METHOD AND APPARATUS FOR ISOLATION OF POTENTIALLY HARMFUL MATERIAL

Abstract

A method and an apparatus for isolating potentially harmful medical substances, such as antibiotics, is disclosed. An aqueous composition, such as blackwater, contains potentially harmful medical substances present in dissolved state in bodily waste. The aqueous composition is temporarily stored in a buffer tank and is then transferred in batches to a vaporization unit comprising one or more vaporization chambers for producing a water-reduced waste material containing said potentially harmful medical substances. The waste material is subjected to a destructive treatment, such as a high-temperature incineration process.

Claims

1. A method for isolating potentially harmful medical substances, such as antibiotics, present in dissolved state in bodily waste, said method comprising: in at least one buffer tank (22), receiving an aqueous composition containing potentially harmful medical substances present in dissolved state in bodily waste; temporarily storing the aqueous composition in the buffer tank (22); transferring the aqueous composition in batches from the buffer tank (22) to a vaporization unit (24) comprising one or more vaporization chambers (26, 28); in said one or more vaporization chambers (26, 28), vaporizing water from the aqueous composition for producing a water-reduced waste material containing said potentially harmful medical substances; passing the vaporized water through one or more protective structures (59, 79), such as one or more demisters, arranged to prevent aerosols or droplets to pass through; transferring the waste material from the vaporization unit (24); and subjecting the waste material to a destructive treatment, such as a high-temperature incineration process.

2. The method as claimed in claim 1, wherein, the water content of the aqueous composition is reduced in the vaporization unit (24) by 30-95%, preferably 50-95% and most preferably by 70-95%.

3. The method as claimed in claim 1 or 2, further comprising heating said one or more protective structures (59, 79).

4. The method as claimed in any of the proceeding claims, further comprising vaporizing additional water from the waste material for producing a further water-reduced waste material.

5. The method as claimed in any of the preceding claims, wherein: said transferring (20) the waste material from the vaporization unit (24) comprises transferring the waste material from the vaporization unit (24) to one or more waste containers (32); said method further comprising removing and replacing said one or more waste containers (32) containing said waste material; and said subjecting the waste material to a destructive treatment comprises subjecting removed waste containers (32) together with the waste material contained therein to a destructive treatment, such as a high-temperature incineration process.

6. The method as claimed in claim 5, further comprising vaporizing additional water from the waste material in said waste containers (32) for producing a further water-reduced waste material.

7. The method as claimed in claim 6, wherein said vaporizing additional water from the waste material in the waste containers (32) is performed before removing the waste containers (32).

8. The method as claimed in any of claims 4 to 7, further comprising passing the additional water vaporized from the waste material through one or more additional protective structures (35), such as one or more demisters, arranged to prevent aerosols or droplets to pass through.

9. The method as claimed in claim 8, further comprising heating said one or more additional protective structures (35).

10. The method as claimed in any of claims 4 to 9, wherein the water content of the waste material is further reduced by 10-100%, preferably 30-100%, and most preferably 50-100%.

11. A method as claimed in any of claims 5 to 10, wherein the waste material is transferred (20) from the vaporization unit (24) into a plurality of waste containers (32) in sequence such that while one or more waste containers (32) are being filled water is being vaporized from waste material present in one or more previously filled waste containers (32).

12. The method as claimed in any of the preceding claims, further comprising releasing (72) water vapor and/or condensed water obtained from the vaporization into a waste water system, such as a public sewage system.

13. The method as claimed in any of the preceding claims, wherein the aqueous composition comprises blackwater from one or more toilets (12) and/or from one or more urinals.

14. The method as claimed in claim 13, wherein said toilets comprise vacuum toilets (12).

15. The method as claimed in claim 13, wherein said toilets comprise water-flushed toilets (12).

16. The method as claimed in any of the preceding claims, further comprising subjecting the aqueous composition to a bacteria reduction (40).

17. The method as claimed in claim 16, wherein said bacteria reduction comprises bacteria reduction by heating.

18. The method as claimed in claim 16 or 17, wherein said bacteria reduction is performed upstream of the buffer tank (22).

19. A method as claimed in any of claims 16 to 18, wherein the aqueous composition comprises blackwater from one or more toilets (12) and/or from one or more urinals; wherein the blackwater is transferred from said toilets (12) and/or urinals into associated bacteria reduction containers (40); and wherein said bacteria reduction is performed in said bacteria reduction containers (40).

20. A method as claimed in claim 19, wherein the blackwater is ejected essentially directly into the bacteria reduction containers (40) from said toilets (12) and/or urinals.

21. The method as claimed in any of the preceding claims, wherein the aqueous composition comprises a fragmentized blackwater slurry obtained by fragmentizing blackwater.

22. The method as claimed in claim 21, further comprising subjecting the blackwater slurry to an additional fragmentation (100) upstream of the vaporization unit (24).

23. The method as claimed in claim 21 or 22, further comprising subjecting the blackwater slurry to a chemical treatment (104) for breaking down cellulose in the blackwater slurry.

24. The method as claimed in claim 1, wherein said aqueous composition is a fragmentized slurry.

25. The method as claimed in any of the preceding claims, further comprising removing solids from the aqueous composition upstream of the vaporization unit (24).

26. An apparatus for isolating potentially harmful medical substances, such as antibiotics, present in dissolved state in bodily waste, said apparatus comprising: at least one buffer tank (22) which is arranged to receive and temporarily store the aqueous composition; a vaporization unit (24) which is arranged to receive the aqueous composition in batches from the buffer tank (22), said vaporization unit (24) comprising one or more vaporization chambers (26, 28) arranged to vaporize water from the aqueous composition for producing a water-reduced waste material; and one or more protective structures (59, 79), such as one or more demisters, which are arranged to prevent aerosols or droplets in the vaporized water to pass through.

27. The apparatus as claimed in claim 26, wherein the water content of the aqueous composition is reduced in the vaporization unit (24) by 30-95%, preferably 50-95% and most preferably by 70-95%.

28. The apparatus as claimed in claim 26 or 27, wherein said one or more protective structures (59, 79) comprise one or more heated protective structures.

29. The apparatus as claimed in any of claims 26 to 28, further comprising one or more replaceable waste containers (32) arranged to receive (20) the water-reduced waste material from the vaporization unit (24).

30. The apparatus as claimed in claim 29, further comprising means for vaporizing additional water from the waste material in said one or more waste containers (32) for producing a further water-reduced waste material.

31. The apparatus as claimed in claim 30, wherein said means for vaporizing additional water from the waste material is arranged to further reduce the water content of the waste material by 10-100%, preferably 30-100%, and most preferably 50-100%.

32. The apparatus as claimed in claim 30 or 31, further comprising one or more additional protective structures (35), such as one or more demisters, arranged to prevent aerosols or droplets to pass through, wherein the additional water vaporized from the waste material is passed through said one or more additional protective structures (35).

33. The apparatus as claimed in claim 32, further comprising heating said one or more additional protective structures (35).

34. The apparatus as claimed in any of claims 26 to 33, wherein the apparatus is connected to a waste water system, such as a public sewage system, and is arranged to release water vapor and/or condensed water vapor into said waste water system.

35. The apparatus as claimed in any of claims 26 to 34, further comprising bacteria reduction means (40, 42) arranged to subject the aqueous composition to a bacteria reduction.

36. The apparatus as claimed in claim 35, wherein said bacteria reduction means (40, 42) is arranged upstream of the buffer tank (22).

37. The system as claimed in claim 36 or 37, wherein said bacteria reduction means comprises one or more heated (42) bacteria reduction containers

38. The apparatus as claimed in any of claims 26 to 37, wherein the aqueous composition comprises blackwater from one or more toilets (12) and/or one or more urinals.

39. The apparatus as claimed in claim 38, wherein said at least one buffer tank (22) comprises a plurality of buffer tanks each arranged to receive blackwater from one or more toilets (12) and/or one or more urinals.

40. The apparatus as claimed in any of claims 26 to 39, further comprising fragmentation means (52) arranged to fragmentize blackwater for producing a fragmentized blackwater slurry and wherein said aqueous composition comprises said fragmentized blackwater slurry.

41. The apparatus as claimed in claim 40, further comprising means (100) for subjecting said blackwater slurry to an additional fragmentation upstream of the vaporization unit (24).

42. The apparatus as claimed in any of claims 26 to 41, wherein said aqueous composition is a fragmentized slurry and wherein said apparatus further comprises means (104) for subjecting the blackwater slurry to a chemical treatment (104) for breaking down cellulose in the blackwater slurry before it enters the vaporization unit (24).

43. The apparatus as claimed in any of claims 26 to 42, further comprising means (102) for removing solids from the aqueous composition upstream of the vaporization unit (24).

Description

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0070] The inventive concept, some non-limiting embodiments and further advantages of the inventive concept will now be further described with reference to the drawings.

[0071] FIG. 1 schematically illustrates a vacuum toilet system in which an embodiment of the method and the apparatus according to the inventive concept is implemented.

[0072] FIG. 2A and FIG. 2B schematically illustrate two alternatives of a first process stage of the system in FIG. 1.

[0073] FIG. 3 schematically illustrates an embodiment of a third process stage and a fourth process stage of the system in FIG. 1.

[0074] FIG. 4A to FIG. 4C illustrate alternative examples of waste handling in a fourth process stage of the system in FIG. 1.

[0075] FIG. 5 schematically illustrates optional further process units.

[0076] FIG. 6 is a flow chart describing an embodiment of a method according to the inventive concept.

[0077] FIG. 7 schematically illustrates an alternative waste handling.

[0078] FIG. 8 schematically illustrates a further alternative embodiment.

[0079] FIG. 9 schematically illustrates an embodiment for handling animal bodily waste.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS

[0080] FIG. 1 schematically illustrates an example of how the method and the apparatus according to the inventive concept may be implemented in a system 10 in which the aqueous composition which is to be processed and which contains bodily waste is initially received as blackwater from a plurality of vacuum toilets. As an illustrative example, the system 10 in FIG. 1 may be installed in a department or area 11 within a hospital, such as an intensive care unit or a surgery department where use is made of medical substances that may be unsuitable or harmful in the environment. Especially in the case of antibiotics there may be an increased risk for development of resistant bacteria in sewage pipes or the environment if antibiotics are present for a substantial amount of time.

[0081] The system 10 comprises a plurality of vacuum toilets 12, each vacuum toilet 12 being located in an associated toilet room 14 within the department 11. The system may also be design with conventional water-flushed toilets and may also comprise one or more urinals. In the illustrative example in FIG. 1, the system 10 comprises four process stages S1 to S4. As an illustrative example, the vacuum toilets 12 of a system 10 may be used by 100 patients, resulting in about 500 liters of blackwater (including urine and/or feces, cleansing material, rinsing water and said potentially harmful substances) per day (24 hours). The blackwater flushed, i.e. ejected by vacuum, from the toilets 12 may include said potentially harmful medical substances present in a dissolved state in bodily waste.

[0082] In the first process stage S1, the blackwater ejected from the vacuum toilets 12 is subjected to an initial treatment, preferably as close as possible to the toilets 12. The first process stage S1 is preferably arranged as far upstream in the system 10 as possible and preferably entirely or at least partly directly adjacent the vacuum toilets 12. Optionally, the first process stage S1 may be at least partly integrated with the vacuum toilets 12. In the illustrated example in FIG. 1, there is a separate first process stage S1 provided for each vacuum toilet 12. The first process stage S1 may typically be arranged within the associated toilet room 14 or directly under or behind a wall of the associated toilet room 14.

[0083] In the illustrated embodiment, one part of the first process stage S1 comprises a bacteria reduction treatment arranged to kill many or substantially all bacteria in the ejected blackwater.

[0084] In the illustrated embodiment, the bacteria reduction treatment is performed by heating. The bacteria reduction treatment is preferably performed directly after the blackwater has been ejected from the vacuum toilets 12, i.e. as soon as possible in the system close to the point where the blackwater leaves the toilet. Preferably, the blackwater is thereafter maintained in a bacteria-growth preventing heated condition throughout the system, e.g. by the use of heated piping.

[0085] The bacteria reduction in process stage S1 directly after ejection from the vacuum toilets 12 should preferably be performed before transferring the blackwater to the subsequent process stages in order to reduce the risk of antibiotic-resistant bacteria being present or growing in the system.

[0086] Another part of the first process stage S1 may comprise a fragmentation of the blackwater. Feces and cleansing material will be fragmentized and the resulting fragmentized blackwater could be in the form of a blackwater slurry. The fragmentation allows the blackwater slurry and the final waste material to be transferred via small-diameter piping 16, 18, 20 throughout the rest of the system 10.

[0087] Possible inner piping diameter may be in the order of less than 4 cm, preferably 1 to 2 cm as an example. This is especially advantageous if the system 10 is to be post-installed in an existing hospital facility where there is often very limited space and possibilities for installing new piping systems. The fragmentation may also be performed at least partly in pumps used for blackwater transportation in the system.

[0088] In the illustrated embodiment, the second process stage S2 of the system 10 comprises at least one central buffer tank 22, optionally a plurality of buffer tanks for larger systems, receiving the initially treated blackwater slurry from each process stage S1. In this embodiment, the buffer tank 22 may be common for all or at least a plurality of the vacuum toilets 12. The main purpose of the buffer tank 22 is to allow an orderly distribution of blackwater slurry into the ongoing vaporization process in the third process stage S3, thereby avoiding a lowering of the temperature in the evaporator and a temporary halt of the ongoing vaporization process every time a toilet is used. Optionally, the buffer tank 22 may be heated. Thus, the buffer tank 22 may be used for temporarily storing the blackwater slurry before the slurry is transferred to the third process stage S3. However, in some situations the temporarily storage may be dispensed with, for example if there is no ongoing vaporization process.

[0089] In the illustrated example in FIG. 1, the third process stage S3 of the system 10 constitutes a central process stage for all of the vacuum toilets 12 of the department 11. The third process S3 stage may be located distantly from the vacuum toilets 12 via small-diameter vacuum piping 18. In the example shown, all of the process stages S1 to S4 of the system are located within one and the same department 11, and a similar system may be arranged for each department. As an alternative, the second process stage S2, the third process stage S3 and the fourth process stage S4 may all be located distantly from the vacuum toilets 12, for example in a basement area. Optionally, two or more departments may share a common central buffer tank (S2), a common central vaporization unit (S3) and a common central waste handling unit (S4), located for example in a basement area.

[0090] The third process stage S3 comprises a vaporization unit 24 which includes at least one vaporization chamber 26 (evaporator), preferably a plurality of vaporization stages. In this example, the vaporization unit 24 includes two vaporization chambers 26, 28, each vaporization chamber 26, 28 forming a respective vaporization stage of the third process stage S3. The vaporization chambers 26, 28 are preferably reusable chambers since the system may be designed such that major deposits therein can be avoided. The second vaporization chamber 28 forms a second vaporization stage in the unit 24 and may in other embodiment be implemented as a plurality of vaporization chambers, operating in parallel or in series. The blackwater slurry is received from the buffer tank 22, preferably by suction by means of a vacuum pump.

[0091] In the vaporization chambers 26, 28, the blackwater slurry is subjected to a vaporization treatment at such temperatures as to convert water contained in the blackwater slurry into vapor. The water vapor is removed from the vaporization chambers and may be condensed and typically discharged into an ambient waste water system, e.g. a public sewage system. Optionally, as described further below, at least some of the hot vapor generated in the first vaporization chamber 26 may be used for heating subsequent vaporization stages in the system. The output from the vaporization unit 24 at piping 20 constitutes a water-reduced blackwater slurry, now referred to as a water-reduced waste material, which especially also contains the potentially harmful medical substances to be isolated. This water-reduced waste material is transferred to the optional fourth process stage S4, preferably by one or more vacuum pumps.

[0092] In a multi-stage vaporization unit 24 as in this embodiment, the water content of the initially treated blackwater slurry may be reduced further in each vaporization stage. The optimal degree of evaporation depends on several factors, e.g. the ability to pump the material and the risk of formation of deposits on the inner walls of the vaporization chambers. The resulting waste output from the vaporization unit 24 is in the form of a waste material having a substantially reduced water content compared to the initially ejected blackwater.

[0093] The optional fourth process stage S4 of the system 10 comprises a waste handling unit 30 including at least one replaceable waste container 32, preferably a plurality of replaceable, single-use waste containers 32.

[0094] The replaceable waste containers 32 may be single-use containers such that each container 32 is used only once and thereafter replaced and destructed together with the final waste material therein. The single-use aspect is especially relevant for embodiments of the inventive concept where a further water reduction is performed in the waste containers, potentially resulting in hard deposits in the waste containers 32. In the example illustrated in FIG. 1, the waste handling unit 30 comprises four waste containers 32, but any number such as ten, twenty or more is possible depending on the system size and system capacity.

[0095] In the fourth process stage S4, additional water may optionally be vaporized from the waste material present in the waste containers 32, for producing a further water-reduced final waste material in the waste containers 32. In simpler embodiments, such a further water reduction may be dispensed with.

[0096] The waste material may preferably be transferred from the vaporization unit 24 to the individual waste containers 32 in sequence as will be described in further detail below. After having been subjected to final treatment in the waste containers 32, the final waste material is ultimately removed together with the waste containers 32 for destruction (preferably burning).

[0097] Reference is now made to FIG. 2A and FIG. 2B, which schematically illustrate in greater detail two alternative embodiments of the first process stage S1. The difference between the alternatives essentially lies in where the fragmentation is performed.

[0098] In both embodiments, the first process stage S1 comprises a bacteria reduction container 40 which is heated as schematically indicated by reference numeral 42 for performing an initial optional bacteria reduction of the blackwater. In this embodiment heating is used, but as indicated above, other bacteria reduction means may also be used, as alternatives or in combination with heating. The heating may be performed by different means, such as by heating the walls of the container 40 by external means and/or by arranging one or more heating elements inside the container 40. Each bacteria reduction container 40 is here shown as located directly under the associated vacuum toilet 12 in order to receive the ejected blackwater directly therefrom via a vacuum valve 46 and under influence of vacuum or suction force generated by a vacuum pump.

[0099] In the illustrated embodiment, a limited amount of cleansing water, e.g. 0.5 liters, is passed via a valve 41 into the toilet 12 at each flushing. A vacuum valve 43 at an upper area of the bacteria reduction container 40 may be used for applying vacuum for flushing of the toilet. This vacuum may come either from a separate source of vacuum or from a central vacuum in the system. The vacuum valve 43 will handle air only, not blackwater. It may be protected from sucking drops or aerosols by use of a protective structure, such as a demister. The bacteria reduction by heating in the bacteria reduction container 40 may continue for a predetermined amount of time after flushing in order to ensure that a desired amount of bacteria in the blackwater is killed, preferably most or all bacteria. The bacteria-reduced blackwater is then transferred from the container 40 via an outlet valve 50 to the buffer tank 22 of the second process stage S2 via piping 16. In this embodiment, a vacuum pump 48 is arranged in the second process stage S2 for this transfer. Thus, there may be one single centralized vacuum pump 48 common to all or a plurality of the vacuum toilets 12 arranged downstream the system 10.

[0100] In the illustrated example, the blackwater ejected from the vacuum toilets 12 is subjected to both a bacteria reduction and an initial fragmentation in the first process stage S1 for producing an initially treated blackwater slurry. In other embodiments of the inventive concept, both the bacteria reduction and the fragmentation may optionally be dispensed with. As stated above, one advantage obtained by the initial fragmentation is the possibility of transferring the material with small-diameter piping. However, different options exist as to where the initial fragmentation is performed, and these options may be combined. The initial fragmentation may be performed essentially at the same time as the bacteria reduction (FIG. 2A) or before or after the bacteria reduction (FIG. 2B). The initial fragmentation may be performed at least partly in a pump (FIG. 2B). Smaller-diameter piping 16 may advantageously be used for transferring the blackwater slurry to the buffer tank 22.

[0101] FIG. 2A schematically illustrates a preferred embodiment in which at least one fragmentation unit 52 is arranged inside each bacteria reduction container 40, here schematically illustrated as a rotating device 52. Performing the fragmentation already in the bacteria reduction container 40 has the advantage that small-diameter piping can be used in a major part of the system, and that the overall process time may be shortened. The fragmentation of the blackwater may shorten the bacteria reduction time as a result of the stirring action of the fragmentation, and a separate process stage for the fragmentation may be avoided. As a result, it will probably be easier to obtain a considerable or even a total reduction of the number of living bacteria in the blackwater if fragmentized during the heating treatment. In the example in FIG. 2A, the sequence is: vacuum toilet.fwdarw.vacuum ejection of blackwater.fwdarw.bacteria reduction+fragmentation.fwdarw.suction of blackwater slurry.fwdarw.buffer tank.

[0102] FIG. 2B illustrates an alternative embodiment in which a pump 48 is arranged in each first process stage S1 and where the fragmentation occurs at least partly in the pump 48, as schematically illustrated at reference numeral 52. This embodiment is an example where a positive pump pressure is used for the transport. In this embodiment, the process sequence is: vacuum toilet.fwdarw.vacuum ejection of blackwater.fwdarw.bacteria reduction.fwdarw.fragmentation during pumping.fwdarw.pumping of blackwater slurry to buffer tank by pressure. Instead of using the pump 48 for the fragmentation it is also possible to use a dedicated fragmentation unit in the first process stage S1 downstream of the bacteria reduction container 40.

[0103] In the embodiments illustrated in FIG. 2A and FIG. 2B, the bacteria reduction is performed in a bacteria reduction container 40. The blackwater will remain in the containers 40 for a certain time for completing the bacteria reduction. Thereafter, it is transferred to the buffer tank 22 via piping 16. It may also be possible to design a system 10 in which the bacteria reduction is performed directly after the ejection from the vacuum toilet but without using a separate bacteria reduction container. Instead, one may arrange an in-line heated piping system in which the bacteria reduction is performed while the blackwater is flowing continuously through the piping during ejection/flushing. The piping may have a suitable spiral shape or the like for obtaining the heat exchange within a restricted space.

[0104] Reference is now made to FIG. 3, schematically showing in greater detail an example of the third process stage S3 and the fourth process stage S4 of the system 10 in FIG. 1. The vaporization unit 24 and the waste handling unit 30 are marked with boxes in dashed lines. The waste transferring piping is marked with thicker lines, whereas piping for hot water vapor and condensed water is marked with thinner lines.

[0105] The three process stages S2, S3 and S4 may typically be located relatively adjacent to each other and separately or distantly from the first process stage S1. In alternative embodiments, the process stages S2, S3 and S4 may be implemented as one device. In this non-limiting embodiment, the vaporization unit 24 of the third process stage S3 comprises a first vaporization chamber 26 and a second vaporization chamber 28. The second chamber 28 may be followed by further vaporization chambers (not shown) operating in sequence.

[0106] The second chamber 28 may also work in parallel with a plurality of similar additional second vaporization chambers. The design of the vaporization unit 24, such as the number and size of the vaporization chambers, will be optimized with respect to the required vaporization capacity balanced against system costs. Sensors (not shown) may be arranged for determining the temperature, the pressure and the fill level of the vaporization chambers of the vaporization unit 24.

[0107] The first vaporization chamber 26 is connected to the buffer tank 22 via the piping 18 and a control valve 60 for receiving blackwater slurry from the buffer tank 22. This may be performed in batches at suitable time intervals. Depending on the present evaporation status in the first vaporization chamber 26, the blackwater slurry may in some situations be transferred directly to the vaporization unit 24 without temporarily storage in the buffer tank 22.

[0108] Preferably, new blackwater slurry is introduced into an ongoing vaporization process in the first vaporization chamber 26 only a few times per day, since addition of blackwater may temporarily halt the vaporization process. The first vaporization chamber 26 is provided with one or more mantle heaters 62 for heating the blackwater slurry in the first vaporization chamber 26 to a temperature causing water of the blackwater slurry to evaporate. The generated hot water vapor is removed from the upper part of the first chamber 26 at piping 61.

[0109] Part of the vapor may be transferred, by a pump 70, via a valve 62, a main pipe 64 and a condenser 66 to an ambient system at 72, such as a public sewage system. In the illustrated example, the mantle heater 62 may comprise a plurality of heating elements which may be separately activated depending on the material level in the chamber 26. Water-reduced blackwater slurry produced by the vaporization is removed from the first vaporization chamber 26 at the bottom part thereof at piping 63 and is transferred via a control valve 74 to the second vaporization chamber 28 at the top thereof.

[0110] In the illustrated embodiment, the second vaporization chamber 28 is a double-walled container and may have a smaller volume than the first vaporization chamber 26, as an example a third of the volume of the first vaporization chamber 26. The double-walled structure is used for heating the second vaporization chamber 28 by vapor. In the illustrated example, the vapor generated by the first vaporization chamber 26 is transferred via the piping 61 and a control valve 76 into the double-walled structure of the second vaporization chamber 28. Excess vapor from the first vaporization chamber 26 may, via the control valve 62, be transferred to the main pipe 64. One or more protective structures 59, such as one or more demisters, may be arranged where the water vapor is evacuated at 61. These protective structures 59 may be located inside and/or outside of the first vaporization chamber 26.

[0111] In some embodiments, the heat content of the vapor from the first vaporization chamber 26 may be so high that the evaporation in the second vaporization chamber 28 may be performed in half the time needed in the first vaporization chamber 26. As will be described below, the hot vapor generated by the first vaporization chamber 26 may also be used for heating the waste handling unit 30. Vapor from the second vaporization chamber 28 is transferred via piping 77 and a valve 78 to the main pipe 64. One or more protective structures 79 such as one or more demisters, may be arranged where the water vapor is evacuated at 77. These protective structures 79 may be located inside and/or outside of the second vaporization chamber 28.

[0112] The water-reduced waste material is removed from the lower part of the second vaporization chamber at reference numeral 80 and is transported via a control valve 82 to the waste handling unit 30.

[0113] Heating the second vaporization chamber 28 by hot vapor entering the double-walled structure is advantageous in terms of heat transfer. The heat transfer to the contents inside the chamber 28 will be more efficient since the condensation of the hot vapor will mainly occur in the zone where the vaporization takes place. Thereby, the vaporization operation in the second vaporization chamber 28 may be performed with little loss of efficiency as the level drops. Condensed water may exit the double-walled structure at the lower part thereof and be transferred to the main pipe 64 via a valve 84.

[0114] The water-reduced blackwater slurry, now referred to as water-reduced waste material, is transferred from the vaporization unit 24 via the valve 82 to the optional waste handling unit 30. In this embodiment, the waste handling unit 30 comprises four waste containers 32a to 32d. FIG. 3 schematically illustrates how the fill level 87 may differ in the waste containers 32. The water-reduced waste material from the vaporization unit 24 is introduced into the waste containers 32a to 32b via associated control valves 86. In the waste handling unit 30, the waste material is subjected to an optional final water reduction by evaporation in the waste containers 32 or at another location. In the illustrated example, the waste containers are heated by hot vapor evacuated from the first vaporization chamber 26 and transferred to the respective waste containers 32 via associated valves 88 and into a double-walled cylinder, which may be part of the waste container or a separate heater. In the replaceable waste containers, the waste material is subjected to a final water reduction and the vapor is evacuated at the top and transferred to the main pipe 64 and the condenser 66 via associated valves 90. Vapor and condensed water from the heated double-walled cylinder is evacuated at the lower part and transferred via associated valves 92 to the main pipe 64. One or more additional protective structures 35, such as one or more demisters, may be arranged where the water vapor is evacuated from the waste containers 32.

[0115] The system 10 as shown in the figures may operate as described below. Computer means and electronics (not shown) may be used to control the whole process on the basis of signals received from various temperature, pressure and level sensors and also on the basis of control signals being sent to the various valves. In addition, one or more vacuum pumps may be used for transporting the blackwater, the blackwater slurry and waste material as well as for reducing the pressure in the vaporization chambers and/or the waste containers to facilitate formation of water vapor through vaporization.

EXAMPLE

[0116] As an illustrative example, system may be designed and be operated as follows:

TABLE-US-00001 Treated blackwater volume 300-500 liters/day Total amount of final waste material 30-60 kg/day Total volume 160 liters Maximum fill volume 100 liters Height 1 m Diameter 450 mm Heating effect 8.4 kW Operating temperature 95 C. Operating pressure 0.7-0.85 bar Total volume 50 liters Maximum fill volume 33 liters Height 1 m Diameter 250 mm Operating temperature 80 C. Operating pressure 0.5 bar Total volume 4 * 50 liters Double-walled cylinder for heating by hot vapor Operating temperature 95 C. Operating pressure 0.7-0.85 bar Replacement interval of waste containers About once per 3-6 days

[0117] As described above, each bacteria-reduction container 40 may be provided with two suction outlets (FIG. 2A to 2B):

[0118] The top suction outlet at flushing valve 43 for applying flushing vacuum for drawing the blackwater from the toilet 12 into the container 40.

[0119] The bottom suction outlet at the bottom valve 50 for transporting the blackwater slurry out from the container 40 after the blackwater has been processed in the container 40 for a suitable time period and at a suitable temperature.

[0120] The container 40 is preferably provided with a pressure sensor (not shown) for determining the pressure inside the container 40. The opening degree of the flushing valve 43 is pressure controlled. Normally, the flushing valve 43 is open to a small degree such that the pressure is close to atmospheric pressure, but preferably a bit lower, e.g. at 0.9 atm. A slight sub-atmospheric pressure may prevent leakage of unpleasant odors.

[0121] When the toilet 12 is to be flushed by the user pressing a button or the like, the cleansing water valve 41 is opened and the flushing top valve 43 is more opened in order to create a substantial suction effect on the blackwater being drawn into the container 40. However, this will occur only provided there is enough available space in the container 40. Thus, the container 40 may also be provided with a level sensor (not shown). During flushing, the bottom outlet valve 50 is closed. Optionally, the top outlet of the container 40 may be provided with a protective structure such as a demister (not shown) in order to prevent drops, containing untreated material, caused by splashing from exiting through the valve 43 into the system. When heating is used for performing the bacteria reduction, the system may be designed such that bacteria reduction by heating and the fragmentation is initiated in response to the flushing, for instance a short period (e.g. 5 seconds) after flushing has been initiated. The heating may be controlled by a temperature sensor (not shown). When the temperature of the material has reached a predetermined temperature, for example 90 degrees, the temperature is maintained at this level for a predetermined time period, for example 30 seconds, to complete the bacteria reduction.

[0122] The heating process may be performed in many ways. As an example, the container 40 may be pre-heated to e.g. 60 degrees and then heated to a higher temperature only when needed. As an alternative, the heating could be applied only at flushing, but that would probably somewhat delay the process. In order to shorten the processing time, it is possible to use heated water for the cleansing water at valve 41. If the temperature of the hot water in the hospital piping is insufficient, such heated cleansing water may optionally be generated by producing hot water at or near the toilet 12.

[0123] When the heating and the fragmentation has been carried out during a desired time period, the top valve 43 is closed (if not closed earlier) and the bottom outlet valve 50 is opened such that the initially treated blackwater slurry is ejected from the container 40 by the pump 48 and transferred to the buffer tank 22. The suction for emptying the container 40 may also be generated by one or more central pumps downstream the system, as an alternative to or in addition to the pump 48. Optionally, the container 40 may be provided with air inlet means such that air can enter into the container 40 while the slurry is pumped out. When the bottom valve 50 has been open for a predetermined time and/or possibly under control by the level sensor, the bottom valve 50 is closed again, e.g. after 15 seconds. As an alternative, the container 40 is not emptied until after more than one flushing.

[0124] In the case where the toilet 12 has been flushed multiple times during a short time period, it may occur that the container 40 becomes full. In such situations, the control electronics may be designed such that flushing of the toilet 12 is deferred until the processing in the container has been completed.

[0125] As an example, the time periods for the different sequences in process stage S1 may be as follows: Blackwater ejected from the toilet 12 into the container 40 during about 15 seconds. About 30 seconds for reaching the target temperature in the container 40. Fragmentation may start directly at flushing or very shortly thereafter. Bacteria-reduction by heating during about 30 seconds. Emptying through bottom valve 45 during about 15 seconds. Thus, a total of about 1.5 minutes for one complete flushing and initial processing sequence. It may here be mentioned that if may be advantageous (but not necessary) to activate the fragmentation during the heating, since a stirring of the material will facilitate that the correct temperature is reached in all of the material in the container 40.

[0126] The blackwater slurry may be temporarily stored in the buffer tank 22 and may be transferred in batches to the first vaporization chamber 26. Such transfer may typically be initiated in response to that the vaporization process in the first vaporization chamber 26 has been performed to a desired degree, and when at least part of the remaining contents in the first vaporization chamber 26 has been transferred to the second vaporization chamber 28.

[0127] The tendency to form deposits on the walls of the second vaporization chamber 28 differs between different water solutions, and may be determined in preliminary examinations for all water solutions that are fed into the system 10. The vaporization process in the second vaporization chamber 28 may be stopped at an optimum time, when the remaining water content is still high enough to secure that there is a sufficient fluidity and that there is only a small tendency for formation of deposits on the walls of the second vaporization chamber 28, but the water content being as small as possible. At the optimum time, the remaining concentrated material, now referred to as waste material is transferred from the second vaporization chamber 28 via the valve 82 to the waste handling unit 30. In the illustrated embodiment, the water content is reduced further in the waste handling unit 30. Pumps may be used for reducing the pressure in the vaporization chambers 26, 28 and/or the waste containers 32, making it possible for the contents to boil at temperatures below 100 C. by creating below-atmospheric pressure.

[0128] In the first vaporization chamber 26, the initial blackwater slurry volume of 100 liters may be reduced to by vaporization of water being removed as vapor. Of the 66 liters of water-reduced blackwater slurry remaining in the first vaporization chamber 26, 33 liters are pumped via 63, 74 to the second vaporization chamber 28.

[0129] Thereafter, additional blackwater slurry is pumped to the first vaporization chamber 26 from the buffer tank 22, such that the first chamber 26 all the time during vaporization presents a fill volume which varies between the maximum fill volume (100 liters) and of the maximum fill volume. In this example, the final amount of waste material in the waste containers could be in the range of 30-60 kg per day. It should be noted that the numbers here are only given by example and could vary substantially.

[0130] Preferably, the degree or speed of vaporization in the first vaporization chamber 26 is higher for higher fill volumes. When full, all heating elements 62 may be active, whereas only one or two heating elements 62 may be active when the chamber is less full.

[0131] In the vaporization unit 24, the water content of the initially treated blackwater slurry may be reduced by 30% to 95%, preferably 50% to 95%, and most preferably 70% to 95%, Thereby, the water reduced waste material produced in the vaporization unit 24 may contain a remaining water content of 70% to 5%, preferably 50% to 5%, and most preferably 30% to 5%, of the initial water content. This remaining water content in the waste material will be sufficient to avoid major deposits in the vaporization chambers 26, 28. No or only minor deposits will occur.

[0132] The water content of the waste material from the vaporization unit 24 may in this embodiment be further reduced in the waste handling containers 32 such that the water content in the final waste material contained in said waste containers 32 is further reduced by 10% to 100%, preferably 30% to 100%, and most preferably by 50% to 100%.

[0133] The combined water-reduction in the vaporization unit 24 and the waste handling unit 30 may be such that the final water content in the final waste material is 10% to 0% of the initial blackwater, preferably 5% to 0%, and most preferred 0%, i.e. a completely or essentially completely dry final waste material. This final reduction of water in the waste containers 32 results in a very substantial reduction of produced waste material from the system 10. Even if such final vaporization in the waste handling unit 30 results in an almost dry or completely dry final waste material in the waste containers 32, this will cause no problems with deposits since the waste containers 32 will be removed when filled and replaced by new empty containers.

[0134] Condensed water from the pump 70 at reference numeral 72 being substantially free from any potentially harmful medical substances may be discharged directly into the waste water system, e.g. a public sewage system.

[0135] Reference is now made to FIG. 4A to 4C illustrating three alternative schemes for operating the waste handling unit 30. In all the alternatives, the waste containers are filled in sequence. In FIG. 4A, waste container #1 is first filled via its control valve 86. When #1 is full, the drying is initiated in #1 by activating the associated vapor valve 88 and the filling is thereafter made in container #2. When container #1 is dry and perhaps 75% of the contents has been removed as vapor, it may be filled again in a second fill cycle. Thus, for each waste container 32, the sequence of operation may be: filling.fwdarw.drying.fwdarw.new filling.fwdarw.drying, etc. until the container is filled to a desired level, after which it is replaced. In FIG. 4A, the filling and drying cycles are equal. In FIG. 4B and FIG. 4C, a drying cycle is twice as long or three times as long, respectively, as a filling cycle. When all cycles have been completed, the waste containers 32 with the final water-reduced waste material therein are removed for destruction and replaced with new containers. Other types of filling cycles are also possible.

[0136] Reference is now made to FIG. 5, which schematically illustrates optional further equipments in the third process stage S3. These equipments may be used individually or in combination, and also in other mutual orders than the order shown in FIG. 5

[0137] As a first optional equipment, a central fragmentation unit 100 may be arranged to further fragmentize the blackwater slurry before it enters the central vaporization unit 24. In this unit 100, the already fragmentized solids in the slurry, especially fragmentized toilet paper, may be further fragmentized into even smaller fragments or pieces, thereby reducing the risk of cellulose deposits on the inner walls of the vaporization chambers 26, 28.

[0138] As a second optional equipment, a solid-matter removal unit 102 may be arranged to remove solids from the blackwater slurry before the slurry enters the vaporization unit 24, for instance a decanter centrifuge arranged before the vaporization unit 24. The solids removed, such as cellulose fragments (small toilet paper pieces) and feces particles may be transferred at 104 to the waste handling unit 30 in order to be handled together with the waste material received from the vaporization unit. Further water can be removed by vaporization at this point.

[0139] As a third optional equipment, a chemical treatment unit 106 may be arranged to break down cellulose (toilet paper fragments) in the blackwater slurry. The blackwater slurry may be subjected to the cellulose breakdown treatment during a suitable time period before being transferred further. Thereby, one may prevent or at least substantially reduce deposits of cellulose fragments (small pieces of toilet paper) on the inner walls of the vaporization chamber(s). Such a chemical treatment unit 106 may advantageously be combined with the central fragmentation unit 100. The chemical treatment may as an example include the use of cellulase or strong acids such as hydrochloric acid.

[0140] FIG. 6 illustrates various steps of an embodiment of a method according to the inventive concept.

[0141] FIG. 7 schematically illustrates an alternative handling of the waste material from the evaporation unit 24. In this alternative embodiment, an apparatus according to the inventive concept, comprising the buffer tank 22 and the evaporation unit 24, is located at a first location L1. The water-reduced waste material 109 from the vaporization unit 24 is transferred to a tank 110. The waste material is thereafter transported by trucks 112 to another location L2. In the illustrated embodiment, one or more waste containers 114 corresponding to the waste containers 32 in FIG. 3 are arranged to receive the waste material from the trucks 112, optionally after storage in one or more buffer tanks. At the second location, a further water-reduction of the waste material by heating and/or low pressure may then be performed for producing a further water-reduced waste material 118. As in the previous example, the generated water vapor may be removed from the container 114 at 116 and optionally be transferred to a waste water system or to the environment. Thereafter, as described with reference to FIG. 3, the waste container 114 and the further water-reduced material therein may be destructed. It is also possible to perform the additional water reduction at L2 and then transfer the finally water-reduced waste material to further containers for destruction, optionally at a third location.

[0142] FIG. 8 schematically illustrates a further alternative embodiment, in which the optional first process stage S1 and the second process stage S2 are arranged at a first location L3, such as a hospital, and in which the third process stage S3 and the fourth process stage S4 are arranged at a different second location L4, such as a plant for receiving and processing aqueous compositions from one or more first locations L3. In this alternative embodiment, an apparatus according to the inventive concept, comprising the buffer tank 22 and the evaporation unit 24, is divided between the first location L3 and the second location L4. The aqueous composition here in the form of blackwater from a number of toilets 12 is processed in the first process stage S1 and is thereafter transferred to one or more buffer tanks 22 for temporary storage at the first location L3. The blackwater is thereafter transferred from the buffer tank 22 to trucks 112, 113 and transported to the second location L4. Here, the blackwater is processed by the vaporisators in the third process stage S3, optionally after storage in one or more buffer tanks. The waste material from S3 is received in and optionally processed in the fourth process stage S4 as described above. Alternatively, the S4 stage may be performed at another location than L4. Thereafter, as described with reference to FIG. 3, the waste material may be destructed.

[0143] FIG. 9 schematically illustrates a further alternative embodiment, in which the aqueous composition comprises animal bodily waste or blackwater comprising animal bodily waste and optionally additional water. In FIG. 9, animal bodily waste 202, e.g. manure, from cows 200 is initially collected in a buffer tank 22. The material 204 is temporarily stored in the buffer tank 22.

[0144] At suitable times, some or all of the material 204 is removed from the buffer tank 22 and transferred to process stage S3 and optionally process stage S4. As indicated by a dashed arrow in FIG. 9, this transfer may be between different locations, such as by a truck transport from a farm to a process plant at a different location. In the third process stage S3, the material, after an optional storage in one or several buffer tanks, is subjected to a solid-matter removal in a unit 102 as described in connection with FIG. 5. Thereafter, the material is transferred in batches to the vaporization unit 24 at suitable times, optionally via one or more buffer tanks. The solid matter removed in the unit 102 may, as described in FIG. 5, be subjected to a further water reduction, in this embodiment performed in the waste handling unit 30 together with the water-reduced waste material from the vaporization unit 24. Thereafter, as described above, the water-reduced waste material may be destructed, preferably by incineration in a high-temperature oven.

Alternative Embodiments

[0145] The embodiment described above and as shown in the figures may be varied in many ways without departing from scope of the claims.

[0146] In the example illustrated and described with reference to FIG. 1 to FIG. 3, the aqueous composition is received as blackwater from vacuum toilets. However, the method and the apparatus according to the inventive concept may be used or implemented in other systems and applications, and the embodiment in FIG. 1 to FIG. 3 may be modified accordingly.

[0147] For instance, the inventive concept may also be used in connection with conventional water-flushed toilets where water, instead of air pressure difference, is used for transporting the blackwater. The aqueous composition may also be urine from one or more urinals. One or more of the pumps and valves associated with the vacuum operation in FIG. 3 may be dispensed and optionally be replaced with other equipment. If it is desired to transfer the blackwater from conventional water-flushed toilets through smaller-diameter piping as described above, the blackwater may be subjected to a fragmentation as described above. However, it may also be possible to dispense with the initial fragmentation and transfer the blackwater, without any initial fragmentation treatment, in conventional piping downstream the system. It may be advantageous in a conventional water-flushed toilet system to process the blackwater before it is received in the vaporization unit. Thus, there may be a solid-matter removal unit and/or a fragmentation unit and/or a chemical treatment unit upstream of the vaporization unit, and optionally one or more buffer tanks may be arranged upstream and/or downstream such units.

[0148] Depending on the type of aqueous composition processed and depending on the implementation, one or more of the components and steps as described above may be dispensed with, including but not limited to: the bacteria reduction, the initial fragmentation, the fluid connection to toilets and/or urinals, the waste containers, the protective structures, the use of vapor for heating, the further water reduction in the waste containers, the central solid-matter removal, the central fragmentation and the central chemical treatment.

[0149] The number of units in each stage may vary: The aqueous composition may comprise blackwater from an indefinite number of vacuum toilets. There may be more than one buffer tank. The vaporization unit may comprise an indefinite number of evaporators and there may be as many waste containers as needed.

[0150] With respect to the heating, there may be many other ways to heat the contents in both the vaporization chambers 26, 28 and the waste containers 32, including using heating elements which may at least partly be immersed in the liquid or placed around the chambers, microwaves, induction, etc. The double wall cylinder used for heating a waste container 32 may be separate from the waste container 32 such that only the waste container and not the double-walled cylinder is replaced. As an alternative, the double-walled cylinder for heating may be integrally formed with the waste container and thus being part of the waste container being replaced. In the embodiment shown, the hot vapor from the first vaporization chamber 26 is used for heating subsequent steps. However, separate heating solutions for the subsequent steps are also possible.

[0151] In alternative embodiments, the arrangement and number of pumps may differ from the illustrated example. For instance, there may be a vacuum pump arranged at each buffer tank, preferably downstream of the buffer tank. This suction may be used for ejecting the blackwater from the toilets. It is also possible to use a central suction from one or more central pumps downstream of the central vaporization unit for transporting the material through the system.

[0152] In order to make sure that the water vapor from the vaporization unit and/or from the waste handling unit is sufficiently clean, the system may further comprise an analytical unit (not shown) to evaluate the vapor purity. The evaluation may be done for instance either by measuring conductivity of condensed vapor or by determining its absorbance. The calculated data may be registered, stored and/or presented to a system operator via a control panel. The system may have online monitoring of the quality of the process. A continuous quality control may ensure that the condensed vapor from vaporization is sufficiently pure to be released in the public sewage system.

[0153] The number and arrangements of vaporization chambers may differ from the illustrated embodiment. In alternative embodiment, there may be only one single vaporization chamber or two or more chambers operating in parallel. For instance, there may be a plurality of first vaporization chambers 26 operating in parallel. In a system for a larger hospital, there may for instance be 5 to 10 first and second vaporization chambers operating in parallel.

[0154] In other embodiments, the arrangement for using the generated vapor for heating may differ. As an example, the hot vapor generated in the waste containers 32 may be transferred via valves to the wall of the second chamber 28 in order to save energy.

[0155] In the example above, the vapor generated in the process stages S3 and S4 is condensed and released to a public sewage system. In alternative embodiments, the condensed water may be released into a water tank or even a ditch. Alternatively, the vapor can be let out for instance into the ambient air without first being condensed into water.

Other Embodiments

[0156] According to a further aspect, the inventive concept also relates to a method for isolating potentially harmful medical substances, such as antibiotics, present in dissolved state in bodily waste, said method comprising:

[0157] transferring an aqueous composition, containing potentially harmful medical substances present in dissolved state in bodily waste, to a vaporization unit comprising one or more vaporization chambers;

[0158] in said one or more vaporization chambers, vaporizing water from the aqueous composition for producing a water-reduced waste material containing said potentially harmful medical substances;

[0159] passing the vaporized water through one or more protective structures, such as one or more demisters, arranged to prevent aerosols or droplets to pass through;

[0160] transferring the waste material from the vaporization unit; and

[0161] subjecting the waste material to a destructive treatment, such as a high-temperature incineration process.

[0162] According to a further aspect, the inventive concept also relates to an apparatus for isolating potentially harmful medical substances, such as antibiotics, present in dissolved state in bodily waste, said apparatus comprising:

[0163] a vaporization unit which is arranged to receive an aqueous composition, containing potentially harmful medical substances present in dissolved state in bodily waste, said vaporization unit comprising one or more vaporization chambers arranged to vaporize water from the aqueous composition for producing a water-reduced waste material; and

[0164] one or more protective structures, such as one or more demisters, which are arranged to prevent aerosols or droplets in the vaporized water to pass through.