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WOUND DRESSING AND METHOD OF TREATMENT

20200114050 ยท 2020-04-16

    Inventors

    Cpc classification

    International classification

    Abstract

    Embodiments disclosed herein are directed to negative pressure treatment systems and wound dressing systems, apparatuses, and methods that may be used for the treatment of wounds. In particular, some embodiments are directed to improved wound dressings comprising a bridge portion connecting two or more portions of an absorbent layer that facilitates trimming of the wound dressing to suitable sizes. Some embodiments provide for trimming the dressing in a gap between two or more portions of an absorbent layer and sealing the exposed portion of dressing after trimming when the dressing is applied to skin surrounding a wound.

    Claims

    1.-116. (canceled)

    117. A negative pressure wound dressing comprising: a drape layer having a first surface and a second, wound-facing, surface, wherein the drape layer is substantially impermeable to liquid and substantially permeable to vapor; a manifold layer having a first surface and a second, wound-facing surface, the manifold layer having a perimeter defined by a first convex curved side surface defining a first lobe, a second convex curved side surface defining a second lobe, and a connecting portion between the first lobe and the second lobe; a base layer configured to secure the drape layer to the manifold layer, and configured to secure the wound dressing to a patient's tissue; and a reduced-pressure interface integrated with the drape layer.

    118. The negative pressure wound dressing of claim 117, further comprising a wound-interface layer comprised of wicking material, and wherein the base layer is further configured to secure the wound-interface layer to the drape layer.

    119. The negative pressure wound dressing of claim 117, wherein the reduced-pressure interface is fluidly coupled to a fluid conduit.

    120. The negative pressure wound dressing of claim 119, further comprising a negative pressure device coupled to the fluid conduit such that the reduced-pressure interface is in fluid communication with the negative pressure device.

    121. The negative pressure wound dressing of claim 117, wherein the first lobe and the second lobe of the manifold layer is symmetrical over a line of symmetry extending along the central portion, while the reduced-pressure interface is positioned laterally offset the line of symmetry.

    122. The negative pressure wound dressing of claim 117, wherein the first lobe and the second lobe of the manifold layer is symmetrical over only one line of symmetry.

    123. The negative pressure wound dressing of claim 117, wherein the cover layer has a perimeter which substantially conforms with the shape of the perimeter of the manifold layer.

    124. A negative pressure wound dressing comprising: a backing layer having an upper surface and a lower surface and defining a perimeter configured to be positioned over skin surrounding a wound site, wherein the backing layer is configured to maintain negative pressure over the wound site; a material layer comprising: a central portion extending lengthwise from a first end to second end perimeter; and a first side portion and a second side portion, wherein the first side portion and second side portion extend widthwise from the central portion at the second end; a wound contact layer configured to secure the wound dressing to the wound site; a primary absorbent material extending over the central portion of the material layer; and a secondary absorbent material extending over the first side portion and the second side portion of the material layer.

    125. The negative pressure wound dressing of claim 124, wherein the wound contact layer is sealed to the backing layer along a perimeter of the backing layer.

    126. The negative pressure wound dressing of claim 124, wherein the material layer comprises one or more transmission layers.

    127. The negative pressure wound dressing of claim 126, wherein the one or more transmission layers are selected from the group consisting of reticulated open-cell foam, woven material, non-woven material, 3D knit fabric, Baltex 7970 weft knitted polyester, acquisition distribution material, DryWeb TDL2, SlimCore TL4, and combinations thereof.

    128. The negative pressure wound dressing of claim 124, wherein the material layer comprises a spacer material configured to vertically wick fluid.

    129. The negative pressure wound dressing of claim 124, wherein the material layer comprises an acquisition distribution material configured to horizontally wick fluid.

    130. The wound dressing of claim 124, wherein the cover layer has a perimeter which substantially conforms with the shape of the perimeter of the material layer.

    131. The negative pressure wound dressing of claim 124, wherein the first lobe and the second lobe of the manifold layer is symmetrical over only one line of symmetry.

    Description

    BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

    [0065] FIG. 1 illustrates an embodiment of a wound treatment system;

    [0066] FIGS. 2A-2D illustrate the use and application of an embodiment of a wound treatment system onto a patient;

    [0067] FIG. 3A illustrates an embodiment of a wound dressing in cross-section;

    [0068] FIG. 3B illustrates another embodiment of a wound dressing in cross-section;

    [0069] FIG. 3C illustrates another embodiment of a wound dressing in cross-section;

    [0070] FIG. 4A illustrates an exploded view of an embodiment of a wound dressing;

    [0071] FIG. 4B illustrates a cross sectional view of an embodiment of a wound dressing;

    [0072] FIG. 4C illustrates another exploded view of an embodiment of a wound dressing;

    [0073] FIG. 4D illustrates a cross sectional view of the wound dressing embodiment of FIG. 4C;

    [0074] FIG. 5A illustrates an embodiment of a wound dressing trimmable at a bridge portion;

    [0075] FIG. 5B illustrates another embodiment of a wound dressing trimmable at a bridge portion;

    [0076] FIG. 6 illustrates an embodiment of a trimmable wound dressing comprising a plurality of portions or cells;

    [0077] FIG. 7 illustrates an embodiment of a trimmable T-shaped wound dressing comprising a plurality of portions with multiple port attachment sites;

    [0078] FIG. 8 illustrates an embodiment of a trimmable wound dressing with multiple port attachment sites;

    [0079] FIGS. 9A and 9B illustrate one embodiment of spacer layer material;

    [0080] FIGS. 10A-10D illustrate one embodiment of acquisition distribution layer material;

    [0081] FIGS. 11A and 11B illustrate one embodiment of absorbent layer material;

    [0082] FIGS. 12A and 12B illustrate one embodiment of obscuring layer material;

    [0083] FIG. 13 illustrates one embodiment of an adhesive spread on cover layer material;

    [0084] FIGS. 14A-14D illustrate one embodiment of a sealing strip assembly which may be used with a dressing and/or fluidic connector;

    [0085] FIGS. 15A-15L illustrate differential pressure results of dry testing various materials for bridge sections of a dressing;

    [0086] FIGS. 16A-16J illustrate differential pressure results of wet testing various materials for bridge sections of a dressing;

    [0087] FIGS. 17A-17B illustrate one embodiment of a trimmable dressing having a reduced height bridging portion;

    [0088] FIG. 18 illustrates an embodiment of a heel dressing;

    [0089] FIG. 19 illustrates an embodiment of an extremity dressing;

    [0090] FIGS. 20A and 20B illustrate two embodiments of a trimmable dressing having a skirt portion;

    [0091] FIG. 21 illustrates an embodiment of a trimmable wound dressing comprising a plurality of portions or cells;

    [0092] FIGS. 22A through 22E illustrate another embodiment of acquisition distribution layer material; and

    [0093] FIGS. 23A through 23E illustrate another embodiment of acquisition distribution layer material.

    DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS

    I. Introduction

    [0094] Embodiments disclosed herein relate to apparatuses and methods of treating a wound with reduced pressure, including pump and wound dressing components and apparatuses. The apparatuses and components comprising the wound overlay and packing materials, if any, are sometimes collectively referred to herein as dressings.

    [0095] It will be appreciated that throughout this specification reference is made to a wound. It is to be understood that the term wound is to be broadly construed and encompasses open and closed wounds in which skin is torn, cut or punctured or where trauma causes a contusion, or any other superficial or other conditions or imperfections on the skin of a patient or otherwise that benefit from reduced pressure treatment. A wound is thus broadly defined as any damaged region of tissue where fluid may or may not be produced. Examples of such wounds include, but are not limited to, abdominal wounds or other large or incisional wounds, either as a result of surgery, trauma, sterniotomies, fasciotomies, or other conditions, dehisced wounds, acute wounds, chronic wounds, subacute and dehisced wounds, traumatic wounds, flaps and skin grafts, lacerations, abrasions, contusions, burns, diabetic ulcers, pressure ulcers, stoma, surgical wounds, cosmetic wounds, trauma and venous ulcers or the like. Wounds may include readily accessible and difficult to access wounds, exposed and concealed wounds, large and small wounds, regular and irregular shaped wounds, planar and topographically irregular, uneven or complex wounds, more preferably on a site selected from the torso, limb and extremities such as heel, sacrum, axial, inguinal, shoulder, neck, leg, foot, digit, knee, axilla, arm and forearm, elbow, hand or for sealing a crevice adjacent or adjoining a wound site, selected from such as sacral cleft, fossar and the like.

    [0096] It will be understood that embodiments of the present disclosure are generally applicable to use in topical negative pressure (TNP) therapy systems. TNP therapy has sometimes been referred to as vacuum assisted closure V.A.C. or negative pressure wound therapy (NPWT), and is applicable to a broad range of wounds such as chronic wounds, incisional wounds, open wounds and abdominal wounds or the like. Briefly, negative pressure wound therapy assists in the closure and healing of many forms of hard to heal wounds by reducing tissue oedema; encouraging blood flow and granular tissue formation; removing excess exudate and may reduce bacterial load (and thus infection risk). In addition, the therapy allows for less disturbance of a wound leading to more rapid healing. TNP therapy systems may also assist on the healing of surgically closed wounds by removing fluid and by helping to stabilize the tissue in the apposed position of closure. A further beneficial use of TNP therapy can be found in grafts and flaps where removal of excess fluid is important and close proximity of the graft to tissue is required in order to ensure tissue viability. During TNP therapy, a suction source such as a vacuum pump or the like is utilized to create a negative pressure regionthat is to say, a region where an experienced pressure is below that of the surroundings. The suction source creates a negative pressure via a dressing or drape positioned over and sealed about or around the periphery of the wound. Wound exudate and other potentially harmful material is enclosed under the dressing or drape and extracted therefrom.

    [0097] As is used herein, reduced or negative pressure levels, such as X mmHg, represent pressure levels that are below standard atmospheric pressure, which corresponds to 760 mmHg (or 1 atm, 29.93 inHg, 101.325 kPa, 14.696 psi, etc.). Accordingly, a negative pressure value of X mmHg reflects absolute pressure that is X mmHg below 760 mmHg or, in other words, an absolute pressure of (760X) mmHg. In addition, negative pressure that is less, smaller or < than X mmHg corresponds to pressure that is closer to atmospheric pressure (e.g., 40 mmHg is less than 60 mmHg). Negative pressure that is more, greater or > than X mmHg corresponds to pressure that is further from atmospheric pressure (e.g., 80 mmHg is more than 60 mmHg). However, set point pressures may be referred to as positive in charts in the figures for purposes of generating chart data in a conventional format.

    [0098] The negative pressure range for some embodiments of the present disclosure can be approximately 80 mmHg, or between about 20 mmHg and 200 mmHg. Note that these pressures are relative to normal ambient atmospheric pressure. Thus, 200 mmHg would be about 560 mmHg in practical terms. In some embodiments, the pressure range can be between about 40 mmHg and 150 mmHg. Alternatively a pressure range of up to 75 mmHg, up to 80 mmHg or over 80 mmHg can be used. Also in other embodiments a pressure range of below 75 mmHg can be used. Alternatively, a pressure range of over approximately 100 mmHg, or even 150 mmHg, can be supplied by the negative pressure apparatus. In some embodiments of wound closure devices described here, increased wound contraction can lead to increased tissue expansion in the surrounding wound tissue. This effect may be increased by varying the force applied to the tissue, for example by varying the negative pressure applied to the wound over time, possibly in conjunction with increased tensile forces applied to the wound via embodiments of the wound closure devices. In some embodiments, negative pressure may be varied over time for example using a sinusoidal wave, square wave, and/or in synchronization with one or more patient physiological indices (e.g., heartbeat). Canisterless NPWT (omitting a dedicated canister to contain wound exudate) has also been considered using negative pressure values in the same range as conventional NPWT, more preferably 40 to 200 mmHg, and more preferably 40 to 140 mmHg.

    II. Overview of Example Systems

    [0099] FIG. 1 illustrates an embodiment of a TNP wound treatment system 100 comprising a wound dressing 110 in combination with a pump 150. As stated above, the wound dressing 110 can be any wound dressing embodiment disclosed herein including without limitation dressing embodiment or have any combination of features of any number of wound dressing embodiments disclosed herein. Here, the dressing 110 may be placed over a wound as described previously, and a conduit 130 may then be connected to the port 120, although in some embodiments the dressing 101 may be provided with at least a portion of the conduit 130 preattached to the port 120. Preferably, the dressing 110 is provided as a single article with all wound dressing elements (including the port 120) pre-attached and integrated into a single unit. The wound dressing 110 may then be connected, via the conduit 130, to a source of negative pressure such as the pump 150. The pump 150 can be miniaturized and portable, although larger conventional pumps may also be used with the dressing 110. In some embodiments, the pump 150 may be attached or mounted onto or adjacent the dressing 110. A connector 140 may also be provided so as to permit the conduit 130 leading to the wound dressing 110 to be disconnected from the pump, which may be useful for example during dressing changes.

    [0100] FIGS. 2A-2D illustrate the use of an embodiment of a TNP wound treatment system being used to treat a wound site on a patient. FIG. 2A shows a wound site 200 being cleaned and prepared for treatment. Here, the healthy skin surrounding the wound site 200 is preferably cleaned and excess hair removed or shaved. The wound site 200 may also be irrigated with sterile saline solution if necessary. Optionally, a skin protectant may be applied to the skin surrounding the wound site 200. If necessary, a wound packing material, such as foam or gauze, may be placed in the wound site 200. This may be preferable if the wound site 200 is a deeper wound.

    [0101] After the skin surrounding the wound site 200 is dry, and with reference now to FIG. 2B, the wound dressing 110 may be positioned and placed over the wound site 200. Preferably, the wound dressing 110 is placed with the wound contact layer 2102 over and/or in contact with the wound site 200. In some embodiments, an adhesive layer is provided on the lower surface 2101 of the wound contact layer 2102, which may in some cases be protected by an optional release layer to be removed prior to placement of the wound dressing 110 over the wound site 200. Preferably, the dressing 110 is positioned such that the port 2150 is in a raised position with respect to the remainder of the dressing 110 so as to avoid fluid pooling around the port. In some embodiments, the dressing 110 is positioned so that the port 2150 is not directly overlying the wound, and is level with or at a higher point than the wound. To help ensure adequate sealing for TNP, the edges of the dressing 110 are preferably smoothed over to avoid creases or folds.

    [0102] With reference now to FIG. 2C, the dressing 110 is connected to the pump 150. The pump 150 is configured to apply negative pressure to the wound site via the dressing 110, and typically through a conduit. In some embodiments, and as described above in FIG. 1, a connector may be used to join the conduit from the dressing 110 to the pump 150. Upon the application of negative pressure with the pump 150, the dressing 110 may, in some embodiments, partially collapse and present a wrinkled appearance as a result of the evacuation of some or all of the air underneath the dressing 110. In some embodiments, the pump 150 may be configured to detect if any leaks are present in the dressing 110, such as at the interface between the dressing 110 and the skin surrounding the wound site 200. Should a leak be found, such leak is preferably remedied prior to continuing treatment.

    [0103] Turning to FIG. 2D, additional fixation strips 210 may also be attached around the edges of the dressing 110. Such fixation strips 210 may be advantageous in some situations so as to provide additional sealing against the skin of the patient surrounding the wound site 200. For example, the fixation strips 210 may provide additional sealing for when a patient is more mobile. In some cases, the fixation strips 210 may be used prior to activation of the pump 150, particularly if the dressing 110 is placed over a difficult to reach or contoured area.

    [0104] Treatment of the wound site 200 preferably continues until the wound has reached a desired level of healing. In some embodiments, it may be desirable to replace the dressing 110 after a certain time period has elapsed, or if the dressing is full of wound fluids. During such changes, the pump 150 may be kept, with just the dressing 110 being changed.

    III. Overview of Example Layers

    [0105] FIGS. 3A-3C illustrate cross-sections through a wound dressing 2100 similar to the wound dressing of FIG. 1 according to an embodiment of the disclosure. A view from above the wound dressing 2100 is illustrated in FIG. 1 with the line A-A indicating the location of the cross-section shown in FIGS. 3A and 3B. The wound dressing 2100, which can alternatively be any wound dressing embodiment disclosed herein including without limitation wound dressing 110 or any combination of features of any number of wound dressing embodiments disclosed herein, can be located over a wound site to be treated. The dressing 2100 may be placed to as to form a sealed cavity over the wound site. In a preferred embodiment, the dressing 2100 comprises a backing layer 2140 attached to a wound contact layer 2102, both of which are described in greater detail below. These two layers 2140, 2102 are preferably joined or sealed together so as to define an interior space or chamber. This interior space or chamber may comprise additional structures that may be adapted to distribute or transmit negative pressure, store wound exudate and other fluids removed from the wound, and other functions which will be explained in greater detail below. Examples of such structures, described below, include a transmission layer 2105 and an absorbent layer 2110.

    [0106] As illustrated in FIGS. 3A-3C, a lower surface 2101 of the wound dressing 2100 may be provided with an optional wound contact layer 2102. The wound contact layer 2102 can be a polyurethane layer or polyethylene layer or other flexible layer which is perforated, for example via a hot pin process, laser ablation process, ultrasound process or in some other way or otherwise made permeable to liquid and gas. The wound contact layer 2102 has a lower surface 2101 and an upper surface 2103. The perforations 2104 preferably comprise through holes in the wound contact layer 2102 which enable fluid to flow through the layer 2102. The wound contact layer 2102 helps prevent tissue ingrowth into the other material of the wound dressing. Preferably, the perforations are small enough to meet this requirement while still allowing fluid to flow therethrough. For example, perforations formed as slits or holes having a size ranging from 0.025 mm to 1.2 mm are considered small enough to help prevent tissue ingrowth into the wound dressing while allowing wound exudate to flow into the dressing. In some configurations, the wound contact layer 2102 may help maintain the integrity of the entire dressing 2100 while also creating an air tight seal around the absorbent pad in order to maintain negative pressure at the wound.

    [0107] Some embodiments of the wound contact layer 2102 may also act as a carrier for an optional lower and upper adhesive layer (not shown). For example, a lower pressure sensitive adhesive may be provided on the lower surface 2101 of the wound dressing 2100 whilst an upper pressure sensitive adhesive layer may be provided on the upper surface 2103 of the wound contact layer. The pressure sensitive adhesive, which may be a silicone, hot melt, hydrocolloid or acrylic based adhesive or other such adhesives, may be formed on both sides or optionally on a selected one or none of the sides of the wound contact layer. When a lower pressure sensitive adhesive layer is utilized may be helpful to adhere the wound dressing 2100 to the skin around a wound site. In some embodiments, the wound contact layer may comprise perforated polyurethane film. The lower surface of the film may be provided with a silicone pressure sensitive adhesive and the upper surface may be provided with an acrylic pressure sensitive adhesive, which may help the dressing maintain its integrity. In some embodiments, a polyurethane film layer may be provided with an adhesive layer on both its upper surface and lower surface, and all three layers may be perforated together.

    [0108] A layer 2105 of porous material can be located above the wound contact layer 2102. This porous layer, or transmission layer, 2105 allows transmission of fluid including liquid and gas away from a wound site into upper layers of the wound dressing. In particular, the transmission layer 2105 preferably ensures that an open air channel can be maintained to communicate negative pressure over the wound area even when the absorbent layer has absorbed substantial amounts of exudates. The layer 2105 should preferably remain open under the typical pressures that will be applied during negative pressure wound therapy as described above, so that the whole wound site sees an equalized negative pressure. The layer 2105 may be formed of a material having a three dimensional structure. For example, a knitted or woven spacer fabric (for example Baltex 7970 weft knitted polyester) or a non-woven fabric could be used.

    [0109] A layer 2110 of absorbent material is provided above the transmission layer 2105. The absorbent material, which comprise a foam or non-woven natural or synthetic material, and which may optionally comprise a super-absorbent material, forms a reservoir for fluid, particularly liquid, removed from the wound site. In some embodiments, the layer 2100 may also aid in drawing fluids towards the backing layer 2140.

    [0110] With reference to FIGS. 3A-3C, a masking or obscuring layer 2107 can be positioned beneath at least a portion of the backing layer 2140. In some embodiments, the obscuring layer 2107 can have any of the same features, materials, or other details of any of the other embodiments of the obscuring layers disclosed herein, including but not limited to having any viewing windows or holes. Additionally, the obscuring layer 2107 can be positioned adjacent to the backing layer, or can be positioned adjacent to any other dressing layer desired. In some embodiments, the obscuring layer 2107 can be adhered to or integrally formed with the backing layer. Preferably, the obscuring layer 2107 is configured to have approximately the same size and shape as the absorbent layer 2110 so as to overlay it. As such, in these embodiments the obscuring layer 2107 will be of a smaller area than the backing layer 2140.

    [0111] The material of the absorbent layer 2110 may also prevent liquid collected in the wound dressing 2100 from flowing freely within the dressing, and preferably acts so as to contain any liquid collected within the absorbent layer 2110. The absorbent layer 2110 also helps distribute fluid throughout the layer via a wicking action so that fluid is drawn from the wound site and stored throughout the absorbent layer. This helps prevent agglomeration in areas of the absorbent layer. The capacity of the absorbent material must be sufficient to manage the exudates flow rate of a wound when negative pressure is applied. Since in use the absorbent layer experiences negative pressures the material of the absorbent layer is chosen to absorb liquid under such circumstances. A number of materials exist that are able to absorb liquid when under negative pressure, for example superabsorber material. The absorbent layer 2110 may typically be manufactured from ALLEVYN foam, Freudenberg 114-224-4 and/or Chem-Posite 11C-450. In some embodiments, the absorbent layer 2110 may comprise a composite comprising superabsorbent powder, fibrous material such as cellulose, and bonding fibers. In a preferred embodiment, the composite is an airlaid, thermally-bonded composite.

    [0112] An orifice 2145 is preferably provided in the backing layer 2140 to allow a negative pressure to be applied to the dressing 2100. A suction port 2150 is preferably attached or sealed to the top of the backing layer 2140 over an orifice 2145 made into the dressing 2100, and communicates negative pressure through the orifice 2145. A length of tubing 2220 may be coupled at a first end to the suction port 2150 and at a second end to a pump unit (not shown) to allow fluids to be pumped out of the dressing. The port may be adhered and sealed to the backing layer 2140 using an adhesive such as an acrylic, cyanoacrylate, epoxy, UV curable or hot melt adhesive. The port 2150 is formed from a soft polymer, for example a polyethylene, a polyvinyl chloride, a silicone or polyurethane having a hardness of 30 to 90 on the Shore A scale. In some embodiments, the port 2150 may be made from a soft or conformable material.

    [0113] Preferably the absorbent layer 2110 and the obscuring layer 2107 include at least one through hole 2146 located so as to underlie the port 2150. The through hole 2146, while illustrated here as being larger than the hole through the obscuring layer 2107 and backing layer 2140, may in some embodiments be bigger or smaller than either. Of course, the respective holes through these various layers 2107, 2140, and 2110 may be of different sizes with respect to each other. As illustrated in FIGS. 3A-3C a single through hole can be used to produce an opening underlying the port 2150. It will be appreciated that multiple openings could alternatively be utilized. Additionally should more than one port be utilized according to certain embodiments of the present disclosure one or multiple openings may be made in the absorbent layer and the obscuring layer in registration with each respective port. Although not essential to certain embodiments of the present disclosure the use of through holes in the super-absorbent layer may provide a fluid flow pathway which remains unblocked in particular when the absorbent layer 2100 is near saturation.

    [0114] The aperture or through-hole 2146 is preferably provided in the absorbent layer 2110 and the obscuring layer 2107 beneath the orifice 2145 such that the orifice is connected directly to the transmission layer 2105. This allows the negative pressure applied to the port 2150 to be communicated to the transmission layer 2105 without passing through the absorbent layer 2110. This ensures that the negative pressure applied to the wound site is not inhibited by the absorbent layer as it absorbs wound exudates. In other embodiments, no aperture may be provided in the absorbent layer 2110 and/or the obscuring layer 2107, or alternatively a plurality of apertures underlying the orifice 2145 may be provided.

    [0115] The backing layer 2140 is preferably gas impermeable, but moisture vapor permeable, and can extend across the width of the wound dressing 2100. The backing layer 2140, which may for example be a polyurethane film (for example, Elastollan SP9109) or hydrocolloid film, having a pressure sensitive adhesive on one side, is impermeable to gas and this layer thus operates to cover the wound and to seal a wound cavity over which the wound dressing is placed. In this way an effective chamber is made between the backing layer 2140 and a wound site where a negative pressure can be established. The backing layer 2140 is preferably sealed to the wound contact layer 2102 in a border region 2200 around the circumference of the dressing, ensuring that no air is drawn in through the border area, for example via adhesive or welding techniques. The backing layer 2140 protects the wound from external bacterial contamination (bacterial barrier) and allows liquid from wound exudates to be transferred through the layer and evaporated from the film outer surface. The backing layer 2140 preferably comprises two layers; a polyurethane or hydrocolloid film and an adhesive pattern spread onto the film. The film is preferably moisture vapor permeable and may be manufactured from a material that has an increased water transmission rate when wet.

    [0116] The absorbent layer 2110 may be of a greater area than the transmission layer 2105, such that the absorbent layer overlaps the edges of the transmission layer 2105, thereby ensuring that the transmission layer does not contact the backing layer 2140. This provides an outer channel 2115 of the absorbent layer 2110 that is in direct contact with the wound contact layer 2102, which aids more rapid absorption of exudates to the absorbent layer. Furthermore, this outer channel 2115 ensures that no liquid is able to pool around the circumference of the wound cavity, which may otherwise seep through the seal around the perimeter of the dressing leading to the formation of leaks.

    [0117] As shown in FIG. 3A, one embodiment of the wound dressing 2100 comprises an aperture 2146 in the absorbent layer 2110 situated underneath the port 2150. In use, for example when negative pressure is applied to the dressing 2100, a wound facing portion of the port 150 may thus come into contact with the transmission layer 2105, which can thus aid in transmitting negative pressure to the wound site even when the absorbent layer 2110 is filled with wound fluids. Some embodiments may have the backing layer 2140 be at least partly adhered to the transmission layer 2105. In some embodiments, the aperture 2146 is at least 1-2 mm larger than the diameter of the wound facing portion of the port 2150, or the orifice 2145.

    [0118] A filter element 2130 that is impermeable to liquids, but permeable to gases is provided to act as a liquid barrier, and to ensure that no liquids are able to escape from the wound dressing. The filter element may also function as a bacterial barrier. Typically the pore size is 0.2 m. Suitable materials for the filter material of the filter element 2130 include 0.2 micron Gore expanded PTFE from the MMT range, PALL Versapore 200R, and Donaldson TX6628. Larger pore sizes can also be used but these may require a secondary filter layer to ensure full bioburden containment. As wound fluid contains lipids it is preferable, though not essential, to use an oleophobic filter membrane for example 1.0 micron MMT-332 prior to 0.2 micron MMT-323. This prevents the lipids from blocking the hydrophobic filter. The filter element can be attached or sealed to the port and/or the backing layer 2140 over the orifice 2145. For example, the filter element 2130 may be molded into the port 2150, or may be adhered to both the top of the backing layer 2140 and bottom of the port 2150 using an adhesive such as, but not limited to, a UV cured adhesive.

    [0119] In FIG. 3B, an embodiment of the wound dressing 2100 is illustrated which comprises spacer elements 2152, 2153 in conjunction with the port 2150 and the filter 2130. With the addition of such spacer elements 2152, 2153, the port 2150 and filter 2130 may be supported out of direct contact with the absorbent layer 2110 and/or the transmission layer 2105. The absorbent layer 2110 may also act as an additional spacer element to keep the filter 2130 from contacting the transmission layer 2105. Accordingly, with such a configuration contact of the filter 2130 with the transmission layer 2105 and wound fluids during use may thus be minimized. As contrasted with the embodiment illustrated in FIG. 3A, the aperture 2146 through the absorbent layer 2110 and the obscuring layer 2107 may not necessarily need to be as large or larger than the port 2150, and would thus only need to be large enough such that an air path can be maintained from the port to the transmission layer 2105 when the absorbent layer 2110 is saturated with wound fluids.

    [0120] With reference now to FIG. 3C, which shares many of the elements illustrated in FIGS. 3A-3B, the embodiment illustrated here comprises the backing layer 2140, masking layer 2107, and absorbent layer 2110, all of which have a cut or opening made therethrough which communicate directly to the transmission layer 2105 so as to form the orifice 2145. The suction port 2150 is preferably situated above it and communicates with the orifice 2145.

    [0121] In particular for embodiments with a single port 2150 and through hole, it may be preferable for the port 2150 and through hole to be located in an off-center position as illustrated in FIGS. 3A-3C and in FIG. 1. Such a location may permit the dressing 2100 to be positioned onto a patient such that the port 2150 is raised in relation to the remainder of the dressing 2100. So positioned, the port 2150 and the filter 2130 may be less likely to come into contact with wound fluids that could prematurely occlude the filter 2130 so as to impair the transmission of negative pressure to the wound site.

    [0122] FIG. 4A illustrates an exploded view of a dressing 3400 for use in negative pressure wound therapy, wherein the various layers are illustrated in an exploded view. Although this figure illustrates a dressing having one particular shape, the construction of the layers can be applied to any of the embodiments identified below, including FIG. 5A-FIG. 8, and any of the dressing shapes and configurations described in the patent applications incorporated by reference herein. The dressing 3400 comprises a release layer 3480, wound contact layer 3460, a spacer or transmission layer 3450, an acquisition distribution layer 3440 (which may also be considered a transmission layer) and which may optionally have an orifice located so as to underlie the suction port and align with the orifices in 3410 (labelled 3411), 3420 and 3430, an absorbent layer 3430, an obscuring layer 3420, and a backing layer 3410. The dressing 3400 may be connected to a port. At least the wound contact layer 3460, spacer layer 3450, absorbent layer 3430, obscuring layer 3420, and backing layer 3410 may have properties as described with respect to particular embodiments above, such as the embodiments of FIGS. 3A-3C, as well as or instead of the properties described below.

    [0123] The dressing 3400 may comprise a wound contact layer 3460 for sealing the dressing 3400 to the healthy skin of a patient surrounding a wound area. Certain embodiments of the wound contact layer may comprise three layers: a polyurethane film layer, a lower adhesive layer and an upper adhesive layer. The upper adhesive layer may assist in maintaining the integrity of the dressing 3400, and the lower adhesive layer may be employed for sealing the dressing 3400 to the healthy skin of a patient around a wound site. As described above, in some embodiments with respect to FIGS. 3A-3C, some embodiments of the polyurethane film layer may be perforated. Some embodiments of the polyurethane film layer and upper and lower adhesive layers may be perforated together after the adhesive layers have been applied to the polyurethane film. In some embodiments a pressure sensitive adhesive, which may be a silicone, hot melt, hydrocolloid or acrylic based adhesive or other such adhesives, may be formed on both sides or optionally on a selected one side of the wound contact layer. In certain embodiments, the upper adhesive layer may comprise an acrylic pressure sensitive adhesive, and the lower adhesive layer may comprise a silicone pressure sensitive adhesive. In other embodiments the wound contact layer 3460 may not be provided with adhesive. In some embodiments, the wound contact layer 3460 may be transparent or translucent. The film layer of the wound contact layer 3460 may define a perimeter with a rectangular or a square shape. A release layer 3480 may be removably attached to the underside of the wound contact layer 3460, for example covering the lower adhesive layer, and may be peeled off using flaps 3481. Some embodiments of the release layer 3480 may have a plurality of flaps extending along the length of the layer 3480.

    [0124] Some embodiments of the dressing 3400 may comprise a spacer layer 3450, which is one type of transmission layer that may be provided for communicating fluid through the dressing 3400. The spacer layer 3450 may comprise a porous material or 3D fabric configured to allow for the passage of fluids therethrough away from the wound site and into the upper layers of the dressing 3400. In particular, the spacer layer 3450 can ensure that an open air channel can be maintained to communicate negative pressure over the wound area even when the absorbent layer 3430 has absorbed substantial amounts of exudates. The spacer layer 3450 should remain open under the typical pressures that will be applied during negative pressure wound therapy as described above, so that the whole wound site sees an equalized negative pressure.

    [0125] Some embodiments of the spacer layer 3450 may be formed of a material having a three dimensional structure. For example, a knitted or woven spacer fabric (for example Baltex 7970 weft knitted polyester) or a non-woven fabric can be used. In some embodiments, the spacer layer 3450 can have a 3D polyester spacer fabric layer. This layer can have a top layer which is a 84/144 textured polyester, and a bottom layer which can be a 100 denier flat polyester and a third layer formed sandwiched between these two layers which is a region defined by a knitted polyester viscose, cellulose or the like monofilament fiber. In use, this differential between filament counts in the spaced apart layers tends to draw liquid away from the wound bed and into a central region of the dressing 3400 where the absorbent layer 3430 helps lock the liquid away or itself wicks the liquid onwards towards the cover layer 3410 where it can be transpired. Other materials can be utilized, and examples of such materials are described in U.S. Patent Pub. No. 2011/0282309, which are hereby incorporated by reference and made part of this disclosure. However, the spacer layer 3450 may be optional, and for example may be optional in embodiments of the dressing 3400 which comprise the acquisition distribution layer 3440, described below.

    [0126] Some embodiments may comprise a wicking or acquisition distribution layer (ADL) 3440. The ADL is another type of transmission layer that may be provided for communicating fluid through the dressing 3400. The ADL may be configured to horizontally wick fluid such as wound exudate as it is absorbed upward through the layers of the dressing 3400. Lateral wicking of fluid may allow maximum distribution of the fluid through the absorbent layer 3430 and may enable the absorbent layer 3430 to reach its full holding capacity. This may advantageously increase moisture vapor permeation and efficient delivery of negative pressure to the wound site. Some embodiments of the ADL 3440 may comprise viscose, polyester, polypropylene, polyethylene, cellulose (for example polysaccharide or repeated disaccharide), or a combination of some or all of these, and the material may be needle-punched. Some embodiments of the ADL 3440 may comprise polyethylene in the range of 40-150 grams per square meter (gsm). Some embodiments of the ADL may comprise a heavy fibrous melt material. Some embodiments of the ADL may be relatively porous to allow for the passage of fluids, including gas, therethrough. One example of an ADL may comprise a lightweight, felt-like, viscose material, which may be 80 gsm (or approximately 80 gsm). Some embodiments of the ADL may comprise cellulose in the range of 40-160 gsm (or about 40 to about 160 gsm), for example 80 (or about 80) gsm. The ADL may be constructed from a material which resists compression under the levels of negative pressure commonly applied during negative pressure therapy.

    [0127] The dressing 3400 may further comprise an absorbent or superabsorbent layer 3430. The absorbent layer can be manufactured from ALLEVYN foam, Freudenberg 114-224-4 and/or Chem-Posite 11C-450, cellulose-based airlaid, or any other suitable material. In some embodiments, the absorbent layer 3430 can be a layer of non-woven cellulose fibers having super-absorbent material in the form of dry particles dispersed throughout. Use of the cellulose fibers introduces fast wicking elements which help quickly and evenly distribute liquid taken up by the dressing. The juxtaposition of multiple strand-like fibers leads to strong capillary action in the fibrous pad which helps distribute liquid.

    [0128] For example, some embodiments of the absorbent layer 3430 may comprise a layered construction of an upper layer of non-woven cellulose fibers, superabsorbent particles (SAP), and a lower layer of cellulose fibers with 40-80% SAP. In some embodiments, the absorbent layer 3430 may be an air-laid material. Heat fusible fibers can optionally be used to assist in holding the structure of the pad together. Some embodiments may combine cellulose fibers and air-laid materials, and may further comprise up to 60% SAP. Some embodiments may comprise 60% SAP and 40% cellulose. Other embodiments of the absorbent layer may comprise between 60% and 90% (or between about 60% and about 90%) cellulose matrix and between 10% and 40% (or between about 10% and about 40%) superabsorbent particles. For example, the absorbent layer may have about 20% superabsorbent material and about 80% cellulose fibers. It will be appreciated that rather than using super-absorbing particles or in addition to such use, super-absorbing fibers can be utilized according to some embodiments of the present invention. An example of a suitable material is the Product Chem-Posite 11 C-450 available from Emerging Technologies Inc (ETi) in the USA.

    [0129] Super-absorber particles/fibers can be, for example, sodium polyacrylate or carbomethoxycellulose materials or the like or any material capable of absorbing many times its own weight in liquid. In some embodiments, the material can absorb more than five times its own weight of 0.9% W/W saline, etc. In some embodiments, the material can absorb more than 15 times its own weight of 0.9% W/W saline, etc. In some embodiments, the material is capable of absorbing more than 20 times its own weight of 0.9% W/W saline, etc. Preferably, the material is capable of absorbing more than 30 times its own weight of 0.9% W/W saline, etc. The absorbent layer 3430 can have one or more through holes 3431 located so as to underlie the suction port.

    [0130] Some embodiments of the present disclosure may optionally employ a masking or obscuring layer 3420 to help reduce the unsightly appearance of a dressing 3400 during use due to the absorption of wound exudate. The obscuring layer 3420 may be a colored portion of the absorbent material, or may be a separate layer that covers the absorbent material. The obscuring layer 3420 may be one of a variety of colors such as blue, orange, yellow, green, or any color suitable for masking the presence of wound exudate in the dressing 3400. For example, a blue obscuring layer 3420 may be a shade of blue similar to the shade of blue commonly used for the material of medical gowns, scrubs, and drapes. Some embodiments of the obscuring layer 3420 may comprise polypropylene spunbond material. Further, some embodiments of the obscuring layer 3420 may comprise a hydrophobic additive or coating. Other embodiments may comprise a thin fibrous sheet of 60, 70, or 80 gsm.

    [0131] The obscuring layer may comprise at least one viewing window 3422 configured to allow a visual determination of the saturation level of the absorbent layer. The at least one viewing window 3422 may comprise at least one aperture made through the obscuring layer. The at least one viewing window 3422 may comprise at least one uncolored region of the obscuring layer. Some embodiments of the obscuring layer may comprise a plurality of viewing windows or an array of viewing windows.

    [0132] The masking capabilities of the obscuring layer 3420 should preferably only be partial, to allow clinicians to access the information they require by observing the spread of exudate across the dressing surface. A obscuring layer 3420 may be partial due to material properties allowing wound exudate to slightly alter the appearance of the dressing or due to the presence of at least one viewing window 3422 in a completely obscuring material. The partial masking nature of the obscuring layer 3420 enables a skilled clinician to perceive a different colour caused by exudate, blood, by-products etc. in the dressing allowing for a visual assessment and monitoring of the extent of spread across the dressing. However, since the change in colour of the dressing from its clean state to a state with exudate contained is only a slight change, the patient is unlikely to notice any aesthetic difference. Reducing or eliminating a visual indicator of wound exudate from a patient is likely to have a positive effect on their health, reducing stress for example.

    [0133] The obscuring layer 3420 can have one or more through holes located so as to underlie the suction port. Some embodiments may have a maltese cross 3421 or other shaped cutout underlying the suction port, wherein the diameter of the maltese cross 3421 is greater than the diameter of the port. This may allow a clinician to easily asses the amount of wound exudate absorbed into the layers beneath the port.

    [0134] The dressing 3400 may also comprise a backing layer, or cover layer 3410 extending across the width of the wound dressing. The cover layer 3410 may be gas impermeable but moisture vapor permeable. Some embodiments may employ a polyurethane film (for example, Elastollan SP9109) or any other suitable material. For example, certain embodiments may comprise translucent or transparent 30 gsm EU33 film (from Smith & Nephew Extruded Films). The cover layer 3410 may have a pressure sensitive adhesive on the lower side, thereby creating a substantially sealed enclosure over the wound in which negative pressure may be established. The cover layer can protect the wound as a bacterial barrier from external contamination, and may allow liquid from wound exudates to be transferred through the layer and evaporated from the film outer surface.

    [0135] The cover layer 3410 can have an orifice 3411 located so as to underlie the suction port. The orifice 3411 may allow transmission of negative pressure through the cover layer 3410 to the wound enclosure. The port may be adhered and sealed to the cover film using an adhesive such as an acrylic, cyanoacrylate, epoxy, UV curable or hot melt adhesive. Some embodiments may have a plurality of orifices for the attachment of multiple ports or other sources of negative pressure or other mechanisms for distributing fluid.

    [0136] FIG. 4B illustrates a cross sectional view of the wound dressing 3400, displaying an embodiment of the relative thicknesses of layers of the dressing 3400. In some embodiments, the wound contact layer 3460 may be flat and the top film layer 3410 may be contoured over the inner layers of the dressing 3400. The spacer layer 3450 may be half as thick as the acquisition distribution layer 3440 in some embodiments. In some embodiments, the absorbent layer 3430 may be about 1.5 times thicker than the spacer layer 3450. The obscuring layer 3420 may be about half the thickness of the spacer layer 3450.

    [0137] FIG. 4C illustrates another embodiment of a wound dressing 3900, with the various layers illustrated in an exploded view. Although this figure illustrates a dressing having one particular shape, the construction of the layers can be applied to any of the embodiments identified below, including FIG. 5A-FIG. 8, and any of the dressing shapes and configurations described in the patent applications incorporated by reference herein. The wound dressing may comprise a release layer 3980, wound contact layer 3960, a transmission layer 3950, an acquisition distribution layer 3940, an adhesive layer 3970, an absorbent layer 3930, an obscuring layer 3920, and a backing layer 3910. At least the wound contact layer 3960, transmission layer 3950, absorbent layer 3930, obscuring layer 3920, and backing layer 3910 may have properties as described with respect to particular embodiments above, such as the embodiments of FIGS. 3A-3C, as well as or instead of the properties described below.

    [0138] The dressing 3900 may be connected to a port 3990, as illustrated in FIG. 4D (shown without the release layer 3980). At least the backing layer 3910, obscuring layer 3920, absorbent layer 3930, and acquisition distribution layer 3940 may have openings underlying the port 3990, and the port 3990 may comprise a three-dimensional fabric 3997 and a filter element 3995 overlying the openings. In some embodiments, the opening 3921 in the obscuring layer may be cross-shaped. As illustrated, the cross-shaped opening 3921 may comprise four arms of roughly equal length extending outward from a central point of intersection of the arms, wherein the sides of each arm are angled or arced such that the far end of each arm is wider than the end closest to the intersection. The far ends of the four arms may comprise arcs, for example four arcs from a single circle, giving the cross a rounded shape. The opening 3911 in the backing layer 3910, opening 3931 in the absorbent layer 3930, and opening 3941 in the acquisition distribution layer 3940 may be aligned with the central intersection point of the cross-shaped opening 3921. The openings 3911, 3931, and 3941 may be the same size or of varying sizes.

    [0139] The backing layer 3910 (as well as the backing layer of previously described embodiments) may comprise, in some embodiments, EU33 film and may optionally have a pressure-sensitive adhesive provided on a lower surface thereof. For example, the adhesive may be a water dispersible acrylic adhesive, for example K5. The adhesive may be able to be pattern spread, and may be hydrophilic.

    [0140] The obscuring layer 3920 may be provided to increase patient comfort by masking the presence of wound exudate absorbed by the inner layers of the dressing. The obscuring layer 3920 may have an outer perimeter that is spaced 1 mm, or approximately 1 mm, or 0.5 mm to 3 mm, or approximately 0.5 to approximately 3 mm, beyond the adjacent perimeter edge of the dressing layer or layers provided beneath it, for example the absorbent layer 3930, ADL 3940, and/or transmission layer 3950. The obscuring layer 3920 may be provided with a plurality of viewing windows 3922 which may be used to assess the spread of exudate across the dressing 3900. The cross-shaped opening 3921 may be used as a viewing window to ascertain the level of saturation of the layer or layers underlying an attached port. The width of the cross-shaped opening 3921 may be greater than the width of an attached port to enable such assessment. Some embodiments of the obscuring layer 3920 (including other embodiments of the obscuring layer previously described) may comprise polypropylene spunbond material of suitable colors such as described above, including medical blue. Further, some embodiments of the obscuring layer 3920 may comprise a hydrophobic additive or coating.

    [0141] The absorbent layer 3930 may be configured to absorb and retain exudate from a patient's wound. The absorbent layer 3930 will preferably be constructed from a material which has good absorbent qualities under negative pressure. In some embodiments (including any of the earlier described embodiments), the absorbent layer may comprise cellulose fibers or air-laid materials. Some embodiments may comprise a cellulose fibers with 40-80% superabsorbent particles (SAP), for example 40%-60% (or about 40% to about 60%) SAP or 60%-80% (or about 60% to about 80%) SAP. Heat fusible fibers can optionally be used to assist in holding the structure of the absorbent pad together. Some embodiments may combine cellulose fibers and air-laid materials, for example as a hybrid bonded airlaid composite in the range of 400-500 gsm (or about 400 to about 500 gsm), for example 460 (or about 460) gsm. The absorbent layer 3930 may include polyacrylate superabsorber powder to increase the absorbent capabilities of the material. Some embodiments of the absorbent layer 3930 comprise a tissue dispersant layer. This may, in some embodiments, be provided along the lower surface of the layer, resulting in an asymmetric construction of the absorbent layer. The tissue dispersant layer may comprise a heat fusible binder to aid in holding the layer structure together. The tissue dispersant layer may provide the advantage of enabling fluid transport. In some embodiments, the tissue dispersant layer may comprise a hot melt adhesive such as ethylene vinyl acetate (EVA), for example applied as a solution to cellulose fibers of the absorbent layer.

    [0142] The adhesive layer 3970 may bond an upper surface of the acquisition distribution layer 3940 to a lower surface of the absorbent layer 3930. As illustrated, in some embodiments the adhesive layer 3970 may comprise an adhesive web or net, for example a fusible web such as Wonder-Web. In other embodiments, the adhesive layer 3970 may comprise adhesive tape, for instance strips or mesh of double sided adhesive film. In yet other embodiments the acquisition distribution layer 3940 and the absorbent layer 3930 may be heat laminated. Some embodiments may employ a hot melt adhesive, such as ethylene vinyl acetate (EVA). For example, EVA hot melt adhesive powder may be sprinkled over the ADL 3940, which may then be heat bonded (heat laminated) to the absorbent layer 3930. In some embodiments the acquisition distribution layer 3940 and the absorbent layer 3930 may be stitched or sewn together, and the adhesive layer 3970 may comprise suitable fibers, strands, or threads. In some embodiments of a trimmable dressing 3900, other layers may be bonded together in a similar manner to provide consistency with respect to layer alignment when the dressing is cut on one or more sides, such that the layers remain together when the sides of the dressing are cut, and such that there is not vertical separation of the layers at the cut portions. Preferred embodiments of the adhesive layer 3970 are hydrophilic so as not to affect the transport of water and/or water-based solutions between the acquisition distribution layer 3940 and absorbent layer 3930. In some embodiments, the adhesive layer may comprise a fine sprinkle of adhesive powder such that the acquisition distribution layer 3940 and absorbent layer 3930 are not bonded together across the entire upper and lower surfaces, respectively, but may be merely tacked together in a number of locations. However, some embodiments of the dressing may be constructed without the use of an adhesive between the acquisition distribution layer 3940 and absorbent layer 3930.

    [0143] The acquisition distribution layer (ADL) 3940 may be constructed so as to advantageously horizontally wick fluid, such as wound exudate, as it is absorbed upward through the layers of the dressing 3900. Such lateral wicking of fluid may allow maximum distribution of the fluid through the absorbent layer 3930, enabling the absorbent layer 3930 to reach its full holding capacity. Some embodiments of the ADL 3940 (including any embodiments of the ADL previously described) may comprise cellulose in the range of 40-160 gsm (or about 40 to about 160 gsm), for example 80 (or about 80) gsm. The ADL may be constructed from a material which resists compression under the levels of negative pressure commonly applied during negative pressure therapy. The acquisition distribution layer (ADL) 3940 may be constructed so as to advantageously vertically wick fluid, such as wound exudate. Facilitating rapid movement of wound exudate from the transmission layer to the absorbent layer is desirable. Additionally judicious choice of material can reduce re-wetting of liquid from the absorbent layers down into lower layers, this phenomenon is known as back wetting or re-wetting. Suitable materials that show an enhancement of this effect include Slimcore TL4 (150 gsm) from Libeltex BVBA or equivalent.

    [0144] Some embodiments of the acquisition distribution layer (ADL) 3940 may include several internal layers. For example, one material suitable for use as an ADL includes a lower wicking or acquisition layer comprising substantially vertically extending fibers for vertical wicking of fluid and further includes an upper distribution layer comprising substantially horizontally extending fibers for horizontal wicking of fluid. Some ADL materials can include three or more layers, for example a lower wicking layer and two upper distribution layers. Other configurations can have one or more distribution layers positioned between upper and lower acquisition layers.

    [0145] Some embodiments of the dressing 3900 may optionally comprise a spacer or transmission layer 3950. The transmission layer 3950 may comprise a porous material or 3D fabric configured to allow for the passage of fluids therethrough away from the wound site and into the upper layers of the dressing 3900. In particular, the transmission layer 3950 should remain open under the typical pressures that will be applied during negative pressure wound therapy as described above, so that the whole wound site sees an equalized negative pressure. In some embodiments, the acquisition distribution layer 3940 may be sufficient to maintain even transmission of negative pressure throughout the dressing 3900 and the transmission layer 3950 may be excluded. An outer perimeter of the transmission layer may be spaced 5 mm, or approximately 5 mm, or 2 mm to 8 mm, or approximately 2 mm to approximately 8 mm, inward of the adjacent perimeter edge of the dressing layer positioned above the transmission layer, for example the ADL 3940 or absorbent layer 3930.

    [0146] The dressing 3900 may optionally comprise a wound contact layer 3960 for sealing the dressing 3900 to the healthy skin of a patient surrounding a wound area. As discussed above with respect to FIG. 4A, the wound contact layer 3960 may comprise flexible polyurethane film, and may be provided with a silicone adhesive on a lower surface thereof. The wound contact layer 3960 may be perforated to allow for the transmission of fluids such as wound exudate therethrough, so that the fluids may be passed through or retained by the inner layers of the dressing 3900. Prior to use, the wound contact layer 3960 may be protected by a protective release layer 3980, which may be provided with at least one set of flaps 3981 for removing or peeling off the release layer 3980.

    IV. Overview of Example Dressing and Bridge Configurations

    [0147] FIGS. 5A and 5B illustrate various embodiments of a wound dressing 500 which may be trimmable at a bridge portion 530. As used herein, a bridge or bridging or skirt portion can refer to a section of a dressing that bridges transmission of negative pressure across at least a portion of the dressing. Such bridge or bridging or skirt portions may, in some embodiments, bridge two segments of absorbent pad portions, however in other embodiments only one absorbent pad portion may connect to a bridge portion. Bridge portions can also function to bridge negative pressure transmission to other bridge portions.

    [0148] The dressing 500 may comprise a backing layer 510, an absorbent layer and/or one or more transmission layers formed in a main portion 520 and at least one additional portion 540 separated by a gap 560 and connected by a bridge portion 530, and a port 550. In some embodiments, the main portion 520, additional portion 540 and bridge portion 530 comprise one or more transmission layers such as described above between an optional wound contact layer and a backing layer 510. The transmission layer(s) may comprise any material configured to transmit fluid and/or negative pressure. For example some embodiments of the transmission layer(s) may comprise the spacer layer 3450 of FIG. 4A, discussed above, which may be configured to evenly distribute negative pressure and vertically wick fluids. Other embodiments of the transmission layer(s) may comprise the acquisition distribution layer 3440 of FIG. 4A, discussed above, which may be configured to horizontally or laterally wick fluid. Other embodiments of the spacer layer and acquisition distribution layer are discussed with respect to FIGS. 4C and 9A, 9B, and 10A-10B discussed below. Further embodiments of the transmission layer can include an open-cell reticulated foam, as discussed below with respect to Table 1 and FIGS. 15A-16J. Some embodiments of the transmission layer(s) may comprise a first layer configured to vertically wick fluid and a second layer, positioned above the first layer, configured to horizontally wick fluid. One or both of the first and second layer may be present in the main portion 520, additional portion 540 and bridge portions 530. In some embodiments, the same layers may be found throughout the main portion 520, additional portion 540 and bridge portions 530.

    [0149] In some embodiments, the portions of dressing 500 may have different layered structures. For example, in some embodiments the bridge portions 530 can comprise a material not included in the main portion 520 or additional portion 540, for example open-cell reticulated foam. In other embodiments a transmission layer may extend across the bridge portions 530, main portion 520, and additional portion 540, and the main portion 520, and additional portion 540 can additionally include an absorbent layer.

    [0150] In any or all of the main portion 520, additional portion 540, and bridge portion 530, the dressing 500 may further comprise an optional absorbent material such as described herein positioned between the backing layer 510 and the one or more transmission layers. In some embodiments, the absorbent layer may have a similar footprint to the one or more transmission layers. In other embodiments, the absorbent layer may be located at main portion 520 and at least one additional portion 540, but the absorbent layer may not be included in the bridge portion 530. As illustrated, the dressing has an elongate, rectangular shape, though other shapes are also contemplated. The absorbent layer preferably has a smaller footprint than the backing layer, so that the absorbent layer is completely surrounded by the backing layer. It will be appreciated that in some embodiments, the absorbent layer is an integral, one-piece layer of material that extends across the main portion 520, the additional portion 540 and in the bridge portion 530 or alternatively extends across the main portion 520 but not the additional portion 540 or the bridge portion 530. Some embodiments may be manufactured without the port 550 and may include at least one area for attaching a port. For example, the port 550 may simply be an opening in the backing layer for attaching a separate port member.

    [0151] The dressing 500 may also comprise other layers as discussed above with respect to FIGS. 3A-4B. For instance, the dressing 500 may comprise a wound contact layer which may be sealed to the backing layer 510, thereby creating an enclosed chamber for the absorbent layer and/or one or more transmission layers and any other layers within the dressing. The wound contact layer and backing layer may be sealed along a perimeter with a certain distance from the edge of the sealed perimeter to the edge of the absorbent layer. The wound contact layer and backing layer may also be sealed together throughout some or all of the area of a gap 560 between portions of the inner layers.

    [0152] The transmission layers, as described above, may be provided for the transmission of negative pressure throughout the dressing and for drawing wound exudate away from the wound site and into the upper layers of the dressing 500 and/or laterally spreading wound exudate across the area of the dressing 500. As described above, the transmission layer(s) may comprise one or both of the spacer layer and acquisition distribution layer described with respect to FIG. 4A. Use of one or more of these layers may advantageously maintain fluid transmission through narrow portions of the dressing such as the bridge portions, and may keep these narrow portions from partially or completely collapsing under negative pressure. Further, having material such as the acquisition distribution material and/or absorbent material sized to overlap the edge of the transmission layer(s) may beneficially mitigate discomfort or pressure on skin during wear of the dressing.

    [0153] Further, use of one or both of the spacer layer and acquisition distribution layer as the transmission layer(s) in the bridge portion 530 may provide advantages for internally sealing a trimmed portion of the dressing 500. Some embodiments of the spacer and acquisition distribution layers may have open, fibrous structures. After a dressing is trimmed or cut, in order to reseal the dressing, an adhesive such as curing silicone may be injected into the exposed portion of the transmission layer(s), thus creating a plug that substantially seals the exposed edge internally. Absorbent material may not be present in the bridge portion 530, as some embodiments of the absorbent material may be too dense to allow adhesive to flow into the layer and thus does not allow for an exposed edge to be sealed internally. However, in embodiments containing a dense absorbent material in the bridge portion 530, an exposed end may be still be sealed externally, such as by covering the entire exposed edge with silicone from backing layer to skin or sealing the exposed edge with adhesive tape or a sealing strip. Having absorbent material and/or acquisition distribution material in the bridge portion 530 may provide the benefit of distributing absorbed liquid between the main portion 520 and any additional portions 540.

    [0154] As illustrated in FIG. 5B, the absorbent layer and/or one or more transmission layers may comprise a main portion 520 and a plurality of additional portions 540. The additional portions may be smaller than or the same size as the main portion 550. For example, as measured along the longitudinal length of a rectangular dressing, the length of the additional portions may be smaller than the length of the main portion, and each additional portion may have the same length. As illustrated, the main portion 520 is connected to the first additional portion 540 by one bridge portion 530 aligned along the center longitudinal axis of the dressing 500, and each additional portion is connected to the next additional portion by a similar bridge. The bridge portion may in FIGS. 5A and 5B may also be located off the center axis, for example at the side of the dressing. Other embodiments may employ a plurality of bridges for connecting the portions of the dressing. For example, one embodiment may employ two bridges to connect adjacent portions, wherein the bridges are located at the side edges of the adjacent portions next to the sealed perimeter. Another embodiment may employ two bridges each located a distance away from the side edges of the adjacent portions.

    [0155] In some embodiments the main portion 520 may be a precalculated minimum length, and some or all of the additional portions 540 may have lengths that can be removed for custom sizing of the dressing to a variety of lengths exceeding the minimum length. The main portion length may be longer than the additional portion lengths, or the main portion may have the same length as the additional portions. Such embodiments may be advantageous for a long incision such as a leg incision made for a vein harvest. In an embodiment, the main portion 520 may be a minimum incision length or minimum leg length, and the additional portions 540 may be included in the dressing to achieve a length up to a maximum incision length or a maximum leg length. In use, the dressing may be trimmed according to the incision or leg length of the patient across the bridge portions, for example at cut line 570 described below. In some embodiments, additional ports or port attachment sites may be located on some or all of the additional portions in order to maintain a substantially even level of negative pressure throughout a relatively long dressing.

    [0156] The bridge portion 530 in FIGS. 5A and 5B creates a continuous path for negative pressure delivery between multiple portions of the dressing. The bridge portion 530 may have a width that is less than , , or the width of adjacent portions of absorbent material and/or one or more transmission layers. A wider bridge portion allows for greater transmission of negative pressure and fluids such as wound exudate, however a narrower bridge portion is advantageous for sealing a dressing trimmed at the bridge portion. Further, patient comfort may be enhanced if the bridge portion 530 is wide enough to cover a wound or an incision. Embodiments of the dressings described herein may balance these factors according to a variety of purposes and/or considerations, and therefore the width of bridge portion 530 may vary. In some embodiments the bridge portion 530 may be approximately 15 mm wide, however other embodiments may be 10 mm to 20 mm (or about 10 mm to about 20 mm) wide or thinner or thicker. For example, a spacer material used as a transmission layer in a bridge portion can have a width of approximately 1 mm and a height of approximately 2 mm and maintain clinically appropriate negative pressure transmission. Accordingly, in some embodiments, the cross-sectional area of a bridge portion may be 2 mm.sup.2 or approximately 2 mm.sup.2, or more. Other materials may have varying minimum widths and heights for use in bridge portions according to their negative pressure transmission properties. The bridges can have any of the ranges of dimensions from the examples discussed below with respect to FIGS. 15A-16J. In embodiments employing a plurality of bridge portions, the bridge portions may all be a uniform width or may have varying widths. In some embodiments, the bridge portion 530 may comprise a wound contact layer, one or more transmission layers (which may be one or both of the wicking layer or acquisition distribution layers described above with respect to FIG. 4A), and a backing layer. Some embodiments of the bridge portion 530 may further comprise an absorbent or superabsorbent layer. The layers in the bridge portions 530 may be continuous with layers found in the portions 520 or 540 of the dressing, or they may be discrete layers positioned side-by-side. In some embodiments, the bridge portions 530, main portion 520, and additional portions 540 may be a continuous layer of a single material, for example open-cell reticulated foam, positioned between a wound contact layer and a top film layer.

    [0157] In a dressing applied to a nonplanar surface, the bridge portions may also advantageously provide enhanced flexing of the dressing for conforming to the nonplanar surface. Further, the bridge portions may enhance side flexing capabilities of the dressing for covering a curved or arcuate incision. In some embodiments, the location and width of the bridge portions may be selected for both connecting a plurality of trimmable portions as well as for flexibility of the dressing.

    [0158] The dressing 500 may be trimmed at or across the bridge portion 530. Although the dressing may be trimmed at any portion, trimming the dressing at bridge portion 530, for example perpendicular to the length of the dressing, enables easier sealing as a narrower cross sectional area is exposed, and thus less area requires sealing after trimming. In some embodiments, the gap 560 may have the same width as the distance from the sealed perimeter edge to the absorbent layer, such that when the dressing is trimmed along a trim line 570 adjacent to the additional portion 540 the sealed perimeter around the inner layer(s) is substantially unchanged. In some embodiments this width may be approximately 2.5 cm, and in other embodiments may be any width suitable for maintaining the seal between the backing layer and the wound contact layer. It will be appreciated that the dressing may be trimmed at locations other than the illustrated trim line 570, which is included for illustrative purposes only, for example at a trim line in the center of the bridge portion 530 or at a diagonal or curved trim line.

    [0159] In some embodiments, the absorbent layer and/or other layers of the wound dressing may be prescored for sizing. Other layers, such as the transmission layer(s) or acquisition distribution layer, may also be prescored. The backing layer may not be scored, as a through hole may limit the ability of the backing layer to function as a bacterial barrier or compromise the ability of the dressing to maintain negative pressure. Other embodiments may include a printed or indented pattern on some or all of the layers to indicate possible trim lines.

    [0160] Each of the main portion 520 and additional portion(s) 540 may be considered a negative pressure treatment module, all or some of which may be used to provide negative pressure to a wound site. For example, if the dressing 500 of FIG. 5A or 5B is left untrimmed, all of the modules cooperate together to provide negative pressure to a wound site. Alternatively, if one or more of the additional portions 540 is trimmed and removed, the remaining portion(s) or module(s) can be used to provide negative pressure to the wound site. After trimming, the dressing 500 may be sealed by an adhesive strip, a piece of a sealing drape, by another dressing, or by a sealant. In some embodiments, a retention strip may be applied at the interface of the dressing edge and the skin. The retention strips may be applied to cover trimmed dressing borders. In some embodiments the retention strips may comprise a pressure-sensitive adhesive on the lower surface, and in other embodiments may be applied over a sealant. It will be appreciated that any other adhesive method or mechanism may be used to seal the dressing. For example, a sealant may be applied with a tool such as a syringe around the trimmed area in order to reseal the chamber of the dressing or to seal the dressing to a patient. Some embodiments of the dressing may be self-sealing.

    [0161] FIG. 6 illustrates an embodiment of a trimmable wound dressing 600 comprising a plurality of portions or cells 620. As illustrated, the cells 620 are repeating to form a plurality of repeating negative pressure treatment modules. The dressing 600 may comprise a sealed perimeter 610 of a backing layer and a wound contact layer, a plurality of cells 620, a plurality of bridges 630 connecting adjacent portions, and a port member 640. As described above, the dressing 600 may be trimmed at the bridge portions and sealed along the trim line. Each of the cells 620 may include absorbent material and/or one or more transmission layers as described above, along with other optional layers. The bridge portions 630 may comprise a wound contact layer, one or more transmission layers (which may be one or both of the wicking layer or acquisition distribution layers described above with respect to FIG. 4A), and a backing layer. Some embodiments of the bridge portions 630 may further comprise an absorbent or superabsorbent layer. The layers in the bridge portions 630 may be continuous with layers found in the cells 620, or they may be discrete layers positioned side-by-side. The cells 620 and bridge portions 630 can be formed from a continuous single layer in some embodiments, for example open-cell reticulated foam.

    [0162] As illustrated, the dressing comprises a 44 array of cells 620. Other embodiments may comprise any suitable array of cells, or may be configured as a long rolled dressing N cells wide. The cells may be connected by one or more narrow bridge portions 630 and separated by gaps 650. The backing layer and wound contact layer may be sealed together throughout the gaps. By trimming at the bridge portions 630, the integrity of the dressing may be maintained even as the dressing is significantly resized. For example, the dressing may be trimmed so that only one inner cell or a group of inner cells remain, and the layers of the dressing will not separate due to the sealing of the backing layer and wound contact layer throughout the area of the gaps 650.

    [0163] In some embodiments, the center cells of the dressing 600 may be removed. This may provide benefits, for example, when the dressing is used to cover a grafted skin flap or sutured skin flap. The dressing may be resized so that the unsutured skin is substantially uncovered by the dressing. Thus, the removed sections would otherwise cover the healthy skin of the flap. Covering the healthy skin with the dressing potentially creates problem such as exposing the wound to bacteria on the surface of the flap and exposing the healthy skin of the flap to excess moisture. The dressing may also be resized accordingly to cover circular, curved, or otherwise irregularly shaped suture lines.

    [0164] The port member 640 may be located, as illustrated, on a corner cell of the dressing 600. However, in other embodiments the port may be located on a different cell. Some embodiments may employ multiple ports, each port connected to a different cell. For example, a large dressing or longed rolled dressing may comprise a port at an edge cell of every N rows, such every as four rows or five rows. Some embodiments may, instead of the illustrated port member 640, comprise a port attachment site or sites.

    [0165] FIG. 7 illustrates an embodiment of a trimmable wound dressing 700 comprising a plurality of portions with multiple port attachment sites 760. Similar to the dressing 600 described above, the T-shaped dressing 700 comprises a backing layer and wound contact layer having a sealed perimeter 710 around a plurality of cells 720 containing absorbent material and/or one or more transmissions layer connected by bridge portions 730 and separated by gaps 740. The bridge portions 730 may comprise a wound contact layer, one or more transmission layers (which may be one or both of the wicking layer or acquisition distribution layers described above with respect to FIG. 4A), and a backing layer. Some embodiments of the bridge portions 730 may further comprise an absorbent or superabsorbent layer. The layers in the bridge portions 730 may be continuous with layers found in the cells 720, or they may be discrete layers positioned side-by-side. The backing layer and wound contact layer may also be sealed together throughout some or all of the area of the gaps 740. As described above, the dressing 700 may be trimmed at the bridge portions and sealed along the trim line. Although the dressing is illustrated as being T-shaped, this is for illustrative purposes only, and the dressing may be a variety of branched shapes. Each branch may comprise one or more cells connected by one or more bridge portions. The cells 720 and bridge portions 730 can be formed from a continuous single layer in some embodiments, for example open-cell reticulated foam.

    [0166] The dressing comprises a plurality of port attachment sites 760. Each attachment site 760 may be a hole in the backing layer and may be covered with a removable tab 760. The tab may comprise a suitable backing material with a layer of adhesive on some or all of the lower surface. Some embodiments may comprise a ring of adhesive sized to surround the hole 750 in the backing layer. The tab 760 may be removed so that a port may be attached to the backing layer over the hole 750 for transmission of negative pressure into the dressing 700. In some embodiments, port attachments may be secured at just one port attachment site. In other embodiments, port attachments may be secured over a plurality of attachment sites as needed for transmission of negative pressure throughout the dressing. Some ports may comprise an adhesive on the lower surface thereof for attachment to the dressing. Some embodiments of the dressing may comprise an adhesive layer for attaching the port.

    [0167] FIG. 8 illustrates an embodiment of a trimmable wound dressing 800 with multiple port attachment sites 840. The dressing comprises a backing layer and wound contact layer having a sealed perimeter 810, an absorbent layer 820, a spacer layer 830 below the absorbent layer, and a plurality of holes 840 in the backing layer covered by tabs 850. The spacer layer 830 may be one or both of the transmission layer and acquisition distribution layer discussed above. It will be appreciated that in some embodiments, only one of the absorbent layer or spacer layer may be provided, with the other layer being optional.

    [0168] The dressing 800 is configured as a roll with port attachment sites 840 spaced a distance apart along the upper surface. Trimmable portions may be located between adjacent port attachment sites 840 where the dressing 800 may be cut or separated. Accordingly, the dressing 800 may be considered to include a plurality of repeating negative pressure treatment modules, where one or more of the modules can be removed and the removed module(s) can subsequently be used to provide negative pressure to the wound site. In some embodiments this distance may be uniform between all port attachment sites, and in other embodiments the distance may vary. The dressing roll may be custom sized by unrolling a length of dressing, trimming the dressing, sealing the two sides, and attaching a port or ports to one or more port attachment sites. In some embodiments, unused port attachment sites 840 may remain sealed by adhesive tabs 850. In some embodiments, the spacer layer 830, and optionally the absorbent layer 820, may comprise a bridge portion or plurality of bridge portions located between each port attachment site for ease of sealing a trimmed dressing. It will be appreciated that any of the dressings described above may be configured as a trimmable roll with a plurality of port attachment sites located a distance apart on the roll. For example, an elongate dressing configured as a roll may include narrower bridging portions spaced along a length of the dressing between port attachment sites to facilitate trimming of the dressing to a suitable size.

    [0169] In some embodiments, a wound contact layer 860 can be positioned under the spacer layer 830. At least a portion of lower surface of wound contact layer 860 may be provided with an adhesive for sealing to a patient's healthy skin. Prior to use, the adhesive can be covered with a protective layer (not illustrated). Similar to the multi-part protective layer employing folded handles, as illustrated in FIGS. 14C and 14D and discussed in more detail below, the protective layer over the lower adhesive of dressing 800 can have a central portion and two outer handle portions. The handle portions can run lengthwise, for example along or near the sealed perimeter 810, so that the handles will be available for easy removal of the protective layer on any cut portion of the dressing 800.

    [0170] Such adaptable, resizable dressings may provide the advantage of reducing the inventory of dressings that a hospital or clinic is required to keep. Rather than maintaining a large inventory of dressings consisting of a multitude of shapes and sizes for all possible wound or incision sites, a hospital or clinic may only require one or several of the dressings described herein which can be modified to suit any patient needs. Further, it may be advantageous from a manufacturing perspective to produce adaptable dressings.

    V. Overview of Example Layer Materials

    [0171] FIGS. 9A and 9B illustrate one embodiment of spacer layer, or transmission layer, material which may be used in any of the dressing embodiments described above, and which may also be used in any of the port or fluidic connector embodiments described above. The spacer or transmission material is preferably formed of a material having a three dimensional structure, and may have a top layer and a bottom layer comprising a knit pattern. For example, a knitted or woven spacer fabric (for example Baltex 7970 weft knitted polyester) or a non-woven fabric could be used. The top and bottom fabric layers may comprise polyester, such as 84/144 textured polyester or a flat denier polyester. Other materials and other linear mass densities of fiber could of course be used. In some embodiments, the top and bottom fabric layers may be the same pattern and the same material, and in other embodiments they may be different patterns and/or different materials. The top fabric layer may have more filaments in a yarn used to form it than the number of filaments making up the yarn used to form the bottom fabric layer, in order to control moisture flow across the transmission layer. Particularly, by having a filament count greater in the top layer, that is to say, the top layer is made from a yarn having more filaments than the yarn used in the bottom layer, liquid tends to be wicked along the top layer more than the bottom layer. FIG. 9A illustrates one possible knit pattern for a top or bottom fabric layer.

    [0172] As illustrated in the side view of FIG. 9B, between the top and bottom fabric layers may be a plurality of filaments. The filaments may comprise a monofilament fiber or a multistrand fiber, and may be knitted polyester viscose or cellulose. In some embodiments, a majority of the filaments, by volume, may extend vertically (that is, perpendicular to the plane of the top and bottom layers), or substantially or generally vertically. In another embodiment, 80%-90% (or approximately 80% to approximately 90%) of the filaments or more, by volume, may extend vertically, or substantially or generally vertically. In another embodiment, all or substantially all of the filaments, by volume, may extend vertically, or substantially or generally vertically. In some embodiments, a majority, 80%-90% (or approximately 80% to approximately 90%) of the filaments or more, or even all or substantially all of the filaments, extend upward from the bottom fabric layer and/or downward from the top fabric layer, and in some embodiments, such filaments extend over a length more than half the distance between the top and bottom fabric layers. In some embodiments, a majority, 80%-90% (or approximately 80% to approximately 90%) of the filaments or more, or even all or substantially all of the filaments, span a distance that is greater in a direction perpendicular to the top and bottom fabric layers (a vertical direction) than in a direction parallel to the top and bottom fabric layers (a horizontal direction). The orientation of such filaments may promote vertical wicking of fluid through the spacer layer. In some embodiments, the ratio of the amount of fluid wicked vertically through the spacer material to the amount of fluid wicked laterally across the spacer material when under negative pressure may be 2:1 or more, or approximately 2:1 or more, or may be up to 10:1 or more, or approximately 10:1 or more, in some embodiments. Such filaments may also keep the top and bottom layers spaced apart when exposed to compressive forces or negative pressure. Some embodiments of the spacer layer may have a tensile strength that substantially prevents tearing by typical force applied by human hands, and accordingly would need to be severed by other means, such as being cut or sliced, if implemented in a trimmable dressing.

    [0173] FIGS. 10A-10D illustrate one embodiment of acquisition distribution layer (ADL) material which may be used in any of the dressing embodiments described above, and which may also be used in any of the port or fluidic connector embodiments described above. To those versed in the art of acquisition distribution layers it would be obvious that other ADL materials may be used to achieve a similar effect. Such ADL layers may be composed of multiple fibre types and be complex in structure and design. The ADL material, in an uncompressed state, may be 0.1 mm to 4 mm thick, or approximately 0.1 mm to approximately 4 mm thick, and in some embodiments may be 1.2 mm thick, or approximately 1.2 mm thick, in an uncompressed state. The ADL material may comprise a plurality of loosely packed fibers, which may be arranged in a substantially horizontal fibrous network.

    [0174] In some embodiments, the ADL material may consist of a mix of two fiber types. One may be a flat fiber which may be 20 m to 50 m in width, or approximately 20 m to approximately 50 m in width, and may comprise a cellulosic based material. The other fiber may be a two component fiber that has an inner core that is 8 m to 10 m in diameter, or approximately is 8 m to approximately 10 m in diameter, and an outer layer with a thickness of 1 m to 2 m, or approximately 1 m to approximately 2 m. The two component fiber may be a mix of a polyethylene (PE) type material, and polyethylene terephthalate (PET). In some embodiments the inner core of the two component fiber may be PET and the outer layer may be PE. The PE/PET fibers may have a smooth surface morphology, while the cellulosic fibers may have a relatively rougher surface morphology. In some embodiments the ADL material may comprise about 60% to about 90% cellulosic fibers, for example approximately 75% cellulosic fibers, and may comprise about 10% to about 40% PE/PET fibers, for example approximately 25% PE/PET fibers.

    [0175] FIG. 10A illustrates a backscatter scanning electron microscope (SEM) plan view of a sample portion of acquisition distribution layer material at 140 magnification. FIG. 10B illustrates an SEM cross sectional view at 250 magnification. As illustrated in FIG. 10B, a majority of the fiber volume may extend horizontally (that is, parallel to the plane of the top and bottom surfaces of the material), or substantially or generally horizontally. In another embodiment, 80%-90% (or approximately 80% to approximately 90%) or more of the fiber volume may extend horizontally, or substantially or generally horizontally. In another embodiment, all or substantially all of the fiber volume may extend horizontally, or substantially or generally horizontally. In some embodiments, a majority, 80%-90% (or approximately 80% to approximately 90%) of the fibers or more, or even all or substantially all of the fibers, span a distance perpendicular to the thickness of the ADL material (a horizontal or lateral distance) that is greater than the thickness of the ADL material. In some embodiments, the horizontal or lateral distance spanned by such fibers is 2 times (or about 2 times) or more, 3 times (or about 3 times) or more, 4 times (or about 4 times) or more, 5 times (or about 5 times) or more, or 10 times (or about 10 times) or more the thickness of the ADL material. The orientation of such fibers may promote lateral wicking of fluid through the ADL material. This may more evenly distribute fluid such as wound exudate throughout the ADL material. In some embodiments, the ratio of the amount of fluid wicked laterally across the ADL material to the amount of fluid wicked vertically through the ADL material under negative pressure may be 2:1 or more, or approximately 2:1 or more, or may be up to 10:1 or more, or approximately 10:1 or more, in some embodiments.

    [0176] FIG. 10C is a two dimensional microtomographic cross sectional view of a compressed portion of a sample of ADL material which is approximately 9.2 mm long. FIG. 10D is an SEM cross sectional view at 130 magnification of the compressed portion illustrated in FIG. 10C. Such compressed portions may occur in the ADL material may occur due to the application of pressure to the material. FIGS. 10C and 10D further illustrate the horizontal network of ADL fibers.

    [0177] FIGS. 11A and 11B illustrate one embodiment of absorbent material which may be used in any of the dressing embodiments described above. FIG. 11A illustrates a three dimensional microtomographic cross sectional view of a sample of absorbent material, depicting a fibrous composition interspersed with superabsorbent particles. The absorbent material may, for example, be any of the materials described in U.S. Patent Pub. No. 2012/308780, titled Absorbent Structure, filed May 25, 2012, the contents of which are hereby incorporated by reference in their entirety.

    [0178] FIG. 11B is a cross sectional schematic diagram of an embodiment of the absorbent material illustrating a plurality of layers within the absorbent material. The absorbent material may have a textured layer 4210 on one side of a fibrous network, the fibrous network defining the bulk of the absorbent material and comprising layers 4220, 4240, and 4250. Superabsorbent particles 4230 may be dispersed throughout layers 4220, 4240, and 4250. The textured layer 4210, also referred to as the tissue dispersant layer in above portions of this specification, may be configured to laterally transmit fluid. Though depicted as the lowermost layer of the absorbent material, the textured layer 4210 may in some embodiments be positioned as the uppermost layer of the absorbent material, and in some embodiments may be positioned as both the lowermost and uppermost layers of the absorbent material. The textured layer 4210 may comprise flat fibers 20 m to 50 m in width, or approximately 20 m to approximately 50 m in width. The textured layer 4210 may comprise 1 to 2 or approximately 1 to approximately 2 layers of the flat fibers, and the textured layer 4210 may have an overall thickness of 0.04 mm, or approximately 0.04 mm.

    [0179] The bulk of the absorbent material, comprising layers 4220, 4240, and 4250, may have a thickness of 1.7 mm, or approximately 1.7 mm, or may have a thickness in the range of 0.5 mm to 5.0 mm, or about 0.5 mm to about 5.0 mm. The bulk of the absorbent material may comprise a mix of two fiber types arranged in a fibrous network, for example the cellulosic fiber having a width of 20 m to 50 m, or approximately 20 m to approximately 50 m, and the PE/PET composite fiber, described above with respect to the ADL material. The superabsorbent particles 4230 may be irregularly shaped and varied in size, and may have a diameter of up to 1 mm, or approximately 1 mm. The superabsorbent particles 4230 may comprise a sodium acrylate type material. There may be relatively fewer superabsorbent particles in a portion of the uppermost surface of the bulk of the absorbent material (the surface of layer 4250 opposite the textured layer 4210), for example in an uppermost surface having a thickness of approximately 0.1 mm.

    [0180] Layer 4220 may be a liquid absorption layer configured to draw liquid upward through the material towards layers 4240 and 4250. Layer 4240 may be a storage layer configured to hold absorbed liquid. Layer 4220 may be a liquid distribution layer configured to apply a reverse suction effect to the liquid storage layer 4240 in order to inhibit (or substantially inhibit) absorbed liquid from leaking back down through the lower layers of the absorbent material, a phenomenon which is commonly known as back wetting.

    [0181] Superabsorbent particles 4230 may be distributed primarily within the storage layer, may extend partially into the absorption layer 4220 and liquid distribution layer 4250, or may be distributed evenly (or substantially evenly) throughout the layers. The layers 4220, 4240, and 4250 may overlap with a portion of adjacent layers, and may or may not be separable.

    [0182] FIGS. 12A and 12B illustrate one embodiment of obscuring layer material which may be used in any of the dressing embodiments described above. FIG. 12A illustrates a photographic plan view of obscuring material, depicting a material comprising a fibrous network having a reoccurring regularly spaced criss-cross diamond pattern. The diamond shaped pattern may, in one embodiment, be 1.2 mm long by 1.0 mm wide, and may have a thickness of approximately 0.04 mm thick, consisting of fibers that are more densely packed relative to the surrounding area of the material. The diamond shaped pattern may increase structural stability of the fibrous network of the material, for example serving as tacking points. FIG. 12B illustrates a three dimensional microtomographic perspective view of the compressed diamond pattern and the surrounding uncompressed fibers.

    [0183] Some embodiments of the obscuring material may comprise polypropylene spunbond material. Further, some embodiments of the obscuring material may comprise a hydrophobic additive or coating, for example a hydrophobic wash designed to permeate the fibers of the obscuring material to make the material substantially waterproof while permitting vapor permeability. Other embodiments may comprise a thin fibrous sheet of 60, 70, or 80 gsm. The fibers of the obscuring material may, in one embodiment, comprise layers of polypropylene (PP) fibers having a smooth surface morphology, and the PP fibers may have a thickness of approximately 25 m. In some embodiments, the obscuring material may have a thickness of 0.045 mm or about 0.045 mm, or may have a thickness in the range of 0.02 mm to 0.5 mm, or about 0.02 mm to about 0.5 mm.

    [0184] FIG. 13 illustrates one embodiment of an adhesive spread on approximately one square centimeter of a film material, which may be used as the cover or backing layer in any of the dressing embodiments or fluidic connector embodiments described above. The adhesive on the film has been covered with carbon powder for ease of illustrating the spread of the adhesive. The adhesive may comprise, for example, an acrylate type adhesive, for example K5 adhesive, and may be laid down in a criss cross pattern. In some embodiments, the adhesive material may cover approximately 45.5%approximately 1.3% of the film surface. The pattern and coverage of the adhesive may vary so long as the configuration is suitable for desired vapor permeability.

    VI. Overview of Example Sealing Strips

    [0185] FIGS. 14A-14D illustrate one embodiment of a sealing strip assembly 4501 which may be used with a wound dressing and/or fluidic connector to provide additional sealing against the skin of the patient surrounding the wound dressing or fluidic connector. Sealing strips may also be used to reseal a cut or punctured wound dressing or fluidic connector. The sealing strips of FIGS. 14A-14D may be used, for example, like the fixation strips 210 of FIG. 2D.

    [0186] As illustrated in FIG. 14A (top view), a plurality of sealing strips 4501 (labeled 4501a-4501f) may be provided together on one sheet 4500 with a plurality of perforations or weakened lines 4515, separating the individual sealing strips on the sheet. In some embodiments anywhere from 2 to 10 or more sealing strips may be provided on one sheet. As illustrated, six sealing strips 4501a, 4501b, 4501c, 4501d, 4501e and 4501f are provided on one sheet 4500 in FIG. 14A. In other embodiments each sealing strip may be provided separately, or a plurality of separate sealing strips may be provided, for example in a kit. A kit may be provided in the form of a tray, for example a sealed tray, which may include one or more sheets containing a plurality of sealing strips 4501 separated by the plurality of perforations or weakened lines 4515, or other embodiments of sealing strips as described. The kit may also contain a wound dressing with a fluidic connector that may be pre-connected to the wound dressing or separately provided. The wound dressing may have any of the shapes and layer configurations described above, and the fluidic connector may be any of the soft or hard ports described above. In some embodiments, the kit may further comprise a pump configured to connect to the fluidic connector and transmit negative pressure to the wound dressing.

    [0187] An example perforation pattern of a perforated cut 4515 is illustrated in FIG. 14B, which an enlarged view of the portion of FIG. 14A labeled with the reference number 14B. In some embodiments, a repeating perforation gap 4525 may extend across the perforation, each gap separated by a connected or intact portion 4590. These perforation gaps 4525 may extend through some or all of the layers of the sealing strip assembly described further below. In some embodiments, a perforation gap 4525 may be 10 mm, or approximately 10 mm, in length, wherein length is the dimension measured along the perforation line. The perforation gap length may be also in the range of 2 mm to 20 mm, or approximately 2 mm to approximately 20 mm, in some embodiments. The intact portion 4590 separating perforation gaps may be in the range of 0.25 mm to 3 mm, or approximately 0.25 mm to approximately 3 mm, in length, for example 0.5 mm, or approximately 0.5 mm, in length.

    [0188] As shown in FIGS. 14C and 14D (which are side or cross-sectional views of FIG. 14A), the sheet 4500 of sealing strips 4501, or an individual sealing strip 4501, may comprise an adhesive film 4545, which may be a flexible film material provided with a pressure-sensitive adhesive on a lower surface thereof. The adhesive film 4545 may, in some embodiments, be thin and prone to sticking to itself when folded or handled. Therefore, the adhesive film 4545 may be provided with a carrier layer 4535 on an upper, non-adhesive surface having the same length and width as the adhesive film 4545, and may also be provided with a one or protective layers 4570, 4580 on its lower, adhesive surface. The protective layers 4570, 4580 may be configured to protect the adhesive surface of the adhesive film 4545. First and second outer protective layers 4570 may be provided at opposite ends of the sheet 4500 or an individual sealing strip assembly 4501 (on the right and left sides of FIGS. 14A and 14C, with only the right side shown in FIG. 14D), thereby covering the opposite ends of the individual sealing strips 4501. A central protective layer 4580 may be provided over a central portion of the sheet 4500 or an individual sealing strip assembly 4501 and therefore over a central portion of adhesive film 4545, between the opposite ends of the adhesive film 4545 and partially overlapping with and underlying the outer protective layers 4570. As illustrated, the protective layers 4570 may have an outer edge (shown on the right in FIG. 14D) that is positioned beyond the outer edge of the adhesive film 4545, and may also include a folded handle 4575 that is covered by the central protective layer 4580. The folded handles 4575 of protective layer 4570 are therefore not in direct contact with the adhesive surface of the adhesive film 4545 to facilitate removal of the outer protective layers 4570. Similarly, the portions 4585 of the central protective layer 4580 overlapping the outer protective layers 4570 are not in direct contact with the adhesive surface of the adhesive film 4545, and are not adhered to the outer protective layers 4570, thereby forming handles to facilitate removal of the central protective layer 4580.

    [0189] The carrier layer 4535 that may be provided on the upper surface of the adhesive film may be configured to releasably attach to the non-adhesive surface of the adhesive film 4545, and may comprise a sheet of paper or film with relatively more rigidity than the adhesive film. Release tabs 4595 may be provided on one or both opposite ends of the carrier layer 4535 for ease of removing the carrier layer 4535 from the adhesive film 4545. As illustrated in FIG. 14D, the release tabs 4595 may extend outwardly from the adhesive film 4545 and carrier layer 4535 to an outer edge aligned with an outer edge of the outer protective layer 4570. In some embodiments, graphical and/or numbered instructions for removal of the protective layer and carrier layer may be provided on one or both of the protective layer and carrier layer.

    [0190] To utilize the sealing strips as described above, one or more sealing strips 4501 may be removed from the sheet 4500 by cutting or tearing along the perforations 4515. The central protective layer 4580 may be removed using the non-adhered portions 4585 of the central protective layer 4580, which serve as handles, for the exposing a central adhesive surface of the adhesive film 4545. The adhesive surface may then be applied to skin and/or a dressing or any desired location, or the adhesive surface may be applied after one or both of the outer protective layers 4570 is removed. The folded handle 4575 of outer protective layers 4570 may be grasped to remove the outer protective layers 4570, exposing the entirety of the lower adhesive surface of the adhesive film 4545. The outer edges of the adhesive surface of the adhesive film 4545 may be placed in a desired location. After sealing the adhesive film 4545, the release tab or tabs 4595 may be used to remove the carrier layer 4535 from the adhesive film 4545. This may be repeated with as many adhesive strips as are needed.

    [0191] FIG. 14A illustrates a top view of assembly sheet 4500 of sealing strip assemblies 4501, in which the release tabs 4595 and carrier layer 4535 on adhesive film 4545 would be seen. The dashed lines in FIG. 14A illustrate edges or fold locations of the adhesive film 4545, central protective layer 4580, outer protective layers 4570, and carrier layer 4535. In some embodiments, each sealing strip 4501 may have a width 4530 of 40 mm, or approximately 40 mm, or a width in the range of 20 mm to 80 mm, or approximately 20 mm to 80 mm. The overall length 4510 of each sealing strip assembly (or the sheet 4500, including release tabs 4595 and outer protective layers 4570) may be 250 mm or 300 mm in some embodiments, or approximately 250 mm or approximately 300 mm, or in the range of 100 mm to 400 mm, or approximately 100 to approximately 400 mm. The length 4520 of the adhesive film 4545 and carrier layer 4535 may be 280 mm or 330 mm in some embodiments, or approximately 280 mm or approximately 330 mm, or in the range of 90 mm to 380 mm, or approximately 90 to approximately 380 mm. The length 4505 of central protective layer 4580 may be 210 mm or 260 mm in some embodiments, or approximately 210 mm or approximately 260 mm, or may be in the range of 100 mm to 300 mm, or approximately 100 mm to approximately 300 mm.

    [0192] The length 4565 of outer protective layers 4570 (not including the folded portion) may be 85 mm or 110 mm in some embodiments, or approximately 85 mm or approximately 110 mm, or may be in the range of 50 mm to 200 mm, or approximately 500 mm to approximately 200 mm. The length 4555 of the folded portion or handle 4575 of outer protective layer 4570 may be 20 mm plus or minus 5 mm, in some embodiments, or approximately 20 mm plus or minus approximately 5 mm. The distance 4550 from the outer edge of the folded tab 4575 to the outer edge of the central protective layer 4580 may be 20 mm plus or minus 5 mm, in some embodiments, or approximately 20 mm plus or minus approximately 5 mm.

    VII. Overview of Example Negative Pressure Delivery Testing

    [0193] FIGS. 15A-15L illustrate differential pressure results of dry testing various materials for bridge sections of a dressing such as described herein, and FIGS. 16A-16C illustrate differential pressure results of wet testing various materials. The testing methodology was designed to assess the ability of dressing bridges to deliver negative pressure.

    [0194] A wound model plate was constructed for both wet and dry testing of the sample dressings. In this testing embodiment, the wound model plate was an aluminum flat plate, however other materials can also provide suitable testing models. Two 2 mm1 mm diameter holes were formed in the wound model plate to act as ports for negative pressure delivery and testing, with a first hole along a center line for placement of a sample dressing. A first segment of each hole was drilled in from the side of the plate, and a second segment connecting to the first segment was drilled in through the top of the plate. The path length from hole to hole (center to center) was approximately 22 mm1 mm, corresponding to a minimum path length hole to hole (between proximal edges) of approximately 20 mm1 mm. Other implementations of the testing method could reposition the port locations and distance. This testing model allows a negative pressure pump with settable pressures, for example RENASYS EZ in one embodiment, to draw negative pressure at a given set point down a first tube with a first in-line pressure sensor. This tube feeds into a first of the two ports. A second tube with a second in-line pressure sensor is arranged in a second of the two ports with a mass flow controller. The mass flow controller is capable of introducing a controlled leak into the system. As it is desirable to consider the leak rate as a function of volume per unit time, volume was set on the mass flow meter in units of standard cubic centimeters per minute (scc/minute, which can also abbreviated to scc/m, scc/min or sccm). Any settable gas leak generator can be used in other testing implementations.

    [0195] Each sample dressing was created having a wound contact layer, a cover layer, and the material or layered materials to be tested sandwiched between the wound contact layer and the cover layer. The wound contact layer and cover layer were sealed together around the material having a perimeter width of at least 2.5 cm or, in other embodiments, approximately 5 to 10 cm, where the width is measured from the inner materials to the edge of the sealed border. It will be appreciated, according to the layer material descriptions provided herein, that some of the materials tested can be sided, that is asymmetric along a vertical axis. Accordingly, tested sample dressings were constructed with specific orientations of sided materials consistent with the material descriptions herein, though other orientations of the sided materials could be suitable for use in wound dressings.

    [0196] For testing of the various sample dressings, each sample dressing sample was placed on the wound model with the first port approximately located along a center line of the dressing. The wound contact layer adhered to the wound model plate covering both of the first and second ports with the material to be tested so that negative pressure could be delivered to the material through the first port, so that a level of negative pressure within the material could be tested at the second port.

    [0197] For each sample tested, a positive control was provided using an empty tube provided to connect the first port to the second port. In one implementation, the empty tube comprised a clear and flexible PVC tube, single bore with circular cross section, internal diameter of approximately 1.6 mm, outer diameter of approximately 3.2 mm and length of approximately 65 mm. The ends of this tube were pushed into the wound model ports affording snug fits between the outer surfaces of the tube and the inner surfaces of the ports.

    [0198] For each sample the pressure differential between the two in-line sensors, i.e. the pressure drop across the sample, was measured at a variety of set points. The tested set points were 0, 60, 100, 140 & 200 mmHg, but the set points could be set to other values in other embodiments of the bridge testing. An air leak was introduced to each tested sample. In some tests, an air leak of approximately 16 scc/minute was introduced to represent what a negative pressure pump, for example PICO, can typically experience during its maintenance cycles. For example, negative pressure pumps can handle between about 12 scc/minute to about 20 scc/minute, with 16 scc/minute representing the average. In other tests, an air leak of approximately 50 scc/minute was introduced to test conditions approximating the 300 scc/minute to 350 scc/minute leak experienced during pump down. Other tests could be structured to test higher air leak rates as needed.

    [0199] In order to calculate the pressure differential, first the positive control was measured.

    [0200] The tests that were conducted, as discussed with respect to FIGS. 15A-15L, only allowed air into the system. Dealing with liquids such as wound exudate or irrigation fluids whilst simultaneously delivering negative pressure presents a different challenge to the bridges and is not accounted for in the test data of FIGS. 15A-15L. The test data of FIGS. 16A-16J accounts for liquid introduced into the tested system.

    [0201] An embodiment of a dry differential pressure testing method, as implemented to produce the test data of FIGS. 15A-15L, can include the following steps: [0202] 1. Set-up the wound plate with the first hole connected to the pump via a gas pressure sensor and the second hole connected to the settable air leak via a second pressure sensor. [0203] 2. Stick the pad of a self-adhesive dressing sample across the two holes on the top of the plate so that the pad traverses across the two holes. [0204] 3. Zero each gas pressure sensor. [0205] 4. Record initial pressure differential (negative pressure side minus leak side). [0206] 5. Set air leak to 16 scc/minute and run pump at 60 mmHg negative pressure. [0207] 6. After 30 seconds, record pressure differential (negative pressure side minus leak side). [0208] 7. Record pressure differentials at set point pressures of 100, 140 and 200 mmHg in addition to 60 mmHg. [0209] 8. Record initial pressure differential (negative pressure side minus leak side). [0210] 9. Set air leak to 50 scc/minute and run pump at 60 mmHg negative pressure. [0211] 10. After 30 seconds, record pressure differential (negative pressure side minus leak side). [0212] 11. Record pressure differentials at set point pressures of 100, 140 and 200 mmHg in addition to 60 mmHg. [0213] 12. Repeat for all test samples.

    [0214] An embodiment of a wet differential pressure testing method, as implemented to produce the test data of FIGS. 16A-16C, can include the following steps: [0215] 1. Set-up the wound plate with the first hole connected to the pump via a gas pressure sensor and the second hole connected to the settable air leak via a second pressure sensor. [0216] 2. Stick the pad of a self-adhesive dressing sample across the two holes on the top of the plate so that the pad traverses across the two holes. [0217] 3. Replace leak tube with a syringe containing 5.4 g saline. [0218] 4. Switch on pump (set to approximately 80 mmHg) to deliver negative pressure to the sample. [0219] 5. Allow substantially all of the saline to pass through the sample over approximately a 5 minute period. [0220] 6. Remove syringe and allow negative pressure to evacuate liquid from sample and tubes if unblocked, and otherwise leave saline in the sample and tubes, then turn pump off. [0221] 7. Reattach leak tube with its pressure sensor. [0222] 8. Zero each gas pressure sensor. [0223] 9. Record initial pressure differential (negative pressure side minus leak side). [0224] 10. Set air leak to 16 scc/minute and run pump at 60 mmHg negative pressure. [0225] 11. After 30 seconds, record pressure differential (negative pressure side minus leak side). [0226] 12. Record pressure differentials at set point pressures of 100, 140 and 200 mmHg in addition to 60 mmHg. [0227] 13. Record initial pressure differential (negative pressure side minus leak side). [0228] 14. Set air leak to 50 scc/minute and run pump at 60 mmHg negative pressure. [0229] 15. After 30 seconds, record pressure differential (negative pressure side minus leak side). [0230] 16. Record pressure differentials at set point pressures of 100, 140 and 200 mmHg in addition to 60 mmHg. [0231] 17. Repeat for all test samples.

    [0232] Prior to each run or prior to each day of testing, the in-line pressure sensors can be calibrated and the same data for a negative control (top plate holes blocked with self-adhesive film) and positive control (open tube connecting the two top holes in the plate) can be recorded.

    [0233] An embodiment of a data processing method for calculating and plotting the negative pressure differential across a portion of a sample dressing at different set points can include the following steps: [0234] 1. Zero adjustmentfor each individual run (including controls and test samples) subtract the zero pressure reading from each of the data readings in that run. [0235] 2. Baseline correctionto each (zero adjusted) data point in a test sample run subtract the (zero adjusted) positive control data point at the corresponding pressure setting. [0236] 3. Plot set pressure versus recorded differential pressure (after subtraction of zero pressure readings and subtraction of positive control).

    [0237] The charts illustrated in FIGS. 15A-15L and 16A-16J will be discussed in conjunction with the Table 1, below, that includes the material or layered materials represented by the numbered legends in FIGS. 15A-15L and 16A-16J. For at least some of the tested material or materials indicated by the various legend numbers in Table 1, the dimensions of height, width, and cross sectional area specified may be approximate. For example, two, three, or more sample dressings of approximately the same dimensions were made for at least some of the tested materials, and the listed dimensions represent an approximation of a mean value of the material dimensions for the sample dressings tested for that material. In addition, all sample measurements were taken using calibrated digital calipers. In the case of compressible materials, the measurements reported are those of the uncompressed materials. Where variations in height readings were noted on a compressible material, height was recorded at 3 points along the fluid path and the mean was reported. In all cases width was recorded at 3 points along the fluid path and the mean reported. In considering the mean width of a sample it is implicit that the variation in width between readings is tolerable without any significant narrowings or constrictions along the fluid path.

    [0238] As used in Table 1, spacer refers to an embodiment of spacer layer material of 200-220 g/m.sup.2 (or approximately 200-220 g/m.sup.2) Baltex 3D-knit fabric. DryWeb TDL2 refers to a 55 gsm (or approximately 55 gsm) Libeltex BVBA material that can be used for an ADL in the dressings described herein. SlimCore TL4 refers to a 150 gsm (or approximately 150 gsm) Libeltex BVBA material that can also be used for an ADL in the dressings described herein. Another possible ADL material tested and listed in Table 1 is MH080.121 a Glatfelter material slit to a width of 250 mm or approximately 250 mm. MH460.101 refers to a 460 gsm (or approximately 460 gsm) Glatfelter superabsorbent material that can be slit to a width of 250 mm. Masking layer, as used in Table 1, refers to a 70 gsm (or approximately 70 gsm) Don & Lowe blue woven material. DT360.100 refers to an approximately 360 gsm Glatfelter superabsorbent airlaid material including cellulose fibers with superabsorbent particles. Reticulated PU foam refers to an open-cell polyurethane foam, while PU foam refers to an open-cell foam that has not been reticulated. The configuration of dressing sample 347306 approximates the layer configuration illustrated in FIGS. 4A-4D. Basis weights reported refer to nominal basis weights and typically have a 10% tolerance. Stack refers to the testing of multiple materials in a single arrangement. Where multiple materials were tested in one sample dressing, the materials are listed in order of top to bottom, for the tested arrangement.

    TABLE-US-00001 TABLE 1 Mean Mean Mean cross height width sectional Legend No. Material(s) (mm) (mm) area (mm2) 346601 - 3D Baltex 7970, weft knitted polyester spacer 2 14 27 Spacer Fabric layer fabric, 210 gsm 346602 - 3D Baltex 7970, weft knitted polyester spacer 2 3 7 Spacer Fabric layer fabric, 210 gsm 346603 - 3D Baltex 7970, weft knitted polyester spacer 2 1 3 Spacer Fabric layer fabric, 210 gsm 346604 - Super- Glatfelter Inc., DT360.100, thermally bonded 4 4 14 absorber air-laid with super-absorbent powder and cellulose fibres, 360 gsm 346605 - Smith & Nephew, RENASYS-F Foam, 5 3 15 Reticulated Foam reticulated, open-cell, polyurethane foam 346606 - Smith & Nephew, RENASYS-F Foam, 5 7 36 Reticulated Foam reticulated, open-cell, polyurethane foam 347201 - ADL Libeltex BVBA, SlimCore TL4, triple layered 2 11 27 ADL, hydrophilic PET and bicomponent fibres, through air bonded web, 150 gsm 347202 - ADL Libeltex BVBA, SlimCore TL4, triple layered 2 4 10 ADL, hydrophilic PET and bicomponent fibres, through air bonded web, 150 gsm 347204 - ADL Libeltex BVBA, DryWeb TDL2, through air 2 21 40 bonded web, 55 gsm 347205 - ADL Libeltex BVBA, DryWeb TDL2, through air 1 3 3 bonded web, 55 gsm 347206 - 3D Baltex 7970, weft knitted polyester spacer 2 15 31 Spacer Fabric layer fabric, 210 gsm 347207 - Stack Libeltex BVBA, SlimCore TL4, triple layered 3 18 51 ADL, hydrophilic PET and bicomponent fibres, through air bonded web, 150 gsm Baltex 7970, weft knitted polyester spacer 2 14 26 layer fabric, 210 gsm (smaller footprint than ADL) 347301 - Stack Libeltex BVBA, DryWeb TDL2, through air 1 22 28 bonded web, 55 gsm Baltex 7970, weft knitted polyester spacer 2 12 24 layer fabric, 210 gsm (smaller footprint than ADL) 347302 - Masking Don & Low Ltd Non Wovens, PP non woven 0.4 14 6 Layer fabric, blue, thermally bonded, 70 gsm 347303 - Stack Don & Low Ltd Non Wovens, PP non woven 0.4 15 6 fabric, thermally bonded, 70 gsm Baltex 7970, weft knitted polyester spacer 2 11 20 layer fabric, 210 gsm(smaller footprint than masking layer) 347304 - super- Glatfelter Falkenhagen GmbH, MH460.101, 2 10 18 absorber multibonded airlaid nonwoven containing super-absorbent powder, laminated against cellulose tissue, 460 gsm 347305 - Super- Glatfelter Falkenhagen GmbH, MH460.101, 2 3 6 absorber multibonded airlaid nonwoven containing super-absorbent powder, laminated against cellulose tissue, 460 gsm 347306 - Stack Don & Low Ltd Non Wovens, PP non woven 0.4 14 6 fabric, blue, thermally bonded, 70 gsm Glatfelter Falkenhagen GmbH, MH460.101, 2 14 25 multibonded airlaid nonwoven containing super-absorbent powder, laminated against cellulose tissue, 460 gsm Glatfelter Falkenhagen GmbH, MH080.121, 1 15 11 multibonded airlaid nonwoven Baltex 7970, weft knitted polyester spacer 2 11 19 layer fabric, 210 gsm (smaller footprint than upper layers) 347308 - ADL Glatfelter Falkenhagen GmbH, MH080.121, 1 15 11 multibonded airlaid nonwoven 347309 - ADL Glatfelter Falkenhagen GmbH, MH080.121, 1 5 4 multibonded airlaid nonwoven 347310 - Super- Glatfelter Inc., DT360.100, thermally bonded 3 14 47 absorber air-laid with super-absorbent powder and cellulose, 360 gsm 347311 - Stack Glatfelter Inc., DT360.100, thermally bonded 3 14 46 air-laid with super-absorbent powder and cellulose fibres, 360 gsm Baltex 7970, weft knitted polyester spacer 2 10 18 layer fabric, 210 gsm (smaller footprint than upper layer) 347312 - Smith & Nephew, Allevyn foam, from bulk, 10 10 99 Absorbent Foam with a non-adhesive perforated wound contact layer (WCL) laminated to the top and bottom surfaces (WCL is the same as applied to the ProGuide Wound Contact Layer (WCL) surfaces) 347313 - Stack Glatfelter Inc., DT360.100, thermally bonded 4 11 40 air-laid with super-absorbent powder and cellulose fibres, 360 gsm Smith & Nephew, RENASYS-F Foam, 5 10 52 reticulated, open-cell, polyurethane foam 349301 - ADL Shalag Nonwovens, ST6CTPH90G, ADL, 90 2 10 24 gsm (longitudinal axis of the sample in line with the visually predominate fibre orientation of the distribution layer. Distribution layer orientated next to top film.) 349302 - ADL Shalag Nonwovens, STAHTCT80L, ADL, 80 1 11 16 gsm (Distribution layer orientated next to top film.) 349303 - ADL Shalag Nonwovens, ST6CT8H65, ADL, 65 3 9 26 gsm (Distribution layer orientated next to top film.) 349304 - ADL Shalag Nonwovens, ST6NT8H75, ADL, 75 4 10 44 gsm (Distribution layer orientated next to top film.) 349305 - 3D Apex Mills, 3D Spacer Fabric, DNB198A, 2 10 21 Spacer Fabric polyester, 270 gsm (Face with larger holes orientated next to top film.) 349306 - 3D Apex Mills, 3D Spacer Fabric, DNB197, 6 10 60 Spacer Fabric polyester, 670 gsm 349307 - 3D Heathcote Fabrics Limited, SpaceTec, 2.5 mm 3 10 25 Spacer Fabric gauge, polyester, 430 gsm (Face with larger holes orientated next to top film.) 349308 - 3D Heathcote Fabrics Limited, SpaceTec, 3 mm 3 10 30 Spacer Fabric gauge, polyester, 320 gsm (Face with larger holes orientated next to top film.) 349309 - 3D Apex Mills, 3D Spacer Fabric, DNB22(6), 3 9 29 Spacer Fabric polyester (Face with larger holes orientated next to top film.) 349310 - ADL Libeltex BVBA, DryWeb T28F, monolayered 1 10 14 AQL, hydrophilic PET and bicomponent fibres, through air bonded web, 50 gsm 349311 - ADL Libeltex BVBA SlimCore TL4, triple layered 3 10 29 ADL, hydrophilic PET and bicomponent fibres, through air bonded web, 90 gsm 410502 - Smith & Nephew, RENASYS-F Foam, 5 10 53 Reticulated Foam reticulated, open-cell, polyurethane foam 410503 - Smith & Nephew, Allevyn foam, from bulk 6 10 61 Absorbent Foam 410504 - Masking Don & Low Ltd Non Wovens, PP non woven 0 10 5 Layer fabric, blue, thermally bonded, 70 gsm 410505 - Smith & Nephew, RENASYS-F Foam, 10 10 100 Reticulated Foam reticulated, open-cell, polyurethane foam 410506 - PVA KCI, WhiteFoam, prehydrated open cell PVA 10 10 96 Foam foam (prehydrated) 411201 - Stack Glatfelter Inc., DT360.100, thermally bonded 4 14 57 air-laid with super-absorbent powder and cellulose fibres, 360 gsm Smith & Nephew, RENASYS-F Foam, 11 10 106 reticulated, open-cell, polyurethane foam (smaller footprint than upper layer) 411202 - Stack Glatfelter Inc., DT360.100, thermally bonded 4 15 57 air-laid with super-absorbent powder and cellulose fibres, 360 gsm Smith & Nephew, RENASYS-F Foam, 13 10 131 reticulated, open-cell, polyurethane foam (smaller footprint than upper layer)

    [0239] A top film of EU33 PU IV3000 film with a K5 pattern spread was typically used for the top film of each tested sample dressing in Table 1, with the exception of samples that failed due to puncture that were reinforced with EU30 Opsite Flexigrid over the leaks, as well as the sample dressing 347206 that replaced the EU33 PU IV3000 film with the thicker, tougher, and less hydrophilic EU30 Opsite Flexigrid. Perforated silicone, specifically A8/EU30 PU film, was used for the wound contact layer. However, the dressings disclosed herein are not limited to the use of these materials for the top film and the wound contact layer, as any materials with similar properties to those tested can be implemented in various embodiments.

    [0240] The tested materials were deemed to satisfy the testing criteria and be suitable for bridges if able to maintain negative pressure transmission under typical ranges of negative pressure. For example, one pump operates in a range of approximately 60 mmHg to 100 mmHg, and another pump embodiment operates in a range of approximately 60 mmHg to 200 mmHg. According to first testing criteria, a tested material was deemed to fail, or be unsuitable for bridges, if when assessed against a set point pressure in the range 60 to 200 mmHg with an air leak of 50 scc/minute a negative pressure less than approximately 40 mmHg (that is, closer to zero) was being transmitted to any intended part of the dressing. According to second testing criteria, materials having a pressure differential of approximately 25 mmHg or less (that is, closer to zero) at a set point of 200 mmHg with a leak rate of 50 scc/minute were determined to be clinically appropriate. According to third testing criteria, materials having a pressure differential of approximately 5 mmHg or less (that is, closer to zero) at a set point of 200 mmHg with a leak rate of 50 scc/minute were determined to be clinically appropriate. Such testing criteria account for the possibility that test results can include noise of 3 mmHg.

    [0241] One of the above testing criteria can be selected to determine appropriate materials for a particular dressing based on a variety of characteristics of the dressing including dressing shape, dressing dimensions, number of ports, port locations, number of bridges, bridge dimensions, or the like. As an example, the more robust transmission materials satisfying the third testing criteria could be used in some embodiments for long dressings having multiple bridging portions to reduce the compounding pressure drop effects of multiple bridging portions, for dressings with narrow bridges, dressings having a large number of bridges, or dressings having relatively long distances between ports. As discussed above, multiple port locations along a long dressing can also be used to maintain sufficient levels of negative pressure. As another example, materials satisfying the second criteria (and also the more restrictive first criteria) can be suitable for dressings with wider bridges, a greater number of ports, and/or smaller coverage areas.

    [0242] Turning now to FIGS. 15A-15L, testing data for dry testing a plurality of sample dressings at a plurality of pressure set points is illustrated for test systems having air leaks of 16 scc/minute and 50 scc/minute, respectively.

    [0243] Referring to FIG. 15A, the measured pressure differential (in mmHg) is illustrated for sample dressings 346601, 346602, 346603, 346604, 346605, 346606, 347201, 347202, 347204, 347205, 347206, and 347207 as a function of set negative pressure with a 16 scc/minute leak rate. Generally, if a spacer layer was in direct contact with the top film layer, the top film layer was punctured by the spacer layer filaments, producing a leak that was sealed using a layer of additional, thicker film to continue the testing. Sample dressing 346604 experienced decreased negative pressure transmission performance due to compression of the Airlaid SAP. Sample dressing 347205, constructed from Airlaid SAP having a smaller cross sectional area than the material used in sample dressing 346604, experienced failure due to compression of the Airlaid SAP under the set negative pressure points. The other tested materials generally performed well, as indicated by proximity of the corresponding plot line to the zero pressure differential axis.

    [0244] FIG. 15B depicts the measured pressure differential of the same set of sample dressings as in FIG. 15A, however as a function of set negative pressure with a 50 scc/minute leak rate. Generally speaking, the higher leak rate reduced the negative pressure transmission performance of all tested materials, however all of the illustrated sample dressings maintained satisfactory levels of negative pressure throughout the dressing with the exception of sample dressings 346604 and 347205.

    [0245] Turning to FIG. 15C, the measured pressure differential of a second set of sample dressings is depicted as a function of set negative pressure with a 16 scc/minute leak rate. The second set of sample dressings includes 347301, 347302, 347303, 347304, 347305, 347306, 347308, 347309, 347310, 347311, 347312, and 347313 from Table 1. As illustrated by the corresponding plot line, the masking layer tested in sample dressing 347302 was not suitable for transmission of sufficient negative pressure levels. The non-reticulated PU foam was also not suitable, as illustrated by the plot line corresponding to sample dressing 347312, and experienced significantly reduced performance as compared to reticulated PU foam. Dressing 347308, employing MH080.121, corresponds to a plot line trending downward, and the reduced-width MH080.121 of sample dressing 347309 also experienced unsuitable levels of negative pressure due to the pressure differential.

    [0246] FIG. 15D illustrates test results for the second set of sample dressings also depicted in FIG. 15C, however using a 50 scc/minute leak rate. The plot lines of test data corresponding to sample dressings 347301, 347303, 347306, 347311, and 347313 all remain close to the zero pressure differential axis, indicating good performance with respect to negative pressure transmission.

    [0247] FIG. 15E illustrates the pressure differential at a set point negative pressure of 200 mmHg and 50 scc/minute leak rate after subtraction of positive control for each of the dry tested sample dressings.

    [0248] Turning to FIG. 15F, the measured pressure differential of another set of sample dressings is depicted as a function of set negative pressure with a 16 scc/minute leak rate. This set of sample dressings includes 349301, 349302, 349303, 349304, 349305, 349306, 349307, 349308, 349309, 349310 and 349311. With respect to both the ADL tested in sample 349303 and the ADL tested in sample 349310, the corresponding plot lines demonstrate that the pressure differential exceeds 5 mmHg at points across the range of negative pressure set points assessed. Accordingly, such materials would not be most suitable for use as a transmission layer. The plot lines of test data corresponding to sample dressings 349301, 349302, 349304, 349305, 349306, 349307, 349308, 349309 and 349311 all remain close to the zero pressure differential axis, indicating good performance of the materials or stacks tested in these samples with respect to negative pressure transmission at the specified heights and widths.

    [0249] FIG. 15G illustrates test results for the same set of sample dressings depicted in FIG. 15F, however using a 50 scc/minute leak rate. With respect to the ADL tested in sample 349310, the corresponding plot line demonstrates that the pressure differential exceeds 5 mmHg at points across the range of negative pressure set points assessed, in line with the observation made for this sample at the lower leak rate. The plot lines of test data corresponding to sample dressings 349301, 349302, 349303, 349304, 349305, 349306, 349307, 349308, 349309 and 349311 all remain close to the zero pressure differential axis, indicating good performance of the materials or stacks tested in these samples with respect to negative pressure transmission at the specified heights and widths.

    [0250] Turning to FIG. 15H, the measured pressure differential of another set of sample dressings is depicted as a function of set negative pressure with a 16 scc/minute leak rate. This set of sample dressings includes 410502, 410503, 410504, 410505, 410506, 411201 and 411202. As illustrated by the corresponding plot line an increase in the pressure differential was observed for sample 411201, a stack containing a reticulated PU foam transmission layer with dimensions of 10 mm mean width and 11 mm mean height, at a set-point of 60 mmHg, however this increased pressure differential abated at higher negative pressure set points. Sample 411202, a stack containing a reticulated PU foam transmission layer with slightly larger dimensions of 10 mm mean width and 13 mm mean height did not follow a similar trend to 411201 and showed no significant increase in pressure differential across the range of negative pressure set points tested. As illustrated by the corresponding plot line an increase in the pressure differential was observed for sample 410503, containing an absorbent PU foam. As illustrated by the corresponding plot line an increase in the pressure differential was observed for sample 410504, containing a masking layer, this result was probably driven largely by the fact that the masking layer has such a low profile (0.4 mm mean height). As illustrated by the corresponding plot line an increase in the pressure differential was observed for sample 410506 a prehydrated PVA foam, and according to the testing criteria this material appeared acceptable at negative pressure set points up to and including 100 mmHg but then demonstrated a significant increase in the pressure differential at negative pressure set points above this. The plot lines of test data corresponding to sample dressings 410502, 410505 and 411202 all remain close to the zero pressure differential axis, indicating good performance with respect to negative pressure transmission at the specified heights and widths for each material or stack.

    [0251] FIG. 15I illustrates test results for the same set of sample dressings depicted in FIG. 15H, however using a 50 scc/minute leak rate. With respect to the absorbent PU foam tested in sample 410503, the masking layer tested in sample 410504, and the prehydrated PVA foam tested in sample 410506, the corresponding plot lines demonstrate that the pressure differential exceeds 5 mmHg at points across the range of negative pressure set points assessed, in line with the observation made for this sample at the lower leak rate. As illustrated by the corresponding plot line an increase in the pressure differential was observed for sample 411201, a stack containing a reticulated PU foam transmission layer with dimensions of 10 mm mean width and 11 mm mean height, at a set-point of 60 mmHg, however this increased pressure differential abated at higher negative pressure set points, consistent with the observation made for this sample at the lower leak rate. The plot lines of test data corresponding to sample dressings 410502, 410505 and 411202 all remain close to the zero pressure differential axis, indicating good performance with respect to negative pressure transmission at the specified heights and widths for each material or stack.

    [0252] Turning now to FIG. 15J, a comparison graph illustrates the performance of all samples, normalized to a width of 10 mm1 mm, as a function of set negative pressure with a 16 scc/minute leak rate when dry tested. FIG. 15K illustrates test results for the same set of sample dressings depicted in FIG. 15J, however using a 50 scc/minute leak rate. Accordingly, FIGS. 15J and 15K allow for relative comparison of sample performance at a standardized width across the samples. Similar to the other pressure differential charts discussed herein, suitable transmission layer materials will demonstrate a pressure differential around or below approximately 5 mmHg at points across the range of negative pressure set points assessed.

    [0253] FIG. 15L illustrates the pressure differential at a negative pressure set point of 200 mmHg and 50 scc/minute leak rate after subtraction of positive control for each of the width-normalized dry tested sample dressings of FIGS. 15J and 15K. Materials suitable for transmission layers, or stacks including at least one suitable transmission layer, are indicated by plots illustrating that a pressure differential of 160.0 mmHg or less was recorded. This can correspond to delivery of at least 40 mmHg therapy against a set point in the range 60 to 200 mmHg with an air leak of 50 scc/minute. In some scenarios, 40 mmHg can represent the minimum clinically acceptable level of wound therapy. Accordingly, delivery of less than 40 mmHg can result in clinically unacceptable levels of wound therapy in some scenarios.

    [0254] As indicated by the test results of FIGS. 15A-15L and the material specifications of Table 1, generally speaking, a dressing implementing the 3D knit spacer layer or reticulated foam as a transmission layer will experience low negative pressure differentials across bridging portions with widths as low as approximately 1 mm. Smaller widths than 1 mm using these materials, though possible for sufficient negative pressure transmission, were not included in the testing data due to limitations of the sample dressing construction process. Dressing embodiments implementing a non-woven transmission layer for bridging portions, such as the Libeltex ADL materials, can also experience low negative pressure differentials. In addition, materials suitable for bridging portions have good resiliency, in that such materials rebound after compression to allow for transmission of negative pressure. Other materials, in addition to the samples tested, offering the desired permeability to gas and liquid at a set width and/or height while under compression due to negative pressure can be suitable for use as a transmission layer.

    [0255] Table 2 illustrates the raw data used to generate the charts of FIGS. 15A-15L.

    TABLE-US-00002 TABLE 2 Leak rate (scc/min Leak rate (scc/min) 16 50 Pressures (mmHg) Pressures (mmHg) Ref 0 60 100 140 200 0 60 100 140 200 Recorded dP (mmHg) Day 1 Positive Control 0.1 2.8 4.5 6.3 8.9 0.1 3.1 4.9 6.7 9.2 346601 0.1 2.9 4.6 6.4 9 0.2 2.9 4.8 6.6 9.2 346602 0.7 2.6 4.5 6.4 9.3 0.7 2.9 4.8 6.8 9.8 346603 0.2 2.9 4.8 6.7 9.8 0.3 3.4 5.7 8.1 12.4 346604 0 3.3 5.6 8.9 13.2 0 5.9 13.2 176.3 346605 3 6.2 8.2 10.3 13.7 2.8 7.6 10.4 13.3 18 346606 3 6.6 8.5 10.4 13.4 3 6.8 9 11.1 14.6 347201 0 3.2 5 6.9 9.7 0.2 3.6 5.7 7.7 10.8 347202 0.2 3.2 5.2 7.2 10.3 0.4 4.4 6.9 9.3 13 347204 0.2 3.3 5.4 7.4 10.3 0.3 4.3 6.9 9.2 12.6 347205 0 6.7 16 15.3 22.7 0.4 20.2 29.2 39 55.5 347207 0.1 3.1 5 6.9 9.6 0.2 3.4 5.3 7.2 10 347206 0.1 3.5 5.6 7.6 10.7 0.2 4.9 6.8 9 12.1 Day 2 Negative Control 0 65.7 108.6 150.6 >200 Positive Control 0.1 3.2 5.1 7 9.8 0.2 3.2 5.2 7.1 9.9 347301 0.1 3.2 5.2 7.1 9.9 0 3.4 5.3 7.2 10 347302 0.1 12 16.8 19.5 32.5 0.1 19 32.5 40.4 53.1 347305 0.1 4.7 7.8 10.7 15 0.1 9.6 15 19.8 26.5 347304 0.2 4.3 6.5 8.6 11.8 0 6.9 9.6 12.1 16 347303 0 3.3 5.2 7.1 9.9 0.2 3.3 5.3 7.2 10 347306 0.1 3.1 5.1 7 9.8 0.2 3.2 5.2 7.1 10 347308 0.2 4.8 9.7 10.8 14.8 0.2 11.7 14.3 17 23.3 347309 0.1 6.1 9 12.1 17.1 0.2 13.2 18.2 23.6 32.2 347310 0.1 6.5 7.7 9.8 13.2 0.1 7.4 9 11.3 15.2 347311 0.1 3.2 5.2 7.1 10 0.1 3.3 5.4 7.3 10.2 347312 0 4.9 8.6 13.5 23.4 0 8.8 17.7 28.5 48.6 347313 0 3.3 5.3 7.2 10.1 0 3.5 5.6 7.5 10.6 Day 4 Negative Control 0 64 105 >200 Positive Control 0 1 1.1 1.4 2 0.1 0.8 0.8 1 1.6 349301 0 1.5 1.8 2.2 2.7 0.1 1.2 1.6 2.2 3.2 349302 0 0.6 1 1.5 2.2 0.1 1.2 1.7 2.3 3.3 Day 5 Negative Control 0.1 62.8 104.2 144.1 >200 Positive Control 0.1 0.4 0.7 1 1.5 0 0.2 0.5 0.8 1.3 349303 0 4.7 5.8 6 5.1 0 0.2 0.3 0.3 0.4 349304 0.1 0.3 0.4 0.7 0.9 0 0.5 0.5 0.4 0.2 349305 0.2 0.4 0.7 1 1.2 0.1 0.1 0.2 0.5 0.8 349306 0.1 0.3 0.6 0.9 1.4 0.2 3.8 2 1.5 1.8 349307 0.2 1 0.5 0.2 0.6 0.1 2.8 2.1 1.7 1.2 349308 0.1 1 1.5 2 2.5 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.7 1.1 349309 0 0.7 1.1 1.4 1.8 0.2 1 0.3 0.1 0 349310 0 9.6 9.8 2 2 0.2 3.9 4.7 5.9 6.2 349311 0.1 1 1.7 2.9 3.3 0.1 0.7 0.6 0.6 0.5 Day 6: Negative Control 0.1 62.7 103.7 143.8 >200 Positive Control 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.3 0.6 0.5 0.5 0.3 410502 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.1 0.3 0.3 0.1 0 0.3 0.8 410503 0.4 1.8 5.8 11.3 24.5 0.5 7.3 17.8 31.5 56.8 410504 0.4 2.3 3.8 5.4 8.3 0.2 11.4 14.2 17.8 26 410505 0.2 0 0 0.1 0.4 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.2 410506 0.2 0.2 0.3 9 29 0.1 0.7 2 7 34 Day 7 Negative Control 1.4 60.6 101.4 141.2 >200 Positive Control 1.3 0.5 0.3 0.2 0 0.5 0.3 0.2 0.1 0.1 411201 1.3 5 2.2 0.4 0.6 1.8 7.5 2.8 1.1 0.5 411202 1.8 0.3 0.2 0 1.1 2.1 1 1.3 1.9 2.4

    [0256] Turning now to FIGS. 16A-16J, testing data for wet testing a plurality of sample dressings at a plurality of pressure set points is illustrated for test systems having air leaks of 16 scc/minute and 50 scc/minute, respectively.

    [0257] Referring specifically to FIGS. 16A-16B, testing data for wet testing a plurality of sample dressings at a plurality of pressure set points is illustrated for test systems having air leaks of 16 scc/minute and 50 scc/minute, respectively. The samples of FIGS. 16A and 16B include a subset of the samples tested for FIGS. 15A and 15B, illustrating the performance of samples 346604, 346605, 346606, 347304, and 347201. As illustrated by the plot lines corresponding to the tested materials, the SlimCore TL4 of sample 347201 as well as two tested widths of the reticulated foam of samples 346605 and 346606 provided clinically appropriate pressure transmission even with wet testing.

    [0258] FIG. 16C illustrates the pressure differential at a negative pressure set point of 200 mmHg and 50 scc/minute leak rate after subtraction of positive control for each of the wet tested sample dressings.

    [0259] Turning to FIG. 16D, the measured pressure differential of the set of sample dressings of FIGS. 15F and 15G is depicted as a function of set negative pressure with a 16 scc/minute leak rate. This set of sample dressings includes 349301, 349302, 349303, 349304, 349305, 349306, 349307, 349308, 349309, 349310 and 349311. With respect to the ADL tested in sample 349310, the corresponding plot line demonstrates that the pressure differential exceeds 5 mmHg at least at one point across the range of negative pressure set points assessed. The plot lines of test data corresponding to all other sample dressings remain close to the zero pressure differential axis, indicating good performance of the materials or stacks tested in these samples with respect to negative pressure transmission at the specified heights and widths when wet.

    [0260] FIG. 16E illustrates test results for the same set of sample dressings depicted in FIG. 16D, however using a 50 scc/minute leak rate. With respect to the materials tested in samples 349301, 349302, 349303, 349306 and 349310, the corresponding plot lines demonstrate that the pressure differentials exceed 5 mmHg at least at one point across the range of negative pressure set points assessed. The plot lines of test data corresponding to sample dressings 349304, 349305, 349307, 349308, 349309 and 349311 all remain close to the zero pressure differential axis, indicating good performance of the materials or stacks tested in these samples with respect to negative pressure transmission at the specified heights and widths when wet.

    [0261] Turning to FIG. 16F, the measured pressure differential of a set of sample dressings of FIGS. 15H and 15I is depicted as a function of set negative pressure with a 16 scc/minute leak rate. This set of sample dressings includes 410502, 410503, 410504, 410505, 410506, 411201 and 411202. A subset of the sample dressings of FIGS. 15C and 15D is also depicted, including 347303, 347306, 347311, 347312, and 347313. With respect to the absorbent foam tested in sample 410503, the masking layer tested in sample 410504, the prehydrated PVA foam tested in 410506 and the stack containing a reticulated PU foam transmission layer with dimensions of 10 mm mean width and 13 mm mean height stack tested in sample 411202, the corresponding plot lines demonstrate that the pressure differential exceeds 5 mmHg at least at one point across the range of negative pressure set points assessed, in line with the observation made for this sample in the dry testing illustrated in FIGS. 15H and 15I. With respect to the stack tested in sample 347313 and the absorbent foam tested in sample 347312, the corresponding plot lines demonstrate that the pressure differential exceeds 5 mmHg at least at one point across the range of negative pressure set points assessed. As illustrated by the corresponding plot line an increase in the pressure differential was observed for sample 411201, a stack containing a reticulated PU foam transmission layer with dimensions of 10 mm mean width and 11 mm mean height, at a set-point of 60 mmHg, whilst this increased pressure differential abated at higher negative pressure set points, it still remained above 5 mmHg at other negative pressure set points, the general trend being consistent with the observation made for this sample in the dry testing illustrated in FIGS. 15H and 15I. The plot lines of test data corresponding to sample dressings 347303, 347306, 347311, 410502 and 410505 all remain close to the zero pressure differential axis, indicating good performance with respect to negative pressure transmission at the specified heights and widths for each material or stack.

    [0262] FIG. 16G illustrates test results for the same set of sample dressings depicted in FIG. 16F, however using a 50 scc/minute leak rate. The results generally correspond to the results illustrated in FIG. 16F with two exceptions. The first exception was for the reticulated PU foam layer with dimensions of 10 mm mean width and 5 mm mean height tested in sample 410502. Whilst this sample of reticulated PU foam did not display a significant increase in the measured pressure differential during wet testing with a 16 scc/minute leak rate it was observed that when the leak rate was set at 50 scc/minute and a negative pressure set point of 200 mmHg was applied the pressure differential reached 6.0 mmHg breaching the acceptability criteria set. The second exception was for the prehydrated PVA foam tested in sample 410506. As illustrated by the corresponding plot line, an increase in the pressure differential was observed for the sample up to a set point of 60 mmHg, however a decrease in the pressure differential was observed between 100 mmHg and 140 mmHg, and after 140 mmHg the increase in the pressure differential resumed. If the profiles for both leak rates are considered together, bearing in mind the sequential nature of running first with the 16 scc/minute leak rate followed by the 50 scc/minute leak rate and increasing negative pressure set point through each run, the profiles could be indicative of partial liquid clearance occurring during the test. The plot lines of test data corresponding to sample dressings 347303, 347306, 347311 and 410505 all remain close to the zero pressure differential axis, indicating good performance with respect to negative pressure transmission at the specified heights and widths for each material or stack

    [0263] Turning now to FIG. 16H, a comparison graph illustrates the performance of all samples, normalized to a width of 10 mm1 mm, as a function of set negative pressure with a 16 scc/minute leak rate when wet tested. FIG. 16I illustrates test results for the same set of sample dressings depicted in FIG. 16H, however using a 50 scc/minute leak rate. Accordingly, FIGS. 16H and 16I allow for relative comparison of sample performance at a standardized width across the samples. Similar to the other pressure differential charts discussed herein, suitable transmission layer materials will demonstrate a pressure differential around or below approximately 5 mmHg at points across the range of negative pressure set points assessed.

    [0264] FIG. 16J illustrates the pressure differential at a negative pressure set point of 200 mmHg and 50 scc/minute leak rate after subtraction of positive control for each of the width-normalized wet tested sample dressings of FIGS. 16H and 16I. Table 3, below, provides a scoring analysis of the tested samples based on the information presented in FIG. 16J in order to provide a screen of the suitability of the various potential transmission layer materials. In all cases the samples contained a transmission layer with mean width of 10 mm1 mm and were being assessed over a 20 mm1 mm path length. Scoring was applied according to the following criteria: [0265] (1) A marking of indicates that a pressure differential of 5.0 mmHg or less was recorded. Materials marked with provide the most suitable permeability to gas and liquid at the specified widths and heights when exposed to compression due to negative pressure. [0266] (2) A marking of indicates that the criteria of (1) was not met and a pressure differential of 25.0 or less was recorded. [0267] (3) A marking of indicates that the criteria of (2) was not met and a pressure differential of 160.0 mmHg or less was recorded. This can correspond to delivery of at least 40 mmHg therapy against a set point in the range 60 to 200 mmHg with an air leak of 50 scc/minute. In some scenarios, 40 mmHg can represent the minimum clinically acceptable level of wound therapy. [0268] (4) A marking of indicates that the criteria of (3) was not met and a pressure differential of 160.1 mmHg or greater was recorded. This can correspond to delivery of less than 40 mmHg therapy against a set point in the range 60 to 200 mmHg with an air leak of 50 scc/minute. In some scenarios, delivery of less than 40 mmHg can result in clinically unacceptable levels of wound therapy.

    TABLE-US-00003 TABLE 3 Mean cross Mean Mean sectional height width area Legend No. Material(s) (mm) (mm) (mm2) Assessment 347201 - ADL Libeltex BVBA, SlimCore TL4, triple 2 11 27 layered ADL, hydrophilic PET and bicomponent fibres, through air bonded web, 150 gsm 347303 - Stack Stack: Don & Low Ltd Non Wovens, PP non 0.4 15 6 woven fabric, thermally bonded, 70 gsm Baltex 7970, weft knitted polyester spacer 2 11 20 layer fabric, 210 gsm (smaller footprint than masking layer) 347304 - super- Glatfelter Falkenhagen GmbH, 2 10 18 xxx absorber MH460.101, multibonded airlaid nonwoven containing super-absorbent powder, laminated against cellulose tissue, 460 gsm 347306 - Stack Stack: Don & Low Ltd Non Wovens, PP non 0.4 14 6 woven fabric, blue, thermally bonded, 70 gsm Glatfelter Falkenhagen GmbH, 2 14 25 MH460.101, multibonded airlaid nonwoven containing super-absorbent powder, laminated against cellulose tissue, 460 gsm Glatfelter Falkenhagen GmbH, 1 15 11 MH080.121, multibonded airlaid nonwoven Baltex 7970, weft knitted polyester spacer 2 11 19 layer fabric, 210 gsm (smaller footprint than upper layers) 347311 - Stack Stack: Glatfelter Inc., DT360.100, thermally 3 14 46 bonded air-laid with super-absorbent powder and cellulose fibres, 360 gsm Baltex 7970, weft knitted polyester spacer 2 10 18 layer fabric, 210 gsm (smaller footprint than upper layer) 347312 - Smith & Nephew, Allevyn foam, from 10 10 99 xxx Absorbent bulk, with a non-adhesive perforated Foam wound contact layer (WCL) laminated to the top and bottom surfaces (WCL is the same as applied to the ProGuide Wound Contact Layer (WCL) surfaces) 347313 - Stack Stack: xx Glatfelter Inc., DT360.100, thermally 4 11 40 bonded air-laid with super-absorbent powder and cellulose fibres, 360 gsm Smith & Nephew, RENASYS-F Foam, 5 10 52 reticulated, open-cell, polyurethane foam 349301 - ADL Shalag Nonwovens, ST6CTPH90G, ADL, 2 10 24 x 90 gsm (longitudinal axis of the sample in line with the visually predominate fibre orientation of the distribution layer. Distribution layer orientated next to top film.) 349302 - ADL Shalag Nonwovens, STAHTCT80L, ADL, 1 11 16 x 80 gsm (Distribution layer orientated next to top film.) 349303 - ADL Shalag Nonwovens, ST6CT8H65, ADL, 3 9 26 x 65 gsm (Distribution layer orientated next to top film.) 349304 - ADL Shalag Nonwovens, ST6NT8H75, ADL, 4 10 44 75 gsm (Distribution layer orientated next to top film.) 349305 - 3D Apex Mills, 3D Spacer Fabric, DNB198A, 2 10 21 Spacer Fabric polyester, 270 gsm (Face with larger holes orientated next to top film.) 349306 - 3D Apex Mills, 3D Spacer Fabric, DNB197, 6 10 60 x Spacer Fabric polyester, 670 gsm 349307 - 3D Heathcote Fabrics Limited, SpaceTec, 2.5 3 10 25 Spacer Fabric mm gauge, polyester, 430 gsm (Face with larger holes orientated next to top film.) 349308 - 3D Heathcote Fabrics Limited, SpaceTec, 3 3 10 30 Spacer Fabric mm gauge, polyester, 320 gsm (Face with larger holes orientated next to top film.) 349309 - 3D Apex Mills, 3D Spacer Fabric, DNB22(6), 3 9 29 Spacer Fabric polyester (Face with larger holes orientated next to top film.) 349310 - ADL Libeltex BVBA, DryWeb T28F, 1 10 14 x monolayered AQL, hydrophilic PET and bicomponent fibres, through air bonded web, 50 gsm 349311 - ADL Libeltex BVBA SlimCore TL4, triple 3 10 29 layered ADL, hydrophilic PET and bicomponent fibres, through air bonded web, 90 gsm 410502 - Smith & Nephew, RENASYS-F Foam, 5 10 53 x Reticulated reticulated, open-cell, polyurethane foam Foam 410503 - Smith & Nephew, Allevyn foam, from 6 10 61 xxx Absorbent bulk Foam 410504 - Don & Low Ltd Non Wovens, PP non 0 10 5 xx Masking Layer woven fabric, blue, thermally bonded, 70 gsm 410505 - Smith & Nephew, RENASYS-F Foam, 10 10 100 Reticulated reticulated, open-cell, polyurethane foam Foam 410506 - PVA KCI, WhiteFoam, prehydrated open cell 10 10 96 xx Foam PVA foam (prehydrated) 411201 - Stack Glatfelter Inc., DT360.100, thermally 4 14 57 bonded air-laid with super-absorbent powder and cellulose fibres, 360 gsm Smith & Nephew, RENASYS-F Foam, 11 10 106 reticulated, open-cell, polyurethane foam (smaller footprint than upper layer) 411202 - Stack Glatfelter Inc., DT360.100, thermally 4 15 57 bonded air-laid with super-absorbent powder and cellulose fibres, 360 gsm Smith & Nephew, RENASYS-F Foam, 13 10 131 reticulated, open-cell, polyurethane foam (smaller footprint than upper layer)

    [0269] Table 4 illustrates the raw data used to generate the charts of FIGS. 16A-16J.

    TABLE-US-00004 TABLE 4 Leak rate (scc/min) Leak rate (scc/min) 16 50 Pressures (mmHg) Pressures (mmHg) Ref 0 60 100 140 200 0 60 100 140 200 Recorded dP (mmHg) Day 3: Negative Control 0 66.8 108.6 150.8 >200 Positive Control 0.1 3.3 5.2 7 9.9 0.2 3.4 5.3 7.1 10 346604 0.1 51.5 80.2 105.1 137.1 0.1 47.2 88.4 118.5 164.9 346605 0.2 5.7 8.3 13.1 19.1 0 7.2 12.2 18.6 30.4 346606 0.1 3.6 5.8 10.3 15 0.1 4.4 7.1 10.3 19.2 347304 0.1 63.3 107.4 149.2 <200 347201 0.1 4 6 7.8 10.7 0.1 4 6.1 8.2 11.5 Day 5 Negative Control 0.1 62.8 104.2 144.1 >200 Positive Control 0.1 0.4 0.7 1 1.5 0 0.2 0.5 0.8 1.3 349301 0.02 1.9 2.1 2.3 3.1 0.2 3.1 3.7 4.1 5.3 349302 0.1 0.9 1.1 1.5 2.4 0 2.2 2.7 3.3 4.8 349303 0 0.8 0.8 1.2 2.1 0.1 1.6 2.2 3 5.1 349304 0.1 0.7 0.6 0.5 0.2 0 0.9 0.7 1.2 1.5 349305 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.4 1.2 0 0.8 1.4 1.8 3.2 349306 0.1 4.5 4.3 3.5 3 0 10.5 5.3 8.5 9.5 349307 0 0.8 0.2 0.3 0.9 0.1 0.7 0.2 0.7 1.3 349308 0.1 0.4 0.8 1.2 1.2 0 0.5 0.1 0.2 0.6 349309 0.2 4.7 3.4 0.9 3.7 0 0.2 0.1 0 0 349310 0.2 2 2.2 3 3.8 0.1 6.4 10.2 10.4 14.5 349311 0 0.6 0.9 1.1 3.2 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.6 0.9 Day 6: Negative Control 0.1 62.7 103.7 143.8 >200 Positive Control 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.3 0.6 0.5 0.5 0.3 410503 1.9 40 75 116 178 2.2 46 79 117 178 410506 0.2 30 30 54 102 1.2 31 6 9.5 40 Day 7: Negative Control 1.4 60.6 101.4 141.2 >200 Positive Control 1.3 0.5 0.3 0.2 0 0.5 0.3 0.2 0.1 0.1 410502 2 1.7 1.4 0.9 0.2 2.2 0.7 0.2 1.4 4.4 410504 2.3 7 10 14.5 20.2 2.4 23 34 41.6 55 410505 1.8 0.8 0.1 1 0.2 2.3 1.7 1.4 0.9 0.1 347303 0.9 1.7 1.6 1.4 1.1 2 1.2 1.3 1.1 0.8 347306 2 0.4 0.5 0.3 0.1 2.1 1.4 0.3 0.3 0.9 347311 2.5 1.3 1.2 1 0.6 2.2 1.6 1.4 1.1 0.2 347312 2.2 59 97 120 173 2.4 53 83 112 165 347313 2.3 9 14.7 21.4 28 2.3 11 17.1 24 29 411201 1.7 20 4 7.8 10 1.5 32 6 8 11 411202 1.8 4.3 4.5 7 9 2 6 5 6 8

    [0270] As indicated by the test results illustrated in FIGS. 16A-16J and the material specifications of Table 1, a dressing implementing the reticulated foam or SlimCore TL4 as a transmission layer will experience low negative pressure differentials across bridging portions with widths as low as approximately 3 mm for the reticulated foam and 11 mm for the SlimCore TL4, even when fluid is introduced to the dressing system. Although spacer material such as Baltex 3D weft-knit fabric was not wet tested, this material is expected to produce clinically appropriate test results of a pressure differential in the range of 5 mmHg to 0 mmHg at a 200 mmHg pressure set point using the described test model or a similar test model. Accordingly, open-cell reticulated foam, SlimCore TL4, spacer material, and similar woven and non-woven materials are suitable transmission layers for bridging portions of dressings. Such materials are suitable in some embodiments for the bridging portions described above or below. Although additional layers can be used in bridging portions in some embodiments, for example a masking layer or combinations of transmission layers, bridging portions will transmit clinically appropriate negative pressure ranges using just one transmission layer satisfying the testing criteria.

    [0271] The test results of FIGS. 15A-16J highlight the interplay between material properties, cross sectional dimensions (minimum width and height) and the effect of adjacent materials within the dressing on the clinically or therapeutically suitable permeability of a sample to gas and liquid while under compression due to negative pressure. For example, the reticulated foam alone typically can be a suitable material for use as a transmission layer, however when combined with an absorbent layer over the reticulated foam, at heights below approximately 10 mm the foam began to fail to deliver therapeutically suitable negative pressure.

    VIII. Overview of Additional Bridged Dressing Embodiments

    [0272] FIG. 17A illustrates a plan view of a trimmable dressing 1600 embodiment wherein the number of layers present in the bridging portions 1620 of the dressing is less than in an absorbent pad portion 1630 or a secondary absorbent portion 1650 of the dressing. FIG. 17B illustrates a side view of the dressing 1600. Accordingly, the overall height of the dressing is reduced at the bridging portions 1620 relative to the absorbent pad portions. In some embodiments, the dressing can also reduce in width at the bridging portions relative to the absorbent pad portions. The dressing 1600 also includes a port 1640 for delivery of negative pressure.

    [0273] The dressing 1600 includes a spacer layer 1662 in the absorbent pad portion 1630 and secondary absorbent portions 1650. An ADL 1664 extends across the length of the dressing through the absorbent pad portion 1630, secondary absorbent portions 1650, and bridging portions 1620. The ADL 1664 satisfies the testing criteria specified above and is capable of negative pressure transmission through the bridging portions 1620. In some implementations of the trimmable dressing 1600, the ADL 1664 may be constructed from an ADL material that is easier to cut than a spacer material, and may be accordingly selected for the bridging portions 1620. In other embodiments, the spacer layer 1662 may extend across the length of the dressing in addition to or instead of the ADL 1664.

    [0274] In the absorbent pad portion 1630 and secondary absorbent portions 1650, the dressing 1600 includes an absorbent layer 1666 and masking layer 1668. In some embodiments, the masking layer 1668 may extend across the bridging portions 1620, and may include holes, windows, perforations, or other visual indicators for indicating to a user where to cut the dressing. For example, perforations may be arranged in a dashed or dotted line configuration along a location within a bridging portion 1620, revealing a contrasting color of the ADL 1664 beneath the masking layer 1668 to visually indicate a potential location for trimming the dressing 1600. This approach could be extended to include designs and symbology such as the symbol of a pair of scissors and/or a dotted line, or notches/chevron on each side of the masking layer, lettering indicating a cut here location, or the like. The interior layers 1662, 1664, 1666, 1668 are positioned between a wound contact layer 1672 and a top film layer 1674 that are sealed together around a perimeter 1610, for example a perimeter of approximately 2.5 cm in some embodiments.

    [0275] This layer arrangement can provide the advantage of increased flexibility at the bridging points during wear of the dressing, easy cutting with scissors (or other means) during fitting and shaping of the dressing to a wound site, and easier sealing of cut portions. The reduced height of the bridging portions provides a smaller gap that needs to be sealed. Cut or trimmed portions can be sealed with a sealant, a sealing strip as depicted in FIGS. 14A-14D, a flexible adhesive drape, or other sealing means. In addition, use of different top layers in the absorbent pad portions compared to the bridging portions can result in a color coded dressing, making the cutting locations clear to the user. Such a dressing can be convenient for use along long incision wounds where the length varies from patient to patient, for example incisions resulting from abdominoplasty procedures, as the dressing can be trimmed according to specific patient needs.

    [0276] FIG. 18 illustrates one embodiment of a dressing 1700 suitable for placement on a heel. The dressing 1700 includes a sealed perimeter 1710, bridging portion 1720, central absorbent pad 1730, and a port 1740 for transmission of negative pressure to the dressing 1700, and optionally includes two secondary absorbent pads 1750. The center portion 1740 can be applied to a patient's heel such that the top half is on the back of the heel and the bottom half folds under the heel. The wings including the optional secondary absorbent pads 1750 and the surrounding bridging and perimeter portions can then be folded around each side of the patient's ankle. Cushioning is important with heel dressings to protect the malleolus for typical users (i.e. diabetic heel ulcer patients). Optionally, additional secondary absorbent pad portions 1750 can be positioned in dressing 1700 in order to be located over each malleolus when applied in order to provide cushioning and increase the overall absorbency of the dressing. The spacer could optionally be included in the secondary absorbent pad portions 1750 for additional cushioning. In some embodiments, the secondary absorbent pad portions 1750 can include a spacer layer and an ADL without an absorbent layer.

    [0277] The central absorbent pad 1730 and optional secondary absorbent pads 1750 can include an absorbent layer as discussed herein, and can also include a layered configuration as disclosed herein, for example with reference to FIGS. 4A-4D. The bridging portions 1720 can include any material having negative pressure transmission properties that satisfy the testing criteria described above with respect to FIGS. 15A-16C, for example a 3D-knit spacer layer, woven ADL (such as Libeltex Slimcore TL4), or open-cell reticulated foam.

    [0278] Fitting a composite NPWT dressing to a heel has been a significant challenge due to conformability to this highly curved area, especially given the good seal required to exclude leaks from the system. Folding a thicker, composite dressing around a highly nonplanar surface such as a heel often results in leaks in the dressing system. The flexible bridge portions 1720 surrounding the main pad portion 1730 and optional secondary pad portions 1750 as illustrated in FIG. 18 can unlock this needed conformability and allow negative pressure therapy to be successfully applied using a composite heel dressing.

    [0279] FIG. 19 illustrates an embodiment of an extremity dressing 1800. The extremity dressing 1800 can have a multi-layered absorbent pad 1830 in a center area, here depicted as a circular shape (though others are possible in other embodiments), and three bridge portions 1820 extending away from the center absorbent pad. The bridge portions 1820 are surrounded by a sealed perimeter 1810, for example of a wound contact layer and a top film layer. A port 1840 can be attached to provide negative pressure to the dressing 1800. The bridge portions 1820 can include Libeltex SlimCore ADL in some embodiments. Any of the materials described above with respect to FIGS. 4A-4D and FIGS. 9A-13 can be suitable for use in dressing 1800. Materials used in bridge portions 1820 may be selected to satisfy the testing criteria described above with respect to FIGS. 15A-16C.

    [0280] In other embodiments, two, four, or more bridge portions 1820 can extend away from the center pad. The bridge portions 1820 may be evenly spaced around a circumference of the dressing, as illustrated, or can be located asymmetrically as needed for providing a dressing for specific wound types. One or more bridge portions 1820 can be trimmed or cut off according to the wound shape. Cut or trimmed portions can be sealed with a sealant, a sealing strip as depicted in FIGS. 14A-14D, a flexible adhesive drape, or other sealing means.

    [0281] The bridge portions 1820 can deliver negative pressure to the center absorbent pad 1830 of the dressing, which may need to be weight bearing. Accordingly, port 1840 can be located on one or more of the bridge portions 1820, in some embodiments. A spacer layer in the center absorbent pad can provide additional cushioning for the user and also serve to maintain an air path even if that section of the dressing is weight bearing.

    [0282] Such a dressing configuration can provide for therapeutic advantages compared to previous dressings in certain circumstances involving large wounds on a patient's extremity, for example following amputation by placement at the distal end of the residual limb. The radially extending arms can extend over incision wounds, and in some embodiments can include additional absorbent material over some or all of the radially extending arm. Wounds on nonplanar body areas with tight geometries can also benefit from treatment with the dressing of FIG. 19.

    [0283] FIG. 19 illustrates a wound dressing having a center absorbent pad surrounded by a skirt portion. The skirt portion includes at least one transmission layer, and can include other layers in some embodiments, such as an obscuring layer. The center absorbent pad can include the transmission layer as well as an absorbent layer. The skirt portion surrounding the pad portion can allow for delivery of negative pressure over a wide area with liquid stored locally in the center of the dressing. In addition, the skirt portion allows for dynamic shaping of the dressing to conform to a patient's wound while providing a relatively small edge gap for sealing at the cut portions. Cut or trimmed portions can be sealed with a sealant, a sealing strip as depicted in FIGS. 14A-14D, a flexible adhesive drape, or other sealing means.

    [0284] FIGS. 20A and 20B illustrate two embodiments of dressings 1900, 1950 having a sealed perimeter 1910 surrounding a bridge or skirt portion 1920, the skirt portion 1920 surrounding an absorbent pad portion 1930 having a port 1940. The port 1940 can be repositioned in any area over the skirt portion 1920 or absorbent pad portion 1930 in other embodiments. The skirt portion 1920 can function like a bridge portion illustrated in many of the dressings described above, that is to transmit fluid and negative pressure across the dressing 1900, 1950. In some embodiments, multiple absorbent pad portions can be connected by a skirt portion. The absorbent pad portion 1930 can include an absorbent layer as discussed herein, and can also include a layered configuration as disclosed herein, for example with reference to FIGS. 4A-4D. Any of the materials described above with respect to FIGS. 4A-4D and FIGS. 9A-13 can be suitable for use in dressing 1900.

    [0285] The skirt portion 1920 may be constructed so as to minimize a height of the dressing 1900, 1950 at the skirt portion 1920, and therefore a distance to be sealed when the skirt portion 1920 is trimmed. For example, the skirt portion can include just one layer in some embodiments, the skirt portion layer selected based on negative pressure transmission properties. The skirt portion 1920 can include any material having negative pressure transmission properties that satisfy the testing criteria described above with respect to FIGS. 15A-16C, for example a 3D-knit spacer layer, woven ADL (such as Libeltex Slimcore TL4), or open-cell reticulated foam.

    [0286] Advantageously, the large skirt portion 1920 surrounding the absorbent pad portion 1930 allows the dressing 1900. 1950 to be trimmed to conform to the shape of a wound, even for irregularly shaped wounds, without losing the ability to transmit negative pressure across the dressing. Cut or trimmed portions can be sealed with a sealant, a sealing strip as depicted in FIGS. 14A-14D, a flexible adhesive drape, or other sealing means.

    [0287] Another dressing embodiment, not illustrated, can include a plurality of cell or main portions connected by a plurality of bridging portions. The bridging portions can have a smaller width, height, or both relative to surrounding cell portions. In some embodiments, a minimum bridge width can be 1 mm (or approximately 1 mm). The dressing can include an optional wound contact layer and a cover layer sealed together around a perimeter. Between the wound contact layer and the cover layer, open-cell foam, for example a reticulated foam, can extend through the cell portions and bridge portions. The foam can be continuous or assembled from discrete portions sized to fit within the cell and bridge portions. Certain embodiments of the dressing may or may not include an absorbent material, and may include a canister or other collection vessel external to the dressing for collecting wound exudate removed from the wound.

    [0288] Referring now to FIG. 21, another embodiment of a trimmable dressing 2100 is illustrated. The dressing may comprise, from bottom to top, an optional wound contact layer (not shown), a transmission layer and/or ADL over the wound contact layer, a plurality of absorbent cells over the transmission layer and/or, and a cover layer over the plurality of absorbent cells. As illustrated in FIG. 21, one embodiment of the dressing includes a border 2105, a generally rectangular transmission layer 2110, a number of absorbent cells 2115, a port 2120, and a conduit 2125 for connection of the dressing 2100 to a source of negative pressure. The border 2105 can include a cover layer as described above sealed to the healthy skin of a patient surrounding a wound in one example, or can include a cover layer sealed to a wound contact layer as described above. This cover layer may extend over the plurality of absorbent cells 2115. The port 2120 and conduit 2125 can be configured for transmitting negative pressure to the dressing 2100 from a source of negative pressure when in use.

    [0289] The transmission layer 2110 can extend across the entire central pad area, and can be any material described herein, or the equivalent, having suitable permeability to gas and liquid at a minimum height and/or width. By having the transmission layer 2110 extend across the central pad area rather than only being placed in bridging areas, a more comfortable distribution of pressure over the patient's therapy site can be achieved. Such pressure distribution can be considered both from the point of view of NPWT delivery and from the point of view of protecting friable skin, where (depending on the design of the dressing) blistering can be caused at pad edges. Therefore, a continuous transmission layer can, in some embodiments, minimize the number of pad edges (i.e. using a continuous lower layer) providing an advantage for pressure distribution.

    [0290] A number of absorbent cells 2115 can be included above the transmission layer 2110, and can be any of the absorbent materials described herein, for example with respect to FIGS. 3A-4D and 11A-11B. By cutting the dressing 2100 along the areas of transmission layer 2110 between adjacent cells 2115, the dressing 2100 can be adaptively sized to correspond to the shape of a patient's wound. The dressing 2100 can be sealed along cut portions by one or more of re-sealing of the cover layer and wound contact layer, through a sealant adhesive, and sealing strips as described in FIGS. 14A-14D in various embodiments.

    [0291] Although the absorbent cells 2115 are illustrated as being triangular in shape, other variations can include circular, oval, square, rectangular, hexagonal, or other shaped cells. Further, although the absorbent cells 2115 are illustrated as being discrete portions of absorbent material, in other embodiments the absorbent cells 2115 can be connected by bridging portions.

    IX. Overview of Additional Layer Materials

    [0292] FIGS. 22A through 22E illustrate an example of Libeltex DryWeb T28F that can be suitable for use as acquisition distribution layer material (ADL) material which may be used in any of the dressing embodiments described above, and which may also be used in any of the port or fluidic connector embodiments described above. To those versed in the art of acquisition distribution layers, also known as surge layers, it would be obvious that other ADL materials may be used to achieve a similar effect of laterally wicking fluid. Suitable ADL materials can allow for full capacity use. Such ADL layers may be composed of multiple fiber types and be complex in structure and design.

    [0293] FIG. 22A illustrates a backscatter scanning electron microscope (SEM) plan view of a sample portion of ADL material at 70 magnification. FIG. 22B illustrates an SEM plan view of the ADL material at 140 magnification, and FIG. 21C illustrates an SEM plan view of the ADL material at 500 magnification. As illustrated by FIGS. 22A-22C, the ADL material can comprise a number of non-woven fibers extending at least partially horizontally (that is, parallel to the plane of the top and bottom surfaces of the material) for laterally/horizontally wicking fluid through the ADL material.

    [0294] FIG. 22D illustrates an SEM cross sectional view of the ADL material at 500 magnification, and FIG. 22E illustrates an SEM cross sectional view of the ADL material at 1550 magnification. In the illustrated embodiment, the ADL material may consist of a mix of multiple fiber types. One may be a roughly cylindrical fiber. Another fiber may be a relatively flatter fiber having a centrally-located negative space. Another fiber may be a multi-component fiber that has at least one inner core fiber, in some embodiments three inner core fibers as in the illustrated sample, and an outer layer surrounding the inner core.

    [0295] FIGS. 23A through 23E illustrate an example of Libeltex SlimCore TL4 that can be suitable for use as acquisition distribution layer material. FIG. 23A illustrates an SEM cross sectional view of a sample portion of ADL material at 50 magnification. The ADL material can include an upper layer 2305 and a lower layer 2310 having different densities, lofts, and thicknesses. For example, the upper layer 2305 can comprise a more dense, less lofted fiber configuration and can be approximately 730 m thick in some embodiments. The lower layer 2310 can comprise a less dense, more lofted fiber configuration and can be approximately 1200 m thick in some embodiments. FIG. 23B illustrates an SEM plan view of a sample portion of the denser upper layer 2305 at 70 magnification, and FIG. 23C illustrates an SEM plan view of a sample portion of the denser upper layer 2305 at 250 magnification. FIG. 23D illustrates an SEM plan view of a sample portion of the more lofted lower layer 2310 at 70 magnification, and FIG. 23E illustrates an SEM plan view of a sample portion of the more lofted lower layer 2310 at 250 magnification. As illustrated by FIGS. 23A-23E, the upper and lower layers 2305, 2310 of the ADL material can comprise different densities of a number of non-woven fibers extending at least partially horizontally (that is, parallel to the plane of the top and bottom surfaces of the material) for laterally/horizontally wicking fluid through the ADL material.

    [0296] As illustrated by FIGS. 22A-23E, the non-woven fibers of the various illustrated ADL materials can extend more in a horizontal direction than in a vertical direction to aid in lateral wicking of fluids through the material. In some embodiments, a majority of the fiber volume may extend horizontally or substantially or generally horizontally. In another embodiment, 80%-90% (or approximately 80% to approximately 90%) or more of the fiber volume may extend horizontally, or substantially or generally horizontally. In another embodiment, all or substantially all of the fiber volume may extend horizontally, or substantially or generally horizontally. In some embodiments, a majority, 80%-90% (or approximately 80% to approximately 90%) of the fibers or more, or even all or substantially all of the fibers, span a distance perpendicular to the thickness of the ADL material (a horizontal or lateral distance) that is greater than the thickness of the ADL material. In some embodiments, the horizontal or lateral distance spanned by such fibers is 2 times (or about 2 times) or more, 3 times (or about 3 times) or more, 4 times (or about 4 times) or more, 5 times (or about 5 times) or more, or 10 times (or about 10 times) or more the thickness of the ADL material. The orientation of such fibers may promote lateral wicking of fluid through the ADL material. This may more evenly distribute fluid such as wound exudate throughout the ADL material. In some embodiments, the ratio of the amount of fluid wicked laterally across the ADL material to the amount of fluid wicked vertically through the ADL material under negative pressure may be 2:1 or more, or approximately 2:1 or more, or may be up to 10:1 or more, or approximately 10:1 or more, in some embodiments.

    X. Terminology

    [0297] Features, materials, characteristics, or groups described in conjunction with a particular aspect, embodiment, or example are to be understood to be applicable to any other aspect, embodiment or example described herein unless incompatible therewith. All of the features disclosed in this specification (including any accompanying claims, abstract and drawings), and/or all of the steps of any method or process so disclosed, may be combined in any combination, except combinations where at least some of such features and/or steps are mutually exclusive. The protection is not restricted to the details of any foregoing embodiments. The protection extends to any novel one, or any novel combination, of the features disclosed in this specification (including any accompanying claims, abstract and drawings), or to any novel one, or any novel combination, of the steps of any method or process so disclosed.

    [0298] While certain embodiments have been described, these embodiments have been presented by way of example only, and are not intended to limit the scope of protection. Indeed, the novel methods and systems described herein may be embodied in a variety of other forms. Furthermore, various omissions, substitutions and changes in the form of the methods and systems described herein may be made. Those skilled in the art will appreciate that in some embodiments, the actual steps taken in the processes illustrated and/or disclosed may differ from those shown in the figures. Depending on the embodiment, certain of the steps described above may be removed, others may be added. Furthermore, the features and attributes of the specific embodiments disclosed above may be combined in different ways to form additional embodiments, all of which fall within the scope of the present disclosure.

    [0299] Although the present disclosure includes certain embodiments, examples and applications, it will be understood by those skilled in the art that the present disclosure extends beyond the specifically disclosed embodiments to other alternative embodiments and/or uses and obvious modifications and equivalents thereof, including embodiments which do not provide all of the features and advantages set forth herein. Accordingly, the scope of the present disclosure is not intended to be limited by the specific disclosures of preferred embodiments herein, and may be defined by claims as presented herein or as presented in the future.