movement among the illustrative wafers 754A-D. In addition, in some embodiments, the illustrative organizer 756 may be made of an insulative material (e.g., insulative plastic), and may support the contact tails 720 as a connector is being mounted to a printed circuit board or keep the contact tails 720 from being shorted together.

(64) Further, in some embodiments, the organizer 756 may have a dielectric constant that matches the dielectric constant of a housing material used in the wafers. The organizer 756 may be configured to occupy space between the wafer housings and the surface of a printed circuit board to which the connector is mounted. To provide such a function, for example, the organizer 756 may have a flat surface, as visible in FIG. 4B, for mounting against a printed circuit board. An opposing surface, facing the wafers, may have projections of any other suitable profile to match a profile of the wafers. In this way, the organizer 756 may contribute to a uniform impedance along signal conductors passing through the connector and into the printed circuit board.

(65) Though not illustrated in FIGS. 4A-B or 5A-B, other support members may alternatively or additionally be used to hold the wafers together. A metal stiffener or a plastic organizer, for example, may be used to hold the wafers near their mating interfaces. As yet a further possible attachment mechanism, wafers may contain features that may engage complementary features on other wafers, thereby holding the wafers together.

(66) Each wafer may be constructed in any suitable way. In some embodiments, a wafer may be constructed of a plurality of modules each of which carries one or more conductive elements shaped to carry signals. In exemplary embodiments described herein, each module carries a pair of signal conductors. These signal conductors may be aligned in the column direction, as in a wafer assembly shown in FIG. 2A or 2B. Alternatively, these signal conductors may be aligned in the row direction, such that each module carries signal conductors in at least two adjacent rows. As yet a further alternative, the signal conductors of a pair may be offset relative to each other in both the row direction and the column direction such that each module contains signal conductors in two adjacent rows and two adjacent columns.

(67) In yet other embodiments, the signal conductors may be aligned in the column direction over some portion of their length and in the row direction over other portions of their length. For example, the signal conductors may be aligned in the row direction over their intermediate portions within the wafer housing. Such a configuration achieves broadside coupling, which results in signal conductors, even in a right angle connector, of substantially equal length and avoids skew. The signal conductors may be aligned in the column direction at their contact tails and/or mating interfaces. Such a configuration achieves edge coupling at the contact tails and/or mating interface. Such a configuration may aid in routing traces within a printed circuit board to the vias into which the contact tails are inserted. Different alignment over different portions of the conductive elements may be achieved using transition regions in which portions of the conductive elements bend or curve to change their relative position.

(68) FIGS. 6A-B are, respectively, perspective exploded views of the illustrative wafer 754A, in accordance with some embodiments. As shown in these views, the illustrative wafer 754A has a modular construction. In this example, the illustrative wafer 754A includes three modules 910A-C that are sized and shaped to fit together in a right angle configuration. For example, the module 910A may be positioned on the outside of the right angle turn, forming the longest rows of the wafer. The module 910B may be positioned in the middle, and the module 910C may be positioned on the inside, forming the shortest rows. Accordingly, the module 910A may be longer than the module 910B, which in turn may be longer than the module 910C.

(69) The inventors have recognized and appreciated that a modular construction such as that shown in FIGS. 6A-B may advantageously reduce tooling costs. For example, in some embodiments, a separate set of tools may be configured to make a corresponding one of the modules 910A-C. If a new wafer design calls for four modules (e.g., by adding a module on the outside of the modules 910A-C), all three sets of existing tools may be reused, so that only one set of new tools is needed to make the fourth module. This may be less costly than a new set of tools for making the entire wafer.

(70) The modules 910A-C may be held together in any suitable manner (e.g., by mere friction) to form a wafer. In some embodiments, an attachment mechanism may be used to hold two or more of the modules 910A-C together. For instance, in the example of FIGS. 6A-B, the module 910A includes a protruding portion 912A adapted to be inserted into a recess 914B formed in the module 910B. The protruding portion 912A and the corresponding recess 914B may both have a dovetail shape, so that when they are assembled together they may reduce rotational movement between the modules 910A-B. However, other suitable attachment mechanisms may alternatively or additionally be used. The attachment mechanisms may include snaps or latches. As yet another example, the attachment mechanisms may include hubs extending from one module that engage, via an interference fit or other suitable engagement, a hole or other complementary structure on another module. Examples of other suitable structures may include adhesives or welding.

(71) Any number of such attachment mechanisms may be used to hold the modules 910A-B together. For example, two attachment mechanisms may be used on each side of the modules 910A-B, with one of the attachment mechanisms being oriented orthogonally to the other attachment mechanism, which may further reduce rotational movement between the modules 910A-B. However, it should be appreciated that aspects of the present disclosure are not limited to the use of dovetail shaped attachment mechanisms, nor to any particular number or arrangement of attachment mechanisms between any two modules.

(72) In various embodiments, the modules 910A-C of the illustrative wafer 754A may include any suitable number of conductive elements, which may be configured to carry differential and/or single-ended signals, and/or as ground conductors. For instance, in some embodiments, the module 910A may include a pair of conductive elements configured to carry a differential signal. These conductive elements may have, respectively, contact tails 920A and 930A.

(73) In some embodiments, the modules 910A-C of the illustrative wafer 754A may include ground conductors. For example, an outer casing of the module 910A may be made of conductive material and serve as a shield member 916A. The shield member 916A may be formed from a sheet of metal that is shaped to conform to the module. Such a casing may be made by stamping and forming techniques as are known in the art. Alternatively, the shield member 916A may be formed of a conductive, or partially conductive, material that is plated on or overmolded on the outer portion of the module housing. The shield member 916A, for example, may be a moldable matrix material into which are mixed conductive fillers, to form a conductive or lossy conductive material. In such an embodiment, the shield member 916A and attachment mechanism for the modules may be the same, formed by overmolding material around the modules.

(74) In some embodiments, the shield member 916A may have a U-shaped cross section, so that the conductive elements in the module 910A may be surrounded on three sides by the shield member 916A for that module. In some embodiments, the module 910B may also have a U-shaped shield member 916B, so that when the modules 910A-B are assembled together, the conductive elements in the module 910A may be surrounded on three sides by the shield member 916A and on the remaining side by the shield member 916B. This may provide a fully shielded signal path, which may improve signal quality, for example, by reducing crosstalk.

(75) In some embodiments, an innermost module may include an additional shield member to provide a fully shielded signal path. For instance, in the example of FIGS. 6A-B, the module 910C includes a U-shaped shield member 916C and an additional shield member 911C which together surround the conductive elements in the module 910C on all four sides. However, it should be appreciated that aspects of the present disclosure are not limited to the use of shield members to completely enclose a signal path, as a desirable amount of shielding may be achieved by selectively placing shield members around the signal path without completing enclosing the signal path.

(76) In some embodiments, the shield member 916A may be stamped from a single sheet of material (e.g., some suitable metal alloy), and similarly for the shield member 916B. One or more suitable attachment mechanisms may be formed during the stamping process. For example, the protrusion 912A and the recess 914B discussed above may be formed on the shield members 916A and 916B, respectively, by stamping. However, it should be appreciated that aspects of the present disclosure are not limited to forming a shield member by stamping from a single sheet of material. In some embodiments, a shield member may be formed by assembling together multiple component pieces (e.g., by welding or otherwise attaching the pieces together).

(77) In some embodiments, one or more contact tails of the illustrative wafer 754A may be contact tails of ground conductors. For example, contact tails 940A and 942A of the module 910A may be electrically coupled to the shield member 916A, and contact tail 944B of the module 910B may be electrically coupled to the shield member 916B. In some embodiments, these contact tails may be integrally connected to the respective shield members (e.g., stamped out of the same sheet of material), but that is not required, as in other embodiments the contact tails may be formed as separate pieces and connected to the respective shield members in any suitable manner (e.g., by welding). Also, aspects of the represent disclosure are not limited to having contact tails electrically coupled to shield members. In some embodiments, any of the contact tails 940A, 942A, and 944B may be connected to a ground conductor that is not configured as a shield member.

(78) In some embodiments, contact tails of ground conductors may be arranged so as to separate contact tails of adjacent signal conductors. In the example of FIGS. 6A-B, the ground contact tail 942A may be positioned next to the signal contact tail 930A so that when the illustrative wafer 954A is stacked next to a like wafer (e.g., the wafer 954B in the example of FIGS. 4A-B), the ground contact tail 942A is between the signal contact tail 930A and the corresponding signal contact tail in the like wafer. As another example, the ground contact tail 944A may be positioned between the signal contact tail 930A and a contact tail 920B of the module 910B, which may also be a signal contact tail. In this manner, when multiple wafers are stacked side to side, each pair of signal contact tails may be separated from every adjacent pair of signal contact tails. This configuration may improve signal quality, for example, by reducing crosstalk between adjacent differential pairs. However, it should be appreciated that aspects of the present disclosure are not limited to the use of ground contact tails to separate adjacent signal contact tails, as other arrangements may also be suitable.

(79) In the example of FIG. 6B, at least some of the modules contain three ground contact tails coupled to a shield member. Such a configuration positions contact tails symmetrically with respect to each pair. Symmetric positioning of ground contact tails also positions ground contact vias symmetrically with respect to signal visas within a printed circuit board to which a connector is attached. In this example, each module contains two ground contact tails that are bent into position adjacent the signal contact tails and that provide shielding wafer to wafer. At least some of the modules include an additional ground contact tail that, when modules are positioned in a wafer separate pairs from module to module. The longest and shortest modules do not have a ground contact tail on the outer side and inner side, respectively, of their signal pairs. In some embodiments, though, such additional ground contact tails may be included. Moreover, other configurations of ground contact tails may be used to symmetrically position ground contact tails around the signal conductors and those configurations may have more or fewer ground contact tails than three per module.

(80) FIGS. 7A and 7C are perspective views of the illustrative module 910A, in accordance with some embodiments. FIG. 7B is a partially exploded view of the illustrative module 910A, in accordance with some embodiments. As shown in these views, the illustrative module 910A includes two conductive elements 925A and 935A inserted into a housing 918A. The conductive elements may be secured in the housing 918A in any suitable way. In the embodiment illustrated, they are inserted into slots molded in the housing 918A. They may be held in place using any suitable retention mechanism, such as an interference fit, retention features that act as latches, adhesives, or molding or inserting material in the slots after the conductive elements are inserted to lock the conductive elements in place. However, in other embodiments, the housing may be molded around the conductive elements. The housing 918A may be sized and shaped to fit into the shield member 916A.

(81) In the embodiment illustrated in FIGS. 7A and 7C, the conductive elements 925A and 935A have generally the same size and shape. Each has a contact tail, exposed in one surface of the housing. In this example, the contact tails are illustrated as press-fit eye-of-the-needle contacts, but any suitable contact tail may be used. Each conductive element also has a mating contact portion exposed in another surface of the housing. In this example, the mating contact portion is illustrated as a flat portion of the conductive element. However, the mating contact portion may have other shapes, which may be created by attaching a further member or by forming the end of the conductive element into a desired shape. In this example, the conductive elements 925A and 935A are shown with the same thickness and width. In this example, though, the conductive element 935A is shorter than the conductive element 925A. In such an embodiment, to reduce skew within a pair, the conductive elements may be shaped differently to provide a faster propagation speed in the longer conductor.

(82) FIGS. 8A and 8C are perspective views of the illustrative housing 918A, in accordance with some embodiments. FIG. 8B is a front view of the illustrative housing 918A, in accordance with some embodiments. The housing 918A may be formed in any suitable way, including by molding using conventional insulative materials and/or lossy conductive materials. As shown in these views, the illustrative housing 918A includes two elongated slots 926A and 936A. These slots may be adapted to receive a pair of conductive elements (e.g., the conductive elements 925A and 935A of the example of FIG. 7B).

(83) However, other housing configurations may be used. For example, the housing 918A may have a hollow portion. The hollow portion may be positioned to provide air between the conductive elements 925A and 935A. Such an approach may adjust the impedance of the pair. Alternatively or additionally, a hollow portion of housing 918A may enable insertion of lossy material or other material that improves the electrical performance of the connector.

(84) FIGS. 9A-B are, respectively, front and perspective views of the illustrative housing 918A with the conductive element 925A inserted into the slot 926A and the conductive element 955A inserted into the slot 936A, in accordance with some embodiments. FIGS. 9C-D are, respectively, perspective and front views of the illustrative conductive elements 925A and 935A, in accordance with some embodiments. In this example, the conductive elements 925A and 935A and the slots 926A and 936A are configured so that when the conductive element 925A is inserted into the slot 926A and the conductive element 925A inserted into the slot 936A, intermediate portions of the conductive elements 925A and 935A jog toward each other. As a result, the radius of curvature of the intermediate portion of the conductive element 925A gets smaller, while the radius of curvature of the intermediate portion of the conductive element 935A gets larger. Accordingly, the difference in length between the conductive elements 925A and 935A is substantially reduced relative to a configuration in which the conductive elements do not jog.

(85) In some embodiments, the conductive elements may jog towards each other such that the edge of one conductive element is adjacent and edge of the other conductive element. In the embodiment illustrated, the conductive elements have their wide surfaces in different, but parallel planes. Each conductive element may jog toward the other within that plane parallel to its wide dimension. Accordingly, even when the edges of the conductive elements are adjacent, they will not touch because they are in different planes.

(86) In other embodiments, the conductive elements may jog toward each other to the point that one conductive element overlaps the other in a direction that is perpendicular to the wide surface of the conductive elements. In this configuration, intermediate portions of the conductive elements 925A and 935A are broadside-coupled.

(87) The inventors have recognized and appreciated that a broadside-coupled configuration may provide low skew in a right angle connector. When the connector operates at a relatively low frequency, the skew in a pair of edge-coupled right angle conductive elements may be a relatively small portion of the wavelength and therefore may not significantly impact the differential signal. However, when the connector operates at a higher frequency (e.g., 25 GHz, 30 GHz, 35 GHz, 40 GHz, 45 GHz, etc.), such skew may become a relatively large portion of the wavelength and may negatively impact the differential signal. Therefore, in some embodiments, a broadside-coupled configuration may be adopted to reduce skew. However, a broadside-coupled configuration is not required, as various techniques may be used to compensate for skew in alternative embodiments, such as by changing the profile (e.g., to a scalloped shape) of an edge of a conductive element on the inside of a turn to increase the length of the electrical path along that edge.

(88) The inventors have further recognized and appreciated that, while a broadside-coupled configuration may be desirable for the intermediate portions of the conductive elements, a completely or predominantly edge-coupled configuration may be desirable at a mating interface with another connector or at an attachment interface with a printed circuit board. Such a configuration, for example, may be facilitate routing within a printed circuit board of signal traces that connect to vias receiving contact tails from the connector.

(89) Accordingly, in the example of FIGS. 9A-D, the conductive elements 925A and 935A may have transition regions at either or both ends, such as transition regions 1210A and 1210B. In a transition region, a conductive element may jog out of the plane parallel to the wide dimension of the conductive element. In some embodiments, each transition region may have a jog toward the transition region of the other conductive element. In some embodiments, the conductive elements will each jog toward the plane of the other conductive element such that the ends of the transition regions align in a same plane that is parallel to, but between the planes of the individual conductive elements. To avoid contact of the transition regions, the conductive elements may also jog away from each other in the transition regions. As a result, the conductive elements in the transition regions may be aligned edge to edge in a plane that is parallel to, but between the planes of the individual conductive elements. For example, contact tails, such as 920A and 930A, may be edge coupled. Similar transition regions alternatively or additionally may be used at the mating contact portions of the conductive elements, in some embodiments.

(90) FIG. 9C illustrates both ends of each conductive element jogging in the same direction. Such an approach results in the ends of the conductive element 925A being in an outer row relative to the ends of the conductive element 935A. In other embodiments, the ends of the conductive elements of a pair may jog in opposite directions. For example, the contact tail 920A may jog in the direction of the shorter rows of the connector while the contact tail 930A may jog in the direction of the longer rows. Such a jog at the circuit board interface end of the connector will, in that transition region, lengthen the conductive element 925A relative to the conductive element 935A. If the conductive elements have a jog as illustrated in the transition regions near their mating contacts, the element 925A will be longer in that transition region. By forming the transition regions symmetrically with respect to each other, the relative lengthening in one transition region may be largely or fully offset by a relative shortening in the other transition region. Such a configuration of conductive elements may reduce skew within the pair of conductive elements 925A and 935A.

(91) In the example of FIG. 9C, as the conductive elements 925A and 935A exit the housing 918A at either end, they may jog apart from each other, for example, to conform to a desired arrangement of conductive elements at a mating interface with a backplane connector, or to match a desired arrangement of via holes on a daughter card. Transition regions at the ends of the conductive elements may be used whether or not the intermediate portions of the conductive elements jog towards each other. For example, the slot 926A may be deeper than the slot 936A at either end of the housing 918A to accommodate the desired spacing between the end portions of the conductive elements 925A and 935A.

(92) In some embodiments, the housing 918A may be made of an insulative material (e.g., plastic or nylon) by a molding process. The housing 918A may be formed as an integral piece, or may be assembled from separately manufactured pieces. Additionally, electrically lossy material may be incorporated into the housing 918A either uniformly or at one or more selected locations to provide any desirable electrical property (e.g., to reduce crosstalk).

(93) In some embodiments, the slots 926A and 936B may be filled with additional insulative material after the conductive elements 925A and 935A have been inserted. The additional insulative material may be the same as or different from the insulative material used to form the housing 918A. Filling the slots 926A and 936B may prevent the conductive elements 925A and 935A from shifting in position and thereby maintain signal quality. However, other ways to secure the conductive elements 925A and 935A may also be possible, such as using one or more fasteners configured to hold the conductive elements 925A and 935A at a desired distance from each other.

(94) FIGS. 10A-B are, respectively, perspective and front views of the shield member 916A of the example of FIGS. 6A-B, in accordance with some embodiments. As shown in these views, the contact tail 940A is connected to the shield member 916A via a bent segment 941A, so that the contact tail 940A is offset from the side wall of the shield member 916A from which the contact tail 940A extends. Likewise, the contact tail 942A is connected to the shield member 916A via a bent segment 943A so that the contact tail 942A is offset from the side wall of the shield member 916A from which the contact tail 942A extends. Ibis configuration may allow the contact tails 940A and 942A to align with the signal contact tails 920A and 930A, as shown in FIGS. 6A-B.

(95) FIGS. 11A-B are, respectively, perspective and cross-sectional views of an illustrative shield member 1400, in accordance with some embodiments. As shown in these views, the illustrative shield member 1400 is formed by assembling together at least two components 1410A-B. In this example, the components 1410A-B form top and bottom halves of the shield member 1400, respectively. However, it should be appreciated that other configurations may also be possible (e.g., left and right halves, top panel with U-shaped bottom channel, inverted U-shaped top channel with bottom panel, etc.), as aspects of the present disclosure are not limited to any particular configuration of shield member components.

(96) Like the shield members 916C and 911C in the example of FIGS. 6A-B, the illustrative shield member 1400 of FIGS. 11A-B also provides a fully shielded signal path, which may advantageously reduce crosstalk between the conductive element(s) enclosed by the shield member 1400 and conductive element(s) outside the shield member 1400. However, the inventors have recognized and appreciated that enclosing a signal path inside a shielded cavity may create unwanted resonances, which may negatively impact signal quality. Accordingly, in some embodiments, one or more portions of lossy material may be electrically coupled to the shield member to reduce unwanted resonances. For instance, in the example of FIG. 11B, lossy portions 1430A-B may be placed between the shield components 1410A-B. The lossy portions may be captured between the shield components and held in place by the same features that attach the shield components to a wafer module.

(97) In some embodiments, the lossy portions 1430A-B may be elongated and may run along an entire length of the shield member 1400. For example, the lossy portion 1430A may run along a seam between the shield components 1410A-B, shown as a dashed line 1420 in FIG. 11A. However, it should be appreciated that the lossy portion 1430 need not run continuously along the dashed line 1420. Rather, in alternative embodiments, the lossy portion 1430 may comprise one or more disconnected portions placed at selected location(s) along the dashed line 1420. Also, aspects of the present disclosure are not limited to the use of lossy portions on two sides of the shield member 1400. In alternative embodiments, one or more lossy portions may be incorporated on only one side, or multiple sides, of the shield member 1400. For example, one or more lossy portions may be placed inside the shield component 1410A on the bottom of the U-shaped channel and likewise for the shield component 1410B.

(98) As a further variation, lossy material may be coupled to the shield member at selected locations along the signal path. For example, lossy material may be coupled to the shield member adjacent transition regions as described above or adjacent the mating contact portions or contact tails. Such regions of lossy material may, for example, be attached to the shield members by pushing a hub on a lossy member through an opening in a shield member. In that case, electrical connection may be formed by direct contact between the lossy material and the shield member. However, lossy members may be electrically coupled in other ways, such as using capacitive coupling.

(99) Alternatively or additionally, lossy material may be placed on the outside of a shield member, such as by applying a lossy conductive coating or overmolding lossy material over the shield members. In some embodiments, a lossy member or members may hold wafer modules together in a wafer or may hold wafers together in a wafer assembly. Lossy members in this configuration, for example, may be overmolded around wafer modules or wafers. Though, connections between shield assemblies need not be formed with lossy members. In some embodiments, conductive members may electrically connect the shield members in different wafer modules or different wafers. Other configurations of lossy material may also be suitable, as aspects of the present disclosure are not limited to any particular configuration, or the use of lossy material at all.

(100) In the wafer modules illustrated in FIGS. 7A-12D, a pair of conductive elements is inserted into a housing. That housing is rigid. In some embodiments, a pair of conductive elements may be routed through a wafer module using cable. In some embodiments, each cable may be in the twin-ax configuration, comprising a pair of signal conductors and an associated ground structure. The ground structure may comprise a foil or braiding wrapped around an insulator in which signal conductors are embedded. In such an embodiment, the cable insulator may serve the same function as a molded housing. However, cable manufacturing techniques may allow for more precise control over the impedance of the signal conductors and/or positioning of the shielding members, providing better electrical properties to the connector.

(101) FIGS. 12A-C are perspective views of an illustrative module 1500 at various stages of manufacturing, in accordance with some embodiments using such a cabled configuration. The illustrative module 1500 may be used alone in an electrical connector, or in combination with other modules to form a wafer (like the illustrative wafers 754A-D shown in FIGS. 4A-B) for an electrical connector.

(102) As shown in FIG. 12A, the illustrative module 1500 includes two conductive elements 1525 and 1535 running through a cable insulator 1518. The cable insulator 1518 may be made of an insulative material in any suitable manner. For example, in some embodiments, the cable insulator 1518 may be extruded around the conductive elements 1525 and 1535. A single cable insulator may surround multiple conductors within the cable. In alternative embodiments, the cable insulator 1518 may include two component pieces each surrounding a respective one of the conductive elements 1525 and 1535. The separate component pieces may be held together in any suitable way, such as by an insulative jacket and/or a conducting structure, such as foil.

(103) In some embodiments, the cable insulator 1518 may run along an entire length of the conductive elements 1525 and 1535. Alternatively, the cable insulator 1518 may include disconnected portions disposed at selected locations along the conductive elements 1525 and 1535. The space between two disconnected housing portions may be occupied by air, which is also an insulator. Furthermore, the cable insulator 1518 may have any suitable cross-sectional shape, such as circular, rectangular, oval, etc.

(104) In some embodiments, the conductive elements 1525 and 1535 may be adapted to carry a differential signal and a shield member may be provided to reduce crosstalk between the pair of conductive elements 1525 and 1535 and other conductive elements in a connector. For instance, in the example of FIG. 12A, a shield member 1516 may be provided to enclose the cable insulator 1518 with the conductive elements 1525 and 1535 inserted therein. In some embodiments, the shield member 1516 may be a foil made of a suitable conductive material (e.g., metal), which may be wrapped around the cable insulator 1518. Other types of shield members may also be suitable, such as a rigid structure configured to receive the cable insulator 1518.

(105) As discussed above in connection with FIGS. 6A-B, signal quality may be improved by providing a shield that fully encloses a signal path. Accordingly, in the example of FIG. 12A, the shield 1516 may be wrapped all the way around the cable insulator 1518. However, it should be appreciated that a fully shielded signal path is not required, as in alternative embodiments a signal path may be partially shielded, or not shielded at all. For example, in some embodiments, lossy material may be placed around a signal path, instead of a conductively shield member, to reduce crosstalk between different signal paths.

(106) In some embodiments, each conductive element in a connector may have a contact tail attached thereto. In the example of FIG. 12A, the conductive elements 1525 and 1535 may have, respectively, contact tails 1520 and 1530 attached thereto by welding, brazing, or a compression fitting, or in some other suitable manner. Each contact tail may be adapted to be inserted into a corresponding hole in a printed circuit board so as to form an electrical connection with a corresponding conductive trace in the printed circuit board. The contact tails may be held within an insulative member, which may provide support for the contact tails and ensure that they remain electrically isolated from each other.

(107) FIG. 12B shows the illustrative module 1500 of FIG. 12A at a subsequent stage of manufacturing, where an insulative portion 1528 has been formed around the conductive elements 1525 and 1535 where the contact tails 1520 and 1530 have been attached. In some embodiments, the insulative portion 1528 may be formed by molding non-conductive plastic around the conductive elements 1525 and 1535 and the contact tails 1520 and 1530 so as to maintain a certain spacing between the contact tails 1520 and 1530. This spacing may be selected to match the spacing between corresponding holes on a printed circuit board into which the contact tails 1520 and 1530 are adapted to be inserted. Such spacing may be on the order of mm, but may range, for example, from 0.5 mm to 2 mm.

(108) To fully shield the module, a shield member may be attached over the insulative portion 1528, in accordance with some embodiments. That shield member may be electrically connected to the shield 1516. FIG. 12C shows the illustrative module 1500 of FIGS. 12A-B at a subsequent stage of manufacturing, where a conductive portion 1526 has been formed around the insulative portion 1528. The conductive portion 1526 may be formed of any suitable conductive material (e.g., metal) and may provide shielding to the conductive elements 1525 and 1535 and the contact tails 1520 and 1530. In the embodiment illustrated, the conductive portion 1526 may be formed as a separate sheet that is attached to the insulative portion 1528 using any suitable attachment mechanism, such as a barb or latch, or an opening in the conductive portion 1526 that fits over a projection of the insulative portion 1528. Alternatively or additionally, the conductive portion 1526 may be formed by coating or overmolding a conductive or partially conductive layer onto the insulative portion 1528.

(109) In some embodiments, the conductive portion 1526 may be electrically coupled to one or more contact tails. In the example of FIG. 12C, the conductive portion 1526 may be integrally connected to contact tails 1540, 1542, 1544, and 1546 (e.g., by being stamped out of the same sheet of material). In other embodiments, contact tails may be formed as separate pieces and connected to the conductive portion 1526 in any suitable manner (e.g., by welding).

(110) In some embodiments, the contact tails 1540, 1542, 1544, and 1546 may be adapted to be inserted into holes in a printed circuit board to form electrical connections with ground traces. Furthermore, the conductive portion 1526 may be electrically coupled to the shield member 1516 so that the conductive portion 1526 and the shield member 1516 may together form a ground conductor. Such coupling may be provided in any suitable way, such as a conductive adhesive or filler that contacts both the conductive portion 1526 and the shield member 1516, crimping the shield member 1516 around the conductive portion 1526 or pinching the conductive portion 1526 between the shield member 1516 and the insulative portion 1528. As another example, the shield member 1516 may be soldered, welded, or brazed to the conductive portion 1526.

(111) In some embodiments, mating contact portions may also be attached to a wafer used to make wafer modules. FIGS. 13A-C are additional perspective views of the illustrative module 1500 of FIGS. 12A-C at various stages of manufacturing, in accordance with some embodiments. While FIGS. 12A-C show the illustrative module 1500 at one end (e.g., where the module 1500 is adapted to be attached to a printed circuit board), FIGS. 13A-C show the illustrative module 1500 at the opposite end (e.g., where the module 1500 is adapted to mate with another connector, such as a backplane connector). For instance, FIG. 13A shows the opposite ends of the conductive elements 1525 and 1535, the cable insulator 1518, and the shield member 1516 of FIG. 12A. Here the cable insulator 1518, the shield member 1516 and any cable jacket or other portions of the cable are shown stripped away at that end to expose portions of the conductive elements 1525 and 1535 to which structures acting as mating contact portions may be attached.

(112) FIG. 13B shows the illustrative module 1500 of FIG. 13A at a subsequent stage of manufacturing, where an insulative portion 1658 has been formed around the conductive elements 1525 and 1535 where they extend from the cable insulator 1518. In some embodiments, the insulative portion 1658 may be formed by molding non-conductive plastic around the conductive elements 1525 and 1535 so as to maintain a certain spacing between the conductive elements 1525 and 1535. This spacing may be selected to match the spacing between conductive elements of the corresponding connector to which the module 1500 is adapted to mate. The pitch of the mating contact portions may be the same as that of the contact tails described above. However, there is no requirement that the pitch be the same at both the mating contact portions and the contact tails, as any suitable spacing between conductive elements may be used at either interface.

(113) FIG. 13C shows the illustrative module 1500 of FIGS. 13A-B at a subsequent stage of manufacturing, where mating contact portions 1665 and 1675 have been attached to the conductive elements 1525 and 1535, respectively. The mating contact portions 1665 and 1675 may be attached to the conductive elements 1525 and 1535 in any suitable manner (e.g., by welding), and may be adapted to mate with corresponding mating contact portions of another connector.

(114) In the example of FIG. 12C, the mating contact portions 1665 and 1675 are configured as tubes adapted to receive corresponding mating contact portions configured as pins or blades. Alternatively, the tube may be configured to fit within a larger tube or other structure in a corresponding mating interface.

(115) In some embodiments, the mating contact portion may include a compliant member to facilitate electrical contact to the corresponding mating contact portion of a signal conductor in another connector. In the example of FIG. 12C, each of the mating contact portions 1665 and 1675 has a tab formed thereon, such as the tab 1680 formed on the mating contact portion 1675, which may act as a compliant member. In configurations in which the tube will receive the mating contact portion, the tab 1680 may be biased towards the inside of the tube-shaped mating contact portion 1675, so that a spring force may be generated to press the tab 1680 against a corresponding mating contact portion that is inserted into the mating contact portion 1675. This may facilitates reliable electrical connection between the mating contact portion 1675 and the corresponding mating contact portion of the other connector. Alternatively, in embodiments in which tube-shaped mating contact portion 1675 will fit inside a complementary mating contact structure, the tab may be biased outwards. However, it is not necessary that a tab be used for compliance. In some embodiments, for example, compliance may be achieved by a split in the tube. The split may allow portions of the tube to expand into a larger circumference upon receiving a mating member inserted into the tube or be compressed into a smaller circumference when inserted into another member.

(116) In some embodiments, the tab 1680 may be partially cut out from the mating contact portion 1675 and may remain integrally connected to the mating contact portion 1675. In alternative embodiments, the tab 1680 may be formed as a separate piece and may be attached to the mating contact portion 1675 in some suitable manner (e.g., by welding). Further, though a single tab is visible in FIG. 13C, multiple tabs may be present.

(117) FIGS. 14A-C are perspective views of a module during further steps that may be performed on the mating contact portion shown in FIG. 13C. Elements may be added to provide shielding or structural integrity, or to perform alignment or gathering functions during connector mating to form illustrative module 1700, in accordance with some embodiments.

(118) In some embodiments, the module 1700 may include two conductive elements (not visible) extending from a cable or other insulative housing (not visible). As described above, the conductive elements and insulative housing may be enclosed by a conductive member 1716, which may be made of any suitable conductive material or materials (e.g., metal) and may provide shielding for the enclosed conductive elements. As in the embodiment shown in FIG. 13A, the conductive elements of the module 1700 may be held in place by an insulative portion 1758, and may be electrically coupled to mating contact portions 1765 and 1775, respectively.

(119) In the example of FIG. 14A, the mating contact portions 1765 and 1775 may be configured as partial tubes (e.g., tubes with slits or cutouts of any desired shapes and at any desired locations) adapted to receive or fit into corresponding mating contact portions with any suitable configuration, such as pins, blades, full tubes, partial tubes (with the same configuration as, or different configuration from, the mating contact portions 1765 and 1775), etc.

(120) In some embodiments, a further insulative portion 1770 may be provided at the openings of the mating contact portions 1765 and 1775. The insulative portion 1770 may help to maintain a desired spacing between the mating contact portions 1765 and 1775. This spacing may be selected to match the spacing between mating contact portions of the corresponding connector to which the module 1700 is adapted to mate.

(121) Additionally, the insulative portion 1770 may include one or more features for guiding a corresponding mating contact portion into an opening of one of the mating contact portions 1765 and 1775. For example, a recess 1772 may be provided at the opening 1774 of the mating contact portions 1765. The recess 1772 may shaped as a frustum of a cone, so that during mating a corresponding mating contact portion (e.g., a pin) may be guided into the opening 1774 even if initially the corresponding mating contact portion is not perfectly aligned with the opening 1774. This may prevent damage to the corresponding mating contact portion (e.g., stubbing) due to application of excess force during mating. However, it should be appreciated that aspects of the present disclosure are not limited to the use of any guiding feature.

(122) FIG. 14B shows the illustrative module 1700 of FIG. 14A at a subsequent stage of manufacturing, where a conductive member 1756 has been formed around the insulative portions 1758 and 1770 and the mating contact portions 1765 and 1775. The conductive member 1756 may be formed of any suitable conductive material (e.g., metal) and may provide shielding for the mating contact portions 1765 and 1775.

(123) In some embodiments, a gap may be provided between the mating contact portions 1765 and 1775 and the inside of the conductive member 1756. The gap may be of any suitable size (e.g., 0.5 mm, 0.4 mm, 0.3 mm, 0.2 mm, 0.1 mm, etc.) and may be occupied by air, which is an insulator. The gap may ensure that the compliant members of the mating contact portions are free to move. In some embodiments, the size of the air gap may be selected to provide a desired impedance in the mating contact portion. In some embodiments, lossy material may be included at one or more selected locations within the gap between the mating contact portions 1765 and 1775 and the conductive member 1756, for example, to reduce unwanted resonances.

(124) In some embodiments, the conductive member 1756 may include compliant members that may make electrical contact to a conductive portion, similarly acting as a ground shield in a mating connector. FIG. 14C shows the illustrative module 1700 of FIGS. 14A-B at a subsequent stage of manufacturing, where tabs 1760-1765 have been attached to the conductive member 1756. In this example, the tabs act as compliant members and are positioned to make electrical contact to ground shields in a mating connector. The tabs 1760-1765 may be attached to the conductive member 1756 in any suitable manner (e.g., by welding). In other embodiments, the tabs 1760-1765 may be integrally connected to the conductive member 1756 (e.g., by being stamped out of the same sheet of metal). However, in the embodiment illustrated, the tabs are formed separately and then attached to avoid forming an opening in the box-shaped conductive member 1756 where such a tab would be cut out. The tab may be attached in any suitable way, such as with welding or brazing, or by capturing a portion of the tab member between the conductive member 1756 and another structure in the module, such as the insulative portion 1770.

(125) In some embodiments, the tabs 1760-1765 may be biased away from the conductive member 1756, so that spring forces may be generated to press the tabs 1760-1765 against a corresponding conductive portion of a connector to which the module 1700 is adapted to mate (e.g., a backplane connector). In this example, the conductive member 1756 is box-shaped to it within a larger box-shaped mating contact structure in a mating connector. The tabs, or other compliant members, may facilitate reliable electrical connection between the conductive member 1756 and the corresponding conductive portion of the mating connector. In some embodiments, the conductive member 1756 and the corresponding conductive portion of the mating connector may be configured as ground conductors (e.g., adapted to be electrically coupled to ground traces in a printed circuit board). Furthermore, the conductive member 1756 may be electrically coupled to the shield member 1716 so that the shield member 1716 may also be grounded.

(126) An example of a mating connector is illustrated in FIG. 15. FIG. 15 is a partially exploded view of illustrative connectors 1800 and 1850 adapted to mate with each other, in accordance with some embodiments. The connector 1800 may be formed with modules as described above. The modules may each carry a single pair or multiple pairs of signal conductors. Alternatively, each module may carry one or more single-ended signal conductors. These modules may be assembled into wafers, which are then assembled into a connector. Alternatively, the modules may be inserted in or otherwise attached to a support structure to form the connector 1800.

(127) The connector 1850 may similarly be formed of modules, each of which has the same number of signal conductors or signal conductor pairs as a corresponding module in the connector 1800. Alternatively, the connector 1850 may be formed on a unitary housing or housing portions, each of which is sized to mate with multiple modules in the connector 1800.

(128) In the illustrated example, the connector 1800 may be a daughter card connector, while the connector 1850 may be a backplane connector. When the connectors 1800 and 1850 are mated with each other, and with a daughter card and a backplane, respectively, electrical connections may be formed between the conductive traces in the daughter card and the conductive traces in the backplane, via the conductive elements in the connectors 1800 and 1850.

(129) In the example shown in FIG. 15, the connector 1800 may include the illustrative module 1700 of FIG. 14A-C in combination with identical or different modules. For instance, the modules of the connector 1800 may have similar construction (e.g., same mating interface and board interface) but different right angle turning radii, which may be achieved by different length cable joining the interfaces or in any other suitable way. The modules may be held together in any suitable way, for example, by inserting the modules into an organizer, or by providing engagement features on the modules, where an engagement feature on one module is adapted to engage a corresponding engagement feature on an adjacent module to hold the adjacent modules together.

(130) In some embodiments, the connector 1850 may also include multiple modules. These modules may be identical, or they may be different from one another. An illustrative module 1855 is shown in FIG. 15, having a conductive member 1860 configured to receive the module 1700 of the connector 1800. When the connectors 1800 and 1850 are mated, spring forces may be generated that press the tabs 1760-1765 of the connector 1800 (of which 1761-1762 are visible in FIG. 15) against the inner walls of the conductive member 1860 of the module 1855, which may facilitate reliable electrical connection between the conductive member 1756 and the conductive member 1860.

(131) In some embodiments, one or more tabs may be provided on one or more inner walls of the conductive member 1860 in addition to, or instead of, the tabs on the outside of the conductive member 1756. In the example of FIG. 15, tabs 1861-1862 may be attached respectively to opposing inner walls of the conductive member 1860. When the connectors 1800 and 1850 are mated, spring forces may be generated that press the tabs 1861-1862 against the outside of the conductive member 1756. These additional spring forces may further facilitate reliable electrical connection between the conductive member 1756 and the conductive member 1860.

(132) In some embodiments, having tabs on ground structures in two mating connectors may improve electrical performance of the mated connector. Appropriately placed tabs may reduce the length of any un-terminated portion of a ground conductor. Though the ground conductors are intended to act as a shield that blocks unwanted radiation from reaching signal conductors, the inventors have recognized and appreciated that at frequencies for which a connector as illustrated in FIG. 15 is designed to operate, un-terminated portions of a ground conductor can generate unwanted radiation, which decreases electrical performance of the connector. Without compliant members, such as tabs, to make contact between mating ground structures, one ground structure or the other may have an un-terminated portion with a length approximately equal to the depth of insertion of one connector into the other. The effect of an un-terminated portion may be dependent on its length as well as the frequency of signals passing through the connector. Accordingly, in some embodiments, such tabs may be omitted or, though located at the distal portion of a conductive member that may otherwise be un-terminated, may be set back from the distal edge such that an un-terminated portion remains, though such un-terminated portion may be short enough to have limited impact on the electrical performance of the connector.

(133) In the example illustrated, the tabs 1861-1862 may be located at a distal portion of the conductive member 1860, shown as the top of conductive member 1860 in FIG. 15. Tabs in this configuration form electrical connections that ensure that the distal portion of the conductive member 1860 is electrically connected to the conductive member 1756 when the connectors 1800 and 1850 are fully mated with each other. By contrast, the tabs 1760-1765 of the connector 1800 may be located at the distal end of the conductive member 1756 and may form electrical connections with conductive member 1860, thereby reducing the length of any un-terminated portion of the conductive member 1756.

(134) While various advantages of the tabs 1760-1765, 1861-1862 are discussed above, it should be appreciated that aspects of the present disclosure are not limited to the use of any particular number or configuration of tabs on the conductive member 1756 and/or the conductive member 1860, or to the use of tabs at all. For example, points of contact near the distal ends of two mating conductive members acting as shields can be achieved by providing compliant portions adjacent the mating edges of each conductive member, as illustrated, or providing compliant members on one of the conductive members with different setbacks from the mating edge of that conductive member. Moreover, a specific distribution of compliant members to form points of contact between the conductive members serving as shields is shown as an example, rather than a limitation on suitable distributions of compliant members. For example, FIG. 15 shows that the ground conductive members surrounding pairs of signal conductors in the modules of connector 1800 have compliant members that surround the pair. In the example of FIG. 15 in which the ground conductive members are box-shaped, tabs are disposed on all four sides of the ground conductive members. As shown, where the box is rectangular, there may be more compliant contact members on the longer sides of the box. Two are shown in the example of FIG. 15. In contrast, the ground conductors in connector 1850, though similarly box shaped, have fewer compliant contact members. In the illustrated example, the modules forming connector 1850 have compliant contact members on less than all sides. In the specific example illustrated, they have compliant contact members on only two sides. Moreover, they have only one compliant contact member on each side.

(135) In alternative embodiments, other mechanisms (e.g., torsion beams) may be used to form an electrical connection between the conductive member 1756 and/or the conductive member 1860. Additionally, aspects of the present disclosure are not limited to the use of multiple points of contact to reduce un-terminated stub, as a single point of contact may be suitable in some embodiments. Alternatively, additional points of contact may be present.

(136) FIG. 16 is a partially exploded and partially cutaway view of illustrative connectors 1900 and 1950 adapted to mate with each other, in accordance with some embodiments. These connectors may be manufactured as described above for the connectors 1800 and 1850, or in any other suitable way. In this example, each of the connectors 1900 and 1950 may include 16 modules arranged in a 4×4 grid. For instance, the connector 1900 may include a module 1910 configured to mate with a module 1960 of the connector 1950. The modules may be held together in any suitable way, including via support members to which the modules are attached or into which the modules are inserted.

(137) In some embodiments, the module 1910 may include two conductive elements (not visible) configured as a differential signal pair. Each conductive element may have a contact tail adapted to be inserted into a corresponding hole in a printed circuit board to make an electrical connection with a conductive trace within printed circuit board. The contact tail may be electrically coupled to an elongated intermediate portion, which may in turn be electrically coupled to a mating contact portion adapted to mate with a corresponding mating contact portion of the module 1960 of the connector 1950.

(138) In the example of FIG. 16, the connector 1900 may be a right angle connector configured to be plugged into a printed circuit board disposed in an x-y plane. The conductive elements of the module 1910 may run alongside each other in a y-z plane at the intermediate portions, and may make a right angle turn to be coupled to contact tails 1920 and 1930. The conductive element coupled to the contact tail 1920 may be on the outside of the turn and may therefore be longer than the conductive element coupled to the contact tail 1930.

(139) FIG. 17 is an exploded view of illustrative connectors 2000 and 2050 adapted to mate with each other, in accordance with some embodiments. Like the illustrative connectors 1900 and 1950, the connectors 2000 and 2050 may each include 16 modules arranged in a 4×4 grid. For instance, the connector 2000 may include a module 2010 configured to mate with a module 2060 of the connector 2050.

(140) Like the connector 1900 in the example of FIG. 16, the connector 2000 may be a right angle connector configured to be plugged into a printed circuit board disposed in an x-y plane. However, the conductive elements of the module 2010 may run alongside each other in an x-y plane at the intermediate portions (as opposed to a y-z plane as in the example of FIG. 16). As a result, the conductive elements of the module 2010 may first make a right angle turn within the same x-y plane occupied by the intermediate portions, and then make another right angle turn out of that x-y plane, in the positive z direction, to be coupled to contact tails 2020 and 2030.

(141) In the embodiment of FIG. 17, the intermediate portions of the conductive elements of each pair are spaced from each other in a direction that is parallel to an edge of the printed circuit board to which the connector 2000 is attached. In the embodiment of FIG. 16, the conductive elements of the pair are spaced from each other in a direction that is perpendicular to a surface of the printed circuit board. The difference in orientation may change the aspect ratio of the connector for a given number of pairs per column. As can be seen, the four pairs, oriented as in FIG. 16, occupy more rows than the same number of pairs in the embodiment of FIG. 17. The configuration of FIG. 16 may be useful in an electronic system in which there is ample room between adjacent daughter cards for the wider configuration, but less space along the edge of the printed circuit board for the longer configuration of FIG. 17. Conversely, for an electronic system with limited space between adjacent printed circuit boards but more room along the edge, the configuration of FIG. 17 may be preferred.

(142) Alternatively, the embodiment of FIG. 17 may be used for broadside coupling of the intermediate portions while the intermediate portions may be edge coupled in the embodiment of FIG. 16. Broadside coupling of the intermediate portions of pairs oriented as illustrated in FIG. 17, may introduce less skew in the conductors of a pair than edge coupling. With broadside coupling, the intermediate portions may turn through the same radius of curvature such that their physical lengths are equalized. Edge coupling, on the other hand, may facilitate routing of traces to the contact tails of the connector.

(143) As illustrated, however, both configurations may result in the contact tails of a pair being aligned with each other along the Y-axis, corresponding to the column dimension. In this configuration, because the broad sides of the conductive elements are parallel with the Y-axis, the contact tails are edge-coupled, meaning that edges of the conductive elements are adjacent. In contrast, when broadside coupling is used broad surfaces of the conductive elements are adjacent. Such a configuration may be achieved through a transition region in the embodiment of FIG. 17, in which the conductive elements have transition regions as described above in connection with FIG. 9C.

(144) Providing edge coupling of contact tails may provide routing channels within a printed circuit board to which a connector is attached. As illustrated, in both the embodiment of FIG. 16 and FIG. 17, the contact tails in a column are aligned in the Y-direction. When vias are formed in a daughter card to receive contact tails, those vias will similarly be aligned in a column in the Y-direction. That direction may correspond to the direction in which traces are routed from electronics attached to the printed circuit board to a connector at the edge of the board. Examples of vias (e.g., vias 2105A-C) disposed in columns (e.g., columns 2110 and 2120) on a printed circuit board, and the routing channels between the columns are shown in FIG. 18A, in accordance with some embodiments. Examples of traces (e.g., traces 2115A-D) running in these routing channels (e.g., channel 2130) are illustrated in FIG. 18B, in accordance with some embodiments. Having routing channels as illustrated in FIG. 18B may allow traces for multiple pairs (e.g., the pair 2115A-B and the pair 2115C-D) to be routed on the same layer of the printed circuit board. As more pairs are routed on the same level, the number of layers in the printed circuit board may be reduced, which can reduce the overall cost of the electronic assembly.

(145) Although details of specific configurations of conductive elements, housings, and shield members are described above, it should be appreciated that such details are provided solely for purposes of illustration, as the concepts disclosed herein are capable of other manners of implementation. In that respect, various connector designs described herein may be used in any suitable combination, as aspects of the present disclosure are not limited to the particular combinations shown in the drawings. For example, the illustrative mating interface features described in connection with FIGS. 13A-C may be used with the illustrative connector modules shown in FIGS. 6A-B.

(146) As discussed above, lossy material may be placed at one or more locations in a connector in some embodiments, for example, to reduce crosstalk. Any suitable lossy material may be used. Materials that conduct, but with some loss, over the frequency range of interest are referred to herein generally as “lossy” materials. Electrically lossy materials can be formed from lossy dielectric and/or lossy conductive materials. The frequency range of interest depends on the operating parameters of the system in which such a connector is used, but will generally have an upper limit between about 1 GHz and 25 GHz, although higher frequencies or lower frequencies may be of interest in some applications. Some connector designs may have frequency ranges of interest that span only a portion of this range, such as 1 to 10 GHz or 3 to 15 GHz or 3 to 6 GHz.

(147) Electrically lossy material can be formed from material traditionally regarded as dielectric materials, such as those that have an electric loss tangent greater than approximately 0.003 in the frequency range of interest. The “electric loss tangent” is the ratio of the imaginary part to the real part of the complex electrical permittivity of the material. Electrically lossy materials can also be formed from materials that are generally thought of as conductors, but are either relatively poor conductors over the frequency range of interest, contain particles or regions that are sufficiently dispersed that they do not provide high conductivity or otherwise are prepared with properties that lead to a relatively weak bulk conductivity over the frequency range of interest. Electrically lossy materials typically have a conductivity of about 1 siemens/meter to about 1×10.sup.7 siemens/meter and preferably about 1 siemens/meter to about 30,000 siemens/meter. In some embodiments material with a bulk conductivity of between about 10 siemens/meter and about 100 siemens/meter may be used. As a specific example, material with a conductivity of about 50 siemens/meter may be used. However, it should be appreciated that the conductivity of the material may be selected empirically or through electrical simulation using known simulation tools to determine a suitable conductivity that provides both a suitably low crosstalk with a suitably low insertion loss.

(148) Electrically lossy materials may be partially conductive materials, such as those that have a surface resistivity between 1Ω/square and 106Ω/square. In some embodiments, the electrically lossy material has a surface resistivity between 1Ω/square and 103Ω/square. In some embodiments, the electrically lossy material has a surface resistivity between 10Ω/square and 100Ω/square. As a specific example, the material may have a surface resistivity of between about 20Ω/square and 40Ω/square.

(149) In some embodiments, electrically lossy material is formed by adding to a binder a filler that contains conductive particles. In such an embodiment, a lossy member may be formed by molding or otherwise shaping the binder into a desired form. Examples of conductive particles that may be used as a filler to form an electrically lossy material include carbon or graphite formed as fibers, flakes or other particles. Metal in the form of powder, flakes, fibers or other particles may also be used to provide suitable electrically lossy properties. Alternatively, combinations of fillers may be used. For example, metal plated carbon particles may be used. Silver and nickel are suitable metal plating for fibers. Coated particles may be used alone or in combination with other fillers, such as carbon flake. The binder or matrix may be any material that will set, cure or can otherwise be used to position the filler material. In some embodiments, the binder may be a thermoplastic material such as is traditionally used in the manufacture of electrical connectors to facilitate the molding of the electrically lossy material into the desired shapes and locations as part of the manufacture of the electrical connector. Examples of such materials include LCP and nylon. However, many alternative forms of binder materials may be used. Curable materials, such as epoxies, may serve as a binder. Alternatively, materials such as thermosetting resins or adhesives may be used.

(150) Also, while the above described binder materials may be used to create an electrically lossy material by forming a binder around conducting particle fillers, the invention is not so limited. For example, conducting particles may be impregnated into a formed matrix material or may be coated onto a formed matrix material, such as by applying a conductive coating to a plastic component or a metal component. As used herein, the term “binder” encompasses a material that encapsulates the filler, is impregnated with the filler or otherwise serves as a substrate to hold the filler.

(151) Preferably, the fillers will be present in a sufficient volume percentage to allow conducting paths to be created from particle to particle. For example, when metal fiber is used, the fiber may be present in about 3% to 40% by volume. The amount of filler may impact the conducting properties of the material.

(152) Filled materials may be purchased commercially, such as materials sold under the trade name Celestran® by Ticona. A lossy material, such as lossy conductive carbon filled adhesive preform, such as those sold by Techfilm of Billerica, Mass., US may also be used. This preform can include an epoxy binder filled with carbon particles. The binder surrounds carbon particles, which acts as a reinforcement for the preform. Such a preform may be inserted in a wafer to form all or part of the housing. In some embodiments, the preform may adhere through the adhesive in the preform, which may be cured in a heat treating process. In some embodiments, the adhesive in the preform alternatively or additionally may be used to secure one or more conductive elements, such as foil strips, to the lossy material.

(153) Various forms of reinforcing fiber, in woven or non-woven form, coated or non-coated may be used. Non-woven carbon fiber is one suitable material. Other suitable materials, such as custom blends as sold by RTP Company, can be employed, as the present invention is not limited in this respect.

(154) In some embodiments, a lossy member may be manufactured by stamping a preform or sheet of lossy material. For example, an insert may be formed by stamping a preform as described above with an appropriate patterns of openings. However, other materials may be used instead of or in addition to such a preform. A sheet of ferromagnetic material, for example, may be used.

(155) However, lossy members also may be formed in other ways. In some embodiments, a lossy member may be formed by interleaving layers of lossy and conductive material, such as metal foil. These layers may be rigidly attached to one another, such as through the use of epoxy or other adhesive, or may be held together in any other suitable way. The layers may be of the desired shape before being secured to one another or may be stamped or otherwise shaped after they are held together.

(156) Having thus described several embodiments, it is to be appreciated various alterations, modifications, and improvements may readily occur to those skilled in the art. Such alterations, modifications, and improvements are intended to be within the spirit and scope of the invention. Accordingly, the foregoing description and drawings are by way of example only.

(157) Various changes may be made to the illustrative structures shown and described herein. For example, examples of techniques are described for improving signal quality at the mating interface of an electrical interconnection system. These techniques may be used alone or in any suitable combination. Furthermore, the size of a connector may be increased or decreased from what is shown. Also, it is possible that materials other than those expressly mentioned may be used to construct the connector. As another example, connectors with four differential signal pairs in a column are used for illustrative purposes only. Any desired number of signal conductors may be used in a connector.

(158) Manufacturing techniques may also be varied. For example, embodiments are described in which the daughter card connector 116 is formed by organizing a plurality of wafers onto a stiffener. It may be possible that an equivalent structure may be formed by inserting a plurality of shield pieces and signal receptacles into a molded housing.

(159) As another example, connectors are described that are formed of modules, each of which contains one pair of signal conductors. It is not necessary that each module contain exactly one pair or that the number of signal pairs be the same in all modules in a connector. For example, a 2-pair or 3-pair module may be formed. Moreover, in some embodiments, a core module may be formed that has two, three, four, five, six, or some greater number of rows in a single-ended or differential pair configuration. Each connector, or each wafer in embodiments in which the connector is waferized, may include such a core module. To make a connector with more rows than are included in the base module, additional modules (e.g., each with a smaller number of pairs such as a single pair per module) may be coupled to the core module.

(160) As an example of another variation, FIGS. 12A-C illustrate a module using cables to produce conductive elements connecting contact tails and mating contact portions. In such embodiments, wires are encased in insulation as part of manufacture of the cables. In other embodiments, a wire may be routed through a passageway in a preformed insulative housing. In such an embodiment, for example, a housing for a wafer or wafer module may be molded or otherwise formed with openings. Wires may then be threaded through the passageway and terminated as shown in connection with FIGS. 12A-C, 16A-C, and 17A-C.

(161) Furthermore, although many inventive aspects are shown and described with reference to a daughter board connector having a right angle configuration, it should be appreciated that aspects of the present disclosure is not limited in this regard, as any of the inventive concepts, whether alone or in combination with one or more other inventive concepts, may be used in other types of electrical connectors, such as backplane connectors, cable connectors, stacking connectors, mezzanine connectors. I/O connectors, chip sockets, etc.