TRANSGENIC RAINBOW SHARK

Abstract

The present invention relates to transgenic ornamental fish, as well as methods of making such fish by in vitro fertilization techniques. Also disclosed are methods of establishing a population of such transgenic fish and methods of providing them to the ornamental fish industry for the purpose of marketing.

Claims

1. A transgenic rainbow shark comprising a chromosomally integrated expression cassette encoding a fluorescent protein, wherein the rainbow shark comprises the Orange rainbow shark 1 transformation event, sperm comprising the Orange rainbow shark 1 transformation event being deposited at the ECACC.

2. The transgenic rainbow shark of claim 1, further defined as a fertile, transgenic rainbow shark.

3. The transgenic rainbow shark of claim 1, wherein the fish is homozygous for the integrated expression cassette.

4. The transgenic rainbow shark of claim 1, wherein the fish is heterozygous for the integrated expression cassette.

5. A method of providing a transgenic rainbow shark to the ornamental fish market, comprising obtaining a transgenic rainbow shark in accordance with claim 1, and distributing the fish to the ornamental fish market.

6. The method of claim 5, wherein the fish are distributed by a grower to a commercial distributor.

7. The method of claim 5, wherein the fish are distributed by a grower or a commercial distributor to a retailer.

8. The method of claim 7, wherein the retailer is a multi-product retailer having an ornamental fish department.

9. A method of producing a transgenic rainbow shark comprising: (a) obtaining a rainbow shark that comprises a chromosomally integrated expression cassette encoding a fluorescent protein, wherein the rainbow shark comprises the Orange rainbow 1 transformation event, sperm comprising the Orange rainbow shark 1 transformation event being deposited at the ECACC; and (b) breeding the obtained rainbow shark with a second rainbow shark to provide a transgenic rainbow shark comprising the Orange rainbow shark 1 transformation event.

10. The method of claim 9, wherein the second rainbow shark is a non-transgenic rainbow shark.

11. A progeny of a transgenic rainbow shark of claim 1 that comprises a chromosomally integrated expression cassette encoding a fluorescent protein, wherein the rainbow shark and progeny exhibit fluorescence and comprise the Orange rainbow shark 1 transformation event, sperm comprising the Orange rainbow shark 1 transformation event being deposited at the ECACC.

12. The progeny fish of claim 11, further defined as a fertile, transgenic rainbow shark.

13. The progeny fish of claim 11, wherein the fish is homozygous for the integrated expression cassette.

14. The progeny fish of claim 11, wherein the fish is heterozygous for the integrated expression cassette.

15. A method of providing a transgenic fish to the ornamental fish market, comprising obtaining a progeny fish in accordance with claim 11, and distributing the fish to the ornamental fish market.

16. The method of claim 15, wherein the fish are distributed by a grower to a commercial distributor.

17. The method of claim 16, wherein the fish are distributed by a grower or a commercial distributor to a retailer.

18. The method of claim 17, wherein the retailer is a multi-product retailer having an ornamental fish department.

19. A method of producing a transgenic fish comprising: (a) obtaining a transgenic fish in accordance with claim 11; and (b) breeding the obtained fish with a second fish to provide a transgenic fish comprising the Orange rainbow shark 1 transformation event.

20. The method of claim 19, wherein the second fish is a non-transgenic fish.

21. A transgenic rainbow shark comprising a chromosomally integrated expression cassette encoding a fluorescent protein, wherein the rainbow shark comprises the Purple rainbow shark 1 transformation event, sperm comprising the Purple rainbow shark 1 transformation event being deposited at the ECACC.

22. The transgenic rainbow shark of claim 21, further defined as a fertile, transgenic rainbow shark.

23. The transgenic rainbow shark of claim 21, wherein the fish is homozygous for the integrated expression cassette.

24. The transgenic rainbow shark of claim 21, wherein the fish is heterozygous for the integrated expression cassette.

25. A method of providing a transgenic rainbow shark to the ornamental fish market, comprising obtaining a transgenic rainbow shark in accordance with claim 21, and distributing the fish to the ornamental fish market.

26. The method of claim 25, wherein the fish are distributed by a grower to a commercial distributor.

27. The method of claim 25, wherein the fish are distributed by a grower or a commercial distributor to a retailer.

28. The method of claim 27, wherein the retailer is a multi-product retailer having an ornamental fish department.

29. A method of producing a transgenic rainbow shark comprising: (a) obtaining a rainbow shark that comprises a chromosomally integrated expression cassette encoding a fluorescent protein, wherein the rainbow shark comprises the Purple rainbow 1 transformation event, sperm comprising the Purple rainbow shark 1 transformation event being deposited at the ECACC; and (b) breeding the obtained rainbow shark with a second rainbow shark to provide a transgenic rainbow shark comprising the Purple rainbow shark 1 transformation event.

30. The method of claim 29, wherein the second rainbow shark is a non-transgenic rainbow shark.

31. A progeny of a transgenic rainbow shark of claim 21 that comprises a chromosomally integrated expression cassette encoding a fluorescent protein, wherein the rainbow shark and progeny exhibit fluorescence and comprise the Purple rainbow shark 1 transformation event, sperm comprising the Purple rainbow shark 1 transformation event being deposited at the ECACC.

32. The progeny fish of claim 31, further defined as a fertile, transgenic rainbow shark.

33. The progeny fish of claim 31, wherein the fish is homozygous for the integrated expression cassette.

34. The progeny fish of claim 31, wherein the fish is heterozygous for the integrated expression cassette.

35. A method of providing a transgenic fish to the ornamental fish market, comprising obtaining a progeny fish in accordance with claim 34, and distributing the fish to the ornamental fish market.

36. The method of claim 35, wherein the fish are distributed by a grower to a commercial distributor.

37. The method of claim 35, wherein the fish are distributed by a grower or a commercial distributor to a retailer.

38. The method of claim 37, wherein the retailer is a multi-product retailer having an ornamental fish department.

39. A method of producing a transgenic fish comprising: (a) obtaining a transgenic fish in accordance with claim 31; and (b) breeding the obtained fish with a second fish to provide a transgenic fish comprising the Purple rainbow shark 1 transformation event.

40. The method of claim 39, wherein the second fish is a non-transgenic fish.

41. A transgenic rainbow shark comprising a chromosomally integrated expression cassette encoding a fluorescent protein, wherein the rainbow shark comprises the Blue rainbow shark 1 transformation event, sperm comprising the Blue rainbow shark 1 transformation event being deposited at the ECACC.

42. The transgenic rainbow shark of claim 41, further defined as a fertile, transgenic rainbow shark.

43. The transgenic rainbow shark of claim 41, wherein the fish is homozygous for the integrated expression cassette.

44. The transgenic rainbow shark of claim 41, wherein the fish is heterozygous for the integrated expression cassette.

45. A method of providing a transgenic rainbow shark to the ornamental fish market, comprising obtaining a transgenic rainbow shark in accordance with claim 41, and distributing the fish to the ornamental fish market.

46. The method of claim 45, wherein the fish are distributed by a grower to a commercial distributor.

47. The method of claim 45, wherein the fish are distributed by a grower or a commercial distributor to a retailer.

48. The method of claim 47, wherein the retailer is a multi-product retailer having an ornamental fish department.

49. A method of producing a transgenic rainbow shark comprising: (a) obtaining a rainbow shark that comprises a chromosomally integrated expression cassette encoding a fluorescent protein, wherein the rainbow shark comprises the Blue rainbow 1 transformation event, sperm comprising the Blue rainbow shark 1 transformation event being deposited at the ECACC; and (b) breeding the obtained rainbow shark with a second rainbow shark to provide a transgenic rainbow shark comprising the Blue rainbow shark 1 transformation event.

50. The method of claim 49, wherein the second rainbow shark is a non-transgenic rainbow shark.

51. A progeny of a transgenic rainbow shark of claim 41 that comprises a chromosomally integrated expression cassette encoding a fluorescent protein, wherein the rainbow shark and progeny exhibit fluorescence and comprise the Blue rainbow shark 1 transformation event, sperm comprising the Blue rainbow shark 1 transformation event being deposited at the ECACC.

52. The progeny fish of claim 51, further defined as a fertile, transgenic rainbow shark.

53. The progeny fish of claim 51, wherein the fish is homozygous for the integrated expression cassette.

54. The progeny fish of claim 51, wherein the fish is heterozygous for the integrated expression cassette.

55. A method of providing a transgenic fish to the ornamental fish market, comprising obtaining a progeny fish in accordance with claim 51, and distributing the fish to the ornamental fish market.

56. The method of claim 55, wherein the fish are distributed by a grower to a commercial distributor.

57. The method of claim 56, wherein the fish are distributed by a grower or a commercial distributor to a retailer.

58. The method of claim 57, wherein the retailer is a multi-product retailer having an ornamental fish department.

59. A method of producing a transgenic fish comprising: (a) obtaining a transgenic fish in accordance with claim 51; and (b) breeding the obtained fish with a second fish to provide a transgenic fish comprising the Blue rainbow shark 1 transformation event.

60. The method of claim 59, wherein the second fish is a non-transgenic fish.

61. A transgenic rainbow shark comprising a chromosomally integrated expression cassette encoding a fluorescent protein, wherein the rainbow shark comprises the Green rainbow shark 1 transformation event, sperm comprising the Green rainbow shark 1 transformation event being deposited at the ECACC.

62. The transgenic rainbow shark of claim 61, further defined as a fertile, transgenic rainbow shark.

63. The transgenic rainbow shark of claim 61, wherein the fish is homozygous for the integrated expression cassette.

64. The transgenic rainbow shark of claim 61, wherein the fish is heterozygous for the integrated expression cassette.

65. A method of providing a transgenic rainbow shark to the ornamental fish market, comprising obtaining a transgenic rainbow shark in accordance with claim 61, and distributing the fish to the ornamental fish market.

66. The method of claim 65, wherein the fish are distributed by a grower to a commercial distributor.

67. The method of claim 65, wherein the fish are distributed by a grower or a commercial distributor to a retailer.

68. The method of claim 67, wherein the retailer is a multi-product retailer having an ornamental fish department.

69. A method of producing a transgenic rainbow shark comprising: (a) obtaining a rainbow shark that comprises a chromosomally integrated expression cassette encoding a fluorescent protein, wherein the rainbow shark comprises the Green rainbow 1 transformation event, sperm comprising the Green rainbow shark 1 transformation event being deposited at the ECACC; and (b) breeding the obtained rainbow shark with a second rainbow shark to provide a transgenic rainbow shark comprising the Green rainbow shark 1 transformation event.

70. The method of claim 69, wherein the second rainbow shark is a non-transgenic rainbow shark.

71. A progeny of a transgenic rainbow shark of claim 61 that comprises a chromosomally integrated expression cassette encoding a fluorescent protein, wherein the rainbow shark and progeny exhibit fluorescence and comprise the Green rainbow shark 1 transformation event, sperm comprising the Green rainbow shark 1 transformation event being deposited at the ECACC.

72. The progeny fish of claim 71, further defined as a fertile, transgenic rainbow shark.

73. The progeny fish of claim 71, wherein the fish is homozygous for the integrated expression cassette.

74. The progeny fish of claim 71, wherein the fish is heterozygous for the integrated expression cassette.

75. A method of providing a transgenic fish to the ornamental fish market, comprising obtaining a progeny fish in accordance with claim 71, and distributing the fish to the ornamental fish market.

76. The method of claim 75, wherein the fish are distributed by a grower to a commercial distributor.

77. The method of claim 76, wherein the fish are distributed by a grower or a commercial distributor to a retailer.

78. The method of claim 77, wherein the retailer is a multi-product retailer having an ornamental fish department.

79. A method of producing a transgenic fish comprising: (a) obtaining a transgenic fish in accordance with claim 71; and (b) breeding the obtained fish with a second fish to provide a transgenic fish comprising the Green rainbow shark 1 transformation event.

80. The method of claim 79, wherein the second fish is a non-transgenic fish.

Description

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

Transgenic Fish

[0033] In some aspects, the present disclosure regards transgenic fish. Methods of making transgenic fish are described in, for example, U.S. Pat. Nos. 7,135,613; 7,700,825; 7,834,239, each of which is incorporated by reference in its entirety. For example, a transgenic orange rainbow shark may be generated using an expression cassette encoding yellow fluorescent protein (YFP), such as TurboYFP an enhanced variant of the yellow fluorescent protein PhiYFP from jellyfish Phialidium sp. (Shagin et al., 2004). In other examples, a transgenic purple rainbow shark may be generated using an expression cassette encoding purple fluorescent protein (PFP). In other examples, a transgenic blue rainbow shark may be generated using an expression cassette encoding blue fluorescent protein (BFP), such as TagBFP, or TagBFP in combination with Non-fluorescent blue chromoprotein. In other examples, a transgenic green rainbow shark may be generated using an expression cassette encoding green fluorescent protein (GFP), such as zsGreen1.

[0034] It is preferred that fish belonging to species and varieties of fish of commercial value, particularly commercial value within the ornamental fish industry, be used. Such fish include but are not limited to catfish, zebrafish and other danios, medaka, carp, tilapia, goldfish, tetras, barbs, sharks (family cyprinidae, such as rainbow shark), angelfish, loach, koi, glassfish, discus, eel, goby, gourami, guppy, Xiphophorus, hatchet fish, Molly fish, or pangasius. A particular fish for use in the context of the present disclosure is a rainbow shark, Epalzeorhynchos frenatum Rainbow shark are increasingly popular ornamental animals and would be of added commercial value in various colors. Rainbow shark embryos are easily accessible and nearly transparent. Rainbow shark skin color is determined by pigment cells in the skin, which contain pigment granules called melanosomes. The number, size, and density of the melanosomes per pigment cell influence the color of the fish skin.

In Vitro Fertilization

[0035] In commercial aquaculture, rainbow sharks, including orange, purple, blue and green rainbow sharks, are not spawned naturally, but are spawned in vitro using the same, long-standing, industry-standard process that has been used for the reproduction of their non-fluorescent counterparts over the last several decades. At the same time, rainbow sharks are an ideal candidate for hormone induction as they are large enough to be easily handled and fecund, with females producing a substantial number of eggs per spawning. Generally speaking, rainbow sharks are seasonal breeders and can be most easily spawned from approximately May to October. It takes roughly one year for rainbow sharks to reach sexual maturity. One year-old females can release up to one thousand eggs per spawn, while older females can release up to 10,000 eggs per spawn if well-conditioned for breeding. Females can be spawned one or two times per season. Males can be spawned as frequently as two or three times per month. The most commonly used hormone for the induction of ovulation, which has been approved for use with ornamental fish by FDA, is called Ovaprim. It contains a salmonid gonadotropin-releasing hormone analog and a dopamine antagonist. Ovaprim produces consistent results, is easy to dose, and it is widely commercially available. Industry-standard breeding information for this species (for both the fluorescent and non-fluorescent phenotype) follows below, however, exact details may vary slightly from one producer to another.

[0036] Shark brood stock may be kept in indoor tanks, preferably with a volume of at least 300 gallons, but are typically conditioned outdoors in earthen ponds. Once conditioned for breeding, rainbow sharks are moved from outdoor, earthen ponds into large indoor holding vats. For breeding, conditioned brood stock are removed from the holding vat and placed in water containing a sedative, such as Tricaine, which is FDA approved for this type of use. Fish are considered to be adequately sedated when they roll over. At this time, the fish in question is removed from the water containing the sedative, weighed, and injected with Ovaprim. Males may also receive an Ovaprim injection to induce spermiation. Females will generally begin ovulation about seven hours after injection; once ovulation begins, eggs will flow freely when the fish are gently squeezed. To prepare for in vitro fertilization, the eggs should then be stripped into a dry bowl. A few drops of milt from male rainbow sharks should be similarly stripped into the same bowl. Stirring eggs and sperm together with 0.5 mL (approximately 10 drops) of water will begin the fertilization process. After 20 seconds, another 2 mL of water should be added. This process will cause the eggs to be fertilized within approximately 30 seconds. Once fertilized, eggs can be placed in McDonald-type egg hatching jars. The eggs will swell and become buoyant over the first 30 minutes, so the flow on the hatching jars should be adjusted to be as low as possible initially to avoid loss of the eggs. The flow should be checked frequently and adjusted as needed. Fry should be fed newly hatched Artemia nauplii on day two post-hatch, and they should continue to be fed Artemia for one week. From that point, they can begin the transition to a prepared diet, overlapping with live feed for 5 days. Two weeks post-hatch, the fry can be moved to vats and/or ponds for continued growth through maturity.

Fertilization from Frozen Sperm

[0037] Fish sperm freezing methods are well-known in the art; see, e.g., Walker and Streisinger (1983) and Draper and Moens (2007), both of which are incorporated herein by reference in their entireties. To obtain the transgenic fish disclosed herein, frozen rainbow shark sperm may be used to fertilize eggs.

[0038] In at least one method, conditioned females are removed from the holding vat and placed in water containing a sedative, such as Tricaine, which is FDA approved for this type of use. Fish are considered to be adequately sedated when they roll over. Once sedated, the subject fish is removed from the water containing the sedative, weighed, and injected with Ovaprim. Injected females will generally begin ovulation about seven hours after injection; once ovulation begins, eggs will flow freely when the fish are gently squeezed. To prepare for in vitro fertilization, the eggs should then be stripped into a dry bowl. Eggs from several females may be pooled; the eggs can be kept unfertilized for several minutes. Frozen sperm is thawed at 33 C. in a water bath for 18-20 seconds. Once the sperm is thawed 70 L room temperature Hanks solution is added to the vial and mixed. The sperm is then immediately added to the eggs and gently mixed. Stirring eggs and sperm together with 0.5 mL (approximately 10 drops) of water will begin the fertilization process. After 20 seconds, another 2 mL of water should be added. This process will cause the eggs to be fertilized within approximately 30 seconds. Once fertilized, eggs can be placed in McDonald-type egg hatching jars. The eggs will swell and become buoyant over the first 30 minutes, so the flow on the hatching jars should be adjusted to be as low as possible initially to avoid loss of the eggs. The flow should be checked frequently and adjusted as needed. Fry should be fed newly hatched Artemia nauplii on day two post-hatch, and they should continue to be fed Artemia for one week. After the first week post hatch, fry can begin the transition to a prepared diet, overlapping with live feed for 5 days. Two weeks post-hatch, the fry can be moved to vats and/or ponds for continued growth through maturity. Parichy and Johnson, 2001, which is incorporated by reference in its entirety, provides additional examples regarding in vitro fertilization.

[0039] The present disclosure further encompasses progeny of a transgenic fish containing the Orange rainbow shark 1 transformation event, as well as such transgenic fish derived from a transgenic fish egg, sperm cell, embryo, or other cell containing a genomically integrated transgenic construct. Progeny, as the term is used herein, can result from breeding two transgenic fish of the invention, or from breeding a first transgenic fish of the invention to a second fish that is not a transgenic fish of the invention. In the latter case, the second fish can, for example, be a wild-type fish, a specialized strain of fish, a mutant fish, or another transgenic fish. The second fish may be of the same species, or may be of a different species or genus. The hybrid progeny of these matings have the benefits of the transgene for fluorescence combined with the benefits derived from these other lineages.

[0040] The simplest way to identify fish containing the Orange rainbow shark 1 transformation event is by visual inspection, as the fish in question would be orange colored and immediately distinguishable from non-transgenic fish.

[0041] The present disclosure further encompasses progeny of a transgenic fish containing the Purple rainbow shark 1 transformation event, as well as such transgenic fish derived from a transgenic fish egg, sperm cell, embryo, or other cell containing a genomically integrated transgenic construct. Progeny, as the term is used herein, can result from breeding two transgenic fish of the invention, or from breeding a first transgenic fish of the invention to a second fish that is not a transgenic fish of the invention. In the latter case, the second fish can, for example, be a wild-type fish, a specialized strain of fish, a mutant fish, or another transgenic fish. The second fish may be of the same species, or may be of a different species or genus. The hybrid progeny of these matings have the benefits of the transgene for fluorescence combined with the benefits derived from these other lineages.

[0042] The simplest way to identify fish containing the Purple rainbow shark 1 transformation event is by visual inspection, as the fish in question would be purple colored and immediately distinguishable from non-transgenic fish.

[0043] The present disclosure further encompasses progeny of a transgenic fish containing the Blue rainbow shark 1 transformation event, as well as such transgenic fish derived from a transgenic fish egg, sperm cell, embryo, or other cell containing a genomically integrated transgenic construct. Progeny, as the term is used herein, can result from breeding two transgenic fish of the invention, or from breeding a first transgenic fish of the invention to a second fish that is not a transgenic fish of the invention. In the latter case, the second fish can, for example, be a wild-type fish, a specialized strain of fish, a mutant fish, or another transgenic fish. The second fish may be of the same species, or may be of a different species or genus. The hybrid progeny of these matings have the benefits of the transgene for fluorescence combined with the benefits derived from these other lineages.

[0044] The simplest way to identify fish containing the Blue rainbow shark 1 transformation event is by visual inspection, as the fish in question would be blue colored and immediately distinguishable from non-transgenic fish.

[0045] The present disclosure further encompasses progeny of a transgenic fish containing the Green rainbow shark 1 transformation event, as well as such transgenic fish derived from a transgenic fish egg, sperm cell, embryo, or other cell containing a genomically integrated transgenic construct. Progeny, as the term is used herein, can result from breeding two transgenic fish of the invention, or from breeding a first transgenic fish of the invention to a second fish that is not a transgenic fish of the invention. In the latter case, the second fish can, for example, be a wild-type fish, a specialized strain of fish, a mutant fish, or another transgenic fish. The second fish may be of the same species, or may be of a different species or genus. The hybrid progeny of these matings have the benefits of the transgene for fluorescence combined with the benefits derived from these other lineages.

[0046] The simplest way to identify fish containing the Green rainbow shark 1 transformation event is by visual inspection, as the fish in question would be green colored and immediately distinguishable from non-transgenic fish.

EXAMPLES

[0047] Certain embodiments of the invention are further described with reference to the following examples. These examples are intended to be merely illustrative of the invention and are not intended to limit or restrict the scope of the present invention in any way and should not be construed as providing conditions, parameters, reagents, or starting materials that must be utilized exclusively in order to practice the art of the present invention.

Example 1Orange Transgenic Rainbow Shark

[0048] Transgenic fish exhibiting an orange color are provided. The specific transgenic events embodied in these fish are designated the Orange rainbow shark 1 transformation event. Sperm from these fish may be used to fertilize rainbow shark eggs and thereby breed transgenic rainbow shark that comprise these specific transgenic integration events. Sperm from this line was deposited at the European Collection of Cell Cultures (ECACC), Public Health England, CRYOSTORES, Bld. 17, Porton Down, Salisbury, SP4 OJG, United Kingdom, under the provisions of the Budapest Treaty as Orange rainbow shark 1.

Example 2Purple Transgenic Rainbow Shark

[0049] Transgenic fish exhibiting a purple color are provided. The specific transgenic events embodied in these fish are designated the Purple rainbow shark 1 transformation event. Sperm from these fish may be used to fertilize rainbow shark eggs and thereby breed transgenic rainbow shark that comprise these specific transgenic integration events. Sperm from this line was deposited at the European Collection of Cell Cultures (ECACC), Public Health England, CRYOSTORES, Bld. 17, Porton Down, Salisbury, SP4 OJG, United Kingdom, under the provisions of the Budapest Treaty as Purple rainbow shark 1.

Example 3Blue Transgenic Rainbow Shark

[0050] Transgenic fish exhibiting a blue color are provided. The specific transgenic events embodied in these fish are designated the Blue rainbow shark 1 transformation event. Sperm from these fish may be used to fertilize rainbow shark eggs and thereby breed transgenic rainbow shark that comprise these specific transgenic integration events. Sperm from this line was deposited at the European Collection of Cell Cultures (ECACC), Public Health England, CRYOSTORES, Bld. 17, Porton Down, Salisbury, SP4 OJG, United Kingdom, under the provisions of the Budapest Treaty as Blue rainbow shark 1.

Example 4Green Transgenic Rainbow Shark

[0051] Transgenic fish exhibiting a green color are provided. The specific transgenic events embodied in these fish are designated the Green rainbow shark 1 transformation event. Sperm from these fish may be used to fertilize rainbow shark eggs and thereby breed transgenic rainbow shark that comprise these specific transgenic integration events. Sperm from this line was deposited at the European Collection of Cell Cultures (ECACC), Public Health England, CRYOSTORES, Bld. 17, Porton Down, Salisbury, SP4 OJG, United Kingdom, under the provisions of the Budapest Treaty as Green rainbow shark 1.

[0052] The fluorescent transgenic fish have use as ornamental fish in the market. Stably expressing transgenic lines can be developed by breeding a transgenic individual with a wild-type fish, mutant fish, or another transgenic fish. The desired transgenic fish can be distinguished from non-transgenic fish by observing the fish in white light, sunlight, ultraviolet light, blue light, or any other useful lighting condition that allows visualization of the orange, purple, green or blue color of the transgenic fish.

[0053] The fluorescent transgenic fish should also be valuable in the market for scientific research tools because they can be used for embryonic studies such as tracing cell lineage and cell migration. Additionally, these fish can be used to mark cells in genetic mosaic experiments and in fish cancer models.

[0054] All of the compositions and/or methods disclosed and claimed herein can be made and executed without undue experimentation in light of the present disclosure. While the compositions and methods of this invention have been described in terms of preferred embodiments, it will be apparent to those of skill in the art that variations may be applied to the compositions and/or methods and in the steps or in the sequence of steps of the methods described herein without departing from the concept, spirit and scope of the invention. More specifically, it will be apparent that certain agents that are both chemically and physiologically related may be substituted for the agents described herein while the same or similar results would be achieved. All such similar substitutes and modifications apparent to those skilled in the art are deemed to be within the spirit, scope, and concept of the invention as defined by the appended claims.