Resistance spot welding method and method for manufacturing resistance spot welded joint

Abstract

A resistance spot welding method of squeezing a predetermined sheet combination by a pair of electrodes and passing a current while applying an electrode force to join the sheet combination includes: performing test welding; and performing actual welding after the test welding, wherein in each of the test welding and the actual welding, a current pattern is divided into two or more steps including a first current passage step and a second current passage step subsequent to the first current passage step, and, in the actual welding, a current that causes no expulsion is selected to perform welding by constant current control in the first current passage step, and adaptive control welding is performed from the subsequent second current passage step onward.

Claims

1. A resistance spot welding method of squeezing, by a pair of electrodes, a sheet combination in which a thin sheet is overlapped on at least one face of two or more overlapping thick sheets, and passing a current while applying an electrode force to join the sheet combination, the resistance spot welding method comprising: performing test welding; and performing actual welding after the test welding, wherein in each of the test welding and the actual welding, a current pattern is divided into two or more steps including a first current passage step and a second current passage step subsequent to the first current passage step, in the test welding, an amount of time variation of an instantaneous amount of heat generated per unit volume as a time variation curve and a cumulative amount of heat generated per unit volume are stored for each of the current passage steps, both the amount of time variation and the cumulative amount of heat being calculated from an electrical property between the electrodes when forming an appropriate nugget by passing a current by constant current control, and in the actual welding, a current that causes no expulsion is selected to perform welding by constant current control in the first current passage step, and, from the subsequent second current passage step onward, the stored time variation curve is used as a target and, when a time variation of the instantaneous amount of heat generated of the actual welding differs from the stored time variation curve in any current passage step by a difference, adaptive control welding is performed to control a current passage amount in order to compensate for the difference within a remaining welding time in the current passage step so that a cumulative amount of heat generated in the current passage step of the actual welding matches the stored cumulative amount of heat generated in the current passage step of the test welding.

2. The resistance spot welding method according to claim 1, wherein 0.6IsI10.95Is, where I1 is the current in the first current passage step, and Is is a minimum current having a possibility of causing expulsion in absence of disturbances in the first current passage step.

3. The resistance spot welding method according to claim 1, wherein in the actual welding, an electrode force pattern is divided into two or more steps including a first electrode force application step and a second electrode force application step subsequent to the first electrode force application step, and at least for the first electrode force application step and the second electrode force application step,
F1<F2, where F1 is an electrode force in the first electrode force application step, and F2 is an electrode force in the second electrode force application step.

4. The resistance spot welding method according to claim 1, wherein at least for the first current passage step and the second current passage step in the test welding,
I1>I2, where I1 is a current in the first current passage step, and I2 is a current in the second current passage step.

5. A method for manufacturing a resistance spot welded joint by the resistance spot welding method according to claim 1.

6. The resistance spot welding method according to claim 2, wherein in the actual welding, an electrode force pattern is divided into two or more steps including a first electrode force application step and a second electrode force application step subsequent to the first electrode force application step, and at least for the first electrode force application step and the second electrode force application step,
F1<F2, where F1 is an electrode force in the first electrode force application step, and F2 is an electrode force in the second electrode force application step.

7. The resistance spot welding method according to claim 2, wherein at least for the first current passage step and the second current passage step in the test welding,
I1>I2, where I1 is a current in the first current passage step, and I2 is a current in the second current passage step.

8. The resistance spot welding method according to claim 3, wherein at least for the first current passage step and the second current passage step in the test welding,
I1>I2, where I1 is a current in the first current passage step, and I2 is a current in the second current passage step.

9. The resistance spot welding method according to claim 6, wherein at least for the first current passage step and the second current passage step in the test welding,
I1>I2, where I1 is a current in the first current passage step, and I2 is a current in the second current passage step.

10. A method for manufacturing a resistance spot welded joint by the resistance spot welding method according to claim 2.

11. A method for manufacturing a resistance spot welded joint by the resistance spot welding method according to claim 3.

12. A method for manufacturing a resistance spot welded joint by the resistance spot welding method according to claim 4.

13. A method for manufacturing a resistance spot welded joint by the resistance spot welding method according to claim 6.

14. A method for manufacturing a resistance spot welded joint by the resistance spot welding method according to claim 7.

15. A method for manufacturing a resistance spot welded joint by the resistance spot welding method according to claim 8.

16. A method for manufacturing a resistance spot welded joint by the resistance spot welding method according to claim 9.

Description

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

(1) In the accompanying drawings:

(2) FIG. 1 is a diagram schematically illustrating an example of the relationship between the welding time and the cumulative amount of heat generated calculated from interelectrode voltage and the like in the case where the current pattern is divided into two current passage steps;

(3) FIG. 2 is a diagram schematically illustrating an example of the nugget formation state in the first current passage step in a resistance spot welding method according to one of the disclosed embodiments;

(4) FIG. 3 is a diagram schematically illustrating an example of the nugget formation state in the second current passage step in the resistance spot welding method according to one of the disclosed embodiments; and

(5) FIG. 4 is a diagram schematically illustrating the case of welding a sheet combination having a sheet gap in Examples.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

(6) Detailed description is given below.

(7) The disclosure relates to a resistance spot welding method of squeezing, by a pair of electrodes, a sheet combination in which a thin sheet is overlapped on at least one face of two or more overlapping thick sheets, and passing a current while applying an electrode force to join the sheet combination. The disclosure is particularly intended for a sheet combination whose sheet thickness ratio ((the total thickness of the sheet combination)/(the sheet thickness of the thinnest steel sheet (metal sheet) in the sheet combination)) is more than 3 or further 5 or more, for which it has been difficult to obtain a nugget of a required size between the thin and thick sheets without expulsion. The upper limit of the sheet thickness ratio is not particularly limited, but is typically 12.

(8) Any welding device that includes a pair of upper and lower electrodes and is capable of freely controlling each of the electrode force and the welding current during welding may be used in the resistance spot welding method according to the disclosure. The force mechanism (air cylinder, servomotor, etc.), the type (stationary, robot gun, etc.), the electrode shape, and the like are not particularly limited.

(9) The term thin sheet means a steel sheet with relatively small sheet thickness and the term thick sheet means a steel sheet with relatively large sheet thickness, of the steel sheets used in the sheet combination. Typically, the sheet thickness of the thin sheet is approximately or less of that of the steel sheet (thick sheet) with the largest sheet thickness.

(10) In the resistance spot welding method according to the disclosure, the current pattern in actual welding is divided into two or more current passage steps to perform welding.

(11) Before the actual welding, test welding is performed with the current pattern being divided into the two or more current passage steps as in the actual welding. In the test welding, the amount of time variation of the instantaneous amount of heat generated per unit volume as a time variation curve and the cumulative amount of heat generated per unit volume are stored for each of the current passage steps, where both the amount of time variation and the cumulative amount of heat are calculated from the electrical property between the electrodes in the case of forming an appropriate nugget by passing a current by constant current control.

(12) For the test welding, a welding test with the same steel type and sheet thickness as the parts to be welded is performed by constant current control under various conditions in the state where there is no current shunting to an existing weld or sheet gap, to find an optimal condition in the test welding.

(13) Then, for each current passage step, the time variation of the instantaneous amount of heat generated per unit volume is stored as a time variation curve, and the cumulative amount of heat generated per unit volume is stored. Both the time variation and the cumulative amount are calculated from the electrical property between the electrodes during the welding performed under the aforementioned condition. The electrical property between the electrodes means the interelectrode resistance or the interelectrode voltage.

(14) Regarding the point at which the current pattern is divided into steps, for example in the case of forming a nugget in two steps, the point of division may be when at least sufficient electrode force application and heating are performed between the thin and thick sheets to ensure such a contact diameter of the sheets that prevents expulsion.

(15) After the test welding, the actual welding is performed. FIG. 1 illustrates an example of the relationship between the welding time and the cumulative amount of heat generated calculated from the interelectrode voltage and the like in the case where the current pattern is divided into two current passage steps. In the drawing, the solid line indicates the cumulative amount of heat generated calculated from the interelectrode voltage and the like in the actual welding, and the dashed line indicates the cumulative amount of heat generated stored in the test welding.

(16) In the first current passage step in the actual welding, a current that causes no expulsion is selected to perform welding by constant current control. The conditions such as welding time and electrode force other than the current may be the conditions determined in the test welding.

(17) From the subsequent second current passage step onward, the stored time variation curve is used as a target. In the case where the time variation of the instantaneous amount of heat generated differs from the time variation curve used as the target in any current passage step, adaptive control welding is performed to control the current passage amount in order to compensate for the difference within the remaining welding time in the current passage step so that the cumulative amount of heat generated in the current passage step in the actual welding matches the stored cumulative amount of heat generated in the current passage step of the test welding.

(18) It is important to, in the first current passage step in the actual welding, select such a current that ensures the prevention of expulsion and perform constant current control. The reason why adaptive control welding is not performed in the first current passage step in the actual welding is as follows. The state of contact between sheets tends to vary significantly due to disturbances such as a sheet gap or current shunting, especially during initial current passage. This may cause a situation where the amount of heat generated calculated from the interelectrode voltage and the like does not correspond to the actual amount of heat generated and the actual amount of heat generated is excessive, leading to expulsion.

(19) Hence, in the first current passage step in the actual welding, a current that causes no expulsion is selected to perform welding by constant current control. This establishes the state of contact between steel sheets, and eases the estimation of the amount of heat generated from parameters such as interelectrode voltage. From the subsequent second current passage step onward, the aforementioned adaptive control welding is performed to ensure an appropriate nugget diameter.

(20) To select such a current that achieves a desired amount of heat generated between thin and thick sheets while ensuring the prevention of expulsion in the first current passage step in the actual welding, we conducted an experiment of welding steel sheets of various sheet thicknesses under various conditions involving disturbances such as a sheet gap and an existing weld.

(21) We consequently discovered that, by setting the current I1 in the first current passage step in the actual welding to be 0.95 times or less the minimum current Is having a possibility of causing expulsion in the absence of disturbances in the first current passage step, expulsion can be prevented in the first current passage step regardless of the conditions such as disturbances. If I1 is less than 0.6 times Is, however, the amount of heat generated is insufficient and the desired nugget diameter is hard to be obtained.

(22) Thus, Is and I1 preferably satisfy the relationship
0.6IsI10.95Is.

(23) I1 is more preferably 0.65 times or more Is. I1 is more preferably 0.9 times or less Is. I1 is further preferably 0.7 times or more Is. I1 is further preferably 0.9 times or less Is.

(24) The minimum current Is having a possibility of causing expulsion in the absence of disturbances in the first current passage step can be determined, for example, in the following manner.

(25) First, the conditions such as welding time and electrode force are determined by the test welding, as the conditions set for the first current passage step in the actual welding. Following this, a sheet combination in the absence of disturbances is welded by constant current control under the determined conditions, with the set welding current being gradually increased. The welding current with which expulsion is observed first is set as the minimum current Is.

(26) The increments when increasing the set welding current are not particularly limited, but are preferably about 0.5 A.

(27) In the welding from the second current passage step onward after the first current passage step, the time variation curve stored in the test welding for each step is used as a target. If the time variation of the instantaneous amount of heat generated follows the stored time variation curve, the welding is continued without change and completed. If the time variation of the instantaneous amount of heat generated differs from the stored time variation curve used as the target in any current passage step, the adaptive control welding of controlling the current passage amount depending on the difference is carried out to compensate for the difference within the remaining welding time of the current passage step so that the cumulative amount of heat generated in the current passage step in the actual welding matches the stored cumulative amount of heat generated in the current passage step of the test welding.

(28) The method of calculating the cumulative amount of heat generated per unit volume is not particularly limited. JP H11-33743 A (PTL 4) describes an example of the method, which may be used in this disclosure. The following is the procedure of calculating the cumulative amount Q of heat generated per unit volume according to this method.

(29) Let t be the total thickness of the parts to be welded, r be the electrical resistivity of the parts to be welded, V be the interelectrode voltage, I be the welding current, and S be the contact area of the electrodes and the parts to be welded. In this case, the welding current passes through a columnar portion whose cross-sectional area is S and thickness is t, to generate heat by resistance. The amount q of heat generated per unit volume and per unit time in the columnar portion is given by the following Equation (1):
q=(V.Math.I)/(S.Math.t)(1).

(30) The electrical resistance R of the columnar portion is given by the following Equation (2):
R=(r.Math.t)/S(2).

(31) Solving Equation (2) for S and substituting the solution into Equation (1) yields the amount q of heat generated as indicated by the following Equation (3):
q=(V.Math.I.Math.R)/(r.Math.t.sup.2)=(V.sup.2)/(r.Math.t.sup.2)(3).

(32) As is clear from Equation (3), the amount q of heat generated per unit volume and per unit time can be calculated from the interelectrode voltage V, the total thickness t of the parts to be welded, and the electrical resistivity r of the parts to be welded, and is not affected by the contact area S of the electrodes and the parts to be welded. Although the amount of heat generated is calculated from the interelectrode voltage V in Equation (3), the amount q of heat generated may be calculated from the interelectrode current I. The contact area S of the electrodes and the parts to be welded need not be used in this case, either. By cumulating the amount q of heat generated per unit volume and per unit time for the welding time, the cumulative amount Q of heat generated per unit volume for the welding is obtained. As is clear from Equation (3), the cumulative amount Q of heat generated per unit volume can also be calculated without using the contact area S of the electrodes and the parts to be welded.

(33) Although the above describes the case of calculating the cumulative amount Q of heat generated by the method described in PTL 4, the cumulative amount Q may be calculated by any other method.

(34) In the actual welding, typically, the sheet combination is squeezed by the pair of upper and lower electrodes at a desired welding position, and electrode force application is started. After the electrode force begins to be applied, current passage is started.

(35) In the first current passage step which is initial current passage, a high welding current is applied for a short time with a low electrode force to stabilize the contact between a thin sheet 11 and a thick sheet 12 and ensure desired heat generation by contact resistance, as illustrated in FIG. 2. This narrows the current path and increases the current density between the thin sheet 11 and the thick sheet 12. Heat generated by contact resistance can therefore be effectively used for the formation of a nugget N1 between the thin sheet 11 and the thick sheet 12, without being affected by current path expansion caused by a molten coating and the like. In the second current passage step, a low welding current is applied for a long time with a high electrode force to form nuggets N1 and N2 of desired diameters respectively between the thin sheet 11 and the thick sheet 12 and between the thick sheets 12 and 13, as illustrated in FIG. 3.

(36) Although the nugget N1 is formed between the thin sheet 11 and the thick sheet 12 in the first current passage step in the example of FIG. 2, the nugget need not necessarily be formed, for example, in the case where there is a large sheet gap between the steel sheets. To form the nugget between the thin sheet 11 and the thick sheet 12 regardless of a sheet gap or current shunting, an excessively high current needs to be selected, which increases the risk of expulsion. In the case where welding is performed under the aforementioned welding condition, on the other hand, the temperature between the thin sheet 11 and the thick sheet 12 is higher than that in ordinary resistance spot welding, even if the nugget is not formed in the first current passage step. This enables melting not only between the thick sheets 12 and 13 but also between the thin sheet 11 and the thick sheet 12 in the adaptive control welding from the second current passage step onward. Thus, the resistance spot welding method according to the disclosure may form the nugget N1 between the thin and thick sheets in the first current passage step and form the nugget N2 between the thick sheets from the second current passage step onward, or simultaneously form the nuggets N1 and N2 respectively between the thin and thick sheets and between the thick sheets from the second current passage step onward.

(37) In the actual welding, the electrode force pattern may also be divided into two or more electrode force application steps. In this case, it is preferable that
F1<F2

(38) where F1 is the electrode force in the first electrode force application step, and F2 is the electrode force in the second electrode force application step.

(39) Setting F1 lower than F2 narrows the current path and increases the current density in the first step. This facilitates heat generation by contact resistance between the thin sheet 11 and the thick sheet 12.

(40) The electrode force F1 (kN) in the first electrode force application step preferably satisfies
0.8t.sub.mF17t.sub.m where t.sub.m (mm) is the sheet thickness of the thinnest steel sheet of the steel sheets constituting the sheet combination (the sheet thickness of the thin sheet 11 in FIG. 2).

(41) If the electrode force F1 in the first electrode force application step is more than 7 t.sub.m (kN), the electrode force is excessively high, and the amount of heat generated by contact resistance between the thin sheet 11 and the thick sheet 12 is reduced. If the electrode force F1 in the first electrode force application step is less than 0.8 t.sub.m, the contact resistance between the electrode tip and the thin sheet 11 is high, which promotes sparks and also promotes expulsion between the thin sheet 11 and the thick sheet 12. F1 is more preferably 0.9 times or more t.sub.m. F1 is more preferably 6.5 times or less t.sub.m.

(42) The point of division into electrode force application steps and the point of division into current passage steps need not necessarily be the same. Particularly when the electrode force is changed, the electrode force application may become unstable due to the problem of responsiveness of the servomotor, with there being the possibility of expulsion. Accordingly, in the actual welding, it is preferable to provide a cooling time between the current passage steps and change the electrode force during the cooling time. The cooling time is preferably 1 cycle or more. The cooling time is preferably less than 10 cycles. If the cooling time is less than 1 cycle, the expulsion prevention effect mentioned above cannot be achieved. If the cooling time is 10 cycles or more, heat generation efficiency decreases. The cooling time is more preferably 2 cycles or more. The cooling time is more preferably 9 cycles or less. Here, 1 cycle is 20 ms.

(43) To effectively use the heat generated by contact resistance in the first current passage step, it is preferable that
I1>I2

(44) where I1 is the current in the first current passage step and I2 is the current in the second current passage step in the test welding.

(45) Moreover, it is preferable that
TI1<TI2

(46) where TI1 is the welding time in the first current passage step and TI2 is the welding time in the second current passage step in the actual welding.

(47) By performing the first current passage step by constant current control with a relatively high current, the current density between the thin sheet 11 and the thick sheet 12 can be increased to more effectively use the heat generated by contact resistance. If current passage is performed for a long time by such constant current control, however, expulsion is facilitated. It is therefore effective to set TI1<TI2 in terms of preventing expulsion.

(48) The welding time TI1 in the first current passage step is preferably 2 cycles or more, in terms of generating a sufficient amount of heat between the thin and thick sheets. The welding time TI1 is preferably 10 cycles or less, in terms of preventing expulsion. The welding time TI1 is more preferably 3 cycles or more. The welding time TI1 is more preferably 9 cycles or less.

(49) The welding time TI2 in the second current passage step is preferably about 5 cycles or more and 30 cycles or less, in terms of ensuring at least a predetermined nugget diameter. The welding time TI2 is more preferably 7 cycles or more. The welding time TI2 is more preferably 28 cycles or less.

(50) Both the current pattern and the electrode force pattern from the third step onward are not particularly limited for the following reasons: current passage and electrode force application from the third step onward are likely to be intended for post-heat treatment for the joint, residual stress control, and nugget expansion while preventing expulsion, and various patterns may be assumed for such current passage and electrode force application, which are not particularly correlated with the current and electrode force in the previous steps. Moreover, a cooling time may or may not be provided between steps from the second current passage step onward.

(51) The parts to be welded are not particularly limited. The resistance spot welding method may be used for the welding of steel sheets and coated steel sheets having various strengths from mild steel to ultra high tensile strength steel and light metal sheets of aluminum alloys and the like. The resistance spot welding method may also be used for a sheet combination of four or more overlapping steel sheets.

Examples

(52) For each sheet combination of three overlapping steel sheets listed in Table 1 and illustrated in FIGS. 2 to 4, resistance spot welding was performed under each condition listed in Table 2 to produce a joint.

(53) The result in the case where the control mode is constant current in Table 2 indicates the result of performing welding by constant current control under the welding condition in Table 2. The result in the case where the control mode is adaptive control in Table 2 indicates the result of, after performing test welding by constant current control in the absence of disturbances such as a sheet gap under the welding condition in Table 2 and storing the time variation of the instantaneous amount of heat generated per unit volume, performing adaptive control welding of adjusting the current with reference to the time variation curve of the instantaneous amount of heat generated per unit volume obtained in the test welding. The conditions such as welding time and electrode force were the same in the test welding and the actual welding.

(54) The minimum current Is having a possibility of causing expulsion in the absence of disturbances in the first current passage step was determined in the following manner. The conditions such as welding time and electrode force were determined by the test welding, as the conditions set for the first current passage step in the actual welding. Following this, a sheet combination in the absence of disturbances was welded by constant current control under the determined conditions, with the set welding current being gradually increased in increments of 0.5 A from 4.0 kA. The welding current with which expulsion was observed first was set as the minimum current Is having a possibility of causing expulsion in the absence of disturbances in the first current passage step.

(55) Upon producing some of the joints, spacers 15 (inter-spacer distance: 60 mm) were inserted between the thick sheets 12 and 13 as illustrated in FIG. 4, and the sheet combination was clamped from above and below (not illustrated), to create a sheet gap of any of various sheet gap thicknesses.

(56) An inverter DC resistance spot welder was used as the welder, and chromium copper electrodes with 6 mm face diameter DR-shaped tips were used as the electrodes.

(57) For each obtained joint, the weld was cut and etched in section, and then observed with an optical microscope to measure each of the nugget diameter d1 between the thin and thick sheets and the nugget diameter d2 (mm) between the thick sheets. Each sample in which the nugget diameters d1 and d2 were both 4t or more (t: the sheet thickness (mm) of the thinner steel sheet of the adjacent two steel sheets) and no expulsion occurred was evaluated as good. Each sample in which any of the nugget diameters d1 and d2 was less than 4t or expulsion occurred was evaluated as poor.

(58) TABLE-US-00001 TABLE 1 Sheet Sheet Steel sheet (thin sheet) of reference Steel sheet (thick sheet) of reference Steel sheet (thick sheet) of reference thickness combination No. sign 11 in the drawings sign 12 in the drawings sign 13 in the drawings ratio A 270 MPa-grade cold rolled steel sheet 590 MPa-grade cold rolled steel sheet 590 MPa-grade cold rolled steel sheet 5.3 (sheet thickness: 0.7 mm) (sheet thickness: 1.4 mm) (sheet thickness: 1.6 mm) B 270 MPa-grade GA steel sheet 980 MPa-grade cold rolled steel sheet 980 MPa-grade cold rolled steel sheet 6.7 (sheet thickness: 0.7 mm) (sheet thickness: 2.0 mm) (sheet thickness: 2.0 mm) C 270 MPa-grade GA steel sheet 780 MPa-grade GA steel sheet 1180 MPa-grade GA steel sheet 5.6 (sheet thickness: 0.7 mm) (sheet thickness: 1.6 mm) (sheet thickness: 1.6 mm) D 440 MPa-grade GA steel sheet 1470 MPa-grade cold rolled steel sheet 1180 MPa-grade GA steel sheet 4 (sheet thickness: 1.0 mm) (sheet thickness: 1.6 mm) (sheet thickness: 1.4 mm) E 440 MPa-grade GA steel sheet 980 MPa-grade cold rolled steel sheet 1470 MPa-grade GA steel sheet 4.2 (sheet thickness: 1.0 mm) (sheet thickness: 1.8 mm) (sheet thickness: 1.4 mm)

(59) TABLE-US-00002 TABLE 2 First electrode force Second electrode force application step application step Electrode Electrode force force First current passage step Minimum Electrode application Electrode application Welding Welding Sheet current force time force time current time Joint combination Is F1 TF1 F2 TF2 I1 (I1) TI1 No. No. (kA) (kN) (cycles) (kN) (cycles) (kA) (cycles) Control mode 1 A 8.5 2 5 3.5 15 7 5 Constant current 2 A 8.5 2 5 3.5 15 7 5 Constant current 3 A 8.5 2 5 3.5 15 7 5 Constant current 4 A 8.5 2 5 3.5 15 7 5 Constant current 5 B 10.5 4.1 3 5 19 9 3 Constant current 6 B 10.5 4.1 3 5 19 9 3 Constant current 7 B 10.5 4.1 3 5 19 9 3 Constant current 8 C 10 4 4 5 18 8 4 Constant current 9 C 10 4 4 5 18 8 4 Constant current 10 C 10 4 3 5 19 8 4 Constant current 11 D 8.5 4.5 4 5.5 20 7.5 4 Constant current 12 D 8.5 4.5 4 5.5 20 7.5 4 Constant current 13 E 9 4 3 6 20 8 3 Constant current 14 E 9 4 3 6 20 8 3 Constant current 15 A 9 3.5 20 8 20 Constant current 16 B 8.5 5 20 5 20 Constant current 17 B 8.5 5 20 9 20 Constant current 18 B 8.5 5 20 7 20 Adaptive control Second current passage step Cooling Welding Welding time current time Joint Tc I2 (I2) TI2 Sheet gap No. (cycles) (kA) (cycles) Control mode thickness Evaluation Remarks 1 6 15 Adaptive control No sheet gap Good Example 2 6 15 Adaptive control 0.5 mm Good Example 3 6 15 Adaptive control 1.0 mm Good Example 4 6 15 Adaptive control 1.5 mm Good Example 5 3 7 16 Adaptive control No sheet gap Good Example 6 3 7 16 Adaptive control 0.7 mm Good Example 7 3 7 16 Adaptive control 1.0 mm Good Example 8 2 6.5 16 Adaptive control No sheet gap Good Example 9 2 6.5 16 Adaptive control 0.8 mm Good Example 10 3 7 15 Adaptive control 0.8 mm Good Example 11 2 6.5 18 Adaptive control No sheet gap Good Example 12 2 6.5 18 Adaptive control 0.7 mm Good Example 13 2 6.5 18 Adaptive control No sheet gap Good Example 14 2 6.5 18 Adaptive control 1.0 mm Good Example 15 1.5 mm Poor (splashing) Comparative Example 16 No sheet gap Poor (insufficient Comparative Example nugget) 17 1 mm Poor (expulsion) Comparative Example 18 1 mm Poor (expulsion) Comparative Example

(60) In all Examples, no expulsion occurred, and a nugget with a diameter of 4t or more was obtained between the thin and thick sheets and between the thick sheets.

(61) In all Comparative Examples, on the other hand, either expulsion occurred or a sufficient nugget was not formed.

REFERENCE SIGNS LIST

(62) 11 steel sheet (thin sheet) 12, 13 steel sheet (thick sheet) 14 electrode 15 spacer