Ferroelectric polymer electrocaloric material and preparation method thereof

Abstract

A ferroelectric polymer electrocaloric nanowire array and a preparation method thereof, in which the ferroelectric polymer electrocaloric material is formed by a polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF)-based ferroelectric polymer electrocaloric nanowire array embedded in a porous anodic aluminum oxide (AAO) template. The PVDF-based ferroelectric polymer electrocaloric material is controlled to form a nanowire array embedded in the porous AAO template, and through adopting of a solution infiltration method to prepare the ferroelectric polymer electrocaloric nanowire array in the porous AAO template and improvement of the key morphology, structure, internal microscopic connection construction of the ferroelectric polymer, problems, such as low electrocaloric strength of the ferroelectric polymer, difficult heat conduction in the electrocaloric material and low refrigerating power density of the electrocaloric device in the prior art, can be effectively solved.

Claims

1. A preparation method of a ferroelectric polymer electrocaloric material embedded in a porous anodic aluminum oxide (AAO) template, the method comprising the following steps of: A, annealing a porous AAO template at an annealing temperature of 600 deg C. to 1300 deg C. so as to increase thermal conductivity of the porous AAO template; B, dissolving a polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF)-based ferroelectric polymer as raw material into a solvent to obtain a homogeneously mixed ferroelectric polymer solution; C, allowing the ferroelectric polymer solution to infiltrate and penetrate through pores of the annealed porous AAO template obtained in step A; D, volatilizing the solvent of the ferroelectric polymer solution in the porous AAO template under vacuum heating conditions; and E, annealing the porous AAO template obtained in step D in an oven so that a ferroelectric polymer electrocaloric material embedded in the porous AAO template is obtained, wherein the porous AAO template obtained in step E is configured for use along with the embedded material in a refrigeration device as a high-speed heat conductor.

2. The preparation method of claim 1, wherein the preparation method further comprises: F, preparing electrodes on upper and lower surfaces of the porous AAO template obtained in step E, respectively, such that portions of the embedded ferroelectric polymer electrocaloric material as present in any respective pore in the porous AAO template is connected to the electrode on the upper surface and to the electrode on the lower surface.

3. The preparation method of claim 1, wherein the porous AAO template of step A is prepared by an electrochemical method, and has a pore diameter of 30 nm to 450 nm and a thickness of 10 m to 500 m.

4. The preparation method of claim 1, wherein in step B, the PVDF-based ferroelectric polymer is poly(vinylidene fluoride-trifluoroethylene) (P(VDF-TrFE)) or poly(vinylidene fluoride-trifluoroethylene-chlorofluoroethylene) (P(VDF-TrFE-CFE)); in step B, the solvent is an organic solvent, which is any one or a mixture of any of N-methylpyrrolidone (NMP), dimethylacetamide (DMAc), N,N-dimethylformamide (DMF), triethyl phosphate (TEP), and dimethysulfide (DMS); and the PVDF-based ferroelectric polymer of the ferroelectric polymer solution obtained in step B has a concentration of 5 wt % to 40 wt %.

5. The preparation method of claim 1, wherein in step C, the ferroelectric polymer solution is cast on the surface of the porous AAO template to allow the solution to infiltrate and penetrate through the pores of the porous AAO template.

6. The preparation method of claim 1, wherein in step D, the volatilizing process is carried out at a temperature of 30 deg C. to 100 deg C. with a holding time of 2 hours to 24 hours.

7. The preparation method of claim 1, wherein in step E, the annealing process is carried out at a temperature of 60 deg C. to 160 deg C. for 5 hours to 28 hours.

8. The preparation method of claim 1, wherein the porous AAO template provides a nanoconfinement effect inducing a change of the crystallization behavior of the ferroelectric polymer so as to improve its electrocaloric effect.

9. The preparation method of claim 1, wherein the embedded polymer material is in the form of an embedded electrocaloric nanowire array.

Description

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

(1) FIG. 1 is a flowchart of steps of a method according to the present invention.

(2) FIG. 2 is a scanning electron microscopic photograph of the surface of a ferroelectric polymer nanowire array embedded in the porous AAO template.

(3) FIG. 3 is a scanning electron microscopic photograph of the surface of the ferroelectric polymer nanowire array after the porous AAO template is removed.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

(4) For clear understanding of the objectives, features and advantages of the present invention, detailed description of the present invention will be given below in conjunction with accompanying drawings and specific embodiments. It should be noted that the embodiments described herein are only meant to explain the present invention, and not to limit the scope of the present invention.

(5) The electrocaloric material in the present invention is formed by a PVDF-based ferroelectric polymer electrocaloric nanowire array embedded in a porous AAO template. In the PVDF-based ferroelectric polymer electrocaloric nanowire array, the polymer may be preferably at least one of poly(vinylidene fluoride-trifluoroethylene) (P(VDF-TrFE)) and poly(vinylidene fluoride-trifluoroethylene-chlorofluoroethylene) (P(VDF-TrFE-CFE)). Preferably, the porous AAO template has a pore diameter of 30 nm to 450 nm and a thickness of 10 m to 500 m. The electrocaloric material can be prepared according the following steps:

(6) A, by using an electrochemical method, preparing a porous AAO template with a pore diameter of 30 nm to 450 nm and a thickness of 10 m to 500 m;

(7) B, annealing the porous AAO template at 600 deg C. to 1300 deg C.;

(8) C, dissolving P(VDF-TrFE) or P(VDF-TrFE-CFE) as raw material into a solvent to obtain a solution with a concentration of 5 wt % to 40 wt %;

(9) D, casting the above solution on the surface of the annealed porous AAO template, so that the solution infiltrates and penetrates through the pores of the porous AAO template;

(10) E, placing the sample in a vacuum chamber at 30 deg C. to 100 deg C. to dry for 2 hours to 24 hours so as to volatilize the solvent in the ferroelectric polymer solution;

(11) F, annealing the sample in an oven at 60 deg C. to 160 deg C. for 5 hours to 28 hours; and

(12) G, preparing electrodes on the top and bottom surfaces of the sample.

(13) The following are specific embodiments.

Embodiment 1

(14) A, preparing the porous AAO template, which specifically includes the following steps:

(15) a, annealing an aluminum foil at 400 deg C. with a holding time of 2 hours, which is conducive to the subsequent formation of a regular porous structure;

(16) b, ultrasonically cleaning the aluminum foil in toluene and ethanol for 10 minutes successively;

(17) c, by using a steel plate as a cathode and the aluminum foil as an anode, electrochemically polishing the aluminum foil in a solution of perchloric acid and ethanol with a volume ratio of 1:4 at a voltage of 20 V;

(18) d, by using the polished aluminum foil as the anode and the steel plate as the cathode, performing first oxidation treatment on the aluminum foil in an oxalic acid solution with a concentration of 0.3 mol/L at a reaction voltage of 60 V with a reaction time of 1 hour;

(19) e, immersing the aluminum foil subjected to the first oxidation into a mixed solution of 6 wt % phosphoric acid and 1.8 wt % chromic acid, and then placing it in an oven at 80 deg C. with a reaction time of 0.5 hour to remove the surface oxide formed by the first oxidation treatment;

(20) f, by using the aluminum foil subjected to the above treatments as the anode and the steel plate as the cathode, performing second oxidation treatment on the aluminum foil in an oxalic acid solution with a concentration of 0.3 mol/L at a reaction voltage of 60 V with a reaction time of 3 hours; and

(21) g, placing the porous AAO template generated by the second oxidation in a saturated copper sulfate solution to remove the remaining aluminum substrate, and then immersing it in a 5 wt % phosphoric acid solution for 30 minutes to remove a barrier layer and broaden pores, so as to obtain a porous AAO template with highly ordered pores.

(22) B, performing high temperature annealing on the porous AAO template prepared in the step A at 850 deg C. with a holding time of 2 hours.

(23) C, dissolving P(VDF-TrFE-CFE) ferroelectric polymer into DMF to obtain a P(VDF-TrFE-CFE)-DMF solution with a concentration of 30 wt %, during which a magnetic stirrer is used to stir for 24 hours so as to fully dissolve P(VDF-TrFE-CFE).

(24) D, casting the above solution onto the surface of the annealed porous AAO template, so that the solution infiltrates and penetrates through the pores of the porous AAO template.

(25) E, placing the sample in a vacuum chamber at 60 deg C. to dry for 24 hours so as to volatilize the DMF.

(26) F, annealing the sample in an oven at 100 deg C. for 22 hours.

(27) G, preparing electrodes on the top and bottom surfaces of the sample by using an ion sputtering method.

Embodiment 2

(28) The process in the embodiment 2 is the same as the process in the embodiment 1 except that in the step A, the first oxidation is performed at a voltage of 25 V with a reaction time of 6 hours, and the second oxidation process is performed at a voltage of 25 V with a reaction time of 20 hours.

Embodiment 3

(29) The process in the embodiment 3 is the same as the process in the embodiment 1 except that in the step A, the electrochemical reaction solution is a phosphoric acid solution with a concentration of 0.3 mol/L, the first oxidation is performed at a voltage of 195 V with a reaction time of 6 hours, and the second oxidation is performed at a voltage of 195 V with a reaction time of 20 hours.

Embodiment 4

(30) The process in the embodiment 4 is the same as the process in the embodiment 1 except that in the step A, the second oxidation process is performed with a reaction time of 0.3 hours.

Embodiment 5

(31) The process in the embodiment 5 is the same as the process in the embodiment 1 except that in the step A, the second oxidation process is performed with a reaction time 15 hours.

Embodiment 6

(32) The process in the embodiment 6 is the same as the process in the embodiment 1 except that in the step B, the annealing temperature of the porous AAO template is 600 deg C.

Embodiment 7

(33) The process in the embodiment 7 is the same as the process in the embodiment 1 except that in the step B, the annealing temperature of the porous AAO template is 1300 deg C.

Embodiment 8

(34) The process in the embodiment 8 is the same as the process in the embodiment 1 except that in the step B, the annealing time of the porous AAO template is 6 hours.

Embodiment 9

(35) The process in the embodiment 9 is the same as the process in the embodiment 1 except that in the step C, the solvent is DMAc.

Embodiment 10

(36) The process in the embodiment 10 is the same as the process in the embodiment 1 except that in the step C, the solution concentration is 5 wt %.

Embodiment 11

(37) The process in the embodiment 11 is the same as the process in the embodiment 1 except that in the step C, the solution concentration is 40 wt %.

Embodiment 12

(38) The process in the embodiment 12 is the same as the process in the embodiment 1 except that in the step E, the sample is placed in a vacuum chamber at 30 deg C. to dry.

Embodiment 13

(39) The process in the embodiment 13 is the same as the process in the embodiment 1 except that in the step E, the sample is placed in a vacuum chamber at 100 deg C. to dry.

Embodiment 14

(40) The process in the embodiment 14 is the same as the process in the embodiment 1 except that in the step E, the sample is placed in a vacuum chamber at 100 deg C. to dry for 2 hours.

Embodiment 15

(41) The process in the embodiment 15 is the same as the process in the embodiment 1 except that in the step F, the annealing temperature of the sample is 60 deg C.

Embodiment 16

(42) The process in the embodiment 16 is the same as the process in the embodiment 1 except that in the step F, the annealing time of the sample is 5 hours.

Embodiment 17

(43) The process in the embodiment 17 is the same as the process in the embodiment 1 except that in the step F, the annealing time of the sample is 28 hours.

Embodiment 18

(44) The process in the embodiment 18 is the same as the process in the embodiment 1 except that in the step C, the ferroelectric polymer is P(VDF-TrFE), and in the step F, the annealing temperature of the sample is 160 deg C.

(45) The properties of the electrocaloric materials prepared in the above embodiments were tested, and test results under an electric field of 50 MV/m are shown in Table 2.

(46) Table 2 comparison of electrocaloric properties (EP) of the embodiments

(47) TABLE-US-00002 EP Electrocaloric effect Electrocaloric strength Q S |Q/E| |T/E| |S/E| Refrigerating (MJ .Math. T (KJ .Math. m.sup.3 .Math. (KJ .Math. MV.sup.1 .Math. (mK .Math. m .Math. (J .Math. MV.sup.1 .Math. power density.sup.[1] Embodiment m.sup.3) ( C.) K.sup.1) m.sup.2) MV.sup.1) m.sup.2 .Math. K.sup.1) (W .Math. cm.sup.3) 1 6.70 2.45 22.50 132.00 50.00 450.00 88.60 2 1.15 0.42 3.86 22.64 8.57 77.15 5.50 3 2.41 0.88 8.11 47.62 18.02 162.30 41.48 4 6.83 2.50 22.95 134.75 51.00 459.25 90.25 5 5.90 2.16 19.83 116.42 44.06 396.79 74.86 6 6.35 2.33 21.34 125.32 47.43 427.10 27.01 7 6.42 2.35 21.57 126.67 47.94 431.70 89.77 8 7.08 2.59 23.79 139.71 52.88 476.15 93.57 9 6.85 2.51 23.04 135.29 51.20 461.09 90.61 10 4.41 1.62 14.83 87.10 32.97 296.86 58.34 11 4.24 1.94 14.24 83.62 31.65 284.98 70.01 12 4.83 1.77 16.23 95.30 36.07 324.78 63.82 13 5.50 2.01 18.49 108.56 41.09 369.97 72.70 14 3.78 1.39 12.72 74.71 28.27 254.61 50.03 15 1.37 0.50 4.62 27.14 10.27 92.49 18.18 16 1.17 0.43 3.92 23.04 8.72 78.53 15.43 17 6.37 2.33 21.38 125.40 47.50 427.50 84.17 18 7.30 2.67 24.54 144.07 54.53 491.03 .sup.[1]the operating frequency is 25 Hz.

(48) According to the above table, it can be seen from the comparison of the embodiments that the pore diameter and thickness of the porous AAO template, the annealing temperature and time of the porous AAO template, the types of polymer and solvent, the solution concentration, the drying temperature and time and the annealing temperature and time all can affect properties of the material.

(49) While particular embodiments of the present invention have been shown and described, it will be obvious to those skilled in the art that changes and modifications may be made without departing from the spirit and scope of the present invention.