Real time OFDM transmission system

Abstract

An OFDM (orthogonal frequency division multiplexing) transmitter includes an inverse fast Fourier transform circuit, which, in operation, generates, based on digital input data, a complex time-varying digital signal having real and imaginary components; and a multiplexer adapted to generate a time-multiplexed digital signal by time-multiplexing one or more of the real components with one or more of the imaginary components.

Claims

1. A device, comprising: an analog to digital converter, which, in operation, generates a time-multiplexed digital signal based on a received unipolar analog signal; a demultiplexer, which, in operation, demultiplexes the time-multiplexed digital signal to extract N real components and N imaginary components and combines the extracted real and imaginary components to generate a complex time-varying digital signal having N parallel output values, where N is an integer greater than or equal to 3 and the time-multiplexed digital signal has values alternating in time between a series of N real components and a series of N imaginary components; a fast Fourier transform (FFT) circuit, which, in operation, performs an N-point transform on the N parallel output values to generate N asymmetrical symbols representing transmitted data based on the complex time-varying digital signal; and demapping circuitry, which, in operation, generates an output data signal based on the N asymmetrical symbols.

2. The device of claim 1, wherein the unipolar analog signal is an analog orthogonal frequency division multiplexed (OFDM) signal.

3. The device of claim 2, comprising: a photosensor coupled to the analog to digital converter, wherein the photosensor, in operation, converts a received optical signal into the analog OFDM signal.

4. The device of claim 1, comprising: a photosensor, which, in operation, converts an optical signal into the analog unipolar signal.

5. A non-transitory computer-readable medium having contents that cause a receiver to perform a method, the method comprising: generating a time-multiplexed digital signal based on a unipolar analog signal; extracting N real components and N imaginary components of the time-multiplexed digital signal, where N is an integer greater than or equal to three and the time-multiplexed digital signal has values alternating in time between a series of N real components and a series of N imaginary components; combining the extracted real and imaginary components, generating a complex time-varying digital signal having N parallel output values; performing an N-point transform on the N parallel output values to generate N asymmetrical symbols representing data based on the complex time-varying digital signal; and generating an output data signal based on the N asymmetrical symbols.

6. The non-transitory computer-readable medium of claim 5, wherein the unipolar analog signal is an analog orthogonal frequency division multiplexed (OFDM) signal.

7. The non-transitory computer-readable medium of claim 5, wherein the method comprises converting an optical signal into the unipolar analog signal.

8. The non-transitory computer-readable medium of claim 7, wherein the method comprises generating optical signals.

9. The non-transitory computer-readable medium of claim 5 wherein the contents comprise instructions executed by signal processing circuitry of the receiver.

10. A device, comprising: a memory; and signal processing circuitry coupled to the memory, wherein the signal processing circuitry, in operation: generates a time-multiplexed digital signal based on a unipolar analog signal; extracts N real components and N imaginary components of the time-multiplexed digital signal, where N is an integer greater than or equal to three and the time-multiplexed digital signal has values alternating in time between a series of N real components and a series of N imaginary components; combines the extracted real and imaginary components, generating a complex time-varying digital signal having N parallel output values; performs an N-point transform on the N parallel output values to generate N asymmetrical symbols representing data based on the complex time-varying digital signal; and generates an output data signal based on the N asymmetrical symbols.

11. The device of claim 10, comprising: a photosensor coupled to the signal processing circuitry, wherein the photosensor, in operation, converts an optical signal into the analog unipolar signal.

12. The device of claim 10, wherein the unipolar analog signal is an analog orthogonal frequency division multiplexed (OFDM) signal.

13. The device of claim 10, comprising an integrated circuit including the memory and the signal processing circuitry.

14. A system, comprising: a sensor, which, in operation, converts intensity modulated signals into analog unipolar signals; and signal processing circuitry coupled to the sensor, wherein the signal processing circuitry, in operation: generates a time-multiplexed digital signal based on a unipolar analog signal; extracts N real components and N imaginary components of the time-multiplexed digital signal, where N is an integer greater than or equal to three and the time-multiplexed digital signal has values alternating in time between a series of N real components and a series of N imaginary components; combines the extracted real and imaginary components, generating a complex time-varying digital signal having N parallel output values; performs an N-point transform on the N parallel output values to generate N asymmetrical symbols representing data based on the complex time-varying digital signal; and generates an output data signal based on the N asymmetrical symbols.

15. The system of claim 14, comprising: a receiver including the sensor and the signal processing circuitry; and a transmitter, which, in operation, transmits intensity modulated signals.

16. The system of claim 15, wherein the transmitter, in operation: generates N input symbols from a digital input signal, without imposing symmetry conditions on the generated N input symbols; performs an N-point transform on the N input symbols to generate a complex time-varying digital signal having real and imaginary components; time-multiplexes N of the real components with N of the imaginary components of the complex time-varying digital signal, generating a time-multiplexed digital signal having values alternating in time between a series of N real components and a series of N imaginary components; converts the time-multiplexed digital signal into a time-multiplexed analog signal; renders positive the time-multiplexed analog signal to generate a unipolar analog signal; and transmits an intensity modulated signal based on the unipolar analog signal.

17. The system of claim 16 wherein the transmitter, in operation, transmits the intensity modulated signal to the receiver.

18. The system of claim 17, wherein the sensor is a photosensor and the intensity modulated signal is an optical signal.

19. The system of claim 18, comprising: an optical transmission channel coupled between the transmitter and the receiver.

Description

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE SEVERAL VIEWS OF THE DRAWINGS

(1) The foregoing and other features and advantages will become apparent from the following detailed description of embodiments, given by way of illustration and not limitation with reference to the accompanying drawings, in which:

(2) FIG. 1 schematically illustrates an OFDM transmission circuit according to an example embodiment;

(3) FIG. 2A schematically illustrates an OFDM transmission circuit according to an embodiment of the present disclosure;

(4) FIG. 2B schematically illustrates a parallel to serial and time-multiplexing module of FIG. 2A in more detail according to an example embodiment;

(5) FIG. 3 is a timing diagram illustrating a time-multiplexing operation according to an example embodiment of the present disclosure;

(6) FIG. 4A schematically illustrates an OFDM reception circuit according to an example embodiment of the present disclosure;

(7) FIG. 4B schematically illustrates a serial to parallel converter and time-demultiplexing module of FIG. 4A in more detail according to an example embodiment;

(8) FIG. 5A schematically illustrates an optical transmission system according to an embodiment of the present disclosure; and

(9) FIG. 5B schematically illustrates an optical transmission system according to an embodiment of the present disclosure.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

(10) In the following description, numerous specific details are given to provide a thorough understanding of example embodiments. The embodiments can be practiced without one or more of the specific details, or with other methods, components, materials, etc. In other instances, well-known structures, materials, or operations, such as, for example, integrated circuits, shift registers, multiplexers, demultiplexers, optical transmitters, capacitors, diodes, drivers, etc., are not shown or described in detail to avoid obscuring aspects of the embodiments.

(11) Reference throughout this specification to “one embodiment” or “an embodiment” means that a particular feature, structure, or characteristic described in connection with the embodiment is included in at least one embodiment. Thus, the appearances of the phrases “in one embodiment” “according to an embodiment” or “in an embodiment” and similar phrases in various places throughout this specification are not necessarily all referring to the same embodiment. Furthermore, the particular features, structures, or characteristics may be combined in any suitable manner in one or more embodiments.

(12) The headings provided herein are for convenience only and do not interpret the scope or meaning of the embodiments.

(13) While the embodiments described herein are directed to optical OFDM transmission, it will be apparent to those skilled in the art that the transmission and reception circuits described herein could have other applications. For example, the circuits described herein could advantageously be used in other types of unipolar communications systems, such as amplitude modulated RF wireless communications, and baseband digital communications over a single wire.

(14) FIG. 1 schematically illustrates an example of a transmission circuit 100 for transmitting an OFDM signal using the property of Hermitian symmetry.

(15) A digital data input signal D.sub.IN is provided to a data mapping module (DATA MAPPING) 102, which applies a modulation scheme to the input data signal to generate N data symbols 0 to X[N−1], as represented by a block 104 in FIG. 1. The N data symbols are provided as input frequency symbols to a 2N-point inverse Fourier transform (IFFT) module (2N-POINT IFFT) 106. The data mapping module 102 also performs a complex conjugation of the symbols X[1] to X[N−1] to provide the symbols X*[N−1] to X*[1], which are also provided as inputs to the IFFT module 106. These 2N inputs to the IFFT module 106 respect the Hermitian symmetry property, and thus the 2N outputs of the IFFT module 106 will have only real components.

(16) The transmission circuit 100 also includes a parallel to serial converter (P/S) 108 and a digital to analog converter (D/A) 110, which generate a time-varying analog signal based on the 2N output values of the IFFT module 106. This analog signal is likely to include negative portions, and thus a clipping module (CLIP) 112 is used to suppress these negative portions before the resulting OFDM signal is transmitted. The transmission is for example made using a light source 114, which is for example a LED (light emitting diode) or a VCSEL (vertical-cavity surface-emitting laser), and generates an intensity modulated optical signal to be transmitted over an optical channel (OPTICAL CHANNEL) 116.

(17) A drawback of the transmission circuit of FIG. 1 is that respecting the Hermitian symmetry property requires that the IFFT performs a 2N-point transform for N input symbols. This doubles the size of the IFFT module. The reception side, not illustrated in FIG. 1, will also suffer a similar drawback.

(18) Furthermore, it was shown in the publication entitled “Dependence of optical OFDM transceiver ASIC complexity on FFT size”, R. Bouzine et al., National Fiber Optic Engineers Conference, 2012, that for large FFT sizes, a higher bit precision is required, leading to a high power consumption and/or a larger chip area.

(19) FIG. 2A illustrates an OFDM transmission circuit 200 according to an example embodiment of the present disclosure.

(20) As with the embodiment of FIG. 1, an input signal D.sub.IN is received by a data mapping module (DATA MAPPING) 202, which applies a modulation scheme to the input data to generate N input symbols 0 to X[N−1], represented by a block labelled 204 in FIG. 2A. N is for example an integer equal to 3 or more, and may for example be chosen to be a power of 2, for example 16, 32, 64, etc. The N data symbols are provided as frequency input symbols to an N-point inverse Fourier transform (IFFT) module (N-POINT IFFT) 206. Any of a broad range of modulation schemes could be applied by the modulation module 204, including one or more of: 4, 16, 32, 64, 128 or 256 QAM (quadrature amplitude modulation); PAM (pulse amplitude modulation); BPSK (binary phase shift keying); and QPSK (quadrature phase-shift keying). This list is not exhaustive, other modulation schemes being possible.

(21) Unlike the example of FIG. 1, Hermitian symmetry is not used in the system of FIG. 2, and therefore an N-point, rather than a 2N-point, IFFT module 206 is used. The IFFT module 206 thus generates complex data values, each data value having real and imaginary components.

(22) The N complex output values of the IFFT module 206 are provided to a parallel to serial converter and time multiplexing module (P/S+TIME MULTIPLEXING) 208. As will be described in more detail below, this module 208 for example performs time multiplexing of the real and imaginary components of the complex output values of the IFFT module 206, to generate a time-varying digital signal. This digital signal is provided to a digital to analog converter (D/A) 210, which converts the time-varying digital signal into a time-varying analogue signal. A clipping module (CLIP) 212 is then used to render the signal positive, and provide an OFDM signal for transmission over a transmission interface. In the example of FIG. 2A, the OFDM signal is used to intensity modulate a signal of an optical transmitter formed of a light source 214, which is for example a LED or a VCSEL. The optical signal is then transmitted via an optical channel (OPTICAL CHANNEL) 216. However, in alternative embodiments other types of transmission over other types of channels would be possible.

(23) FIG. 2B schematically illustrates the parallel to serial converter and time multiplexing module 208 of FIG. 2A in more detail according to an example embodiment.

(24) The module 208 receives a complex time-varying signal x(n) from the N-point IFFT module 206, with n in the range 1 to N. This signal can be formulated as follows:

(25) $x\left(n\right)=\underset{k=0}{\overset{N-1}{.Math.}}\left(X_R\left(k\right)+{\mathrm{jX}}_I\left(k\right)\right)\exp \left(j2\pi \frac{kn}{N}\right)$
where N a positive integer representing the number of points of the IFFT transform, and x.sub.R(k) and X.sub.I(k) are the real and imaginary components of the input values X(k) at the input of the IFFT module 206, which can be considered as representing a frequency vector. To avoid any DC shift, the DC component X(0) is set to zero. Thus the complex time-varying signal x(n) can be written as:

(26) $x\left(n\right)=x_R\left(n\right)+{\mathrm{jx}}_I\left(n\right),\mathrm{for}n=1,2,\mathrm{.Math.},N-1$
where x.sub.R(n) and jx.sub.I(n) are respectively the real and the imaginary components of the signal x(n).

(27) Time multiplexing the real and imaginary components of the signal x(n) involves alternating between the transmission of one or more real components and the transmission of one or more imaginary components. For this, the example implementation of FIG. 2B uses a pair of shift registers 220, 222. In this example, N is equal to 7, and there are thus 7 real components 0 and x.sub.R(1) to x.sub.R(6), and 7 imaginary components 0 and jx.sub.I(1) to jx.sub.I(6). The real components are loaded in parallel to corresponding cells of the shift register 220, and the imaginary components are loaded in parallel to corresponding cells of the shift register 222. A serial output of the shift register 220 is coupled to one input of a two-input multiplexer 224, and a serial output of the shift register 222 is coupled to the other input of the multiplexer 224. The serial outputs of the shift registers 220, 222 are clocked by timing signals CLK1 and CLK2 respectively. The multiplexer 224 is for example controlled by a phase signal ϕ.

(28) In operation, after loading the real and imaginary components of the signal x(n) into the shift registers 220 and 222 respectively, the shift registers 220, 222 and multiplexer 224 are controlled to generate a time-multiplexed signal x.sub.2N(n) having values alternating between the real and imaginary components. In particular, while the phase signal ϕ has a first state, for example a logic “0”, for selecting the output of the shift register 220, one or more of the real components are outputted from the shift register 220, for example by asserting rising edges of the clock signal CLK1. Then, while the phase signal ϕ has a second state, for example a logic “1”, for selecting the output of the shift register 222, one or more of the imaginary components are outputted from the shift register 222, for example by asserting rising edges of the clock signal CLK2.

(29) FIG. 3 is a diagram representing the time multiplexing of the real and imaginary portions of the time signal according to one example embodiment. As illustrated, in this example the N real components (Re) 302 and the N imaginary components (Im) 304 of the complex time-varying signal x(n) are time-multiplexed such that the N real components are transmitted first, followed by the N imaginary components. In alternative embodiments, the real and imaginary components could be transmitted in many different ways. For example, they could be transmitted in a different order, the imaginary components being transmitted first. Additionally or alternatively, more or less than N real or imaginary components could be transmitted in series at a time.

(30) Referring again to FIG. 2A, the clipping module 212 for example renders positive the analog time-varying signal from the digital to analog converter 210 by performing a DC-offset OFDM technique (DCO-OFDM) as described in the publication entitled “Adaptive Loading Algorithms for IMDD Optical OFDM PON Systems Using Directly Modulated Lasers”, E. Giacoumidis et al., Journal of Optical Communications and Networking, Vol. 4, p. 769-778 (2012).

(31) Alternatively, the clipping module 212 performs an asymmetrically clipped OFDM technique (ACO-OFDM) as described in the publication entitled “Power efficient optical OFDM”, J. Armstrong and A. Lowery, Electron Lett., Vol. 42, no. 6, p. 370-372, March 2006.

(32) As yet a further alternative, a technique of flipping to positive the negative portions of the signal could be used, as described in the PCT patent application WO2007/064165, and in the publication entitled “Flip-OFDM for Unipolar Communication Systems”, Nirmal Fernando et al., IEEE Transactions and Communications, Vol. 60, No. 12, December 2012. This involves flipping one or more negative values of the time-multiplexed analog signal to make them positive and time-multiplexing one or more positive values of the time-multiplexed analog signal with the one or more flipped values.

(33) For example, the signal x.sub.2N(n) generated by the module 208 and converted to an analog signal by the converter 210 can be considered as the sum of a positive part x.sub.2N.sup.+(n) and a negative part x.sub.2N.sup.−(n), where x.sub.2N.sup.+(n) is equal to x.sub.2N(n) if x(n)≥0, and 0 otherwise, and x.sub.2N.sup.−(n) is equal to x.sub.2N(n) if x(n)<0, and 0 otherwise. In order to convert the bipolar signal to a unipolar signal, the positive part and the flipped negative part are juxtaposed in the time domain as follows:

(34) $x_{4N}\left(n\right)=\{\begin{array}{cc}{x}_{2N}^{+}\left(n\right),& n=0,\mathrm{.Math.},2N-1\\ -x_{2N}^{-}\left(n-N\right),& n=2N,\mathrm{.Math.},4N-1\end{array}$

(35) FIG. 4A schematically illustrates a circuit 400 for receiving an OFDM signal having time-multiplexed real and imaginary components according to an example embodiment of the present disclosure. The OFDM signal is for example received via the optical channel (OPTICAL CHANNEL) 216 of FIG. 2A from the transmission circuit 200.

(36) A photosensitive element 402, which is for example a photodiode, converts the optical OFDM signal into an analog electrical OFDM signal. The received signal will be the 2N-point unipolar signal y.sub.2N(n), except in the case that the clipping module 212 on the transmission side uses the flipping technique described above, in which case the received signal will be a 4N-point unipolar signal y.sub.4N(n). In such a case, this signal is for example first converted to a 2N-point bipolar signal as follows:

(37) $y_{2N}\left(n\right)=y_{4N}\left(n\right)-y_{4N}\left(2N+n\right),n=0,\mathrm{.Math.},2N-1$

(38) The signal y.sub.2N(n) is provided to an analog to digital converter (A/D) 404. The A/D converter 404 converts the analog signal into a time-varying digital signal. This signal is provided to a serial to parallel converter and time demultiplexing module (S/P+TIME DEMULTIPLEXING) 406, which extracts the N real components Y.sub.R(n) and the N imaginary components Y.sub.I(n). These components are then provided to an N-point FFT module (N-POINT FFT) 408, which performs a fast Fourier transform to generate N frequency components 0 to Y[N−1], represented by a block 410 in FIG. 4A. The N frequency components are provided to a data demapping module (DATA DEMAPPING) 412, which generates the output data D.sub.OUT of the circuit based on the modulation scheme that was employed.

(39) FIG. 4B illustrates the serial to parallel converter and time demultiplexing module 406 in more detail according to an example embodiment. In the example of FIG. 4B, this module 406 is implemented by a pair of shift registers 420, 422 and a demultiplexer 424.

(40) As illustrated, the frequency samples y.sub.2N(n) from the FFT 408 are provided to an input of the demultiplexer 424, which demultiplexes the signal based on a phase signal ϕ′. One output of the demultiplexer 408 is coupled to a serial input of the shift register 422 clocked by a clock signal CLK3, and the other output of the demultiplexer 408 is coupled to a serial input of the shift register 424 clocked by a clock signal CLK4. The shift registers 420, 422 each comprise N cells that provide outputs in parallel forming the signal y(n).

(41) In operation, the phase signal ϕ′ has values causing the real components y.sub.R(1) to y.sub.R(6) to be directed by the demultiplexer 424 to the shift register 420 and the imaginary components jy.sub.I(1) to jy.sub.I(0) to be directed by the demultiplexer 424 to the shift register 422. The clock signals CLK3 and CLK4 then cause these real and imaginary components to be clocked one by one into the shift registers 420, 422 respectively.

(42) FIG. 5A schematically illustrates an optical OFDM transmission system 500 according to an example embodiment. As illustrated, a transmitter 502 comprises a transmission circuit 504, which for example corresponds to the circuit 200 of FIG. 2A.

(43) The optical channel 506 in the example of FIG. 5A is an optical waveguide 506, for example an optical fiber or the like. On the receiver side 508, a reception circuit 510 for example corresponds to the reception circuit 400 of FIG. 4A, providing output data D.sub.OUT. As illustrated, the transmission circuit 504 comprises circuitry such as a processor P, a memory M and discrete circuitry DC, such as one or more capacitors, shift registers, multiplexers, D/A converters, IFFT circuits, etc., which may be used alone or in various combinations to implement various functionality of the transmission circuit 504. For example, the processor may execute instructions stored in the memory to facilitate data mapping, etc. As illustrated, the reception circuit 510 comprises circuitry such as a processor P, a memory M and discrete circuitry DC, such as one or more capacitors, shift registers, multiplexers, A/D converters, FFT circuits, etc., which may be used alone or in various combinations to implement various functionality of the reception circuit 510. For example, the processor may execute instructions stored in the memory to facilitate data demapping, etc.

(44) FIG. 5B illustrates an alternative embodiment of an optical transmission system 520, which is identical to the system 500, except that rather than being implemented by an optical fiber 506, the optical channel between the transmission and reception sides 502, 508 is an air interface 522.

(45) An embodiment facilitates generating a real and positive OFDM signal without the requirement of using a 2N-point IFFT module on the transmission side and a 2N-point FFT module on the reception side. This may lead to a high saving in chip area and energy consumption.

(46) Having thus described at least one illustrative embodiment, various alterations, modifications and improvements will readily occur to those skilled in the art.

(47) For example, it will be apparent to those skilled in the art that while a particular example of the modules forming the transmission and reception sides of an OFDM transmission system have been described, in alternative embodiments certain modules could be positioned in a different order and/or additional modules could be used. Furthermore, it will be apparent to those skilled in the art that the circuits of FIGS. 2B and 4B are merely examples, and that various different implementations would be possible.

(48) Furthermore, it will be apparent to those skilled in the art that the various features of the embodiments described herein could be combined, in alternative embodiments, in any combination.

(49) Some embodiments may take the form of or include computer program products. For example, according to one embodiment there is provided a computer readable medium including a computer program adapted to perform one or more of the methods or functions described above. The medium may be a physical storage medium such as for example a Read Only Memory (ROM) chip, or a disk such as a Digital Versatile Disk (DVD-ROM), Compact Disk (CD-ROM), a hard disk, a memory, a network, or a portable media article to be read by an appropriate drive or via an appropriate connection, including as encoded in one or more barcodes or other related codes stored on one or more such computer-readable mediums and being readable by an appropriate reader device.

(50) Furthermore, in some embodiments, some of the systems and/or modules and/or circuits and/or blocks may be implemented or provided in other manners, such as at least partially in firmware and/or hardware, including, but not limited to, one or more application-specific integrated circuits (ASICs), digital signal processors, discrete circuitry, logic gates, shift registers, standard integrated circuits, state machines, look-up tables, controllers (e.g., by executing appropriate instructions, and including microcontrollers and/or embedded controllers), field-programmable gate arrays (FPGAs), complex programmable logic devices (CPLDs), etc., as well as devices that employ RFID technology, and various combinations thereof.

(51) The various embodiments described above can be combined to provide further embodiments. Aspects of the embodiments can be modified, if necessary to employ concepts of the various patents, applications and publications to provide yet further embodiments.

(52) These and other changes can be made to the embodiments in light of the above-detailed description. In general, in the following claims, the terms used should not be construed to limit the claims to the specific embodiments disclosed in the specification and the claims, but should be construed to include all possible embodiments along with the full scope of equivalents to which such claims are entitled. Accordingly, the claims are not limited by the disclosure.