Method for preparing freezing point depressant composition

Abstract

A method for preparing a composition with low corrosive effect and low freezing point including mixing an ammonium cation source with a carboxyl anion source in an appropriate molar or weight ratio for obtaining an organic ammonium carboxylate of formula [NR.sup.1R.sup.2R.sup.3R.sup.4].sup.+.sub.n [R.sup.5(COO).sub.n].sup.n in which R.sup.1, R.sup.2, and R.sup.3 are selected from the group comprising hydrogen, substituted and unsubstituted alkyls containing 1-6 carbon atoms, R.sup.4 is a substituted or unsubstituted alkyl containing 1-6 carbon atoms, R.sup.5 is hydrogen, a substituted or unsubstituted hydrocarbon containing 1-6 carbon atoms and n is an integral of 1-6, and thereafter adding possible solvent and at the same time keeping alkali or alkali-earth metal content of the composition in a range of 0.001-30 wt % and halide content in a range of 0.001-1 wt %.

Claims

1. A method for preparing a composition with low corrosive effect and low freezing point, by mixing an ammonium cation source with a carboxyl anion source in an appropriate molar or weight ratio, either without a medium or by using an appropriate medium for obtaining liquid or water-soluble organic ammonium carboxylate of formula (1):
[NR.sup.1R.sup.2R.sup.3R.sup.4].sup.+.sub.n [R.sup.5(COO)n].sup.n,(1), in which R.sup.1, R.sup.2, and R.sup.3 are selected from the group comprising hydrogen, substituted and unsubstituted alkyls containing 1-6 carbon atoms, R.sup.4 is a substituted or unsubstituted alkyl containing 1-6 carbon atoms, R.sup.5 is hydrogen, a substituted or unsubstituted hydrocarbon containing 1-6 carbon atoms and n is an integral 1-6 and thereafter adding possible solvent and at the same time keeping alkali or alkali-earth metal content of the composition in a range of 0.001-30 wt-%, preferably in a range of 0.001-30 wt-% and most preferably in a range of 0.001-1.0 wt-% and halide content in a range of 0.001-1 wt-% most preferably in a range of 0.001-0.1 wt-%.

2. The method according to claim 1, wherein R.sup.5 is hydrogen, a substituted or unsubstituted alkyl containing 1-6 carbon atoms, preferably hydrogen, a substituted or unsubstituted alkyl containing 1-4 carbon atoms, and n is 1 or 2, preferably 1.

3. The method according to claim 2, wherein R.sup.5 is hydrogen, methyl or ethyl.

4. The method according to claim 2, wherein R.sup.1 is hydrogen, R.sup.2 and R.sup.3 are selected from the group comprising hydrogen and C.sub.1-C.sub.6 alkyls substituted with a hydroxyl group, preferably in the group comprising hydrogen and C.sub.1-C.sub.4-alkyls substituted with a hydroxyl group, and R.sub.4 is a C.sub.1-C.sub.6-alkyl substituted with a hydroxyl group, preferably a C.sub.1-C.sub.4-alkyl substituted with a hydroxyl group.

5. The method according to claim 4, wherein R.sub.1 is hydrogen, R.sub.2 and R.sub.3 are selected from the group comprising hydrogen and ethyl substituted with a hydroxyl group, preferably in the group comprising hydrogen and 2-hydroxyethyl, and R.sub.4 is an ethyl substituted with a hydroxyl group, preferably 2-hydroxy ethyl.

6. The method according to claim 1, wherein the organic ammonium carboxylate of formula (1) is a salt of formic acid and monoethanolamine and/or triethanolamine or a salt of lactic acid and monoethanolamine and/or triethanolamine.

7. The method according to claim 6, wherein the organic ammonium carboxylate of formula (1) is a mixture of a salt of formic acid or lactic acid and monoethanolamine, preferably in the weight ratio 80:20-20:80.

8. The method according to claim 1, wherein the organic ammonium carboxylate of formula (1) is prepared in the form of an aqueous solution preferably with water, in which the ammonium carboxylate concentration is in the range 0.5-100% wt-%, preferably 5-70% wt-% while the freezing point of the composition is kept in the range of 5 to 50 C.

9. The method according to claim 8, wherein the prepared aqueous solution of organic ammonium carboxylate of formula (1) contains organic ammonium carboxylate of formula (1) and water in a weight ratio in the range 1:20-20:1, preferably in the range 1:6-1:1.

10. The method according to claim 1, wherein into liquid or water-soluble organic ammonium carboxylate of formula (1) and possible solvent is additionally mixed an alkali metal, an alkaline earth metal or an ammonium salts of C.sub.1-C.sub.6 monocarboxylic acids or urea or ethylene glycol or propylene glycol, or glycerol or a mixture thereof so that the composition contains 5 to 97.5 wt-% of water or alkali metal, an alkaline earth metal or an ammonium salts of C.sub.1-C.sub.6 monocarboxylic acids or urea or ethylene glycol or propylene glycol, or glycerol or a mixture thereof provided that alkali or alkali-earth metal content is kept in a range of 0.001-30 wt-%.

11. The method according to claim 1, wherein into the composition is included auxiliary substances such as additional corrosion inhibitors, biocides, coloring agents, surfactants, and viscosity intensifiers from 0.001 to 10 wt-%.

12. A freezing point depressant composition comprising liquid organic ammonium carboxylate of formula (1):
[NR.sup.1R.sup.2R.sup.3R.sup.4].sup.+.sub.n [R.sup.5(COO)n].sup.n,(1), in which, R.sup.1, R.sup.2, and R.sup.3 are selected from the group comprising hydrogen, C.sub.1-C.sub.4-alkyls substituted with hydroxyl group, and unsubstituted C.sub.1-C.sub.4-alkyls, R.sup.4 is a C.sub.1-C.sub.6-alkyl substituted with a hydroxyl group or an unsubstituted C.sub.1-C.sub.6-alkyl, R.sup.5 is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen substituted or unsubstituted methyl, and a substituted or unsubstituted ethyl, and n is 1 or 2, provided that that when R.sup.5 is hydrogen, NR.sup.1R.sup.2R.sup.3R.sup.4 is not triethanolamine; and wherein the composition is added with an organic solvent and has electrical conductivity of from 0.05-100 mS/cm, a freezing point lower than distilled water and a viscosity of from 0.1-50,000 mPas and alkali metal or alkali earth metal concentration in the composition is in a range of 0.001-1.0 wt %.

13. The composition according to claim 12, wherein the composition is a grease-like composition with viscosity in a range of 100-50,000 mPas.

14. The composition according to claim 12, wherein the composition has viscosity in range of 5.0-10,000 mPas and electrical conductivity in range of 1.0-100 mS/cm.

Description

DESCRIPTION OF PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS OF THE INVENTION

[0065] The invention is described below in greater details with the help of examples. Person skilled in the art will recognize that the properties of the compositions studied are such that they will make ideal freezing point depressant fluid for application such as airfield pavement deicing, aircraft deicing and anti-icing, heat storage and heat transfer, metal cutting, NO.sub.x removal and hydraulic fluid uses.

[0066] In the following non-restricting examples, we have presented some specific applications and properties of compositions (fluids and diluted solutions) prepared according to the method of invention as well as method(s) for preparation of these compositions (products). These examples are in no way intended to limit the compositions or their use.

Example 1

[0067] A deicing and an anti-icing fluid were prepared by mixing 1 mole of formic acid (99%) with 1 mole of monoethanolamine (99%). Distilled water was added to the fluid mixture in order to made 60% by weight solution in water.

[0068] The freezing point of the solution was below 20 C., the electrical conductivity of the fluid was 61 mS/cm at 26 C., and pH of the fluid was 7.55 (measured directly from the solution).

Example 2

[0069] A heat transfer fluid was prepared by mixing 1 mole of formic acid (99%) with 1 mole of monoethanolamine (99%). Distilled water was added to the fluid mixture in order to made 40% by weight solution in water.

[0070] The freezing point of the solution was below 20 C., the Brookfield DV-I viscosity (20 rpm) was 10 mPas at 20 C., 10 mPas at 10 C., 10 mPas at 0 C., and Bohlin VOR viscosity (shear rate 23.1 1/s) was 4 mPas at 10 C., 3 mPas at 20 C., 2 mPas at 40 C., and 1.5 mPas at 60 C. The electrical conductivity of the fluid was 65 mS/cm at 26 C., and pH of the fluid was 7.54 (measured directly from the solution).

Example 3

[0071] A hydraulic fluid was prepared by mixing 1 mole of acetic acid (99%) with 1 mole of monoethanolamine (99%). Distilled water was added to the fluid mixture in order to made 60% by weight solution in water.

[0072] The freezing point of the solution was below 20 C., the Brookfield DV-I viscosity (20 rpm) was 80 mPas at 20 C., 60 mPas at 10 C., 40 mPas at 0 C., and Bohlin VOR viscosity (shear rate 23.1 1/s) was 23 mPas at 10 C., 15 mPas at 20 C., 8 mPas at 40 C., and 5 mPas at 60 C. The electrical conductivity of the fluid was 25.9 mS/cm at 26 C., and pH of the fluid was 7.34 (measured directly from the solution).

Example 4

[0073] A metal cutting fluid was prepared by mixing 1 mole of lactic acid (99%) with 1 mole of monoethanolamine (99%). Distilled water was added to the fluid mixture in order to made 90% by weight solution in water.

[0074] The freezing point of the solution was below 20 C., the Brookfield DV-I viscosity (20 rpm) was 4000 mPas at 20 C., 2050 mPas at 10 C., 1970 mPas at 0 C., and Bohlin VOR viscosity (shear rate 23.1 1/s) was 511 mPas at 10 C., 250 mPas at 20 C., 73 mPas at 40 C., and 30 mPas at 60 C. The electrical conductivity of the fluid was 2.31 mS/cm at 23 C., and pH of the solution was 8.6 (measured directly from the solution).

Example 5

[0075] A metal cutting fluid concentrate (=fluid according to invention without water) could substantially reduce the logistic costs. Interest is specially in fluids which include the ethanolamine and lactic acid. Contact angle between formulate and metal should be further decreased. This can be made with a small addition of surfactant. From these, metal-cutting fluid is an example a highly effective grease product (e.g. for the surface protection at low temperatures) which is an example of the product or products of the invention has the following composition and properties.

[0076] A metal cutting fluid as a grease was prepared by mixing 1 mole of lactic acid (99%) with 1 mole of triethanolamine (99%). No distilled water was added to the mixture.

[0077] The grease was not frozen and clear (no crystals or precipitates) at 20 C., the Brookfield DV-I viscosity (20 rpm) was over 20,000 mPas at 20 C., over 20,000 mPas at 10 C., 24,300 mPas at 0 C., and Bohlin VOR viscosity (shear rate 23.1 1/s) was 10,760 mPas at 10 C., 3955 mPas at 20 C., 736 mPas at 40 C., and 240 mPas at 60 C. The electrical conductivity of the grease was 0.207 mS/cm at 25 C., and pH of the fluid was 7.33 (measured directly from the solution).

[0078] Fluids and solutions in examples 6-23 have been made in the same way as presented in examples 1-5, that is, by mixing 1 mole of an ammonium cation source and 1 mole of a carboxyl anion source (unless otherwise shown) together for obtaining a concentrated fluid and then adding distilled water to the concentrated fluid, for obtaining diluted solutions.

TABLE-US-00001 TABLE 1 In table 1 has been shown formation of possible precipitates from fluids and diluted solutions obtained from fluids. Temperature was 20-25 C. fluid Wt-% from solution pH of 2% Code/ex fluid 100 90 80 60 40 20 5 solution EAE/6 ethanolamine/ Clear Clear Clear Clear Clear Clear Clear 6.8 acetic acid EAMa/7 ethanolamine/ Clear Clear Clear Clear Clear Clear Clear lactic acid EAM/8 ethanolamine/ Clear Clear Clear Clear Clear Clear Clear 3.7 formic acid EAP/9 ethanolamine/ Clear Clear Clear Clear Clear Clear Clear 7.1 propionic acid EAOx/10 ethanolamine/ White hard 30% clear * 30% clear 30% clear Clear Clear 8.2 oxalic acid powder EAF/11 ethanolamine/ White 70% Clear, 9.2 H.sub.3PO.sub.4 (85%) powder dissolved dissolved EAGLIC- ethanolamine/ A/12 glycolic acid EAGLIC- ethanolamine/ B/13 glycolic acid** EAGNIC- ethanolamine/ A/14 glyconic acid EAGNIC- ethanolamine/ B/15 glyconic acid** EDAE/16 ethylenediamine/ Hard Hard Clear Clear Clear Clear Clear 7.8 acetic acid presicipate presicipate EDAMa/17 ethylenediamine/ Clear Clear Clear Clear Clear Clear Clear 6.5 lactic acid EDAM/18 ethylenediamine/ Presicipate Presicipate Clear Clear Clear Clear Clear 6.1 formic acid EDAP/19 ethylenediamine/ Hard, not done Precisipate Clear Clear Clear Clear 8.1 propionic acid crystalline TEAE/20 triethanolamine/ Clear slight slight slight slight slight slight 6.33 acetic acid turbidity turbidity turbidity turbidity turbidity turbidity TEAMa/21 triathanolamine/ Clear Clear Clear Clear Clear Clear Clear 7.2 lactic acid TEAM/22 triethanolamine/ Hard, slight slight slight slight slight slight 6.2 formic acid crystalline turbidity turbidity turbidity turbidity turbidity turbidity TEAP/23 triethanolamine/ Clear Clear Clear slight slight slight slight 6.6 propionic acid turbidity turbidity turbidity turbidity * some crystallines after 1-month storage **mixing 1 mole of cation source and 2 mole of anion source for obtaining concentrated fluid

TABLE-US-00002 TABLE 2 The fluid and solution samples from examples 6-23 were subjected to chilling to a temperature of +4 C. and then to further cooling to a temperature of 20 C. In these temperatures the possible turbidity, precipitation of these samples was observed. ex 100 90 80 60 40 20 5 Temperature +4 C. 6 ethanolamine/ Clear Clear Clear Clear Clear Clear Clear acetic acid 7 ethanolamine/ Clear Clear Clear Clear Clear Clear Clear lactic acid 8 ethanolamine/ Clear Clear Clear Clear Clear Clear Clear formic acid 9 ethanolamine/ Clear Clear Clear Clear Clear Clear Clear propionic acid 10 ethanolamine/ as 30% Clear Clear oxalic acid solution precipitate 11 ethanolamine/ H3PO4 85% 12 ethanolamine/ glycolic acid 13 ethanolamine/ glycolic acid** 14 ethanolamine/ Clear Clear Clear Clear Clear Clear Clear glyconic acid 15 ethanolamine/ Clear Clear Clear Clear Clear Clear Clear glyconic acid** 16 ethylenediamine/ ********* 1/1 1/2 Clear Clear Clear Clear acetic acid precipitate precipitate 17 ethylenediamine/ Clear Clear Clear Clear Clear Clear Clear lactic acid 18 ethylenediamine/ ********* precipitate Clear Clear Clear Clear Clear formic acid 19 ethylenediamine/ ********* ******** ******* precipitate Clear Clear Clear propionic acid 20 triethanolamine/ 1/1 Clear Clear Clear Clear Clear Clear acetic acid precipitate 21 triathanolamine/ Clear Clear Clear Clear Clear Clear Clear lactic acid 22 triethanolamine/ ********* Hard Clear Clear Clear Clear Clear formic acid 23 triethanolamine/ Clear Clear Clear turbidity turbidity turbidity turbidity propionic acid Temperature 20 C. 6 ethanolamine/ Clear/ Clear/ Clear/ Clear/ Clear/ frozen frozen acetic acid liquid liquid liquid liquid liquid state state state state state 7 ethanolamine/ Clear/ Clear/ Clear/ Clear/ frozen frozen frozen lactic acid liquid liquid liquid iquid state state state state 8 ethanolamine/ Clear/ Clear/ Clear/ Clear/ frozen frozen frozen formic acid liquid liquid liquid liquid state state state state 9 ethanolamine/ Clear/ Clear/ Clear/ Clear/ Clear/ frozen frozen propionic acid liquid liquid liquid liquid liquid state state state state state 10 ethanolamine/ oxalic acid 11 ethanolamine/ H3PO4 85% 12 ethanolamine/ glycolic acid 13 ethanolamine/ glycolic acid** 14 ethanolamine/ Clear/ frozen glyconic acid liquid not hard 15 ethanolamine/ almost frozen glyconic acid** frozen hard 16 ethylenediamine/ acetic acid 17 ethylenediamine/ Clear/ frozen frozen frozen lactic acid liquid state 18 ethylenediamine/ ******* Precipitate Clear/ frozen frozen frozen formic acid liquid state 19 ethylenediamine/ ******* ******** ******** precipitate frozen frozen frozen propionic acid 30% frozen frozen frozen 20 triethanolamine/ Hard Hard Clear/ Clear/ frozen frozen frozen acetic acid liquid liquid state 21 triethanolamine/ Clear/ Clear/ Clear/ Clear/ frozen frozen frozen lactic acid liquid liquid liquid liquid state state state state 22 triethanolamine/ ******** Hard Clear/ Clear/ frozen frozen frozen formic acid liquid liquid state state 23 triethanolamine/ specific Hard Liquid Liquid frozen frozen frozen propionic acid crystals state **1 mole of cation source and 2 mole of anion source

TABLE-US-00003 TABLE 3 In table 3 is shown electrical conductivity, surface tension and pH of fluid and solution samples for fluids and solutions of examples 6-23. diluted with water wt-% fluid from solution pH 2%- Fluid 100 90 80 60 40 20 5 solution ethanolamine/ Electrical 0.534 2.24 7.1 25.9 46.9 47.8 20.2 6.8 acetic acid conductivity mS/cm T C. 25.4 25.9 26 25.6 25.4 25.1 24.9 pH 8.0 7.8 7.7 7.3 7.1 6.9 6.8 surface tension 52.0 56.0 52.0 65.0 dyn/cm ethanolamine/ Electrical 0.541 2.31 5.91 17.8 29.7 28.5 11.69 7.6 lactic acid conductivity mS/cm T C. 22.7 22.5 22.4 22.2 22.1 22.1 22 pH 8.8 8.6 8.6 8.6 8.6 8.7 8.7 surface tension dyn/cm 56.0 58.0 59.0 59.0 57.0 51.0 60.1 ethanolamine/ Electrical 15.9 27.3 40.4 61 65 46.9 16 3.7 formic acid conductivity mS/cm T C. 26.1 25.9 25.8 25.6 25.5 25.5 25.8 pH 4.0 3.9 3.8 3.6 3.5 3.4 3.5 surface tension dyn/cm 67.0 69.0 68.0 64.0 51.0 48.0 56.0 ethanolamine/ Electrical 0.378 1.98 5.42 18.4 33.4 35.6 15.9 7.1 propionic acid conductivity mS/cm T C. 24.3 23.9 23.9 23.5 23.4 23.2 23.2 pH 8.4 8.2 8.0 7.7 7.4 7.2 7.1 surface tension dyn/cm hardened 43.0 51.0 56.0 55.1 ethanolamine/ Electrical 30% 69.8 63.6 22.5 8.2 oxalic acid conductivity mS/cm T C. 24.5 25 25 pH 8.5 8.5 8.2 surface tension dyn/cm ethanolamine/ Electrical 8.2 H3PO4 85% conductivity mS/cm T C. pH surface tension dyn/cm ethanolamine/ Electrical glycolic acid conductivity mS/cm T C. pH 9.9 ethanolamine/ Electrical glycolic acid** conductivity mS/cm T C. pH 4.7 4.5 4.4 ethanolamine/ Electrical glyconic acid conductivity mS/cm T C. pH 10.3 10.3 10.3 ethanolamine/ Electrical glyconic acid** conductivity mS/cm T C. pH 8.7 8.5 8.6 ethylenediamine/ Electrical HARD 2.84 5.66 15.6 25.2 23.8 9.61 7.8 acetic acid conductivity mS/cm T C. 26.9 26.8 26.6 26.6 26.2 26.2 pH 8.5 8.4 8.2 8.2 8.1 8.0 surface tension dyn/cm crystalline crystalline crystalline 58.0 43.0 48.0 ethylenediamine/ Electrical 0.218 1.246 4.77 19.9 37.3 38 16 6.5 lactic acid conductivity mS/cm T C. 25.1 25.7 24.7 24.7 24.4 24.2 24.2 pH 8.0 7.9 7.7 7.5 7.4 7.3 7.0 surface tension dyn/cm 60.0 62.0 58.0 61.0 ethylenediamine/ Electrical solid * 18.6 30.4 50.3 55.9 40.7 13.7 6.1 formic acid conductivity mS/cm T C. 23 22.8 22.7 22.6 22.5 22.5 pH 7.2 7.0 6.9 6.6 6.5 6.4 6.2 surface tension dyn/cm 57.0 52.0 65.0 47.0 ethylenediamine/ Electrical solid ei lam. 5.15 11.9 19.1 19.1 8.53 8.1 propionic acid conductivity mS/cm T C. 25.8 25.8 25.6 25.5 25.8 pH 8.5 8.3 8.2 8.1 8.1 surface tension dyn/cm crystalline crystalline crystalline crystalline 46.0 49.0 45.0 triethanolamine/ Electrical 0.158 0.935 5.45 12.08 23.7 24.6 10.36 6.33 acetic acid conductivity mS/cm T C. 26.5 26.1 25.9 25.8 25.6 25.7 25.5 pH 6.9 6.8 6.7 6.6 6.6 6.5 6.5 surface tension dyn/cm 47.0 36.0 34.0 45.0 triathanolamine/ Electrical 0.207 0.934 3.46 10.16 17.4 17.1 6.73 7.2 lactic acid conductivity mS/cm T C. 25.1 25.2 24.8 25 24.9 24.9 214.8 pH 7.3 7.2 7.2 7.2 7.2 7.2 7.2 surface tension dyn/cm triethanolamine/ Electrical Hard, 2.54 7.05 31.5 40.7 36.4 14.2 6.2 formic acid conductivity crystalline mS/cm T C. 24.7 24.6 24.5 24.7 24.5 24.5 pH 6.2 6.2 6.2 6.0 6.2 6.0 surface tension dyn/cm triethanolamine/ Electrical 0.24 0.868 2.25 6.52 17.6 19.4 8.53 propionic acid conductivity mS/cm T C. 24.7 24.6 24.6 24.5 24.4 24.3 24.3 pH 7.2 7.2 7.0 6.8 6.7 6.6 6.6 surface tension dyn/cm 42.0 40.0 35.0 * liquide state +60 C. **1 mole of cation source and 2 mole of anion source

[0079] As can be seen from tables 1-3 fluids and diluted solutions down to 60 wt-% were almost all solutions in liquid state in 20 C. and thus have lowered freezing point compared to distilled water. These fluids and solutions have also low electrical conductivity (01-65 mS/cm). As can be seen from table 2 these fluids and diluted solutions thereof are nor prone for precipitating. Since the electrical conductivity is low for compositions according to examples 1-23 and they are not prone to precipitate these compositions will not cause a corrosive environment.

TABLE-US-00004 TABLE 4 In table 4 has been given results from viscosity measurements compositions of examples 6-23. Viscosity was measured with Bohlin method (bold numbers) at shear rate 23.1 1/s and with Brookefield method (normal numbers) at shear rate 20 rpm. Additionally, electrical conductivity, pH and redox potential was measured for these compositions comprising fluids and solutions prepared from these fluids by adding distilled water. monoethanolamine/ fluid Wt-% 100 90 80 60 40 20 5 acetic acid from solution water water wt-% 0 10 20 40 60 80 95 C. VISCOSITY Bohlin shear mPas VOR rate viscosity 23.1 1/s Brookfield 20 rpm DV-I sp3 viscosity viscosity mPas/ 20 (repeat) >20000 >20000 12450 170 35 X X 20 >20000 16740 1700 80 20 X X 0 >20000 5150 700 60 15 10 5 0 27850 2160 330 40 10 10 5 10 15250 1152 210 23 6 2 1.7 20 5665 556 118 15 5 2 1.3 40 1220 154 41 8 3 1.5 1.1 60 345 63 20 5 2 1 0.7 conductivity mS/cm 0.534 2.24 7.1 25.9 46.9 47.8 20.2 T C. 25.4 25.9 26 25.6 25.4 25.1 24.9 pH C. 22 7.96 7.81 7.68 7.34 7.07 6.87 6.79 REDOX +31 +54 +69 +107 +146 +179 +216 Composition: fluid Wt-% 100 90 80 60 40 20 5 monoethanolamine/ from formic acid solution water water wt-% 0 10 20 40 60 80 95 pale oily light liquid C. VISCOSITY Bohlin shear rate mPas VOR 23.1 1/s viscosity Brookfield 20 rpm sp3 DV-I viscosity viscosity mPas/ 30 20 4350 680 230 30 10 X X 10 2830 410 130 20 10 5 X 0 1335 240 75 15 10 5 5 10 646 123 41 9 4 2 1.5 20 325 72 26 6 3 1.7 1.2 40 119 31 13 4 2 1.2 0.95 60 47 17 7 3 1.5 1.1 0.9 conductivity mS/cm 15.9 27.3 40.4 61 65 46.9 16 T C. 26.1 25.9 25.8 25.6 25.5 25.5 25.8 pH/22 C. 7.75 7.67 7.6 7.55 7.54 7.53 7.51 REDOX potential 321 244 164 110 75 48 +4 Composition: 100 90 80 60 40 20 5 monoethanolamine/ lactic acid water 0 10 20 40 60 80 95 C. VISCOSITY Bohlin shear mPas VOR rate viscosity 23.1 1/s Brookfield 20 rpm DV-I sp3 viscosity viscosity mPas/ 30 20 >20000 4000 10 24000 2050 0 15600 1970 470 60 20 12 10 4675 511 126 18.8 5.5 2.5 1.7 20 1930 250 67 12.5 4 2 1.3 40 420 73 25 7.1 2.4 1.4 1 60 150 30 13 3.5 1.6 0.8 0.8 conductivity mS/cm 0.541 2.31 5.91 17.8 29.7 28.5 11.69 T C. 22.7 22.5 22.4 22.2 22.1 22.1 22 pH C. 22 8.75 8.6 8.59 8.59 8.56 8.65 8.66 REDOX 31 20 +9 +33 +50 +70 +103 Composition: 100 90 80 60 40 20 5 Monoethanolamine/ propionic acid water 0 10 20 40 60 80 95 solid wax-like/ crystalline C. EAP1-7 Bohlin shear VISCOSITY VOR rate mPas viscosity 23.1 1/s Brookfield 20 rpm DV-I sp3 viscosity viscosity mPas/ 30 20 >200000 15200 2600 190 60 X X 10 0 10 6675 660 163 24 7 3 1.6 20 2880 334 92 16 5 2.2 1.1 40 725 108 37 8 3 1.4 0.9 60 260 46 19 5 2 1.1 0.7 conductivity mS/cm 0.378 1.98 5.42 18.4 33.4 35.6 15.9 T C. 24.3 23.9 23.9 23.5 23.4 23.2 23.2 pH C. 24 8.38 8.18 8.02 7.69 7.43 7.23 7.09 REDOX hard 21 1 +50 +96 +128 +175 Composition: 100 90 80 60 40 20 5 Monoethanolamine/ glycolic acid water 0 10 20 40 60 80 95 light yellow clear liquid C. VISCOSITY Bohlin shear mPas VOR rate viscosity 23.1 1/s Brookfield DV-I viscosity viscosity mPas/ 30 20 10 0 10 277 20 140 40 48 60 22 conductivity mS/cm T C. pH C. 9.9 REDOX 183 Composition: 100 90 80 60 40 20 5 ethylendiamine/ acetic acid water 0 10 20 40 60 80 95 C. VISCOSITY Bohlin shear mPas VOR rate viscosity 23.1 1/s Brookfield 20 rpm DV-I sp3 viscosity viscosity mPas/ 30 20 10 0 10 19.2 7 2.5 1.6 20 hard different long 13 5 2 1.3 wax crystals crystals 40 6.5 3 1.4 0.9 60 5 2 1.3 0.85 conductivity mS/cm hard 2.84 5.66 15.6 25.2 23.8 9.61 T C. 26.9 26.8 26.6 26.6 26.2 26.2 porridge precipitated pH measurement: 8.52 8.36 8.23 8.16 8.09 7.98 temperature same as in conductivity measurement crystalline sticky mush crystals REDOX POTENTIAL +5 +42 +63 +90 Composition: 100 90 80 60 40 20 5 ethylendiamine/ lactic acid water 0 10 20 40 60 80 95 yellow oily liquid C. VISCOSITY Bohlin shear mPas VOR rate viscosity 23.1 1/s Brookfield 20 rpm DV-I sp3 viscosity viscosity mPas/ 30 20 10 0 10300 910 60 24 10 74130 2647 308 26 6.4 2.6 1.8 20 18700 1013 151 16 4.6 2 1.4 40 2460 250 49 8 2.7 1.3 1.1 60 650 76 21 5 2 0.8 0.7 conductivity mS/cm 0.218 1.246 4.77 19.9 37.3 38 16 T C. 25.1 25.7 24.7 24.7 24.4 24.2 24.2 pH C. 25 8.03 7.87 7.7 7.52 7.37 7.25 6.98 REDOX 23 +1 +6 +32 +48 +62 +59 Composition: 100 90 80 60 40 20 5 ethylendiamine/ formic acid water 0 10 20 40 60 80 95 C. VISCOSITY Bohlin shear mPas VOR rate viscosity 23.1 1/s Brookfield 20 rpm DV-I sp3 viscosity viscosity mPas/ 30 20 10 0 10 16 5.6 2.8 1.9 1.5 20 11 4.3 2.3 1.4 1.2 40 6 2.7 1.8 1 0.8 60 4 2 1.2 0.9 0.7 conductivity mS/cm solid * 18.6 30.4 50.3 55.9 40.7 13.7 T C. 23 22.8 22.7 22.6 22.5 22.5 pH C. 22 7.15 6.99 6.86 6.62 6.49 6.35 6.24 *conductivity crystalline crystalline measurement can be done at about 60 C. REDOX 390 220 130 85 18 ethylendiamine/ 100 90 80 60 40 20 5 propionic acid water 0 10 20 40 60 80 95 C. VISCOSITY Bohlin shear mPas VOR rate viscosity 23.1 1/s Brookfield 20 rpm DV-I sp3 viscosity viscosity mPas/ 30 20 10 0 10 21 7 3 1.6 20 hard 2/3 14 4.9 2 1.4 crystalline crystalline 40 7 2.9 1.5 1 60 4 1.8 1.1 0.85 conductivity mS/cm solid ei lam. 5.15 11.9 19.1 19.1 8.53 T C. 25.8 25.8 25.6 25.5 25.8 (crystalline) pH C. 25 8.52 8.32 8.17 8.08 7.97 REDOX plenty of crystals 23 2 +27 precipitation Composition: 100 90 80 60 40 20 5 triethanolamine/ acetic acid water 0 10 20 40 60 80 95 C. VISCOSITY Bohlin shear mPas VOR rate viscosity 23.1 1/s Brookfield DV-I viscosity viscosity mPas/ 30 20 10 0 crystallized 41900 260 65 22 12 crystals formed 10 15090 1810 104 28 6.4 2.6 1.6 20 5252 759 58 18 4.6 2 1.3 40 1060 191 23 9 2.8 1.4 0.9 60 230 62 12 5 1.9 1.1 0.9 conductivity mS/cm 0.158 0.935 5.45 12.08 23.7 24.6 10.36 T C. 26.5 26.1 25.9 25.8 25.6 25.7 25.5 pH temperature in 6.91 6.81 6.71 6.63 6.55 6.49 6.46 measurement same as in conductivity measurement REDOX 58 49 21 +7 +41 +66 +96 Composition: 100 90 80 60 40 20 5 triethanolamine/ lactic acid water 0 10 20 40 60 80 95 C. VISCOSITY Bohlin shear mPas VOR rate viscosity 23.1 1/s Brookfield 20 rpm DV-I sp3 viscosity viscosity mPas/ 30 20 >20000 19800 10 >20000 5050 0 24300 1950 10 10760 1067 228 21.1 5.7 2.5 1.7 20 3955 452 120 13.7 4.4 2 1.4 40 736 119 41 7.2 2.4 1.4 0.9 60 240 45 19 4.3 1.7 1 0.9 conductivity mS/cm 0.207 0.934 3.46 10.16 17.4 17.1 6.73 T C. 25.1 25.2 24.8 25 24.9 24.9 24.8 pH temperature in 7.33 7.22 7.17 7.17 7.18 7.21 7.22 measurement same as in conductivity measurements REDOX 97 121 115 33 +9 +39 +63 Composition:: 100 90 80 60 40 20 5 triethanolamine/ formic acid water 0 10 20 40 60 80 95 C. mPas Bohlin shear VOR rate viscosity 23.1 1/s Brookfield 20 rpm DV-I sp3 viscosity viscosity mPas/ 30 20 10 0 10 hard 558 138 9.3 4.5 2.3 1.6 20 hard 296 80 6.8 3.5 1.8 1.3 40 94 33 4 2.2 1.3 0.9 60 42 17 2.6 1.8 1.1 0.7 conductivity mS/cm Hard 2.54 7.05 31.5 40.7 36.4 14.2 crystalline T C. 24.7 24.6 24.5 24.7 24.5 24.5 pH temperature in 6.23 6.19 6.16 5.95 6.19 6 measurement same as in conductivity measurements REDOX 1/2 410 231 170 102 24 crystallized Composition:: 100 90 80 60 40 20 5 triethanolamine/ propionic acid water 0 10 20 40 60 80 95 C. VISCOSITY Bohlin shear mPas VOR rate viscosity 23.1 1/s Brookfield 20 rpm DV-I sp3 viscosity viscosity mPas/ 30 20 0 0 15000 2930 620 70 20 12 froze 10 5941 960 262 34 7.4 2.8 1.6 20 2150 485 134 21 5.4 2.1 1.3 40 490 120 45 3 1.5 0.9 60 145 44 20 6.5 2 0.8 0.7 conductivity mS/cm 0.24 0.868 2.25 6.52 17.6 19.4 8.53 T C. 24.7 24.6 24.6 24.5 24.4 24.3 24.3 pH temperature in 7.22 7.23 6.99 6.81 6.7 6.62 6.56 measurement same as in conductivity measurements REDOX 117 104 140 60 11 +26 +73

[0080] As can be seen from table 4 the viscosity of compositions varies considerably depending on the quality of the fluid in a composition and fluidsolvent proportion (w/w). For example instead of using formic acid and monoethanolamine (at least 40 wt-% aqueous solvent) as demonstrated in example 2 one could also use monoethanolamine and acetic acid (at least 40 wt-% aqueous solvent) or monoethanolamine and lactic acid (at least 20 wt-% aqueous solvent) as an heat transfer composition. No solid crystals will be formed for instance if one uses combination ethanol amine/formic acid as a heat transfer fluid (compare table 2 above). Avoiding solid crystals is also a beneficial property for instance for an anti-freezing and a de-icing fluid.

[0081] Heat capacities for fluids and diluted fluid solutions in examples 1-23 were found to be between (2100-2500) J/kgK. As can be seen from table 4 their REDOX potential varied from ca 300 mV to +200 mV depending on fluid and water content of a composition. This gives interesting possibilities to choose pH and redox potential. Some specific properties like heat transfer, anti-corrosion, anti-microbial activity, wetting, contact angle, power to disperse, chemical stability should be assessed for the final formulations.