Method for increasing serum adiponectin for treatment and reduction of the risk of cardiovascular, vascular, and related diseases

Abstract

The invention provides methods for reducing the percentage of body fat, increasing the level of adiponectin, and/or treating or reducing the risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD) and coronary heart disease (CHD). Such methods include administering to an animal or human sufficient levels of a compound comprising a tri blend of HPMC (K15, K100, and K200) and myristic fatty acid.

Claims

1. A method of treating coronary heart disease in a human, the method comprising administering to the human an amount of a composition comprising Hydroxypropyl Methyl Cellulose and myristic acid, wherein the amount is effective for treating the coronary heart disease, and wherein the administering provides about 0.5 mg to about 500 mg myristic acid to the human per day.

2. The method of treating coronary heart disease in a human according to claim 1, wherein the treating the coronary heart disease in the human comprises increasing adiponectin levels in the human.

3. The method of treating coronary heart disease in a human according to claim 1, wherein the treating the coronary heart disease in the human comprises increasing adiponectin levels and correlates to reducing a risk of at least one of a stroke, heart attack, and atherosclerosis.

4. The method of treating coronary heart disease in a human according to claim 1, wherein the treating the human comprises increasing adiponectin levels in the human and protecting against one or more vascular disorder.

5. The method of treating coronary heart disease in a human according to claim 1, wherein the treating comprises increasing adiponectin levels, improving vascular health, and providing vaso-protective properties.

6. The method of treating coronary heart disease in a human according to claim 1, wherein measuring a level of adiponectin in the human is capable of at least one of monitoring, diagnosing, or evaluating vascular disease.

7. The method of treating coronary heart disease in a human according to claim 1, wherein the administering to the human the amount of the composition comprising Hydroxypropyl Methyl Cellulose and myristic acid increases adiponectin levels in the human, and wherein the increased adiponectin levels in the human are effective to at least one of treat vascular disease in the human or improve vascular health in the human.

8. The method of treating coronary heart disease in a human according to claim 1, wherein the amount of the composition comprising Hydroxypropyl Methyl Cellulose and myristic acid is administered at least once per day.

9. The method of treating coronary heart disease in a human according to claim 1, wherein the amount of the composition comprising Hydroxypropyl Methyl Cellulose and myristic acid is administered to the human over a period of at least four weeks.

10. The method of treating coronary heart disease in a human according to claim 1, wherein the amount of the composition comprising Hydroxypropyl Methyl Cellulose and myristic acid is administered to the human over a period of at least eight weeks.

11. The method of treating coronary heart disease in a human according to claim 1, wherein the composition comprising Hydroxypropyl Methyl Cellulose and myristic acid is administered to the human in an oral formulation.

12. The method of treating coronary heart disease in a human according to claim 1, wherein the composition comprising Hydroxypropyl Methyl Cellulose and myristic acid is consumed with at least one of a drink or a shake, or wherein the composition comprising Hydroxypropyl Methyl Cellulose and myristic acid is consumed mixed with one or more food.

13. The method of treating coronary heart disease in a human according to claim 1, wherein the Hydroxypropyl Methyl Cellulose comprises a blend of Hydroxypropyl Methyl Cellulose having at least three different molecular weights or viscosity levels.

14. The method of treating coronary heart disease in a human according to claim 13, wherein the blend comprises K15, K100, and K200 Hydroxypropyl Methyl Cellulose.

15. The method of treating coronary heart disease in a human according to claim 13, wherein the blend has a viscosity range between 5,000 cps and 150,000 cps.

16. The method of treating coronary heart disease in a human according to claim 1, wherein the myristic acid is present in the composition at from 0.1% to 10% w/w.

17. A method of treating or reducing a risk of coronary heart disease in a human, the method comprising: administering to the human an amount of a composition comprising Hydroxypropyl Methyl Cellulose and myristic acid, wherein the amount is effective to at least one of treat the coronary heart disease or reduce a risk of the coronary heart disease in the human; wherein the at least one of the treating of the coronary heart disease or the reducing the risk of the coronary heart disease in the human comprises increasing serum adiponectin levels in the human; and wherein the administering to the human the amount of the composition of Hydroxypropyl Methyl Cellulose and myristic acid provides about 0.5 mg to about 500 mg myristic acid to the human per day.

Description

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

(1) The accompanying drawings illustrate certain aspects of embodiments of the present invention and should not be used to limit the invention. Together with the written description the drawings explain certain principles of the invention.

(2) FIG. 1 is a graphical depiction illustrating the correlative relationship between body mass and plasma adiponectin levels.

(3) FIG. 2 is a graphical depiction illustrating the initial relationship between plasma adiponectin and the percentage of body fat. As illustrated, there is a negative correlation between the decrease in the percentage of body fat and the concentration of adiponectin in the plasma reflecting that higher adiponectin levels are correlative to lower body fat.

(4) FIG. 3 is a graphical depiction illustrating the strong relationship and negative correlation between plasma adiponectin levels and the waist circumference, indicating that as adiponectin increases the waist circumference decreases.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

(5) The present invention has been described with reference to particular embodiments having various features. It will be apparent to those skilled in the art that various modifications and variations can be made in the practice of the present invention without departing from the scope or spirit of the invention. One skilled in the art will recognize that these features may be used singularly or in any combination based on the requirements and specifications of a given application or design. Embodiments comprising various features may also consist of or consist essentially of those various features. Other embodiments of the invention will be apparent to those skilled in the art from consideration of the specification and practice of the invention. The description of the invention provided is merely exemplary or explanatory in nature and, thus, variations that do not depart from the essence of the invention are intended to be within the scope of the invention.

(6) Before explaining at least one embodiment of the invention in detail, it is to be understood that the invention is not limited in its application to the details of construction and the arrangement of the components set forth in the following description or illustrated in the drawings. The invention is capable of other embodiments or of being practiced or carried out in various ways. Also, it is to be understood that the phraseology and terminology employed herein is for the purpose of description and should not be regarded as limiting.

(7) Low serum adiponectin levels have been identified as a key factor involved in regulating visceral fat accumulation and obesity. In one preferred embodiment, the invention herein comprises a tri blend of high viscosity HPMC with the blend averaging in the range of about 25,000 cps, although the HPMC blend can range from around 5,000 cps to 75,000 cps, such as from 5,000 cps to 10,000 cps, 10,000 cps to 15,000 cps, and so on. The anti-inflammatory ingredient comprising myristic fatty acid, in a preferred embodiment, averages around 2% to 10% of the overall composition, but can range from 0.1% to 10%, such as from 0.1% to 0.2%, from 0.2% to 0.3%, and so on.

(8) Low serum adiponectin levels have also been identified as a factor associated with the risk of coronary heart disease (CHD) and cardiovascular disease (CVD). In one preferred embodiment, the invention herein comprises a tri blend of high viscosity HPMC with the blend averaging in the range from around 5,000 cps to 75,000 cps, such as from 5,000 cps to 10,000 cps, 10,000 cps to 15,000 cps, and so on. The anti-inflammatory ingredient comprising myristic fatty acid, in a preferred embodiment provides 0.5 mg to 500 mg myristic fatty acid to the human per day.

(9) A key attribute of the efficacy in terms of raising adiponectin with no or limited side effects was the dual challenge solved by the invention. Raising adiponectin has numerous positive and health protective qualities, including curbing obesity, reducing fat and fat accumulation, as well as alleviating inflammation, diabetes, and cardiovascular disease. Therefore, inventing a therapeutic composition to safely raise adiponectin would be beneficial in terms of preservation or treatment of these and other obesity related conditions, but doing so safely and effectively in the way achieved by the present invention is not taught by the prior art.

(10) The invention also provides a composition for effectively and safely reducing the percentage of body fat in animals, such as humans, and correspondingly increasing the plasma level of adiponectin by administering the composition over a minimum of, in one aspect, a 4- to 8-week period of time to both increase adiponectin and reduce the percentage of body fat. The period of administration may be administered at a minimum of from 1 week to 20 weeks, such as from 1 week to 2 weeks, 2 weeks to 3 weeks, and so on. In a preferred embodiment, the period of administration is at least 4 to 8 weeks. The period of administration may also be a few days, and the treatment may occur over the lifetime of a treated individual.

(11) Also, raising adiponectin has numerous positive and health protective qualities, including for cardiovascular disease. Therefore, a therapeutic composition to safely raise adiponectin would be beneficial in terms of a treatment of cardiovascular disease (CVD) or coronary heart disease (CHD). Evidence of clinical studies indicates that adiponectin deficiency is an independent risk factor for cardiovascular disease. Coronary heart disease, heart attacks, strokes and other cardiovascular complications have been shown to be ameliorated by increasing adiponectin. The composition described herein has been demonstrated as a safe and effective way to significantly elevate adiponectin levels to reduce the risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD) and coronary heart disease (CHD).

(12) Experimental results of this non-pharmacological and highly tolerable approach, according to a clinically studied formula, show surprising and unexpected superiority over what is practiced by the prior art. The invention provides a composition for effectively and safely reducing the risk of cardiovascular (CVD) in animals and humans. In particular embodiments, the period of administration may be administered at a minimum of 8 to 20 weeks. In a preferred embodiment, the period of administration is at least 8 weeks. The period of administration may also be a few days, and the treatment may occur safely over the lifetime of a treated individual.

(13) Experimental results of this non-pharmacological and highly tolerable approach, according to a clinically studied formula, show surprising and unexpected superiority over what is practiced by the prior art. One preferred formula reported clinical results of increasing adiponectin by around 115%.

(14) Prior to subjecting a preferred formula to clinical testing at a renowned university there were multiple iterations of the formula. Despite obtaining knowledge through the fine tuning and guidance of the invention, the ultimate level of significant efficacy results achieved in a clinical setting was surprising and unexpected.

(15) Twenty-two women completed an 8-week placebo controlled, double-blind study. Results reflecting an increase in adiponectin are shown in Table 1.

(16) TABLE-US-00001 TABLE 1 Adiponectin (μg/ml) Week 0 Week 4 Week 8 Invention 12.2 ± 2.4 18.2 ± 2.6 26.3 ± 3.0

(17) Serum adiponectin levels were significantly increased (P<0.05).

(18) Again, the dual objective in the invention is to significantly, effectively, and safely increase adiponectin levels. A variety of fibers were included in an original rendition of possible formulas to accomplish the objective ultimately achieved by the current invention. Such fibers as glucomannan, beta glucan, guar gum and concentrated carrot fiber were employed as trial-and-error encapsulated formulas for the objective of determining in a clinical study which formula would significantly raise adiponectin. If a well-designed and university tested clinical study showed positive results in increasing adiponectin with no reported side effects, the invention could healthfully reduce the risk of coronary heart disease (CHD) and cardiovascular disease (CVD). However, it was unpredictable which combination of ingredients would be most effective and safe. The invention claimed herein, after trying different combinations and variations based on the prior art, would not have been expected by one of ordinary skill in the art to be as effective and safe as reported in the clinical.

(19) Studies have shown a strong relationship between plasma adiponectin levels and the ability of adiponectin to protect against cardiovascular disease (CVD) and coronary heart disease (CHD).

(20) In aspects, the invention can be consumed from encapsulated products, tablets, and can be mixed into foods, shakes, flavored drink mixes, juices, yogurt, health bars, pastries, cereals, oatmeal, eggs and flavored water or soups.

(21) Regarding the university study specifically, the preferred formula which was subjected to clinical testing in a university setting was approved by the University's Institutional Review Board (IRB), including blood collection and biochemical analysis. The serum adiponectin was determined using an enzyme immunoassay. The university certified that all applicable institutional and government regulations concerning the ethical use of human volunteers were followed.

(22) The present invention has shown in a published clinical study to be effective at raising plasma adiponectin concentrations. In one aspect, the invention may be taken in the form of an encapsulated product or may be consumed with any hot beverage, soup, or any liquid as stirred, shaken, or otherwise fully or partially dissolved. However, the invention may be administered by any acceptable means of administering a composition.

(23) According to this study, the invention provides a method of significantly increasing plasma adiponectin levels in humans for a time of around 8 weeks, although the time of administering the composition may be shorter or longer. With daily consumption of around 2.4 grams of the composition taught by the current invention, the level of adiponectin in the blood generally changes at around four weeks, and more so at eight weeks.

(24) The invention, in one aspect, may be consumed daily on an indefinite basis as the invention is safe and well tolerated. The invention is preferably mixed in any liquid, such as shake or food form, including food (e.g., oatmeal), a beverage or bars.

(25) A clinical study was conducted at the University of Connecticut measuring the influence the invention had on plasma adiponectin levels. The subjects completed an 8-week placebo controlled, double blind study. Serum adiponectin was assessed at pre-, mid-, and post-intervention. Significant increases occurred in serum adiponectin levels over the mid- and post-intervention.

(26) (Response of Serum Adiponectin)

(27) TABLE-US-00002 Week 0 Week 4 Week 8 Adiponectin Plasma 12.2 ± 2.4 18.2 ± 2.6 26.3 ± 3.0 Levels (μg/ml)

(28) There is a direct and inverse relationship between the increase of plasma adiponectin and the capability of adiponectin to protect against cardiovascular disease (CVD), vascular disease and coronary heart disease (CHD). Consistent with clinical studies and clinical observations it has been shown that adiponectin deficient humans are more susceptible to developing vascular disorders and cardiovascular diseases. Additionally, increasing adiponectin exerts multiple protective effects on the vascular system, including cardiovascular disease (CVD) and coronary heart disease (CHD). Clinical observations have shown a high correlative relationship between adiponectin levels and cardiovascular disease. Also, circulatory levels of serum adiponectin have shown an inverse relationship to the risk of cardiovascular events such as strokes and heart attacks. Clinical studies have demonstrated a positive connection between higher levels of adiponectin promoting atherosclerotic and vascular repair. A safe and effective means to treat these diseases by increasing adiponectin could be useful as a therapy for the prevention and treatment of vascular diseases. This invention hence may be useful as a therapy to effectively and safely increase adiponectin.

(29) Experimental results of this non-pharmacological and highly tolerable approach, according to a clinically studied formula, show surprising and unexpected superiority over what is practiced by the prior art. One preferred formula reported clinical results of body fat reduction of around 11% with the percentage of body fat being reduced from 43.4% down to 36.1% in 8 weeks.

(30) Prior to subjecting a preferred formula to clinical testing at the University of Connecticut there were multiple iterations of the formula. After developing numerous fiber related formulas which had limited impact on losing weight or reduction of waist circumference, a non-choleric fiber containing 15K HPMC was tested, which appeared to work for losing weight. The formula was advanced to 200K of HPMC in capsule form, and projecting this higher viscosity level had an impact on losing weight and fat more effectively. However, the 200K HPMC formula carried with it unacceptable side effects, including, but not limited to, stomach and intestinal cramping, constipation, and intestinal pain. A formula using HPMC providing for efficacy of fat loss, no side effects and, most importantly, substantively increasing adiponectin, was continually modified. The formulation of a tri blend was developed in which Kl 5, Kl 00, and K200 was used. The results of the tri blend HPMC formula seemed to work on a sample basis, eventually leading to a formula used to measure adiponectin levels in a university developed clinical study.

(31) There were numerous ingredients used originally prior to the preferred formula being subjected to a randomized, double blinded, placebo controlled, university clinical study. The various formulas were blended and encapsulated and provided to approximately 4 network marketing companies for efficacy feedback to formulate the best formula to be used in a clinical trial.

(32) Despite obtaining knowledge through the fine tuning and guidance of the invention, the ultimate level of significant efficacy results achieved in a clinical setting was surprising and unexpected to one of ordinary skill in the art.

(33) Twenty-two women completed an 8-week placebo controlled, double-blind study. Results from the study are shown in Tables 1-4.

(34) TABLE-US-00003 TABLE 1 Body Mass Week 0 Week 4 Week 8 Clinical Formula 87.2 ± 6.2 84.3 ± 5.1 77.9 ± 5.1 Placebo 86.9 ± 7.2 85.1 ± 5.1 82.7 ± 3.8

(35) Significant decreases (P<0.05) were observed for body weight.

(36) TABLE-US-00004 TABLE 2 Body Fat (%) Week 0 Week 4 Week 8 Clinical Formula 43.44 ± 4.1 39.9 ± 3.3 36.1 ± 3.6 Placebo 44.30 ± 2.0 41.9 ± 1.7 40.9 ± 1.2

(37) The percentage of body fat reduction achieved significant results (P<0.05).

(38) TABLE-US-00005 TABLE 3 Circumference Waist Week 0 Week 4 Week 8 Clinical Formula 101.9 ± 4.4 96.5 ± 3.7 92.1 ± 3.9 Placebo 102.5 ± 3.6 99.2 ± 4.0 97.4 ± 4.0

(39) Waist circumference showed a significantly greater (P<0.05) reduction from baseline measurement.

(40) TABLE-US-00006 TABLE 4 Adiponectin (μg/ml) Week 0 Week 4 Week 8 Clinical Formula 12.2 ± 2.4 18.2 ± 2.6 26.3 ± 3.0 Placebo 12.6 ± 2.0 19.3 ± 3.3 21.8 ± 3.1

(41) Serum adiponectin levels were significantly increased (P<0.05). The objective of the invention is to increase adiponectin levels and to correspondingly reduce the percentage of stored body fat. It is known that the consumption of fibers, including dietary fiber, provides positive metabolic effects, such as reduction in glucose and insulin concentrations. The effects of various fibers on adiponectin, body composition, fuel utilization, and excessive fat accumulation had not been previously widely studied or known. A variety of fibers were included in an original rendition of possible formulas to accomplish the objective ultimately achieved by the current invention. Such fibers as glucomannan, beta glucan, guar gum and concentrated carrot fiber were employed as trial-and-error encapsulated formulas for the objective of determining in a clinical study which formula would raise adiponectin and correlatively lower body fat. If a well-designed and university tested clinical study showed positive results in increasing adiponectin and reducing body fat, with no reported side effects, the invention could healthfully reduce the global pandemic of obesity and the increased risk of a number of comorbidities including hypertension, type 2 diabetes and coronary heart disease. However, it was unpredictable which combination of ingredients would be most effective and safe. The invention claimed herein, after trying different combinations and variations based on the prior art, would not have been expected by one of ordinary skill in the art to be as effective and safe as it was, especially based on data known before such experimentation.

(42) Upon the completion of the clinical study and obtaining the independent results, achievement of the two objectives was met:

(43) 1. The significant increase in plasma adiponectin; and

(44) 2. The significant reduction in the percentage of body fat.

(45) The invention can be easily consumed from encapsulated products, tablets, and can be mixed into foods, shakes, flavored drink mixes, juices, yogurt, health bars, pastries, cereals, oatmeal, eggs and flavored water or soups.

(46) The formulations produced for feedback prior to subjecting to a clinical study included, but were not limited to, the following formulas and percentage of respective compositions. Weight loss, speed of weight loss, and waist circumference were the three chosen and most critical feedback criteria.

(47) TABLE-US-00007 Formula 1 Ingredient Percentage of Formula (w/w) Carrot Powder 25% Glucomannan 20% Beta Glucan 30% HPMC (15K) 25% Total 100% 

(48) TABLE-US-00008 Formula 2 Ingredient Percentage of Formula (w/w) Carrot Powder 25% Glucomannan 30% HPMC (15K) 30% Guar Gum 15% Total 100% 

(49) TABLE-US-00009 Formula 3 Ingredient Percentage of Formula (w/w) HPMC (K15) 40% HPMC (K100) 20% Beta Glucan 20% Carrot Powder 20% Total 100% 

(50) TABLE-US-00010 Formula 4 Ingredient Percentage of Formula (w/w) HPMC (K100) 90% Myristic Fatty Acid 10% Total 100% 

(51) TABLE-US-00011 Formula 5 Ingredient Percentage of Formula (w/w) Carrot Powder 30% HPMC (Blend K15 and K100) 60% Myristic Acid 10% Total 100% 

(52) TABLE-US-00012 Formula 6 Ingredient Percentage of Formula (w/w) HPMC Tri blend (K15, K100, K200) 90% Myristic Fatty Acid 10% Total 100% 

(53) Based on the clinical testing and trial-and-error, the tri blend was chosen for its promising time dependent digestive response.

Clinically Tested Formula (Formula Selected)

(54) TABLE-US-00013 Ingredient Percentage of Formula (w/w) HPMC Tri blend (K15, K100, and K200) 98% Myristic Fatty Acid  2% Total 100% 

(55) Also, according to testing, a tri blend averaging a viscosity measurement of around 25,000 cps was ultimately chosen for the university clinical trial.

(56) Surprisingly, this formula used in the clinical study reported a substantive increase in adiponectin. The formula was shown to be a useful therapeutic approach against obesity and obesity related diseases.

(57) The tri blend nomenclature represents three different forms of HPMC, each with a different viscosity. The final formula used included 2% of myristic acid. A formula or oral composition may comprise from about 1 to about 10 weight percent of myristic acid.

(58) This same formula produced the most surprising results of a significant increase in adiponectin and its increase correlating near perfectly with—% of body fat, waist circumference and weight loss. Results demonstrated this invention is a novel and safe therapy for increasing adiponectin and the unique treatment of obesity, excess fat accumulation and obesity-related diseases.

(59) During testing, the high viscosity form of HPMC (K200) caused painful side effects to such an extent that the project of using HPMC was nearly abandoned. The modification of HPMC usage and the development of the tri blend resolved side effect issues of painful stomach and intestinal cramping. It was the unique and synergistic attributes of the formula which were the cause of efficacy in terms of significantly increasing adiponectin and the fact that there were no side effects reported in the study. The efficacy results reported in the clinical trial were substantive and superior to the most optimistic results expected. The tri blend formula was novel in every respect—including use of any of the ingredients used to increase adiponectin.

(60) Turning to the figures, FIG. 1 graphically illustrates the correlative relationship between body mass and plasma adiponectin levels. The coefficient of determination (r.sup.2) being a strong and highly correlative number of 0.984.

(61) FIG. 2 graphically illustrates the strong relationship between plasma adiponectin and the percentage of body fat; indicating that higher plasma adiponectin is directly correlative with lower body fat. The coefficient of determination (r.sup.2) was a near perfect 0.996.

(62) FIG. 3 graphically illustrates the strong relationship between plasma adiponectin levels and the circumference of the waist. As illustrated, there is a strong negative correlative relationship between waist circumference and plasma level of adiponectin, indicating that as adiponectin increases the waist circumference decreases with the coefficient of determination (r.sup.2) being 0.979.

(63) Regarding the University of Connecticut study specifically, the preferred formula which was subjected to clinical testing in a university setting was approved by the University's Institutional Review Board (IRB), including blood collection and biochemical analysis. The serum adiponectin was determined using an enzyme immunoassay. The university certified that all applicable institutional and government regulations concerning the ethical use of human volunteers were followed.

(64) The level of the strength of the correlative relationship between adiponectin and the other key variables as shown in FIGS. 1, 2, and 3 were unexpected. The surprisingly strong coefficient of determination (r.sup.2) is further evidence of the correlative properties with adiponectin and the other three variables.

(65) The results of the data sets of a clinical study in which adiponectin and the three variables discussed all had a surprisingly high coefficient of determination (r.sup.2) which showed an exceptionally strong and highly predictive correlation with adiponectin.

(66) The three variables determining body mass, percentage of body fat, and waist circumference were measured as follows: 1) body mass was measured to the nearest 0.1 pound by using a calibrated clinical scale; 2) waist circumference was measured using a standard spring-loaded measuring tape; and 3) body composition, or percentage of body fat was obtained using dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry (DEXA) using a total body scanner.

Example 1

(67) The present invention has shown in a published clinical study (Eur. J. Appl. Physiol., 2009 March; 105(5): 665-72, “Influences of a dietary supplement in combination with an exercise and diet regimen on adipocytokines and adiposity in women who are overweight”) to be effective at decreasing body fat and raising plasma adiponectin concentrations. In one aspect, the invention may be taken in the form of an encapsulated product or may be consumed with any hot beverage, soup, or any liquid as stirred, shaken, or otherwise fully or partially dissolved. However, the invention may be administered by any acceptable means of administering a composition.

(68) According to this study, the invention provides a method of significantly reducing body fat percentages and correlatively increasing plasma adiponectin levels in humans for a time of around 8 weeks to reduce the percentage of body fat and increase adiponectin plasma levels, although the time of administering the composition may be shorter or longer. With daily consumption of around 2.4 grams of the composition taught by the current invention, the percentage of body fat and the level of adiponectin in the blood generally change at around four weeks, and more so at eight weeks.

(69) The invention, in one aspect, may be consumed daily on an indefinite basis as the invention is safe and well tolerated. The invention is preferably mixed in any liquid, such as shake or food form, including food (e.g., oatmeal) or a beverage.

Example 2

(70) A clinical study was conducted at the University of Connecticut measuring the influence the invention had on plasma adiponectin levels and percentage of body fat. The subjects completed an 8-week placebo controlled, double blind study. Percentage of body fat and serum adiponectin amongst other factors were assessed at pre-, mid-, and post-intervention. Significant decreases were observed for percentage of body fat and body weight. Significant increases occurred in serum adiponectin levels over the mid- and post-intervention.

(71) Response of Serum Adiponectin and Body Fat Percentage

(72) TABLE-US-00014 Week 0 Week 4 Week 8 Adiponectin 12.2 18.2 26.3 Plasma Levels Body Fat (%) 43.4 39.9 36.1

Example 3

(73) There is a direct and inverse relationship between the increase of plasma adiponectin and the decrease in the percentage of body fat in week 4; with these trends continuing through week 8.

(74) The reduction of body mass is correlated with the increase in plasma adiponectin.

(75) Response of Serum Adiponectin and Body Mass

(76) TABLE-US-00015 Week 0 Week 4 Week 8 Adiponectin 12.2 18.2 26.3 Plasma Levels Body Mass (kg) 87.1 84.3 77.9

Example 4

(77) Response of Serum Adiponectin and Waist Circumference

(78) TABLE-US-00016 Week 0 Week 4 Week 8 Adiponectin 12.2 18.2 26.3 Plasma Levels Waist 101.9 96.5 92.1 Circumference (cm)

(79) The decrease in waist circumference is correlated with the increase in plasma adiponectin. The trend in the reduction in waist circumference in week 4 continued through week 8.

Example 5

(80) Response of Serum Adiponectin and Hip Measurement

(81) TABLE-US-00017 Week 0 Week 4 Week 8 Adiponectin 12.2 18.2 26.3 Plasma Levels Hip Measurement 117.3 112.3 109.9 (cm)

(82) There is a correlation in the decrease in hip measurement and the increase in adiponectin. The trend in the reduction in hip measurement in week 4 continued through week 8.

(83) One skilled in the art will recognize that the disclosed features may be used singularly, in any combination, or omitted based on the requirements and specifications of a given application or design. When an embodiment refers to “comprising” certain features, it is to be understood that the embodiments can alternatively “consist of” or “consist essentially of” any one or more of the features. Other embodiments of the invention will be apparent to those skilled in the art from consideration of the specification and practice of the invention.

(84) It is noted in particular that where a range of values is provided in this specification, each value between the upper and lower limits of that range is also specifically disclosed. The upper and lower limits of these smaller ranges may independently be included or excluded in the range as well. The singular forms “a,” “an,” and “the” include plural referents unless the context clearly dictates otherwise. It is intended that the specification and examples be considered as exemplary or explanatory in nature and that variations that do not depart from the essence of the invention fall within the scope of the invention. Further, all of the references cited in this disclosure are each individually incorporated by reference herein in their entireties and as such are intended to provide an efficient way of supplementing the enabling disclosure of this invention as well as provide background detailing the level of ordinary skill in the art.

REFERENCES

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