ARYL HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS AS Kv1.3 POTASSIUM SHAKER CHANNEL BLOCKERS

20230026611 · 2023-01-26

Inventors

Cpc classification

International classification

Abstract

A compound of Formula (I), or a pharmaceutically-acceptable salt thereof, is described, wherein the substituents are as defined herein. Pharmaceutical compositions comprising the same and method of using the same are also described.

##STR00001##

Claims

1. A compound of Formula I or a pharmaceutically-acceptable salt thereof, ##STR00338## wherein custom-character refers to a single or double bond; X is C, N, or CR.sub.4 wherein valence permits; Y is C(R.sub.4).sub.2, NR.sub.5, or O; wherein at least one of X and Y is N optionally substituted by R.sub.5 where valence permits; wherein Y and either of its adjacent ring atoms are not linked together to form a fused ring system; Z is OR.sub.a; X.sub.1 is H, halogen, CN, alkyl, cycloalkyl, halogenated cycloalkyl, or halogenated alkyl; X.sub.2 is H, halogen, CN, alkyl, cycloalkyl, halogenated cycloalkyl, or halogenated alkyl; X.sub.3 is H, halogen, CN, alkyl, cycloalkyl, halogenated cycloalkyl, or halogenated alkyl; or alternatively X.sub.1 and X.sub.2 and the carbon atoms they are connected to taken together form an optionally substituted 5- or 6-membered aryl; or alternatively X.sub.2 and X.sub.3 and the carbon atoms they are connected to taken together form an optionally substituted 5- or 6-membered aryl; each occurrence of R.sub.3 is independently H, alkyl, cycloalkyl, optionally substituted saturated heterocycle, optionally substituted aryl, optionally substituted heteroaryl, CN, CF.sub.3, OCF.sub.3, OR.sub.a, SR.sub.a, halogen, NR.sub.aR.sub.b, or NR.sub.b(C═O)R.sub.a; each occurrence of R.sub.4 is independently H, alkyl, cycloalkyl, optionally substituted saturated heterocycle, optionally substituted aryl, optionally substituted heteroaryl, CN, CF.sub.3, OR.sub.a, (CR.sub.6R.sub.7).sub.n3OR.sub.a, oxo, (C═O)R.sub.b, (C═O)OR.sub.b, (CR.sub.6R.sub.7).sub.n3NR.sub.aR.sub.b, (CR.sub.6R.sub.7).sub.n3NR.sub.aSO.sub.2R.sub.b, (CR.sub.6R.sub.7).sub.n3NR.sub.a(C═O)R.sub.b, (CR.sub.6R.sub.7).sub.n3NR.sub.a(C═O)NR.sub.aR.sub.b, (CR.sub.6R.sub.7).sub.n3(C═O)NR.sub.aR.sub.b, (C═O)NR.sub.a(CR.sub.6R.sub.7).sub.n3OR.sub.b, (CR.sub.6R.sub.7).sub.n3NR.sub.xR.sub.b, or (CR.sub.6R.sub.7).sub.n3(C═O)NR.sub.xR.sub.b; wherein R.sub.x is R.sub.a, (C═O)R.sub.a, (C═O)NR.sub.aR.sub.b, or SO.sub.2R.sub.a; or two R.sub.4 groups taken together with the carbon atom(s) that they are connected to form a 3-7 membered optionally substituted carbocycle or heterocycle; each occurrence of R.sub.5 is independently H, alkyl, cycloalkyl, optionally substituted saturated heterocycle, optionally substituted aryl, optionally substituted heteroaryl, R.sub.a, NR.sub.aR.sub.b, (C═O)R.sub.a, (C═O)(CR.sub.6R.sub.7).sub.n3OR.sub.a, (C═O)(CR.sub.6R.sub.7).sub.n3NR.sub.aR.sub.b, (C═O)NR.sub.aR.sub.b, or SO.sub.2R.sub.a; each occurrence of R.sub.6 and R.sub.7 are independently H, alkyl, cycloalkyl, optionally substituted aryl, or optionally substituted heteroaryl; each occurrence of R.sub.a and R.sub.b are independently H, alkyl, alkenyl, cycloalkyl, optionally substituted saturated heterocycle comprising 1-3 heteroatoms each selected from the group consisting of N, O, and S, optionally substituted aryl, or optionally substituted heteroaryl; or alternatively R.sub.a and R.sub.b together with the nitrogen atom that they are connected to form an optionally substituted heterocycle comprising the nitrogen atom and 0-3 additional heteroatoms each selected from the group consisting of N, O, and S; the alkyl, cycloalkyl, heterocycle, aryl, and heteroaryl in X.sub.1, X.sub.2, X.sub.3, R.sub.3, R.sub.4, R.sub.5, R.sub.6, R.sub.7, R.sub.a, or R.sub.b, where applicable, are optionally substituted by 1-4 substituents each independently selected from the group consisting of alkyl, cycloalkyl, halogenated cycloalkyl, halogenated alkyl, halogen, CN, OR.sub.8, —(CH.sub.2).sub.0-2OR.sub.8, N(R.sub.8).sub.2, (C═O)N(R.sub.8).sub.2, NR.sub.8(C═O)R.sub.8, and oxo where valence permits; each occurrence of R.sub.8 is independently H, alkyl, or optionally substituted heterocycle; or alternatively the two R.sub.8 groups together with the nitrogen atom that they are connected to form an optionally substituted heterocycle comprising the nitrogen atom and 0-3 additional heteroatoms each selected from the group consisting of N, O, and S; each occurrence of n.sub.1 is independently an integer from 0-3 wherein valence permits; each occurrence of n.sub.3 is independently an integer from 0-3; and each occurrence of n.sub.4 and n.sub.5 is independently 0, 1 or 2.

2. The compound of claim 1, wherein custom-character is a single bond.

3. The compound of claim 1, wherein custom-character is a double bond.

4. The compound of claim 1, wherein the structural moiety ##STR00339## has the structure of ##STR00340##

5. The compound of claim 1, wherein X is N and Y is C(R.sub.4).sub.2.

6. The compound of claim 1, wherein X is CR.sub.4 and Y is NR.sub.5.

7. The compound of claim 1, wherein X is CR.sub.4 and Y is O.

8. The compound of claim 1, wherein X is N and Y is NR.sub.5.

9. The compound of claim 1, wherein the structural moiety ##STR00341## has the structure of ##STR00342##

10. The compound of claim 1, wherein the structural moiety ##STR00343## has the structure of ##STR00344##

11. The compound of claim 9, wherein n.sub.1 is 0 and R.sub.5 is H or alkyl.

12. The compound of claim 9, wherein n.sub.1 is 1 and R.sub.5 is H or alkyl.

13. The compound of claim 11, wherein R.sub.5 is H.

14. The compound of claim 1, wherein at least one occurrence of R.sub.4 is H, CN, alkyl, cycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, C.sub.3, or OR.sub.a.

15. The compound of claim 1, wherein at least one occurrence of R.sub.4 is (CR.sub.6R.sub.7).sub.n3OR.sub.a, oxo, (C═O)R.sub.b, (C═O)OR.sub.b, (CR.sub.6R.sub.7).sub.n3NR.sub.aR.sub.b, (CR.sub.6R.sub.7).sub.n3NR.sub.aSO.sub.2R.sub.b, (CR.sub.6R.sub.7).sub.n3NR.sub.a(C═O)R.sub.b, (CR.sub.6R.sub.7).sub.n3NR.sub.a(C═O)NR.sub.aR.sub.b, (CR.sub.6R.sub.7).sub.n3(C═O)NR.sub.aR.sub.b, or a N-containing heterocycle.

16. The compound of claim 1, wherein one or more occurrences of R.sub.4 are H or alkyl.

17. The compound of claim 1, wherein one or more occurrences of R.sub.4 are (CR.sub.6R.sub.7).sub.n3OR.sub.a or (CR.sub.6R.sub.7).sub.n3NR.sub.aR.sub.b.

18. The compound of claim 1, wherein one or more occurrences of R.sub.4 are OR.sub.a, NR.sub.aR.sub.b, —CH.sub.2OR.sub.a, —CH.sub.2NR.sub.aR.sub.b, —CH.sub.2CH.sub.2OR.sub.a, or —CH.sub.2CH.sub.2NR.sub.aR.sub.b.

19. The compound of claim 1, wherein at least one occurrence of R.sub.4 is (CR.sub.6R.sub.7).sub.n3(C═O)NR.sub.aR.sub.b or (C═O)NR.sub.a(CR.sub.6R.sub.7).sub.n3OR.sub.b.

20. The compound of claim 19, wherein at least one or more occurrences of R.sub.4 is (C═O)NR.sub.aR.sub.b or —CH.sub.2(C═O)NR.sub.aR.sub.b.

21. The compound of claim 1, wherein R.sub.4 is H, Me, Et, Pr, Bu, or a saturated heterocycle or heteroaryl selected from the group consisting of ##STR00345## ##STR00346## ##STR00347## ##STR00348## ##STR00349## wherein the saturated heterocycle or heteroaryl is optionally substituted by cyano, cycloalkyl, fluorinated alkyl, fluorinated cycloalkyl, halogen, OH, NH.sub.2, oxo, or (C═O)C.sub.1-4alkyl where valence permits.

22. The compound of claim 19, wherein R.sub.4 is ##STR00350##

23. The compound of claim 19, wherein R.sub.4 is ##STR00351##

24. The compound of claim 1, wherein each occurrence of R.sub.6 and R.sub.7 are independently H or alkyl.

25. The compound of claim 1, wherein at least one occurrence of R.sub.5 is H, alkyl, cycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, (C═O)R.sub.a, (C═O)(CR.sub.6R.sub.7).sub.n3OR.sub.a, (C═O)(CR.sub.6R.sub.7).sub.n3NR.sub.aR.sub.b, (C═O)NR.sub.aR.sub.b, or SO.sub.2R.sub.a.

26. The compound of claim 1, wherein at least one occurrence of R.sub.5 is H, alkyl, or cycloalkyl.

27. The compound of claim 1, wherein at least one occurrence of R.sub.5 is (C═O)R.sub.a, (C═O)-alkyl-OR.sub.a, (C═O)-alkyl-NR.sub.aR.sub.b, (C═O)NR.sub.aR.sub.b, or SO.sub.2R.sub.a.

28. The compound of claim 27, wherein at least one occurrence of R.sub.5 is (C═O)NR.sub.aR.sub.b, (C═O)CH.sub.2NR.sub.aR.sub.b, or (C═O)CH.sub.2CH.sub.2NR.sub.aR.sub.b.

29. The compound of claim 1, wherein the compound has a structure of Formula Ia: ##STR00352## wherein n.sub.x is 0, 1, or 2; Q is CR.sub.6R.sub.7 or C═O; and R.sub.x is R.sub.a, (C═O)R.sub.a, (C═O)NR.sub.aR.sub.b, or SO.sub.2R.sub.a.

30. The compound of claim 29, wherein n.sub.x is 0 or 1.

31. The compound of claim 29, wherein R.sub.5 is H or Me.

32. The compound of claim 29, wherein Q is C═O and NR.sub.xR.sub.b is NH.sub.2, NHMe, NMe.sub.2, NH(C═O)NH.sub.2, NMe(C═O)NH.sub.2, NH(C═O)NHMe, NMe(C═O)NMe, NH(C═O)NMe.sub.2, NMe(C═O)NMe.sub.2, or SO.sub.2Me.

33. The compound of claim 1, wherein custom-character refers to a single bond; X is CR.sub.4; Y is O or NR.sub.5; R.sub.3 is H, alkyl, cycloalkyl, optionally substituted saturated heterocycle, optionally substituted aryl, optionally substituted heteroaryl, CN, CF.sub.3, OCF.sub.3, OR.sub.a, SR.sub.a, halogen, NR.sub.aR.sub.b, or NR.sub.b(C═O)R.sub.a; R.sub.4 is H, alkyl, or (C═O)NR.sub.aR.sub.b; R.sub.5 is H or alkyl; n.sub.1 is 1, 2, or 3; n.sub.4 is 0, 1 or 2; and n.sub.5 is 0 or 1.

34. The compound of claim 33, wherein R.sub.4 is (C═O)NR.sub.aR.sub.b.

35. The compound of claim 1, wherein the compound has the structure of Formula 1b: ##STR00353##

36. The compound of claim 35, wherein the compound has the structure of ##STR00354##

37. The compound of claim 1, wherein the compound has the structure of Formula 1c: ##STR00355##

38. The compound of claim 37, wherein the compound has the structure of ##STR00356##

39. The compound of claim 1, wherein Z is OH or O(C.sub.1-C.sub.4 alkyl).

40. The compound of claim 39, wherein Z is OMe, OEt, or OH.

41. The compound of claim 39, wherein Z is OH.

42. The compound of claim 1, wherein X.sub.1 is H, halogen, fluorinated alkyl, or alkyl.

43. The compound of claim 42, wherein X.sub.1 is H, F, Cl, Br, Me, CF.sub.2H, CF.sub.2Cl, or CF.sub.3.

44. The compound of claim 42, wherein X.sub.1 is H or Cl.

45. The compound of claim 1, wherein X.sub.2 is H, halogen, fluorinated alkyl, or alkyl.

46. The compound of claim 45, wherein X.sub.2 is H, F, Cl, Br, Me, CF.sub.2H, CF.sub.2Cl, or CF.sub.3.

47. The compound of claim 45, wherein X.sub.2 is H or Cl.

48. The compound of claim 1, wherein X.sub.3 is H, F, Cl, Br, Me, CF.sub.2H, CF.sub.2Cl, or CF.sub.3.

49. The compound of claim 48, wherein X.sub.3 is H or Cl.

50. The compound of claim 1, wherein the structural moiety ##STR00357## has the structure of ##STR00358## ##STR00359##

51. The compound of claim 1, wherein the compound has a structure of Formula II′ or II: ##STR00360## ##STR00361## wherein R.sub.3′ is independently H, halogen, or alkyl; and n.sub.2 is an integer from 0-3.

52. The compound of claim 51, wherein n.sub.2 is 0, 1, 2, or 3.

53. The compound of claim 51, wherein R.sub.3′ is H or alkyl.

54. The compound of claim 51, wherein R.sub.3′ is halogen.

55. The compound of claim 51, wherein Z is OR.sub.a.

56. The compound of claim 51, wherein Z is OH, OMe, or OEt.

57. The compound of claim 51, wherein Z is OH.

58. The compound of claim 1, wherein R.sub.3 is H, alkyl, cycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, CN, CF.sub.3, OR.sub.a, SR.sub.a, halogen, NR.sub.aR.sub.b, or NR.sub.b(C═O)R.sub.a.

59. The compound of claim 1, wherein R.sub.3 is H, alkyl, CF.sub.3, OR.sub.a, SR.sub.a, halogen, NR.sub.aR.sub.b, or NR.sub.b(C═O)R.sub.a.

60. The compound of claim 1, wherein R.sub.3 is H, halogen, fluorinated alkyl, or alkyl.

61. The compound of claim 1, wherein n.sub.1 is 0, 1, or 2.

62. The compound of claim 1, wherein each occurrence of n.sub.3 is independently 0, 1, or 2.

63. The compound of claim 1, wherein each occurrence of n.sub.4 and n.sub.5 are independently 0 or 1.

64. The compound of claim 1, wherein at least one occurrence of R.sub.a or R.sub.b is independently H, alkyl, cycloalkyl, saturated heterocycle, aryl, or heteroaryl.

65. The compound of claim 64, wherein at least one occurrence of R.sub.a or R.sub.b is independently H, Me, Et, Pr, or a heterocycle selected from the group consisting of ##STR00362## wherein the heterocycle is optionally substituted by alkyl, OH, oxo, or (C═O)C.sub.1-4alkyl where valence permits.

66. The compound of claim 64, wherein at least one occurrence of R.sub.a or R.sub.b is H or ##STR00363##

67. The compound of claim 1, wherein R.sub.a and R.sub.b together with the nitrogen atom that they are connected to form an optionally substituted heterocycle comprising the nitrogen atom and 0-3 additional heteroatoms each selected from the group consisting of N, O, and S.

68. The compound of claim 1, wherein the compound is selected from the group consisting of compounds 1-127 as shown in Table 1.

69. A pharmaceutical composition comprising at least one compound according to claim 1 or a pharmaceutically-acceptable salt thereof and a pharmaceutically-acceptable carrier or diluent.

70. A method of treating a condition in a mammalian species in need thereof, comprising administering to the mammalian species a therapeutically effective amount of at least one compound according to claim 1 or a pharmaceutically-acceptable salt thereof, wherein the condition is selected from the group consisting of cancer, an immunological disorder, a central nervous system disorder, an inflammatory disorder, a gastroenterological disorder, a metabolic disorder, a cardiovascular disorder, and a kidney disease.

71. The method of claim 70, wherein the immunological disorder is transplant rejection or an autoimmune disease.

72. The method of claim 70, wherein the autoimmune disease is rheumatoid arthritis, multiple sclerosis, systemic lupus erythematosus, or type I diabetes mellitus.

73. The method of claim 70, wherein the central nervous system disorder is Alzheimer's disease.

74. The method of claim 70, wherein the inflammatory disorder is an inflammatory skin condition, arthritis, psoriasis, spondylitis, parodontitits, or an inflammatory neuropathy.

75. The method of claim 70, wherein the gastroenterological disorder is an inflammatory bowel disease.

76. The method of claim 70, wherein the metabolic disorder is obesity or type II diabetes mellitus.

77. The method of claim 70, wherein the cardiovascular disorder is an ischemic stroke.

78. The method of claim 70, wherein the kidney disease is chronic kidney disease, nephritis, or chronic renal failure.

79. The method of claim 70, wherein the condition is selected from the group consisting of cancer, transplant rejection, rheumatoid arthritis, multiple sclerosis, systemic lupus erythematosus, type I diabetes mellitus, Alzheimer's disease, inflammatory skin condition, inflammatory neuropathy, psoriasis, spondylitis, parodontitis, Crohn's disease, ulcerative colitis, obesity, type II diabetes mellitus, ischemic stroke, chronic kidney disease, nephritis, chronic renal failure, and a combination thereof.

80. The method of claim 70, wherein the mammalian species is human.

81. A method of blocking Kv1.3 potassium channel in a mammalian species in need thereof, comprising administering to the mammalian species a therapeutically effective amount of at least one compound according to claim 1 or a pharmaceutically-acceptable salt thereof.

82. The method of claim 81, wherein the mammalian species is human.

Description

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

Definitions

[0131] The following are definitions of terms used in the present specification. The initial definition provided for a group or term herein applies to that group or term throughout the present specification individually or as part of another group, unless otherwise indicated. Unless otherwise defined, all technical and scientific terms used herein have the same meaning as commonly understood by one of ordinary skill in the art.

[0132] The terms “alkyl” and “alk” refer to a straight or branched chain alkane (hydrocarbon) radical containing from 1 to 12 carbon atoms, preferably 1 to 6 carbon atoms. Exemplary “alkyl” groups include methyl, ethyl, propyl, isopropyl, n-butyl, t-butyl, isobutyl pentyl, hexyl, isohexyl, heptyl, 4,4-dimethylpentyl, octyl, 2,2,4-trimethylpentyl, nonyl, decyl, undecyl, dodecyl, and the like. The term “(C.sub.1-C.sub.4)alkyl” refers to a straight or branched chain alkane (hydrocarbon) radical containing from 1 to 4 carbon atoms, such as methyl, ethyl, propyl, isopropyl, n-butyl, t-butyl, and isobutyl. “Substituted alkyl” refers to an alkyl group substituted with one or more substituents, preferably 1 to 4 substituents, at any available point of attachment. Exemplary substituents include, but are not limited to, one or more of the following groups: hydrogen, halogen (e.g., a single halogen substituent or multiple halo substituents forming, in the latter case, groups such as CF.sub.3 or an alkyl group bearing CCl.sub.3), cyano, nitro, oxo (i.e., ═O), CF.sub.3, OCF.sub.3, cycloalkyl, alkenyl, cycloalkenyl, alkynyl, heterocycle, aryl, OR.sub.a, SR.sub.a, S(═O)R.sub.e, S(═O).sub.2R.sub.e, P(═O).sub.2R.sub.e, S(═O).sub.2OR.sub.e, P(═O).sub.2OR.sub.e, NR.sub.bR.sub.c, NR.sub.bS(═O).sub.2R.sub.e, NR.sub.bP(═O).sub.2R.sub.e, S(═O).sub.2NR.sub.bR.sub.c, P(═O).sub.2NR.sub.bR.sub.c, C(═O)OR.sub.d, C(═O)R.sub.a, C(═O)NR.sub.bR.sub.c, OC(═O)R.sub.a, OC(═O)NR.sub.bR.sub.c, NR.sub.bC(═O)OR.sub.e, NR.sub.dC(═O)NR.sub.bR.sub.c, NR.sub.dS(═O).sub.2NR.sub.bR.sub.c, NR.sub.dP(═O).sub.2NR.sub.bR.sub.c, NR.sub.bC(═O)R.sub.a, or NR.sub.bP(═O).sub.2R.sub.e, wherein each occurrence of R.sub.a is independently hydrogen, alkyl, cycloalkyl, alkenyl, cycloalkenyl, alkynyl, heterocycle, or aryl; each occurrence of R.sub.b, R.sub.e and R.sub.d is independently hydrogen, alkyl, cycloalkyl, heterocycle, aryl, or said R.sub.b and R.sub.e together with the N to which they are bonded optionally form a heterocycle, and each occurrence of R.sub.e is independently alkyl, cycloalkyl, alkenyl, cycloalkenyl, alkynyl, heterocycle, or aryl. In some embodiments, groups such as alkyl, cycloalkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkenyl, heterocycle, and aryl can themselves be optionally substituted.

[0133] The term “alkenyl” refers to a straight or branched chain hydrocarbon radical containing from 2 to 12 carbon atoms and at least one carbon-carbon double bond. Exemplary such groups include ethenyl or allyl. The term “C.sub.2-C.sub.6 alkenyl” refers to a straight or branched chain hydrocarbon radical containing from 2 to 6 carbon atoms and at least one carbon-carbon double bond, such as ethylenyl, propenyl, 2-propenyl, (E)-but-2-enyl, (Z)-but-2-enyl, 2-methy(E)-but-2-enyl, 2-methy(Z)-but-2-enyl, 2,3-dimethy-but-2-enyl, (Z)-pent-2-enyl, (E)-pent-1-enyl, (Z)-hex-1-enyl, (E)-pent-2-enyl, (Z)-hex-2-enyl, (E)-hex-2-enyl, (Z)-hex-1-enyl, (E)-hex-1-enyl, (Z)-hex-3-enyl, (E)-hex-3-enyl, and (E)-hex-1,3-dienyl. “Substituted alkenyl” refers to an alkenyl group substituted with one or more substituents, preferably 1 to 4 substituents, at any available point of attachment. Exemplary substituents include, but are not limited to, one or more of the following groups: hydrogen, halogen, alkyl, halogenated alkyl (i.e., an alkyl group bearing a single halogen substituent or multiple halogen substituents such as CF.sub.3 or CCl.sub.3), cyano, nitro, oxo (i.e., ═O), CF.sub.3, OCF.sub.3, cycloalkyl, alkenyl, cycloalkenyl, alkynyl, heterocycle, aryl, OR.sub.a, SR.sub.a, S(═O)R.sub.e, S(═O).sub.2R.sub.e, P(═O).sub.2R.sub.e, S(═O).sub.2OR.sub.e, P(═O).sub.2OR.sub.e, NR.sub.bR.sub.c, NR.sub.bS(═O).sub.2R.sub.e, NR.sub.bP(═O).sub.2R.sub.e, S(═O).sub.2NR.sub.bR.sub.c, P(═O).sub.2NR.sub.bR.sub.c, C(═O)OR.sub.d, C(═O)R.sub.a, C(═O)NR.sub.bR.sub.c, OC(═O)R.sub.a, OC(═O)NR.sub.bR.sub.c, NR.sub.bC(═O)OR.sub.e, NR.sub.dC(═O)NR.sub.bR.sub.c, NR.sub.dS(═O).sub.2NR.sub.bR.sub.c, NR.sub.dP(═O).sub.2NR.sub.bR.sub.c, NR.sub.bC(═O)R.sub.a, or NR.sub.bP(═O).sub.2R.sub.e, wherein each occurrence of R.sub.a is independently hydrogen, alkyl, cycloalkyl, alkenyl, cycloalkenyl, alkynyl, heterocycle, or aryl; each occurrence of R.sub.b, R.sub.c and R.sub.d is independently hydrogen, alkyl, cycloalkyl, heterocycle, aryl, or said R.sub.b and R.sub.c together with the N to which they are bonded optionally form a heterocycle; and each occurrence of R.sub.e is independently alkyl, cycloalkyl, alkenyl, cycloalkenyl, alkynyl, heterocycle, or aryl. The exemplary substituents can themselves be optionally substituted.

[0134] The term “alkynyl” refers to a straight or branched chain hydrocarbon radical containing from 2 to 12 carbon atoms and at least one carbon to carbon triple bond. Exemplary groups include ethynyl. The term “C.sub.2-C.sub.6 alkynyl” refers to a straight or branched chain hydrocarbon radical containing from 2 to 6 carbon atoms and at least one carbon-carbon triple bond, such as ethynyl, prop-1-ynyl, prop-2-ynyl, but-1-ynyl, but-2-ynyl, pent-1-ynyl, pent-2-ynyl, hex-1-ynyl, hex-2-ynyl, or hex-3-ynyl. “Substituted alkynyl” refers to an alkynyl group substituted with one or more substituents, preferably 1 to 4 substituents, at any available point of attachment. Exemplary substituents include, but are not limited to, one or more of the following groups: hydrogen, halogen (e.g., a single halogen substituent or multiple halo substituents forming, in the latter case, groups such as CF.sub.3 or an alkyl group bearing CCl.sub.3), cyano, nitro, oxo (i.e., ═O), CF.sub.3, OCF.sub.3, cycloalkyl, alkenyl, cycloalkenyl, alkynyl, heterocycle, aryl, OR.sub.a, SR.sub.a, S(═O)R.sub.e, S(═O).sub.2R.sub.e, P(═O).sub.2R.sub.e, S(═O).sub.2OR.sub.e, P(═O).sub.2OR.sub.e, NR.sub.bR.sub.c, NR.sub.bS(═O).sub.2R.sub.e, NR.sub.bP(═O).sub.2R.sub.e, S(═O).sub.2NR.sub.bR.sub.c, P(═O).sub.2NR.sub.bR.sub.c, C(═O)OR.sub.a, C(═O)R.sub.a, C(═O)NR.sub.bR.sub.c, OC(═O)R.sub.a, OC(═O)NR.sub.bR.sub.c, NR.sub.bC(═O)OR.sub.e, NRaC(═O)NR.sub.bR.sub.c, NR.sub.dS(═O).sub.2NR.sub.bR.sub.c, NRaP(═O).sub.2NR.sub.bR.sub.c, NR.sub.bC(═O)R.sub.a, or NR.sub.bP(═O).sub.2R.sub.e, wherein each occurrence of R.sub.a is independently hydrogen, alkyl, cycloalkyl, alkenyl, cycloalkenyl, alkynyl, heterocycle, or aryl; each occurrence of R.sub.b, R.sub.e and R.sub.d is independently hydrogen, alkyl, cycloalkyl, heterocycle, aryl, or said R.sub.b and R.sub.e together with the N to which they are bonded optionally to form a heterocycle; and each occurrence of R.sub.e is independently alkyl, cycloalkyl, alkenyl, cycloalkenyl, alkynyl, heterocycle, or aryl. The exemplary substituents can themselves be optionally substituted.

[0135] The term “cycloalkyl” refers to a fully saturated cyclic hydrocarbon group containing from 1 to 4 rings and 3 to 8 carbons per ring. “C.sub.3-C.sub.7 cycloalkyl” refers to cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl, or cycloheptyl. “Substituted cycloalkyl” refers to a cycloalkyl group substituted with one or more substituents, preferably 1 to 4 substituents, at any available point of attachment. Exemplary substituents include, but are not limited to, one or more of the following groups: hydrogen, halogen (e.g., a single halogen substituent or multiple halo substituents forming, in the latter case, groups such as CF.sub.3 or an alkyl group bearing CCl.sub.3), cyano, nitro, oxo (i.e., ═O), CF.sub.3, OCF.sub.3, cycloalkyl, alkenyl, cycloalkenyl, alkynyl, heterocycle, aryl, OR.sub.a, SR.sub.a, S(═O)R.sub.e, S(═O).sub.2R.sub.e, P(═O).sub.2R.sub.e, S(═O).sub.2OR.sub.e, P(═O).sub.2OR.sub.e, NR.sub.bR.sub.c, NR.sub.bS(═O).sub.2R.sub.e, NR.sub.bP(═O).sub.2R.sub.e, S(═O).sub.2NR.sub.bR.sub.c, P(═O).sub.2NR.sub.bR.sub.c, C(═O)OR.sub.a, C(═O)R.sub.a, C(═O)NR.sub.bR.sub.c, OC(═O)R.sub.a, OC(═O)NR.sub.bR.sub.c, NR.sub.bC(═O)OR.sub.e, NR.sub.dC(═O)NR.sub.bR.sub.c, NR.sub.dS(═O).sub.2NR.sub.bR.sub.c, NR.sub.dP(═O).sub.2NR.sub.bR.sub.c, NR.sub.bC(═O)R.sub.a, or NR.sub.bP(═O).sub.2R.sub.e, wherein each occurrence of R.sub.a is independently hydrogen, alkyl, cycloalkyl, alkenyl, cycloalkenyl, alkynyl, heterocycle, or aryl; each occurrence of R.sub.b, R.sub.e and R.sub.d is independently hydrogen, alkyl, cycloalkyl, heterocycle, aryl, or said R.sub.b and R.sub.e together with the N to which they are bonded optionally to form a heterocycle; and each occurrence of R.sub.e is independently alkyl, cycloalkyl, alkenyl, cycloalkenyl, alkynyl, heterocycle, or aryl. The exemplary substituents can themselves be optionally substituted. Exemplary substituents also include spiro-attached or fused cyclic substituents, especially spiro-attached cycloalkyl, spiro-attached cycloalkenyl, spiro-attached heterocycle (excluding heteroaryl), fused cycloalkyl, fused cycloalkenyl, fused heterocycle, or fused aryl, where the aforementioned cycloalkyl, cycloalkenyl, heterocycle and aryl substituents can themselves be optionally substituted.

[0136] The term “cycloalkenyl” refers to a partially unsaturated cyclic hydrocarbon group containing 1 to 4 rings and 3 to 8 carbons per ring. Exemplary such groups include cyclobutenyl, cyclopentenyl, cyclohexenyl, etc. “Substituted cycloalkenyl” refers to a cycloalkenyl group substituted with one more substituents, preferably 1 to 4 substituents, at any available point of attachment. Exemplary substituents include, but are not limited to, one or more of the following groups: hydrogen, halogen (e.g., a single halogen substituent or multiple halo substituents forming, in the latter case, groups such as CF.sub.3 or an alkyl group bearing CCl.sub.3), cyano, nitro, oxo (i.e., ═O), CF.sub.3, OCF.sub.3, cycloalkyl, alkenyl, cycloalkenyl, alkynyl, heterocycle, aryl, OR.sub.a, SR.sub.a, S(═O)R.sub.e, S(═O).sub.2R.sub.e, P(═O).sub.2R.sub.e, S(═O).sub.2OR.sub.e, P(═O).sub.2OR.sub.e, NR.sub.bR.sub.c, NR.sub.bS(═O).sub.2R.sub.e, NR.sub.bP(═O).sub.2R.sub.e, S(═O).sub.2NR.sub.bR.sub.c, P(═O).sub.2NR.sub.bR.sub.c, C(═O)OR.sub.d, C(═O)R.sub.a, C(═O)NR.sub.bR.sub.c, OC(═O)R.sub.a, OC(═O)NR.sub.bR.sub.c, NR.sub.bC(═O)OR.sub.e, NR.sub.dC(═O)NR.sub.bR.sub.c, NR.sub.dS(═O).sub.2NR.sub.bR.sub.c, NR.sub.dP(═O).sub.2NR.sub.bR.sub.c, NR.sub.bC(═O)R.sub.a, or NR.sub.bP(═O).sub.2R.sub.e, wherein each occurrence of R.sub.a is independently hydrogen, alkyl, cycloalkyl, alkenyl, cycloalkenyl, alkynyl, heterocycle, or aryl; each occurrence of R.sub.b, R.sub.e, and R.sub.d is independently hydrogen, alkyl, cycloalkyl, heterocycle, aryl, or said R.sub.b and R.sub.e together with the N to which they are bonded optionally form a heterocycle; and each occurrence of R.sub.e is independently alkyl, cycloalkyl, alkenyl, cycloalkenyl, alkynyl, heterocycle, or aryl. The exemplary substituents can themselves be optionally substituted. Exemplary substituents also include spiro-attached or fused cyclic substituents, especially spiro-attached cycloalkyl, spiro-attached cycloalkenyl, spiro-attached heterocycle (excluding heteroaryl), fused cycloalkyl, fused cycloalkenyl, fused heterocycle, or fused aryl, where the aforementioned cycloalkyl, cycloalkenyl, heterocycle and aryl substituents can themselves be optionally substituted.

[0137] The term “aryl” refers to cyclic, aromatic hydrocarbon groups that have 1 to 5 aromatic rings, especially monocyclic or bicyclic groups such as phenyl, biphenyl or naphthyl. Where containing two or more aromatic rings (bicyclic, etc.), the aromatic rings of the aryl group may be joined at a single point (e.g., biphenyl), or fused (e.g., naphthyl, phenanthrenyl and the like). The term “fused aromatic ring” refers to a molecular structure having two or more aromatic rings wherein two adjacent aromatic rings have two carbon atoms in common. “Substituted aryl” refers to an aryl group substituted by one or more substituents, preferably 1 to 3 substituents, at any available point of attachment. Exemplary substituents include, but are not limited to, one or more of the following groups: hydrogen, halogen (e.g., a single halogen substituent or multiple halo substituents forming, in the latter case, groups such as CF.sub.3 or an alkyl group bearing CCl.sub.3), cyano, nitro, oxo (i.e., ═O), CF.sub.3, OCF.sub.3, cycloalkyl, alkenyl, cycloalkenyl, alkynyl, heterocycle, aryl, OR.sub.a, SR.sub.a, S(═O)R.sub.e, S(═O).sub.2R.sub.e, P(═O).sub.2R.sub.e, S(═O).sub.2OR.sub.e, P(═O).sub.2OR.sub.e, NR.sub.bR.sub.c, NR.sub.bS(═O).sub.2R.sub.e, NR.sub.bP(═O).sub.2R.sub.e, S(═O).sub.2NR.sub.bR.sub.c, P(═O).sub.2NR.sub.bR.sub.c, C(═O)OR.sub.a, C(═O)R.sub.a, C(═O)NR.sub.bR.sub.e, OC(═O)R.sub.a, OC(═O)NR.sub.bR.sub.e, NR.sub.bC(═O)OR.sub.e, NRaC(═O)NR.sub.bR.sub.e, NR.sub.dS(═O).sub.2NR.sub.bR.sub.e, NR.sub.aP(═O).sub.2NR.sub.bR.sub.e, NR.sub.bC(═O)R.sub.a, or NR.sub.bP(═O).sub.2R.sub.e, wherein each occurrence of R.sub.a is independently hydrogen, alkyl, cycloalkyl, alkenyl, cycloalkenyl, alkynyl, heterocycle, or aryl; each occurrence of R.sub.b, R.sub.e and R.sub.d is independently hydrogen, alkyl, cycloalkyl, heterocycle, aryl, or said R.sub.b and R.sub.e together with the N to which they are bonded optionally form a heterocycle; and each occurrence of R.sub.e is independently alkyl, cycloalkyl, alkenyl, cycloalkenyl, alkynyl, heterocycle, or aryl. The exemplary substituents can themselves be optionally substituted. Exemplary substituents also include fused cyclic groups, especially fused cycloalkyl, fused cycloalkenyl, fused heterocycle, or fused aryl, where the aforementioned cycloalkyl, cycloalkenyl, heterocycle, and aryl substituents can themselves be optionally substituted.

[0138] The term “biaryl” refers to two aryl groups linked by a single bond. The term “biheteroaryl” refers to two heteroaryl groups linked by a single bond. Similarly, the term “heteroaryl-aryl” refers to a heteroaryl group and an aryl group linked by a single bond and the term “aryl-heteroaryl” refers to an aryl group and a heteroaryl group linked by a single bond. In certain embodiments, the numbers of the ring atoms in the heteroaryl and/or aryl rings are used to specify the sizes of the aryl or heteroaryl ring in the substituents. For example, 5,6-heteroaryl-aryl refers to a substituent in which a 5-membered heteroaryl is linked to a 6-membered aryl group. Other combinations and ring sizes can be similarly specified.

[0139] The term “carbocycle” or “carbon cycle” refers to a fully saturated or partially saturated cyclic hydrocarbon group containing from 1 to 4 rings and 3 to 8 carbons per ring, or cyclic, aromatic hydrocarbon groups that have 1 to 5 aromatic rings, especially monocyclic or bicyclic groups such as phenyl, biphenyl, or naphthyl. The term “carbocycle” encompasses cycloalkyl, cycloalkenyl, cycloalkynyl, and aryl as defined hereinabove. The term “substituted carbocycle” refers to carbocycle or carbocyclic groups substituted with one or more substituents, preferably 1 to 4 substituents, at any available point of attachment. Exemplary substituents include, but are not limited to, those described above for substituted cycloalkyl, substituted cycloalkenyl, substituted cycloalkynyl, and substituted aryl. Exemplary substituents also include spiro-attached or fused cyclic substituents at any available point or points of attachment, especially spiro-attached cycloalkyl, spiro-attached cycloalkenyl, spiro-attached heterocycle (excluding heteroaryl), fused cycloalkyl, fused cycloalkenyl, fused heterocycle, or fused aryl, where the aforementioned cycloalkyl, cycloalkenyl, heterocycle, and aryl substituents can themselves be optionally substituted.

[0140] The terms “heterocycle” and “heterocyclic” refer to fully saturated, or partially or fully unsaturated, including aromatic (i.e., “heteroaryl”) cyclic groups (for example, 3 to 7 membered monocyclic, 7 to 11 membered bicyclic, or 8 to 16 membered tricyclic ring systems) which have at least one heteroatom in at least one carbon atom-containing ring. Each ring of the heterocyclic group may independently be saturated, or partially or fully unsaturated. Each ring of the heterocyclic group containing a heteroatom may have 1, 2, 3, or 4 heteroatoms selected from the group consisting of nitrogen atoms, oxygen atoms and sulfur atoms, where the nitrogen and sulfur heteroatoms may optionally be oxidized and the nitrogen heteroatoms may optionally be quaternized. (The term “heteroarylium” refers to a heteroaryl group bearing a quaternary nitrogen atom and thus a positive charge.) The heterocyclic group may be attached to the remainder of the molecule at any heteroatom or carbon atom of the ring or ring system. Exemplary monocyclic heterocyclic groups include azetidinyl, pyrrolidinyl, pyrrolyl, pyrazolyl, oxetanyl, pyrazolinyl, imidazolyl, imidazolinyl, imidazolidinyl, oxazolyl, oxazolidinyl, isoxazolinyl, isoxazolyl, thiazolyl, thiadiazolyl, thiazolidinyl, isothiazolyl, isothiazolidinyl, furyl, tetrahydrofuryl, thienyl, oxadiazolyl, piperidinyl, piperazinyl, 2-oxopiperazinyl, 2-oxopiperidinyl, 2-oxopyrrolodinyl, 2-oxoazepinyl, azepinyl, hexahydrodiazepinyl, 4-piperidonyl, pyridyl, pyrazinyl, pyrimidinyl, pyridazinyl, triazinyl, triazolyl, tetrazolyl, tetrahydropyranyl, morpholinyl, thiamorpholinyl, thiamorpholinyl sulfoxide, thiamorpholinyl sulfone, 1,3-dioxolane and tetrahydro-1,1-dioxothienyl, and the like. Exemplary bicyclic heterocyclic groups include indolyl, indolinyl, isoindolyl, benzothiazolyl, benzoxazolyl, benzoxadiazolyl, benzothienyl, benzo[d][1,3]dioxolyl, dihydro-2H-benzo[b][1,4]oxazine, 2,3-dihydrobenzo[b][1,4]dioxinyl, quinuclidinyl, quinolinyl, tetrahydroisoquinolinyl, isoquinolinyl, benzimidazolyl, benzopyranyl, indolizinyl, benzofuryl, benzofurazanyl, dihydrobenzo[d]oxazole, chromonyl, coumarinyl, benzopyranyl, cinnolinyl, quinoxalinyl, indazolyl, pyrrolopyridyl, furopyridinyl (such as furo[2,3-c]pyridinyl, furo[3,2-b]pyridinyl] or furo[2,3-b]pyridinyl), dihydroisoindolyl, dihydroquinazolinyl (such as 3,4-dihydro-4-oxo-quinazolinyl), triazinylazepinyl, tetrahydroquinolinyl, and the like. Exemplary tricyclic heterocyclic groups include carbazolyl, benzidolyl, phenanthrolinyl, acridinyl, phenanthridinyl, xanthenyl, and the like.

[0141] “Substituted heterocycle” and “substituted heterocyclic” (such as “substituted heteroaryl”) refer to heterocycle or heterocyclic groups substituted with one or more substituents, preferably 1 to 4 substituents, at any available point of attachment. Exemplary substituents include, but are not limited to, one or more of the following groups: hydrogen, halogen (e.g., a single halogen substituent or multiple halo substituents forming, in the latter case, groups such as CF.sub.3 or an alkyl group bearing CCl.sub.3), cyano, nitro, oxo (i.e., ═O), CF.sub.3, OCF.sub.3, cycloalkyl, alkenyl, cycloalkenyl, alkynyl, heterocycle, aryl, OR.sub.a, SR.sub.a, S(═O)R.sub.e, S(═O).sub.2R.sub.e, P(═O).sub.2R.sub.e, S(═O).sub.2OR.sub.e, P(═O).sub.2OR.sub.e, NR.sub.bR.sub.c, NR.sub.bS(═O).sub.2R.sub.e, NR.sub.bP(═O).sub.2R.sub.e, S(═O).sub.2NR.sub.bR.sub.c, P(═O).sub.2NR.sub.bR.sub.c, C(═O)OR.sub.d, C(═O)R.sub.a, C(═O)NR.sub.bR.sub.c, OC(═O)R.sub.a, OC(═O)NR.sub.bR.sub.c, NR.sub.bC(═O)OR.sub.e, NR.sub.dC(═O)NR.sub.bR.sub.c, NR.sub.dS(═O).sub.2NR.sub.bR.sub.c, NR.sub.dP(═O).sub.2NR.sub.bR.sub.c, NR.sub.bC(═O)R.sub.a, or NR.sub.bP(═O).sub.2R.sub.e, wherein each occurrence of R.sub.a is independently hydrogen, alkyl, cycloalkyl, alkenyl, cycloalkenyl, alkynyl, heterocycle, or aryl; each occurrence of R.sub.b, R.sub.c and R.sub.d is independently hydrogen, alkyl, cycloalkyl, heterocycle, aryl, or said R.sub.b and R.sub.c together with the N to which they are bonded optionally form a heterocycle; and each occurrence of R.sub.e is independently alkyl, cycloalkyl, alkenyl, cycloalkenyl, alkynyl, heterocycle, or aryl. The exemplary substituents can themselves be optionally substituted. Exemplary substituents also include spiro-attached or fused cyclic substituents at any available point or points of attachment, especially spiro-attached cycloalkyl, spiro-attached cycloalkenyl, spiro-attached heterocycle (excluding heteroaryl), fused cycloalkyl, fused cycloalkenyl, fused heterocycle, or fused aryl, where the aforementioned cycloalkyl, cycloalkenyl, heterocycle and aryl substituents can themselves be optionally substituted.

##STR00028##

[0142] The term “oxo” refers to substituent group, which may be attached to a carbon ring atom on a carboncycle or heterocycle. When an oxo substituent group is attached to a carbon ring atom on an aromatic group, e.g., aryl or heteroaryl, the bonds on the aromatic ring may be rearranged to satisfy the valence requirement. For instance, a pyridine with a 2-oxo substituent group may have the structure

##STR00029##

of which also includes its tautomeric form of

##STR00030##

[0143] The term “alkylamino” refers to a group having the structure —NHR′, wherein R′ is hydrogen, alkyl or substituted alkyl, cycloalkyl or substituted cycloalkyl, as defined herein. Examples of alkylamino groups include, but are not limited to, methylamino, ethylamino, n-propylamino, iso-propylamino, cyclopropylamino, n-butylamino, tert-butylamino, neopentylamino, n-pentylamino, hexylamino, cyclohexylamino, and the like.

[0144] The term “dialkylamino” refers to a group having the structure —NRR′, wherein R and R′ are each independently alkyl or substituted alkyl, cycloalkyl or substituted cycloalkyl, cycloalkenyl or substituted cyclolalkenyl, aryl or substituted aryl, heterocycle or substituted heterocycle, as defined herein. R and R′ may be the same or different in a dialkyamino moiety. Examples of dialkylamino groups include, but are not limited to, dimethylamino, methyl ethylamino, diethylamino, methylpropylamino, di(n-propyl)amino, di(iso-propyl)amino, di(cyclopropyl)amino, di(n-butyl)amino, di(tert-butyl)amino, di(neopentyl)amino, di(n-pentyl)amino, di(hexyl)amino, di(cyclohexyl)amino, and the like. In certain embodiments, R and R′ are linked to form a cyclic structure. The resulting cyclic structure may be aromatic or non-aromatic. Examples of the resulting cyclic structure include, but are not limited to, aziridinyl, pyrrolidinyl, piperidinyl, morpholinyl, pyrrolyl, imidazolyl, 1,2,4-triazolyl, and tetrazolyl.

[0145] The terms “halogen” or “halo” refer to chlorine, bromine, fluorine, or iodine.

[0146] The term “substituted” refers to the embodiments in which a molecule, molecular moiety, or substituent group (e.g., alkyl, cycloalkyl, alkenyl, cycloalkenyl, alkynyl, heterocycle, or aryl group or any other group disclosed herein) is substituted with one or more substituents, where valence permits, preferably 1 to 6 substituents, at any available point of attachment. Exemplary substituents include, but are not limited to, one or more of the following groups: hydrogen, halogen (e.g., a single halogen substituent or multiple halo substituents forming, in the latter case, groups such as CF.sub.3 or an alkyl group bearing CCl.sub.3), cyano, nitro, oxo (i.e., ═O), CF.sub.3, OCF.sub.3, alkyl, halogen-substituted alkyl, cycloalkyl, alkenyl, cycloalkenyl, alkynyl, heterocycle, aryl, OR.sub.a, SR.sub.a, S(═O)R.sub.e, S(═O).sub.2R.sub.e, P(═O).sub.2R.sub.e, S(═O).sub.2OR.sub.e, P(═O).sub.2OR.sub.e, NR.sub.bR.sub.c, NR.sub.bS(═O).sub.2R.sub.e, NR.sub.bP(═O).sub.2R.sub.e, S(═O).sub.2NR.sub.bR.sub.c, P(═O).sub.2NR.sub.bR.sub.c, C(═O)OR.sub.d, C(═O)R.sub.a, C(═O)NR.sub.bR.sub.c, OC(═O)R.sub.a, OC(═O)NR.sub.bR.sub.c, NR.sub.bC(═O)OR.sub.e, NR.sub.dC(═O)NR.sub.bR.sub.c, NR.sub.dS(═O).sub.2NR.sub.bR.sub.c, NR.sub.dP(═O).sub.2NR.sub.bR.sub.c, NR.sub.bC(═O)R.sub.a, or NR.sub.bP(═O).sub.2R.sub.e, wherein each occurrence of R.sub.a is independently hydrogen, alkyl, cycloalkyl, alkenyl, cycloalkenyl, alkynyl, heterocycle, or aryl; each occurrence of R.sub.b, R.sub.c and R.sub.d is independently hydrogen, alkyl, cycloalkyl, heterocycle, aryl, or said R.sub.b and R.sub.c together with the N to which they are bonded optionally form a heterocycle; and each occurrence of R.sub.e is independently alkyl, cycloalkyl, alkenyl, cycloalkenyl, alkynyl, heterocycle, or aryl. In the aforementioned exemplary substituents, groups such as alkyl, cycloalkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkenyl, heterocycle, and aryl can themselves be optionally substituted. The term “optionally substituted” refers to the embodiments in which a molecule, molecular moiety or substituent group (e.g., alkyl, cycloalkyl, alkenyl, cycloalkenyl, alkynyl, heterocycle, or aryl group or any other group disclosed herein) may or may not be substituted with aforementioned one or more substituents.

[0147] Unless otherwise indicated, any heteroatom with unsatisfied valences is assumed to have hydrogen atoms sufficient to satisfy the valences.

[0148] The compounds of the present invention may form salts which are also within the scope of this invention. Reference to a compound of the present invention is understood to include reference to salts thereof, unless otherwise indicated. The term “salt(s)”, as employed herein, denotes acidic and/or basic salts formed with inorganic and/or organic acids and bases. In addition, when a compound of the present invention contains both a basic moiety, such as but not limited to a pyridine or imidazole, and an acidic moiety such as but not limited to a phenol or carboxylic acid, zwitterions (“inner salts”) may be formed and are included within the term “salt(s)” as used herein. Pharmaceutically-acceptable (i.e., non-toxic, physiologically-acceptable) salts are preferred, although other salts are also useful, e.g., in isolation or purification steps which may be employed during preparation. Salts of the compounds of the present invention may be formed, for example, by reacting a compound described herein with an amount of acid or base, such as an equivalent amount, in a medium such as one in which the salt precipitates, or in an aqueous medium followed by lyophilization.

[0149] The compounds of the present invention which contain a basic moiety, such as but not limited to an amine or a pyridine or imidazole ring, may form salts with a variety of organic and inorganic acids. Exemplary acid addition salts include acetates (such as those formed with acetic acid or trihaloacetic acid; for example, trifluoroacetic acid), adipates, alginates, ascorbates, aspartates, benzoates, benzenesulfonates, bisulfates, borates, butyrates, citrates, camphorates, camphorsulfonates, cyclopentanepropionates, digluconates, dodecylsulfates, ethanesulfonates, fumarates, glucoheptanoates, glycerophosphates, hemisulfates, heptanoates, hexanoates, hydrochlorides, hydrobromides, hydroiodides, hydroxyethanesulfonates (e.g., 2-hydroxyethanesulfonates), lactates, maleates, methanesulfonates, naphthalenesulfonates (e.g., 2-naphthalenesulfonates), nicotinates, nitrates, oxalates, pectinates, persulfates, phenylpropionates (e.g., 3-phenylpropionates), phosphates, picrates, pivalates, propionates, salicylates, succinates, sulfates (such as those formed with sulfuric acid), sulfonates, tartrates, thiocyanates, toluenesulfonates such as tosylates, undecanoates, and the like.

[0150] The compounds of the present invention which contain an acidic moiety, such as but not limited to a phenol or carboxylic acid, may form salts with a variety of organic and inorganic bases. Exemplary basic salts include ammonium salts, alkali metal salts such as sodium, lithium and potassium salts, alkaline earth metal salts such as calcium and magnesium salts, salts with organic bases (for example, organic amines) such as benzathines, dicyclohexylamines, hydrabamines (formed with N,N-bis(dehydroabietyl) ethylenediamine), N-methyl-D-glucamines, N-methyl-D-glycamides, t-butyl amines, and salts with amino acids such as arginine, lysine, and the like. Basic nitrogen-containing groups may be quaternized with agents such as lower alkyl halides (e.g., methyl, ethyl, propyl, and butyl chlorides, bromides, and iodides), dialkyl sulfates (e.g., dimethyl, diethyl, dibutyl, and diamyl sulfates), long chain halides (e.g., decyl, lauryl, myristyl and stearyl chlorides, bromides, and iodides), aralkyl halides (e.g., benzyl and phenethyl bromides), and others.

[0151] Prodrugs and solvates of the compounds of the invention are also contemplated herein. The term “prodrug” as employed herein denotes a compound that, upon administration to a subject, undergoes chemical conversion by metabolic or chemical processes to yield a compound of the present invention, or a salt and/or solvate thereof. Solvates of the compounds of the present invention include, for example, hydrates.

[0152] Compounds of the present invention, and salts or solvates thereof, may exist in their tautomeric form (for example, as an amide or imino ether). All such tautomeric forms are contemplated herein as part of the present invention. As used herein, any depicted structure of the compound includes the tautomeric forms thereof.

[0153] All stereoisomers of the present compounds (for example, those which may exist due to asymmetric carbons on various substituents), including enantiomeric forms and diastereomeric forms, are contemplated within the scope of this invention. Individual stereoisomers of the compounds of the invention may, for example, be substantially free of other isomers (e.g., as a pure or substantially pure optical isomer having a specified activity), or may be admixed, for example, as racemates or with all other, or other selected, stereoisomers. The chiral centers of the present invention may have the S or R configuration as defined by the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) 1974 Recommendations. The racemic forms can be resolved by physical methods, such as, for example, fractional crystallization, separation or crystallization of diastereomeric derivatives, or separation by chiral column chromatography. The individual optical isomers can be obtained from the racemates by any suitable method, including without limitation, conventional methods, such as, for example, salt formation with an optically active acid followed by crystallization.

[0154] Compounds of the present invention are, subsequent to their preparation, preferably isolated and purified to obtain a composition containing an amount by weight equal to or greater than 90%, for example, equal to or greater than 95%, equal to or greater than 99% of the compounds (“substantially pure” compounds), which is then used or formulated as described herein. Such “substantially pure” compounds of the present invention are also contemplated herein as part of the present invention.

[0155] All configurational isomers of the compounds of the present invention are contemplated, either in admixture or in pure or substantially pure form. The definition of compounds of the present invention embraces both cis (Z) and trans (E) alkene isomers, as well as cis and trans isomers of cyclic hydrocarbon or heterocyclic rings.

[0156] Throughout the specification, groups and substituents thereof may be chosen to provide stable moieties and compounds.

[0157] Definitions of specific functional groups and chemical terms are described in more detail herein. For purposes of this invention, the chemical elements are identified in accordance with the Periodic Table of the Elements, CAS version, Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 75.sup.th Ed., inside cover, and specific functional groups are generally defined as described therein. Additionally, general principles of organic chemistry, as well as specific functional moieties and reactivity, are described in “Organic Chemistry”, Thomas Sorrell, University Science Books, Sausalito (1999), the entire contents of which are incorporated herein by reference.

[0158] Certain compounds of the present invention may exist in particular geometric or stereoisomeric forms. The present invention contemplates all such compounds, including cis- and trans-isomers, R- and S-enantiomers, diastereomers, (D)-isomers, (L)-isomers, the racemic mixtures thereof, and other mixtures thereof, as falling within the scope of the invention. Additional asymmetric carbon atoms may be present in a substituent such as an alkyl group. All such isomers, as well as mixtures thereof, are intended to be included in this invention.

[0159] Isomeric mixtures containing any of a variety of isomer ratios may be utilized in accordance with the present invention. For example, where only two isomers are combined, mixtures containing 50:50, 60:40, 70:30, 80:20, 90:10, 95:5, 96:4, 97:3, 98:2, 99:1, or 100:0 isomer ratios are all contemplated by the present invention. Those of ordinary skill in the art will readily appreciate that analogous ratios are contemplated for more complex isomer mixtures.

[0160] The present invention also includes isotopically labeled compounds, which are identical to the compounds disclosed herein, but for the fact that one or more atoms are replaced by an atom having an atomic mass or mass number different from the atomic mass or mass number usually found in nature. Examples of isotopes that can be incorporated into compounds of the present invention include isotopes of hydrogen, carbon, nitrogen, oxygen, phosphorous, sulfur, fluorine, and chlorine, such as .sup.2H, .sup.3H, .sup.13C, .sup.11C, .sup.14C, .sup.15N, .sup.18O, .sup.17O, .sup.31P, .sup.32P, .sup.35S, .sup.18F, and .sup.36Cl, respectively. Compounds of the present invention, or an enantiomer, diastereomer, tautomer, or pharmaceutically-acceptable salt or solvate thereof, which contain the aforementioned isotopes and/or other isotopes of other atoms are within the scope of this invention. Certain isotopically labeled compounds of the present invention, for example, those into which radioactive isotopes such as .sup.3H and .sup.14C are incorporated, are useful in drug and/or substrate tissue distribution assays. Tritiated, i.e., .sup.3H, and carbon-14, i.e., .sup.14C, isotopes are particularly preferred for their ease of preparation and detectability. Further, substitution with heavier isotopes such as deuterium, i.e., .sup.2H, can afford certain therapeutic advantages resulting from greater metabolic stability, for example, increased in vivo half-life or reduced dosage requirements, and hence may be preferred in some circumstances. Isotopically-labeled compounds can generally be prepared by carrying out the procedures disclosed in the Schemes and/or in the Examples below, by substituting a readily-available isotopically-labeled reagent for a non-isotopically-labeled reagent.

[0161] If, for instance, a particular enantiomer of a compound of the present invention is desired, it may be prepared by asymmetric synthesis, or by derivation with a chiral auxiliary, where the resulting diastereomeric mixture is separated and the auxiliary group cleaved to provide the pure desired enantiomers. Alternatively, where the molecule contains a basic functional group, such as amino, or an acidic functional group, such as carboxyl, diastereomeric salts are formed with an appropriate optically-active acid or base, followed by resolution of the diastereomers thus formed by fractional crystallization or chromatographic means well known in the art, and subsequent recovery of the pure enantiomers.

[0162] It will be appreciated that the compounds, as described herein, may be substituted with any number of substituents or functional moieties. In general, the term “substituted” whether preceded by the term “optionally” or not, and substituents contained in formulas of this invention, refer to the replacement of hydrogen radicals in a given structure with the radical of a specified substituent. When more than one position in any given structure may be substituted with more than one substituent selected from a specified group, the substituent may be either the same or different at every position. As used herein, the term “substituted” is contemplated to include all permissible substituents of organic compounds. In a broad aspect, the permissible substituents include acyclic and cyclic, branched and unbranched, carbocyclic and heterocyclic, aromatic and nonaromatic substituents of organic compounds. For purposes of this invention, heteroatoms such as nitrogen may have hydrogen substituents and/or any permissible substituents of organic compounds described herein which satisfy the valences of the heteroatoms. Furthermore, this invention is not intended to be limited in any manner by the permissible substituents of organic compounds. Combinations of substituents and variables envisioned by this invention are preferably those that result in the formation of stable compounds useful in the treatment, for example, of proliferative disorders. The term “stable,” as used herein, preferably refers to compounds which possess stability sufficient to allow manufacture and which maintain the integrity of the compound for a sufficient period of time to be detected and preferably for a sufficient period of time to be useful for the purposes detailed herein.

[0163] As used herein, the terms “cancer” and, equivalently, “tumor” refer to a condition in which abnormally replicating cells of host origin are present in a detectable amount in a subject. The cancer can be a malignant or non-malignant cancer. Cancers or tumors include, but are not limited to, biliary tract cancer; brain cancer; breast cancer; cervical cancer; choriocarcinoma; colon cancer; endometrial cancer; esophageal cancer; gastric (stomach) cancer; intraepithelial neoplasms; leukemias; lymphomas; liver cancer; lung cancer (e.g., small cell and non-small cell); melanoma; neuroblastomas; oral cancer; ovarian cancer; pancreatic cancer; prostate cancer; rectal cancer; renal (kidney) cancer; sarcomas; skin cancer; testicular cancer; thyroid cancer; as well as other carcinomas and sarcomas. Cancers can be primary or metastatic. Diseases other than cancers may be associated with mutational alternation of component of Ras signaling pathways and the compound disclosed herein may be used to treat these non-cancer diseases. Such non-cancer diseases may include: neurofibromatosis; Leopard syndrome; Noonan syndrome; Legius syndrome; Costello syndrome; cardio-facio-cutaneous syndrome; hereditary gingival fibromatosis type 1; autoimmune lymphoproliferative syndrome; and capillary malformation-arterovenous malformation.

[0164] As used herein, “effective amount” refers to any amount that is necessary or sufficient for achieving or promoting a desired outcome. In some instances, an effective amount is a therapeutically effective amount. A therapeutically effective amount is any amount that is necessary or sufficient for promoting or achieving a desired biological response in a subject. The effective amount for any particular application can vary depending on such factors as the disease or condition being treated, the particular agent being administered, the size of the subject, or the severity of the disease or condition. One of ordinary skill in the art can empirically determine the effective amount of a particular agent without necessitating undue experimentation.

[0165] As used herein, the term “subject” refers to a vertebrate animal. In one embodiment, the subject is a mammal or a mammalian species. In one embodiment, the subject is a human. In other embodiments, the subject is a non-human vertebrate animal, including, without limitation, non-human primates, laboratory animals, livestock, racehorses, domesticated animals, and non-domesticated animals.

[0166] Compounds

[0167] Novel compounds as Kv1.3 potassium channel blockers are described. Applicants have surprisingly discovered that the compounds disclosed herein exhibit potent Kv1.3 potassium channel-inhibiting properties. Additionally, Applicants have surprisingly discovered that the compounds disclosed herein selectively block the Kv1.3 potassium channel and do not block the hERG channel and thus have desirable cardiovascular safety profiles.

[0168] In one aspect, a compound of Formula I or a pharmaceutically-acceptable salt thereof is described,

##STR00031##

where

[0169] custom-character refers to a single or double bond;

[0170] X is C, N, or CR.sub.4 where valence permits;

[0171] Y is C(R.sub.4).sub.2, NR.sub.5, or O; where at least one of X and Y is N optionally substituted by R.sub.5 where valence permits; where Y and either of its adjacent ring atoms are not linked together to form a fused ring system;

[0172] Z is OR.sub.a;

[0173] X.sub.1 is H, halogen, CN, alkyl, cycloalkyl, halogenated cycloalkyl, or halogenated alkyl;

[0174] X.sub.2 is H, halogen, CN, alkyl, cycloalkyl, halogenated cycloalkyl, or halogenated alkyl;

[0175] X.sub.3 is H, halogen, CN, alkyl, cycloalkyl, halogenated cycloalkyl, or halogenated alkyl;

[0176] or alternatively X.sub.1 and X.sub.2 and the carbon atoms they are connected to taken together form an optionally substituted 5- or 6-membered aryl;

[0177] or alternatively X.sub.2 and X.sub.3 and the carbon atoms they are connected to taken together form an optionally substituted 5- or 6-membered aryl;

[0178] each occurrence of R.sub.3 is independently H, alkyl, cycloalkyl, optionally substituted saturated heterocycle, optionally substituted aryl, optionally substituted heteroaryl, CN, CF.sub.3, OCF.sub.3, OR.sub.a, SR.sub.a, halogen, NR.sub.aR.sub.b, or NR.sub.b(C═O)R.sub.a;

[0179] each occurrence of R.sub.4 is independently H, alkyl, cycloalkyl, optionally substituted saturated heterocycle, optionally substituted aryl, optionally substituted heteroaryl, CN, CF.sub.3, OR.sub.a, (CR.sub.6R.sub.7).sub.n3OR.sub.a, oxo, (C═O)R.sub.b, (C═O)OR.sub.b, (CR.sub.6R.sub.7).sub.n3NR.sub.aR.sub.b, (CR.sub.6R.sub.7).sub.n3NR.sub.aSO.sub.2R.sub.b, (CR.sub.6R.sub.7).sub.n3NR.sub.a(C═O)R.sub.b, (CR.sub.6R.sub.7).sub.n3NR.sub.a(C═O)NR.sub.aR.sub.b, (CR.sub.6R.sub.7).sub.n3(C═O)NR.sub.aR.sub.b, or (C═O)NR.sub.a(CR.sub.6R.sub.7).sub.n3OR.sub.b, (CR.sub.6R.sub.7).sub.n3NR.sub.xR.sub.b, or (CR.sub.6R.sub.7).sub.n3(C═O)NR.sub.xR.sub.b; wherein R.sub.x is R.sub.a, (C═O)R.sub.a, (C═O)NR.sub.aR.sub.b, or SO.sub.2R.sub.a;

[0180] or two R.sub.4 groups taken together with the carbon atom(s) that they are connected to form a 3-7 membered optionally substituted carbocycle or heterocycle;

[0181] each occurrence of R.sub.5 is independently H, alkyl, cycloalkyl, optionally substituted saturated heterocycle, optionally substituted aryl, optionally substituted heteroaryl, R.sub.a, NR.sub.aR.sub.b, (C═O)R.sub.a, (C═O)(CR.sub.6R.sub.7).sub.n3OR.sub.a, (C═O)(CR.sub.6R.sub.7).sub.n3NR.sub.aR.sub.b, (C═O)NR.sub.aR.sub.b, or SO.sub.2R.sub.a;

[0182] each occurrence of R.sub.6 and R.sub.7 are independently H, alkyl, cycloalkyl, optionally substituted aryl, or optionally substituted heteroaryl;

[0183] each occurrence of R.sub.a and R.sub.b are independently H, alkyl, alkenyl, cycloalkyl, optionally substituted saturated heterocycle comprising 1-3 heteroatoms each selected from the group consisting of N, O, and S, optionally substituted aryl, or optionally substituted heteroaryl; or alternatively R.sub.a and R.sub.b together with the nitrogen atom that they are connected to form an optionally substituted heterocycle including the nitrogen atom and 0-3 additional heteroatoms each selected from the group consisting of N, O, and S;

[0184] the alkyl, cycloalkyl, heterocycle, aryl, and heteroaryl in X.sub.1, X.sub.2, X.sub.3, R.sub.3, R.sub.4, R.sub.5, R.sub.6, R.sub.7, R.sub.a, or R.sub.b, where applicable, are optionally substituted by 1-4 substituents each independently selected from the group consisting of alkyl, cycloalkyl, halogenated cycloalkyl, halogenated alkyl, halogen, CN, OR.sub.8, —(CH.sub.2).sub.0-2OR.sub.8, N(R.sub.8).sub.2, (C═O)N(R.sub.8).sub.2, NR.sub.8(C═O)R.sub.8, and oxo where valence permits;

[0185] each occurrence of R.sub.8 is independently H, alkyl, or optionally substituted heterocycle; or alternatively the two R.sub.8 groups together with the nitrogen atom that they are connected to form an optionally substituted heterocycle including the nitrogen atom and 0-3 additional heteroatoms each selected from the group consisting of N, O, and S;

[0186] each occurrence of n.sub.1 is independently an integer from 0-3 where valence permits;

[0187] each occurrence of n.sub.3 is independently an integer from 0-3; and

[0188] each occurrence of n.sub.4 and n.sub.5 is independently 0, 1 or 2.

[0189] In some embodiments, n.sub.1 is an integer from 0-3. In some embodiments, n.sub.1 is an integer from 0-2. In some embodiments, n.sub.1 is an integer from 1-3. In some embodiments, n.sub.1 is an integer from 2-3. In some embodiments, n.sub.1 is 1 or 2. In some embodiments, n.sub.1 is 1. In some embodiments, n.sub.1 is 0.

[0190] In some embodiments, n.sub.3 is an integer from 0-3. In some embodiments, n.sub.3 is an integer from 0-2. In some embodiments, n.sub.3 is an integer from 1-3. In some embodiments, n.sub.3 is an integer from 2-3. In some embodiments, n.sub.3 is 0. In some embodiments, n.sub.3 is 1 or 2. In some embodiments, n.sub.3 is 1.

[0191] In some embodiments, n.sub.4 is an integer from 0-2. In some embodiments, n.sub.4 is an integer from 0-1. In some embodiments, n.sub.4 is 0. In some embodiments, n.sub.4 is 2. In some embodiments, n.sub.4 is 1.

[0192] In some embodiments, n.sub.5 is an integer from 0-2. In some embodiments, n.sub.5 is an integer from 0-1. In some embodiments, n.sub.5 is 0. In some embodiments, n.sub.5 is 2. In some embodiments, n.sub.5 is 1.

[0193] In some embodiments, n.sub.4 and n.sub.5 are 0 and 0, respectively. In some embodiments, n.sub.4 and n.sub.5 are 0 and 1, respectively. In some embodiments, n.sub.4 and n.sub.5 are 1 and 0, respectively. In some embodiments, n.sub.4 and n.sub.5 are 1 and 1, respectively. In some embodiments, n.sub.4 and n.sub.5 are 0 and 2, respectively. In some embodiments, n.sub.4 and n.sub.5 are 2 and 0, respectively. In some embodiments, n.sub.4 and n.sub.5 are 2 and 2, respectively. In some embodiments, n.sub.4 and n.sub.5 are 1 and 2, respectively. In some embodiments, n.sub.4 and n.sub.5 are 2 and 1, respectively.

[0194] In some embodiments, custom-character is a single bond. In some embodiments, is a double bond.

[0195] In some embodiments, X is N and Y is C(R.sub.4).sub.2. In some embodiments, X is CR.sub.4 and Y is NR.sub.5. In some embodiments, X is CR.sub.4 and Y is O. In some embodiments, X is N and Y is NR.sub.5.

[0196] In some embodiments, the structural moiety

##STR00032##

has the structure of

##STR00033##

In some embodiments, the structural moiety

##STR00034##

has the structure of

##STR00035##

In some embodiments, the structural moiety

##STR00036##

has the structure of

##STR00037##

In some embodiments, the structural moiety

##STR00038##

has the structure of

##STR00039##

In some embodiments, the structural moiety

##STR00040##

has the structure of

##STR00041##

[0197] In some embodiments, the structural moiety

##STR00042##

has the structure of

##STR00043##

In some embodiments, the structural moiety

##STR00044##

has the structure of

##STR00045##

In some embodiments, the structural moiety

##STR00046##

has the structure of

##STR00047##

In some embodiments, the structural moiety

##STR00048##

has the structure of

##STR00049##

In some embodiments, the structural moiety

##STR00050##

has the structure of

##STR00051##

[0198] In some embodiments, the structural moiety

##STR00052##

has the structure of

##STR00053##

In some embodiments, the structural moiety

##STR00054##

has the structure of

##STR00055##

In some embodiments, the structural moiety

##STR00056##

has the structure of

##STR00057##

In some embodiments, the structural moiety

##STR00058##

has the structure of

##STR00059##

In some embodiments, the structural moiety

##STR00060##

has the structure of

##STR00061##

[0199] In some specific embodiments, n.sub.1 is 0 and R.sub.5 is H or alkyl. In some specific embodiments, n.sub.1 is 1 and R.sub.5 is H or alkyl.

[0200] In some specific embodiments, R.sub.5 is H.

[0201] In some embodiments, at least one occurrence of R.sub.4 is H, CN, alkyl, cycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, CF.sub.3, or OR.sub.a. In some embodiments, at least one occurrence of R.sub.4 is (CR.sub.6R.sub.7).sub.n3OR.sub.a, (CR.sub.6R.sub.7).sub.n3NR.sub.aR.sub.b, (CR.sub.6R.sub.7).sub.n3NR.sub.aSO.sub.2R.sub.b, (CR.sub.6R.sub.7).sub.n3NR.sub.a(C═O)R.sub.b, (CR.sub.6R.sub.7).sub.n3NR.sub.a(C═O)NR.sub.aR.sub.b, (CR.sub.6R.sub.7).sub.n3(C═O)NR.sub.aR.sub.b, or a N-containing heterocycle. In some embodiments, at least one occurrence of R.sub.4 is oxo, (C═O)R.sub.b or (C═O)OR.sub.b. In some embodiments, at least one occurrence of R.sub.4 is (CR.sub.6R.sub.7).sub.n3NR.sub.aSO.sub.2R.sub.b. In some embodiments, at least one occurrence of R.sub.4 is (CR.sub.6R.sub.7).sub.n3NR.sub.a(C═O)R.sub.b, (CR.sub.6R.sub.7).sub.n3NR.sub.a(C═O)NR.sub.aR.sub.b, or (CR.sub.6R.sub.7).sub.n3(C═O)NR.sub.aR.sub.b. In some embodiments, at least one occurrence of R.sub.4 is a N-containing heterocycle. In some embodiments, at least one occurrence of R.sub.4 is H or alkyl. Non-limiting examples of alkyl include methyl, ethyl, propyl, isopropyl, n-butyl, iso-butyl, or sec-butyl, pentyl, hexyl, heptyl, or octyl.

[0202] In some embodiments, one or more occurrences of R.sub.4 are (CR.sub.6R.sub.7).sub.n3OR.sub.a or (CR.sub.6R.sub.7).sub.n3NR.sub.aR.sub.b. In some embodiments, one or more occurrences of R.sub.4 are OR.sub.a, NR.sub.aR.sub.b, —CH.sub.2OR.sub.a, —CH.sub.2NR.sub.aR.sub.b, —CH.sub.2CH.sub.2OR.sub.a, or —CH.sub.2CH.sub.2NR.sub.aR.sub.b. In some embodiments, at least one occurrence of R.sub.4 is (CR.sub.6R.sub.7).sub.n3(C═O)NR.sub.aR.sub.b. In some embodiments, at least one occurrence of R.sub.4 is (C═O)NR.sub.a(CR.sub.6R.sub.7).sub.n3OR.sub.b. In some embodiments, at least one or more occurrences of R.sub.4 is (C═O)NR.sub.aR.sub.b or —CH.sub.2(C═O)NR.sub.aR.sub.b. In some embodiments, at least one or more occurrences of R.sub.4 is (C═O)NR.sub.aR.sub.b. In some embodiments, at least one or more occurrences of R.sub.4 is —CH.sub.2(C═O)NR.sub.aR.sub.b.

[0203] In some embodiments, one or more occurrences of R.sub.4 are (CR.sub.6R.sub.7).sub.n3NR.sub.xR.sub.b or (CR.sub.6R.sub.7).sub.n3(C═O)NR.sub.xR.sub.b; wherein R.sub.x is R.sub.a, (C═O)R.sub.a, (C═O)NR.sub.aR.sub.b, or SO.sub.2R.sub.a.

[0204] In some specific embodiments, at least one occurrence of R.sub.4 is NH.sub.2, CH.sub.2NH.sub.2, CH.sub.2CH.sub.2NH.sub.2, CONH.sub.2, CONHMe.sub.2, CONMe.sub.2, NH(CO)Me, NMe(CO)Me, CH.sub.2CONH.sub.2, CH.sub.2CONHMe.sub.2, CH.sub.2CONMe.sub.2, CH.sub.2NH(CO)Me, or CH.sub.2NMe(CO)Me. In other specific embodiments, at least one occurrence of R.sub.4 is CH.sub.2NH.sub.2,

##STR00062##

In other specific embodiments, at least one occurrence of R.sub.4 is CH.sub.2OH, CH.sub.2NH.sub.2NH.sub.2,

##STR00063##

In other specific embodiments, at least one occurrence of R.sub.4 is

##STR00064##

In other specific embodiments, at least one occurrence of R.sub.4 is

##STR00065##

[0205] In still other embodiments, at least one occurrence of R.sub.4 is an optionally substituted 4-, 5- or 6-membered heterocycle containing 1-3 heteroatoms each selected from the group consisting of N, O, and S. In further embodiments, at least one occurrence of R.sub.4 is a heterocycle selected from the group consisting of

##STR00066##

wherein the heterocycle is optionally substituted by alkyl, OH, oxo, or (C═O)C.sub.1-4alkyl where valence permits.

[0206] In some embodiments, R.sub.4 is H, Me, Et, Pr, Bu, or a saturated heterocycle or heteroaryl selected from the group consisting of

##STR00067## ##STR00068## ##STR00069## ##STR00070## ##STR00071##

wherein the saturated heterocycle or heteroaryl is optionally substituted by cyano, cycloalkyl, fluorinated alkyl, fluorinated cycloalkyl, halogen, OH, NH.sub.2, oxo, or (C═O)C.sub.1-4alkyl where valence permits.

[0207] In some specific embodiments, R.sub.4 is H, halogen, alkyl, OR.sub.a, NR.sub.aR.sub.b, or oxo. In other specific embodiments, R.sub.4 is H, F, Cl, Br, Me, Et, Pr, iso-Pr, Bu, iso-Bu, sec-Bu, or tert-Bu. In other specific embodiments, R.sub.4 is OH, NH.sub.2, NHMe, NMe.sub.2, NHEt, NMeEt, NEt.sub.2, or oxo. In still other specific embodiments, at least one occurrence of R.sub.4 is H, halogen, alkyl, OH, NH.sub.2, CN, CF.sub.3, OCF.sub.3, CONH.sub.2, CONHMe.sub.2, or CONMe.sub.2.

[0208] In further embodiments, two R.sub.4 groups taken together with the carbon atom(s) that they are connected to form a 3-7 membered optionally substituted carbocycle or heterocycle.

[0209] In some embodiments, at least one occurrence of R.sub.5 is H, alkyl, cycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, (C═O)R.sub.a, (C═O)(CR.sub.6R.sub.7).sub.n3OR.sub.a, (C═O)(CR.sub.6R.sub.7).sub.n3NR.sub.aR.sub.b, (C═O)NR.sub.aR.sub.b, or SO.sub.2R.sub.a. In some embodiments, at least one occurrence of R.sub.5 is H, alkyl, or cycloalkyl. In some embodiments, at least one occurrence of R.sub.5 is aryl or heteroaryl.

[0210] In some specific embodiments, at least one occurrence of R.sub.5 is (C═O)R.sub.a, (C═O)-alkyl-OR.sub.a, (C═O)-alkyl-NR.sub.aR.sub.b, (C═O)NR.sub.aR.sub.b, or SO.sub.2R.sub.a. In some specific embodiments, at least one occurrence of R.sub.5 is (C═O)R.sub.a or (C═O)-alkyl-OR.sub.a. In some specific embodiments, at least one occurrence of R.sub.5 is (C═O)-alkyl-NR.sub.aR.sub.b or (C═O)NR.sub.aR.sub.b. In some specific embodiments, at least one occurrence of R.sub.5 is (C═O)NR.sub.aR.sub.b, (C═O)CH.sub.2NR.sub.aR.sub.b, or (C═O)CH.sub.2CH.sub.2NR.sub.aR.sub.b.

[0211] In some embodiments, each occurrence of R.sub.6 and R.sub.7 are independently H or alkyl. In some specific embodiments, CR.sub.6R.sub.7 is CH.sub.2, CHMe, CMe.sub.2, CHEt, or CEt.sub.2. In some specific embodiments, CR.sub.6R.sub.7 is CH.sub.2.

[0212] In some embodiments, the compound has a structure of Formula Ia:

##STR00072##

[0213] wherein [0214] n.sub.x is 0, 1, or 2; [0215] Q is CR.sub.6R.sub.7 or C═O; and [0216] R.sub.x is R.sub.a, (C═O)R.sub.a, (C═O)NR.sub.aR.sub.b, or SO.sub.2R.sub.a.

[0217] In some embodiments, n.sub.x is 0 or 1. In some embodiments, R.sub.5 is H or Me. In some embodiments, Q is C═O. In some embodiments, NR.sub.xR.sub.b is NH.sub.2, NHMe, NMe.sub.2, NH(C═O)NH.sub.2, NMe(C═O)NH.sub.2, NH(C═O)NHMe, NMe(C═O)NMe, NH(C═O)NMe.sub.2, NMe(C═O)NMe.sub.2, or SO.sub.2Me. In some embodiments, NR.sub.xR.sub.b is NH.sub.2, NHMe, or NMe.sub.2. In some embodiments, NR.sub.xR.sub.b is NH(C═O)NH.sub.2, NMe(C═O)NH.sub.2, NH(C═O)NHMe, NMe(C═O)NMe, NH(C═O)NMe.sub.2, or NMe(C═O)NMe.sub.2.

[0218] In some embodiments, custom-character refers to a single bond; X is CR.sub.4; Y is O or NR.sub.5; R.sub.3 is H, alkyl, cycloalkyl, optionally substituted saturated heterocycle, optionally substituted aryl, optionally substituted heteroaryl, CN, CF.sub.3, OCF.sub.3, OR.sub.a, SR.sub.a, halogen, NR.sub.aR.sub.b, or NR.sub.b(C═O)R.sub.a; R.sub.4 is H, alkyl, or (C═O)NR.sub.aR.sub.b; R.sub.5 is H or alkyl; n.sub.1 is 1, 2, or 3; n.sub.4 is 0, 1 or 2; and n.sub.5 is 0 or 1. In some embodiments, R.sub.4 is (C═O)NR.sub.aR.sub.b.

[0219] In some embodiments, the compound has the structure of Formula 1b:

##STR00073##

In some embodiments, the compound has the structure of

##STR00074##

[0220] In some embodiments, the compound has the structure of Formula 1c:

##STR00075##

In some embodiments, the compound has the structure of

##STR00076##

[0221] In some embodiments, Z is OR.sub.a. In some embodiments, Z is OH or (C.sub.1-C.sub.4 alkyl). In some embodiments, Z is OH, OMe, OEt, OPr, Oi-Pr, OBu, Oi-Bu, Osec-Bu, Ot-Bu. In some embodiments, Z is OH.

[0222] In some embodiments, X.sub.1 is H, halogen, CN, alkyl, halogenated alkyl, cycloalkyl, or halogenated cycloalkyl. In some embodiments, X.sub.1 is H, halogen, fluorinated alkyl, or alkyl. In some embodiments, X.sub.1 is H or halogen. In other embodiments, X.sub.1 is fluorinated alkyl or alkyl. In other embodiments, X.sub.1 is cycloalkyl. In some embodiments, X.sub.1 is H, F, Cl, Br, Me, CF.sub.2H, CF.sub.2Cl, or CF.sub.3. In some embodiments, X.sub.1 is H, F, or C.sub.1. In some embodiments, X.sub.1 is F or C.sub.1. In some embodiments, X.sub.1 is H or C.sub.1. In some embodiments, X.sub.1 is F. In some embodiments, X.sub.1 is Cl. In some embodiments, X.sub.1 is CF.sub.3 or CF.sub.2H. In some embodiments, X.sub.1 is CF.sub.2Cl. In some embodiments, X.sub.1 is H.

[0223] In some embodiments, X.sub.2 is H, halogen, CN, alkyl, halogenated alkyl, cycloalkyl, or halogenated cycloalkyl. In some embodiments, X.sub.2 is H, halogen, fluorinated alkyl, or alkyl. In some embodiments, X.sub.2 is H or halogen. In other embodiments, X.sub.2 is fluorinated alkyl or alkyl. In other embodiments, X.sub.2 is cycloalkyl. In some embodiments, X.sub.2 is H, F, Cl, Br, Me, CF.sub.2H, CF.sub.2Cl, or CF.sub.3. In some embodiments, X.sub.2 is H, F, or C.sub.1. In some embodiments, X.sub.2 is F or C.sub.1. In some embodiments, X.sub.2 is H or C.sub.1. In some embodiments, X.sub.2 is F. In some embodiments, X.sub.2 is C.sub.1. In some embodiments, X.sub.2 is CF.sub.3 or CF.sub.2H. In some embodiments, X.sub.2 is CF.sub.2Cl. In some embodiments, X.sub.2 is H.

[0224] In some embodiments, X.sub.3 is H, halogen, CN, alkyl, halogenated alkyl, cycloalkyl, or halogenated cycloalkyl. In some embodiments, X.sub.3 is H, halogen, alkyl, or halogenated alkyl. In some embodiments, X.sub.3 is H, halogen, fluorinated alkyl, or alkyl. In some embodiments, X.sub.3 is H or halogen. In other embodiments, X.sub.3 is fluorinated alkyl or alkyl. In some embodiments, X.sub.3 is H, F, Cl, Br, Me, CF.sub.2H, CF.sub.2Cl, or CF.sub.3. In some embodiments, X.sub.3 is H, F, or C.sub.1. In some embodiments, X.sub.3 is F or C.sub.1. In some embodiments, X.sub.3 is H or C.sub.1. In some embodiments, X.sub.3 is F. In some embodiments, X.sub.3 is C.sub.1. In some embodiments, X.sub.3 is CF.sub.3 or CF.sub.2H. In some embodiments, X.sub.3 is CF.sub.2Cl. In some embodiments, X.sub.3 is H.

##STR00077##

[0225] In some embodiments, the structural moiety z has the structure of

##STR00078## ##STR00079## ##STR00080##

[0226] In some embodiments, the compound of Formula I has a structure of Formula II′,

##STR00081##

wherein each occurrence of R.sub.3′ is independently H, halogen, or alkyl; and n.sub.2 is an integer from 0-3 and other substituents are as defined herein. In some embodiments, R.sub.3′ is H or alkyl. In some embodiments, R.sub.3′ is halogen.

[0227] In some embodiments, the compound of Formula I has a structure of Formula II,

##STR00082##

[0228] In some embodiments, n.sub.2 is an integer from 0-3. In some embodiments, n.sub.2 is an integer from 1-3. In some embodiments, n.sub.2 is 0. In some embodiments, n.sub.2 is 1 or 2. In some embodiments, n.sub.2 is 1.

[0229] In some embodiments, R.sub.3 is H, alkyl, cycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, CN, CF.sub.3, OR.sub.a, SR.sub.a, halogen, NR.sub.aR.sub.b, or NR.sub.b(C═O)R.sub.a. In some embodiments, R.sub.3 is H, alkyl, CF.sub.3, OCF.sub.3, OR.sub.a, SR.sub.a, halogen, NR.sub.aR.sub.b, or NR.sub.b(C═O)R.sub.a. In some embodiments, R.sub.3 is H, halogen, fluorinated alkyl, or alkyl. In some embodiments, R.sub.3 is H or halogen. In some embodiments, R.sub.3 is alkyl or fluorinated alkyl. In some embodiments, R.sub.3 is H, Cl, Br, CF.sub.3, CHF.sub.2, or Me. In some embodiments, R.sub.3 is H.

[0230] In some embodiments, at least one occurrence of R.sub.a or R.sub.b is independently H, alkyl, cycloalkyl, saturated heterocycle, aryl, or heteroaryl. In some embodiments, at least one occurrence of R.sub.a or R.sub.b is independently H or alkyl. In some embodiments, at least one occurrence of R.sub.a or R.sub.b is independently H, Me, Et, Pr, or Bu. In some embodiments, at least one occurrence of R.sub.a or R.sub.b is independently a heterocycle selected from the group consisting of

##STR00083##

where the heterocycle is optionally substituted by alkyl, OH, oxo, or (C═O)C.sub.1-4alkyl where valence permits. In some embodiments, at least one occurrence of R.sub.a or R.sub.b is independently H or

##STR00084##

[0231] In some embodiments, R.sub.a and R.sub.b together with the nitrogen atom that they are connected to form an optionally substituted heterocycle including the nitrogen atom and 0-3 additional heteroatoms each selected from the group consisting of N, O, and S.

[0232] In some embodiments, the alkyl, cycloalkyl, heterocycle, aryl, and heteroaryl in X.sub.1, X.sub.2, and X.sub.3 are optionally substituted by 1-4 substituents each independently selected from the group consisting of alkyl, cycloalkyl, halogenated cycloalkyl, halogenated alkyl, halogen, CN, OR.sub.8, —(CH.sub.2).sub.0-2OR.sub.8, N(R.sub.8).sub.2, (C═O)N(R.sub.8).sub.2, NR.sub.8(C═O)R.sub.8, and oxo where valence permits. In some embodiments, the alkyl, cycloalkyl, heterocycle, aryl, and heteroaryl in R.sub.3 is optionally substituted by 1-4 substituents each independently selected from the group consisting of alkyl, cycloalkyl, halogenated cycloalkyl, halogenated alkyl, halogen, CN, OR.sub.8, —(CH.sub.2).sub.0-2OR.sub.8, N(R.sub.8).sub.2, (C═O)N(R.sub.8).sub.2, NR.sub.8(C═O)R.sub.8, and oxo where valence permits. In some embodiments, the alkyl, cycloalkyl, heterocycle, aryl, and heteroaryl in R.sub.4 is optionally substituted by 1-4 substituents each independently selected from the group consisting of alkyl, cycloalkyl, halogenated cycloalkyl, halogenated alkyl, halogen, CN, OR.sub.8, —(CH.sub.2).sub.0-2OR.sub.8, N(R.sub.8).sub.2, (C═O)N(R.sub.8).sub.2, NR.sub.8(C═O)R.sub.8, and oxo where valence permits. In some embodiments, the alkyl, cycloalkyl, heterocycle, aryl, and heteroaryl in R.sub.5 is optionally substituted by 1-4 substituents each independently selected from the group consisting of alkyl, cycloalkyl, halogenated cycloalkyl, halogenated alkyl, halogen, CN, OR.sub.8, —(CH.sub.2).sub.0-2OR.sub.8, N(R.sub.8).sub.2, (C═O)N(R.sub.8).sub.2, NR.sub.8(C═O)R.sub.8, and oxo where valence permits. In some embodiments, the alkyl, cycloalkyl, heterocycle, aryl, and heteroaryl in R.sub.6 and R.sub.7 are optionally substituted by 1-4 substituents each independently selected from the group consisting of alkyl, cycloalkyl, halogenated cycloalkyl, halogenated alkyl, halogen, CN, OR.sub.8, —(CH.sub.2).sub.0-2OR.sub.8, N(R.sub.8).sub.2, (C═O)N(R.sub.8).sub.2, NR.sub.8(C═O)R.sub.8, and oxo where valence permits. In some embodiments, the alkyl, cycloalkyl, heterocycle, aryl, and heteroaryl in R.sub.a and R.sub.b are optionally substituted by 1-4 substituents each independently selected from the group consisting of alkyl, cycloalkyl, halogenated cycloalkyl, halogenated alkyl, halogen, CN, OR.sub.8, —(CH.sub.2).sub.0-2OR.sub.8, N(R.sub.8).sub.2, (C═O)N(R.sub.8).sub.2, NR.sub.8(C═O)R.sub.8, and oxo where valence permits.

[0233] In some embodiments, each occurrence of R.sub.8 is independently H, alkyl, or optionally substituted heterocycle. In some embodiments, each occurrence of R.sub.8 is independently H or alkyl. In some embodiments, each occurrence of R.sub.8 is substituted heterocycle. In some embodiments, the two R.sub.8 groups together with the nitrogen atom that they are connected to form an optionally substituted heterocycle including the nitrogen atom and 0-3 additional heteroatoms each selected from the group consisting of N, O, and S.

[0234] In some embodiments, the compound of Formula I is selected from the group consisting of compounds 1-127 as shown in Table 1 below.

ABBREVIATIONS

[0235] ACN Acetonitrile [0236] Boc Tert-butyloxycarbonyl [0237] CDI Carbonyldiimidazole [0238] DAST Diethylaminosulfur trifluoride [0239] DCE Dichloroethane [0240] DCM Dichloromethane [0241] DIBAL or Diisobutylaluminium hydride [0242] DIBAL-H [0243] DIPA Diisopropylamine [0244] DMAP 4-Dimethylaminopyridine [0245] DME Dimethoxyethane [0246] DMF Dimethyl formamide [0247] EA Ethyl acetate [0248] EDCI or EDC 1-Ethyl-3-(3-dimethylaminopropyl)carbodiimide [0249] FA Formic acid [0250] HATU N-[(dimethylamino)(3H-1,2,3-triazolo(4,4-b)pyridin-3-yloxy)methylene]-N-methylmethaneaminium hexafluorophosphate [0251] HOBT Hydroxybenzotriazole [0252] IPA Isopropyl alcohol [0253] LDA Lithium diisopropylamide [0254] PE Petroleum ether [0255] PMB 4-Methoxybenzyl [0256] SEM Trimethylsilylethoxymethyl [0257] TBAF Tetra-n-butylammonium fluoride [0258] TEA Triethylamine [0259] TFA Trifluoroacetic acid [0260] THF Tetrahydrofuran

Methods of Preparation

[0261] Following are general synthetic schemes for manufacturing compounds of the present invention. These schemes are illustrative and are not meant to limit the possible techniques one skilled in the art may use to manufacture the compounds disclosed herein. Different methods will be evident to those skilled in the art. Additionally, the various steps in the synthesis may be performed in an alternate sequence or order to give the desired compound(s). All documents cited herein are incorporated herein by reference in their entirety. For example, the following reactions are illustrations, but not limitations of the preparation of some of the starting materials and compounds disclosed herein.

[0262] Schemes 1-6 below describe synthetic routes which may be used for the synthesis of compounds of the present invention, e.g., compounds having a structure of Formula I or a precursor thereof. Various modifications to these methods may be envisioned by those skilled in the art to achieve similar results to that of the inventions given below. In the embodiments below, the synthetic route is described using compounds having the structure of Formula I or a precursor thereof as examples. The general synthetic routes described in Schemes 1-6 and examples described in the Example section below illustrate methods used for the preparation of the compounds described herein.

[0263] Compounds I-1a, I-2, and I-5 as shown in Scheme 1 can be prepared by any method known in the art and/or are commercially available. As shown in Scheme 1, PG refers to a protecting group. Non-limiting examples of the protecting groups include Me, allyl, Ac, Boc, other alkoxycarbonyl group, dialkylaminocarbonyl, or another protecting group known in the art suitable for use as protecting groups for OH or an amine group. Other substituents are defined herein. As shown in Scheme 1, compounds disclosed herein where X is C or CR.sub.4 can be made by reacting a bromobenzene with a boronic acid or a bromoheterocycle. Bromobenzene I-1a undergoes a Suzuki reaction with a vinylboronic acid heterocycle I-2 in the presence of a base such as sodium carbonate and a suitable catalyst such as Pd(PPh.sub.3).sub.4 to give adduct I-3. The double bond in I-3 is then reduced by hydrogenation in the presence of PtO.sub.2 and HCl in a solvent such as methanol to give intermediate I-4a. Alternatively, I-1a can be reacted with a saturated bromoheterocycle I-5 in a photoredox reaction using tris trimethylsilyl silane, a combination of iridium and nickel catalyst (e.g., Ir[dF(CF.sub.3)ppy].sub.2(dtbbpy)PF.sub.6 and NiCl.sub.2, respectively) under irradiation with blue LED light to give I-4 directly. After removal of the N-protecting group on the amine of compound I-4a, the amine of I-4a can be modified by acylation, alkylation or reductive amination by methods known in the art. When R.sub.4 is a functional group such as ester or nitrile, it can be converted to other substituents by methods known in the art. Additionally, the double bond in I-3 can be functionalized, e.g., by hydroboration. The OH-protecting group in compound I-4a can be selectively removed.

##STR00085##

[0264] Compounds I-1a and I-6 as shown in Scheme 2 can be prepared by any method known in the art and/or are commercially available. As shown in Scheme 2, PG refers to a protecting group. Non-limiting examples of the protecting groups include Me, allyl, Ac, Boc, other alkoxycarbonyl group, dialkylaminocarbonyl, or another protecting group known in the art suitable for use as protecting groups for OH. Other substituents shown in Scheme 2 are defined herein. For compounds disclosed herein where n.sub.4 is 1 and n.sub.5 is 2, the 6-member ring can be obtained by the synthesis described in Scheme 2. As shown in Scheme 2, a Suzuki reaction between I-1a and a pyridine boronic acid I-6 in the presence of a base such as sodium carbonate and a suitable catalyst such as Pd(PPh.sub.3).sub.4 gives adduct I-7, which can then be reduced by hydrogenation in the presence of PtO.sub.2 and HCl in a solvent such as methanol to give I-4b. The protecting group in compound I-4b can then be selectively removed to afford a compound of Formula I or a precursor thereof.

##STR00086##

[0265] Compounds I-1b and I-8 as shown in Scheme 3 can be prepared by any method known in the art and/or are commercially available. As shown in Scheme 3, PG refers to a protecting group. Non-limiting examples of the protecting groups include Me, allyl, Ac, Boc, other alkoxycarbonyl group, dialkylaminocarbonyl, or another protecting group known in the art suitable for use as protecting groups for OH or an amine group. Other substituents shown in Scheme 3 are defined herein. For compounds disclosed herein where X is CR.sub.4 and R.sub.4 is alkyl, reaction of benzene I-1b with a tertiary alcohol I-8 in the presence of triflic acid yields I-4c (Scheme 3). The protecting groups in compound I-4c can then be optionally removed to afford a compound of Formula I or a precursor thereof.

##STR00087##

[0266] Compounds I-9 and I-10, as shown in Scheme 4, can be prepared by any method known in the art and/or are commercially available. As shown in Scheme 4, PG refers to a protecting group. Non-limiting examples of the protecting groups include Me, allyl, Ac, Boc, other alkoxycarbonyl group, dialkylaminocarbonyl, or another protecting group known in the art suitable for use as protecting groups for OH. Other substituents shown in Scheme 4 are defined herein. For compounds disclosed herein where X is CR.sub.4 and R.sub.4 is a functional group, compounds disclosed herein wherein n.sub.4 is 1 and n.sub.5 is 2 can be obtained by alkylation of phenylacetonitrile I-9 with N-boc-bis-chloroethylamine I-10 in the presence of a base such as NaH in a solvent such as THE to form piperidine nitrile I-4d as shown in Scheme 4. The nitrile can then be converted to other groups such as ester, aminomethyl, hydroymethyl or amine by methods known in the art. The protecting groups in compound I-4c (PG, boc) can then be selectively removed to afford a compound of Formula I or a precursor thereof.

##STR00088##

[0267] Compounds I-11 and I-12, as shown in Scheme 5, can be prepared by any method known in the art and/or are commercially available. As shown in Scheme 5, PG refers to a protecting group. Non-limiting examples of the protecting groups include Me, allyl, Ac, Boc, other alkoxycarbonyl group, dialkylaminocarbonyl, or another protecting group known in the art suitable for use as protecting groups for OH. Other substituents shown in Scheme 5 are defined herein. For compounds disclosed herein having 5-membered rings (e.g., n.sub.4=n.sub.5=1) where X is CH and R.sub.4 is a functional group, the compounds can be formed by a dipolar cycloaddition of a methyl cinnamate I-11 with N-methoxymethyl-N-trimethylsilylmethylbenzyamine I-12 in the presence of an acid such as TFA. The product I-4e thus formed can be debenzylated (e.g., using 1-chloroethyl chloroformate) and the resulting amine can be further derivatized by methods known in the art. The protecting group in compound I-4e can be selectively removed to afford a compound of Formula I or a precursor thereof.

##STR00089##

[0268] Compounds I-1a and I-13 as shown in Scheme 6 can be prepared by any method known in the art and/or are commercially available. As shown in Scheme 6, PG refers to a protecting group. Non-limiting examples of the protecting groups include Me, allyl, Ac, Boc, other alkoxycarbonyl group, dialkylaminocarbonyl, or another protecting group known in the art suitable for use as protecting groups for OH. Other substituents shown in Scheme 6 are defined herein. For compounds disclosed herein where X is N and Y is CR.sub.4 or suitably substituted or protected N, the compounds can be synthesized from bromobenzene I-1a by a Buchwald-Hartwig reaction with cyclic amine I-13 in the presence of palladium agent (e.g., Pd.sub.2(dba).sub.3) and a suitable ligand such as Xantphos, X-phos or Ruphos in the presense of a base (e.g., NaOt-Bu) to form I-4f as shown in Scheme 6. The protecting group in compound I-4f can be optionally removed to afford a compound of Formula I or a precursor thereof.

##STR00090##

[0269] The reactions described in Schemes 1-6 can be carried out in a suitable solvent. Suitable solvents include, but are not limited to, acetonitrile, methanol, ethanol, dichloromethane, DMF, THF, MTBE, or toluene. The reactions described in Schemes 1-6 may be conducted under inert atmosphere, e.g., under nitrogen or argon, or the reaction may be carried out in a sealed tube. The reaction mixture may be heated in a microwave or heated to an elevated temperature. Suitable elevated temperatures include, but are not limited to, 40, 50, 60, 80, 90, 100, 110, 120° C. or higher or the refluxing/boiling temperature of the solvent used. The reaction mixture may alternatively be cooled in a cold bath at a temperature lower than room temperature, e.g., 0, −10, −20, −30, −40, −50, −78, or −90° C. The reaction may be worked up by removing the solvent or partitioning of the organic solvent phase with one or more aqueous phases, each optionally containing NaCl, NaHCO.sub.3, or NH.sub.4Cl. The solvent in the organic phase can be removed by reduced vacuum evaporation and the resulting residue may be purified using a silica gel column or HPLC.

Pharmaceutical Compositions

[0270] This invention also provides a pharmaceutical composition comprising at least one of the compounds as described herein or a pharmaceutically-acceptable salt or solvate thereof, and a pharmaceutically-acceptable carrier or diluent.

[0271] In yet another aspect, the present invention provides a pharmaceutical composition comprising at least one compound selected from the group consisting of compounds of Formula I as described herein and a pharmaceutically-acceptable carrier or diluent.

[0272] In certain embodiments, the composition is in the form of a hydrate, solvate or pharmaceutically-acceptable salt. The composition can be administered to the subject by any suitable route of administration, including, without limitation, oral and parenteral.

[0273] The phrase “pharmaceutically-acceptable carrier” as used herein means a pharmaceutically-acceptable material, composition or vehicle, such as a liquid or solid filler, diluent, excipient, solvent, or encapsulating material, involved in carrying or transporting the subject pharmaceutical agent from one organ, or portion of the body, to another organ, or portion of the body. Each carrier must be “acceptable” in the sense of being compatible with the other ingredients of the formulation and not injurious to the patient. Some examples of materials which can serve as pharmaceutically-acceptable carriers include: sugars, such as lactose, glucose, and sucrose; starches, such as corn starch and potato starch; cellulose and its derivatives, such as sodium carboxymethyl cellulose, ethyl cellulose, and cellulose acetate; powdered tragacanth; malt; gelatin; talc; excipients, such as cocoa butter and suppository waxes; oils, such as peanut oil, cottonseed oil, safflower oil, sesame oil, olive oil, corn oil, and soybean oil; glycols, such as butylene glycol; polyols, such as glycerin, sorbitol, mannitol, and polyethylene glycol; esters, such as ethyl oleate and ethyl laurate; agar; buffering agents, such as magnesium hydroxide and aluminum hydroxide; alginic acid; pyrogen-free water; isotonic saline; Ringer's solution; ethyl alcohol; phosphate buffer solutions; and other non-toxic compatible substances employed in pharmaceutical formulations. The term “carrier” denotes an organic or inorganic ingredient, natural or synthetic, with which the active ingredient is combined to facilitate the application. The components of the pharmaceutical compositions also are capable of being comingled with the compounds of the present invention, and with each other, in a manner such that there is no interaction which would substantially impair the desired pharmaceutical efficiency.

[0274] As set out above, certain embodiments of the present pharmaceutical agents may be provided in the form of pharmaceutically-acceptable salts. The term “pharmaceutically-acceptable salt,” in this respect, refers to the relatively non-toxic, inorganic and organic acid salts of compounds of the present invention. These salts can be prepared in situ during the final isolation and purification of the compounds of the invention, or by separately reacting a purified compound of the invention in its free base form with a suitable organic or inorganic acid, and isolating the salt thus formed. Representative salts include hydrobromide, hydrochloride, sulfate, bisulfate, phosphate, nitrate, acetate, valerate, oleate, palmitate, stearate, laurate, benzoate, lactate, phosphate, tosylate, citrate, maleate, fumarate, succinate, tartrate, napthylate, mesylate, glucoheptonate, lactobionate, and laurylsulphonate salts, and the like. See, e.g., Berge et al., (1977) “Pharmaceutical Salts”, J. Pharm. Sci. 66:1-19 (incorporated herein by reference in its entirety).

[0275] The pharmaceutically-acceptable salts of the subject compounds include the conventional nontoxic salts or quaternary ammonium salts of the compounds, e.g., from non-toxic organic or inorganic acids. For example, such conventional nontoxic salts include those derived from inorganic acids such as hydrochloride, hydrobromic, sulfuric, sulfamic, phosphoric, nitric, and the like; and the salts prepared from organic acids such as acetic, butionic, succinic, glycolic, stearic, lactic, malic, tartaric, citric, ascorbic, palmitic, maleic, hydroxymaleic, phenylacetic, glutamic, benzoic, salicyclic, sulfanilic, 2-acetoxybenzoic, fumaric, toluenesulfonic, methanesulfonic, ethane disulfonic, oxalic, isothionic, and the like.

[0276] In other cases, the compounds of the present invention may contain one or more acidic functional groups and, thus, are capable of forming pharmaceutically-acceptable salts with pharmaceutically-acceptable bases. The term “pharmaceutically-acceptable salts” in these instances refers to the relatively non-toxic, inorganic and organic base addition salts of compounds of the present invention. These salts can likewise be prepared in situ during the final isolation and purification of the compounds, or by separately reacting the purified compound in its free acid form with a suitable base, such as the hydroxide, carbonate or bicarbonate of a pharmaceutically-acceptable metal cation, with ammonia, or with a pharmaceutically-acceptable organic primary, secondary, or tertiary amine. Representative alkali or alkaline earth salts include the lithium, sodium, potassium, calcium, magnesium, and aluminum salts, and the like. Representative organic amines useful for the formation of base addition salts include ethylamine, diethylamine, ethylenediamine, ethanolamine, diethanolamine, piperazine, and the like. See, e.g., Berge et al. (supra).

[0277] Wetting agents, emulsifiers, and lubricants, such as sodium lauryl sulfate, magnesium stearate, and polyethylene oxide-polybutylene oxide copolymer, as well as coloring agents, release agents, coating agents, sweetening, flavoring and perfuming agents, preservatives, and antioxidants can also be present in the compositions.

[0278] Formulations of the present invention include those suitable for oral, nasal, topical (including buccal and sublingual), rectal, vaginal, and/or parenteral administration. The formulations may conveniently be presented in unit dosage form and may be prepared by any methods well known in the art of pharmacy. The amount of active ingredient which can be combined with a carrier material to produce a single dosage form will vary depending upon the host being treated and the particular mode of administration. The amount of active ingredient, which can be combined with a carrier material to produce a single dosage form will generally be that amount of the compound which produces a therapeutic effect. Generally, out of 100%, this amount will range from about 1% to about 99% of active ingredient, preferably from about 5% to about 70%, most preferably from about 10% to about 30%.

[0279] Methods of preparing these formulations or compositions include the step of bringing into association a compound of the present invention with the carrier and, optionally, one or more accessory ingredients. In general, the formulations are prepared by uniformly and intimately bringing into association a compound of the present invention with liquid carriers, or finely divided solid carriers, or both, and then, if necessary, shaping the product.

[0280] Formulations of the invention suitable for oral administration may be in the form of capsules, cachets, pills, tablets, lozenges (using a flavored basis, usually sucrose and acacia or tragacanth), powders, granules, or as a solution or a suspension in an aqueous or non-aqueous liquid, or as an oil-in-water or water-in-oil liquid emulsion, or as an elixir or syrup, or as pastilles (using an inert base, such as gelatin and glycerin, or sucrose and acacia), and/or as mouthwashes and the like, each containing a predetermined amount of a compound of the present invention as an active ingredient. A compound of the present invention may also be administered as a bolus, electuary or paste.

[0281] In solid dosage forms of the invention for oral administration (capsules, tablets, pills, dragees, powders, granules, and the like), the active ingredient is mixed with one or more pharmaceutically-acceptable carriers, such as sodium citrate or dicalcium phosphate, and/or any of the following: fillers or extenders, such as starches, lactose, sucrose, glucose, mannitol, and/or silicic acid; binders, such as, for example, carboxymethylcellulose, alginates, gelatin, polyvinyl pyrrolidone, sucrose, and/or acacia; humectants, such as glycerol; disintegrating agents, such as agar-agar, calcium carbonate, potato or tapioca starch, alginic acid, certain silicates, sodium carbonate, and sodium starch glycolate; solution retarding agents, such as paraffin; absorption accelerators, such as quaternary ammonium compounds; wetting agents, such as, for example, cetyl alcohol, glycerol monostearate, and polyethylene oxide-polybutylene oxide copolymer; absorbents, such as kaolin and bentonite clay; lubricants, such as talc, calcium stearate, magnesium stearate, solid polyethylene glycols, sodium lauryl sulfate, and mixtures thereof; and coloring agents. In the case of capsules, tablets and pills, the pharmaceutical compositions may also comprise buffering agents. Solid compositions of a similar type may also be employed as fillers in soft and hard-filled gelatin capsules using such excipients as lactose or milk sugars, as well as high molecular weight polyethylene glycols and the like.

[0282] A tablet may be made by compression or molding, optionally with one or more accessory ingredients. Compressed tablets may be prepared using binder (for example, gelatin or hydroxybutylmethyl cellulose), lubricant, inert diluent, preservative, disintegrant (for example, sodium starch glycolate or cross-linked sodium carboxymethyl cellulose), surface-active or dispersing agent. Molded tablets may be made by molding in a suitable machine a mixture of the powdered compound moistened with an inert liquid diluent.

[0283] The tablets, and other solid dosage forms of the pharmaceutical compositions of the present invention, such as dragees, capsules, pills, and granules, may optionally be scored or prepared with coatings and shells, such as enteric coatings and other coatings well known in the pharmaceutical-formulating art. They may also be formulated so as to provide slow or controlled release of the active ingredient therein using, for example, hydroxybutylmethyl cellulose in varying proportions, to provide the desired release profile, other polymer matrices, liposomes, and/or microspheres. They may be sterilized by, for example, filtration through a bacteria-retaining filter, or by incorporating sterilizing agents in the form of sterile solid compositions, which can be dissolved in sterile water or some other sterile injectable medium immediately before use. These compositions may also optionally contain opacifying agents and may be of a composition that they release the active ingredient(s) only, or preferentially, in a certain portion of the gastrointestinal tract, optionally, in a delayed manner. Examples of embedding compositions, which can be used include polymeric substances and waxes. The active ingredient can also be in micro-encapsulated form, if appropriate, with one or more of the above-described excipients.

[0284] Liquid dosage forms for oral administration of the compounds of the invention include pharmaceutically-acceptable emulsions, microemulsions, solutions, suspensions, syrups, and elixirs. In addition to the active ingredient, the liquid dosage forms may contain inert diluents commonly used in the art, such as, for example, water or other solvents, solubilizing agents and emulsifiers, such as ethyl alcohol, isobutyl alcohol, ethyl carbonate, ethyl acetate, benzyl alcohol, benzyl benzoate, butylene glycol, 1,3-butylene glycol, oils (in particular, cottonseed, groundnut, corn, germ, olive, castor and sesame oils), glycerol, tetrahydrofuryl alcohol, polyethylene glycols and fatty acid esters of sorbitan, and mixtures thereof. Additionally, cyclodextrins, e.g., hydroxybutyl-β-cyclodextrin, may be used to solubilize compounds.

[0285] Besides inert diluents, the oral compositions can also include adjuvants such as wetting agents, emulsifying and suspending agents, sweetening, flavoring, coloring, perfuming, and preservative agents.

[0286] Suspensions, in addition to the active compounds, may contain suspending agents as, for example, ethoxylated isostearyl alcohols, polyoxyethylene sorbitol and sorbitan esters, microcrystalline cellulose, aluminum metahydroxide, bentonite, agar, and tragacanth, and mixtures thereof.

[0287] Dosage forms for the topical or transdermal administration of a compound of this invention include powders, sprays, ointments, pastes, creams, lotions, gels, solutions, patches, and inhalants. The active compound may be mixed under sterile conditions with a pharmaceutically-acceptable carrier, and with any preservatives, buffers, or propellants which may be required.

[0288] The ointments, pastes, creams and gels may contain, in addition to an active compound of this invention, excipients, such as animal and vegetable fats, oils, waxes, paraffins, starch, tragacanth, cellulose derivatives, polyethylene glycols, silicones, bentonites, silicic acid, talc and zinc oxide, or mixtures thereof.

[0289] Powders and sprays can contain, in addition to a compound of this invention, excipients such as lactose, talc, silicic acid, aluminum hydroxide, calcium silicates and polyamide powder, or mixtures of these substances. Sprays can additionally contain customary propellants, such as chlorofluorohydrocarbons and volatile unsubstituted hydrocarbons, such as butane and butane.

[0290] Transdermal patches have the added advantage of providing controlled delivery of a compound of the present invention to the body. Such dosage forms can be made by dissolving or dispersing the pharmaceutical agents in the proper medium. Absorption enhancers can also be used to increase the flux of the pharmaceutical agents of the invention across the skin. The rate of such flux can be controlled, by either providing a rate-controlling membrane or dispersing the compound in a polymer matrix or gel.

[0291] Ophthalmic formulations, eye ointments, powders, solutions, and the like, are also contemplated as being within the scope of this invention.

[0292] Pharmaceutical compositions of this invention suitable for parenteral administration comprise one or more compounds of the invention in combination with one or more pharmaceutically-acceptable sterile isotonic aqueous or nonaqueous solutions, dispersions, suspensions, or emulsions; or sterile powders which may be reconstituted into sterile injectable solutions or dispersions just prior to use, which may contain antioxidants, buffers, bacteriostats, or solutes which render the formulation isotonic with the blood of the intended recipient or suspending or thickening agents.

[0293] In some cases, in order to prolong the effect of a drug, it is desirable to slow the absorption of the drug from subcutaneous or intramuscular injection. This may be accomplished by the use of a liquid suspension of crystalline or amorphous material having poor water solubility. The rate of absorption of the drug then depends upon its rate of dissolution, which, in turn, may depend upon crystal size and crystalline form. Alternatively, delayed absorption of a parenterally-administered drug form is accomplished by dissolving or suspending the drug in an oil vehicle. One strategy for depot injections includes the use of polyethylene oxide-polypropylene oxide copolymers wherein the vehicle is fluid at room temperature and solidifies at body temperature.

[0294] Injectable depot forms are made by forming microencapsule matrices of the subject compounds in biodegradable polymers such as polylactide-polyglycolide. Depending on the ratio of drug to polymer, and the nature of the particular polymer employed, the rate of drug release can be controlled. Examples of other biodegradable polymers include poly(orthoesters) and poly(anhydrides). Depot-injectable formulations are also prepared by entrapping the drug in liposomes or microemulsions, which are compatible with body tissue.

[0295] When the compounds of the present invention are administered as pharmaceuticals, to humans and animals, they can be given per se or as a pharmaceutical composition containing, for example, 0.1% to 99.5% (more preferably, 0.5% to 90%) of active ingredient in combination with a pharmaceutically-acceptable carrier.

[0296] The compounds and pharmaceutical compositions of the present invention can be employed in combination therapies, that is, the compounds and pharmaceutical compositions can be administered concurrently with, prior to, or subsequent to, one or more other desired therapeutics or medical procedures. The particular combination of therapies (therapeutics or procedures) to employ in a combination regimen will take into account compatibility of the desired therapeutics and/or procedures and the desired therapeutic effect to be achieved. It will also be appreciated that the therapies employed may achieve a desired effect for the same disorder (for example, the compound of the present invention may be administered concurrently with another anticancer agents).

[0297] The compounds of the invention may be administered intravenously, intramuscularly, intraperitoneally, subcutaneously, topically, orally, or by other acceptable means. The compounds may be used to treat arthritic conditions in mammals (e.g., humans, livestock, and domestic animals), racehorses, birds, lizards, and any other organism which can tolerate the compounds.

[0298] The invention also provides a pharmaceutical pack or kit comprising one or more containers filled with one or more of the ingredients of the pharmaceutical compositions of the invention. Optionally associated with such container(s) can be a notice in the form prescribed by a governmental agency regulating the manufacture, use, or sale of pharmaceuticals or biological products, which notice reflects approval by the agency of manufacture, use, or sale for human administration.

Administration to a Subject

[0299] In yet another aspect, the present invention provides a method for treating a condition in a mammalian species in need thereof, the method comprising administering to the mammalian species a therapeutically effective amount of at least one compound selected from the group consisting of compounds of Formula I, or a pharmaceutically-acceptable salt thereof or a pharmaceutical composition thereof, wherein the condition is selected from the group consisting of cancer, an immunological disorder, a CNS disorder, an inflammatory disorder, a gastroenterological disorder, a metabolic disorder, a cardiovascular disorder, and a kidney disease.

[0300] In some embodiments, the cancer is selected from the group consisting of biliary tract cancer, brain cancer, breast cancer, cervical cancer, choriocarcinoma, colon cancer, endometrial cancer, esophageal cancer, gastric (stomach) cancer, intraepithelial neoplasms, leukemias, lymphomas, liver cancer, lung cancer, melanoma, neuroblastomas, oral cancer, ovarian cancer, pancreatic cancer, prostate cancer, rectal cancer, renal (kidney) cancer, sarcomas, skin cancer, testicular cancer, and thyroid cancer.

[0301] In some embodiments, the inflammatory disorder is an inflammatory skin condition, arthritis, psoriasis, spondylitis, parodontitits, or an inflammatory neuropathy. In some embodiments, the gastroenterological disorder is an inflammatory bowel disease such as Crohn's disease or ulcerative colitis.

[0302] In some embodiments, the immunological disorder is transplant rejection or an autoimmune disease (e.g., rheumatoid arthritis, MS, systemic lupus erythematosus, or type I diabetes mellitus). In some embodiments, the CNS disorder is Alzheimer's disease.

[0303] In some embodiments, the metabolic disorder is obesity or type II diabetes mellitus. In some embodiments, the cardiovascular disorder is an ischemic stroke. In some embodiments, the kidney disease is chronic kidney disease, nephritis, or chronic renal failure.

[0304] In some embodiments, the mammalian species is human.

[0305] In some embodiments, the condition is selected from the group consisting of cancer, transplant rejection, rheumatoid arthritis, multiple sclerosis, systemic lupus erythematosus, type I diabetes mellitus, Alzheimer's disease, inflammatory skin condition, inflammatory neuropathy, psoriasis, spondylitis, parodontitis, inflammatory bowel disease, obesity, type II diabetes mellitus, ischemic stroke, chronic kidney disease, nephritis, chronic renal failure, and a combination thereof.

[0306] In yet another aspect, a method of blocking Kv1.3 potassium channel in a mammalian species in need thereof is described, including administering to the mammalian species a therapeutically effective amount of at least one compound of Formula I, or a pharmaceutically-acceptable salt or pharmaceutical composition thereof.

[0307] In some embodiments, the compounds described herein is selective in blocking the Kv 1.3 potassium channels with minimal or no off-target inhibition activities against other potassium channels, or against calcium or sodium channels. In some embodiments, the compounds described herein do not block the hERG channels and therefore have desirable cardiovascular safety profiles.

[0308] Some aspects of the invention involve administering an effective amount of a composition to a subject to achieve a specific outcome. The small molecule compositions useful according to the methods of the present invention thus can be formulated in any manner suitable for pharmaceutical use.

[0309] The formulations of the invention are administered in pharmaceutically-acceptable solutions, which may routinely contain pharmaceutically-acceptable concentrations of salt, buffering agents, preservatives, compatible carriers, adjuvants, and optionally other therapeutic ingredients.

[0310] For use in therapy, an effective amount of the compound can be administered to a subject by any mode allowing the compound to be taken up by the appropriate target cells. “Administering” the pharmaceutical composition of the present invention can be accomplished by any means known to the skilled artisan. Specific routes of administration include, but are not limited to, oral, transdermal (e.g., via a patch), parenteral injection (subcutaneous, intradermal, intramuscular, intravenous, intraperitoneal, intrathecal, etc.), or mucosal (intranasal, intratracheal, inhalation, intrarectal, intravaginal, etc.). An injection can be in a bolus or a continuous infusion.

[0311] For example the pharmaceutical compositions according to the invention are often administered by intravenous, intramuscular, or other parenteral means. They can also be administered by intranasal application, inhalation, topically, orally, or as implants; even rectal or vaginal use is possible. Suitable liquid or solid pharmaceutical preparation forms are, for example, aqueous or saline solutions for injection or inhalation, microencapsulated, encochleated, coated onto microscopic gold particles, contained in liposomes, nebulized, aerosols, pellets for implantation into the skin, or dried onto a sharp object to be scratched into the skin. The pharmaceutical compositions also include granules, powders, tablets, coated tablets, (micro)capsules, suppositories, syrups, emulsions, suspensions, creams, drops, or preparations with protracted release of active compounds in whose preparation excipients and additives and/or auxiliaries such as disintegrants, binders, coating agents, swelling agents, lubricants, flavorings, sweeteners or solubilizers are customarily used as described above. The pharmaceutical compositions are suitable for use in a variety of drug delivery systems. For a brief review of present methods for drug delivery, see Langer R (1990) Science 249:1527-33, which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.

[0312] The concentration of compounds included in compositions used in the methods of the invention can range from about 1 nM to about 100 μM. Effective doses are believed to range from about 10 picomole/kg to about 100 micromole/kg.

[0313] The pharmaceutical compositions are preferably prepared and administered in dose units. Liquid dose units are vials or ampoules for injection or other parenteral administration. Solid dose units are tablets, capsules, powders, and suppositories. For treatment of a patient, different doses may be necessary depending on activity of the compound, manner of administration, purpose of the administration (i.e., prophylactic or therapeutic), nature and severity of the disorder, age and body weight of the patient. The administration of a given dose can be carried out both by single administration in the form of an individual dose unit or else several smaller dose units. Repeated and multiple administration of doses at specific intervals of days, weeks, or months apart are also contemplated by the invention.

[0314] The compositions can be administered per se (neat) or in the form of a pharmaceutically-acceptable salt. When used in medicine the salts should be pharmaceutically acceptable, but non-pharmaceutically-acceptable salts can conveniently be used to prepare pharmaceutically-acceptable salts thereof. Such salts include, but are not limited to, those prepared from the following acids: hydrochloric, hydrobromic, sulphuric, nitric, phosphoric, maleic, acetic, salicylic, p-toluene sulphonic, tartaric, citric, methane sulphonic, formic, malonic, succinic, naphthalene-2-sulphonic, and benzene sulphonic. Also, such salts can be prepared as alkaline metal or alkaline earth salts, such as sodium, potassium or calcium salts of the carboxylic acid group.

[0315] Suitable buffering agents include: acetic acid and a salt (1-2% w/v); citric acid and a salt (1-3% w/v); boric acid and a salt (0.5-2.5% w/v); and phosphoric acid and a salt (0.8-2% w/v). Suitable preservatives include benzalkonium chloride (0.003-0.03% w/v); chlorobutanol (0.3-0.9% w/v); parabens (0.01-0.25% w/v); and thimerosal (0.004-0.02% w/v).

[0316] Compositions suitable for parenteral administration conveniently include sterile aqueous preparations, which can be isotonic with the blood of the recipient. Among the acceptable vehicles and solvents are water, Ringer's solution, phosphate buffered saline, and isotonic sodium chloride solution. In addition, sterile, fixed oils are conventionally employed as a solvent or suspending medium. For this purpose, any bland fixed mineral or non-mineral oil may be employed including synthetic mono- or diglycerides. In addition, fatty acids such as oleic acid find use in the preparation of injectables. Carrier formulations suitable for subcutaneous, intramuscular, intraperitoneal, intravenous, etc. administrations can be found in Remington's Pharmaceutical Sciences, Mack Publishing Company, Easton, Pa.; incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.

[0317] The compounds useful in the invention can be delivered in mixtures of more than two such compounds. A mixture can further include one or more adjuvants in addition to the combination of compounds.

[0318] A variety of administration routes is available. The particular mode selected will depend, of course, upon the particular compound selected, the age and general health status of the subject, the particular condition being treated, and the dosage required for therapeutic efficacy. The methods of this invention, generally speaking, can be practiced using any mode of administration that is medically acceptable, meaning any mode that produces effective levels of response without causing clinically unacceptable adverse effects. Preferred modes of administration are discussed above.

[0319] The compositions can conveniently be presented in unit dosage form and can be prepared by any of the methods well known in the art of pharmacy. All methods include the step of bringing the compounds into association with a carrier which constitutes one or more accessory ingredients. In general, the compositions are prepared by uniformly and intimately bringing the compounds into association with a liquid carrier, a finely divided solid carrier, or both, and then, if necessary, shaping the product.

[0320] Other delivery systems can include time-release, delayed release, or sustained-release delivery systems. Such systems can avoid repeated administrations of the compounds, increasing convenience to the subject and the physician. Many types of release delivery systems are available and known to those of ordinary skill in the art. They include polymer base systems such as poly(lactide-glycolide), copolyoxalates, polycaprolactones, polyesteramides, polyorthoesters, polyhydroxybutyric acid, and polyanhydrides. Microcapsules of the foregoing polymers containing drugs are described in, for example, U.S. Pat. No. 5,075,109. Delivery systems also include non-polymer systems that are: lipids including sterols such as cholesterol, cholesterol esters and fatty acids, or neutral fats such as mono-di- and tri-glycerides; hydrogel release systems; silastic systems; peptide-based systems; wax coatings; compressed tablets using conventional binders and excipients; partially fused implants; and the like. Specific examples include, but are not limited to: (a) erosional systems in which an agent of the invention is contained in a form within a matrix such as those described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,452,775, 4,675,189, and 5,736,152, and (b) diffusional systems in which an active component permeates at a controlled rate from a polymer such as described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 3,854,480, 5,133,974, and 5,407,686. In addition, pump-based hardware delivery systems can be used, some of which are adapted for implantation.

Assays for Effectiveness of Kv1.3 potassium channel blockers

[0321] In some embodiments, the compounds as described herein are tested for their activities against Kv1.3 potassium channel. In some embodiments, the compounds as described herein are tested for their Kv1.3 potassium channel electrophysiology. In some embodiments, the compounds as described herein are tested for their hERG electrophysiology.

EQUIVALENTS

[0322] The representative examples which follow are intended to help illustrate the invention, and are not intended to, nor should they be construed to, limit the scope of the invention. Indeed, various modifications of the invention and many further embodiments thereof, in addition to those shown and described herein, will become apparent to those skilled in the art from the full contents of this document, including the examples which follow and the references to the scientific and patent literature cited herein. It should further be appreciated that the contents of those cited references are incorporated herein by reference to help illustrate the state of the art. The following examples contain important additional information, exemplification, and guidance which can be adapted to the practice of this invention in its various embodiments and equivalents thereof.

EXAMPLES

[0323] Examples 1-9 describe various intermediates used in the syntheses of representative compounds of Formula I disclosed herein.

Example 1. Intermediate 1 (2-bromo-3,4-dichloro-1-methoxybenzene) and Intermediate 2 (1-bromo-4,5-dichloro-2-methoxybenzene)

[0324] ##STR00091##

Step a

[0325] To a stirred solution of 3,4-dichlorophenol (100.00 g, 613.49 mmol) in DCM (1000 mL) was added Br.sub.2 (98.04 g, 613.49 mmol) dropwise at 0° C. under nitrogen atmosphere. The reaction solution was stirred for 16 h at room temperature under nitrogen atmosphere. The reaction was quenched with saturated aq. Na.sub.2S.sub.2O.sub.3 (500 mL) at 0° C. The resulting mixture was extracted with EA (6×400 mL). The combined organic layers were washed with brine (2×400 mL) and dried over anhydrous Na.sub.2SO.sub.4. After filtration, the filtrate was concentrated under reduced pressure to afford a mixture of 2-bromo-4,5-dichlorophenol and 2-bromo-3,4-dichlorophenol (100 g, crude) as a yellow oil. The crude product was used in the next step directly without further purification.

Step b

[0326] To a crude mixture of 2-bromo-4,5-dichlorophenol and 2-bromo-3,4-dichlorophenol (32 g, 125.04 mmol, 1 equiv.) and K.sub.2CO.sub.3 (54.9 g, 396.87 mmol, 3 equiv.) in MeCN (210 mL) was added MeI (16.5 mL, 116.05 mmol, 2 equiv.) dropwise at 0° C. The reaction mixture was stirred at 50° C. for 4 h. The reaction mixture was filtered and concentrated. The residue was purified by silica gel column chromatography, eluted with PE to afford Intermediate 1 (2-bromo-3,4-dichloro-1-methoxybenzene) (8.7 g, 25.7%) as a white solid: .sup.1H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl.sub.3) δ 7.40 (dd, J=9.0, 1.1 Hz, 1H), 6.79 (d, J=8.9 Hz, 1H), 3.92 (s, 3H); and Intermediate 2 (1-bromo-4,5-dichloro-2-methoxybenzene) (24.3 g, 71.77%) as a white solid: .sup.1H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl.sub.3) δ 7.64 (s, 1H), 6.99 (s, 1H), 3.91 (s, 3H).

Example 2. Intermediate 3 ([2-(2-bromo-4,5-dichlorophenoxymethoxy)ethyl]trimethylsilane)

[0327] ##STR00092##

Step a

[0328] To a stirred solution of 2-bromo-4,5-dichlorophenol (31.00 g, 128.15 mmol) and [2-(chloromethoxy)ethyl]trimethylsilane (32.00 g, 192.23 mmol) in DCM (100 mL) was added DIEA (49.70 g, 384.46 mmol) at room temperature. The resulting mixture was stirred at room temperature for 5 h. The reaction was quenched with water (200 mL). The resulting mixture was extracted with DCM (3×400 mL). The combined organic layers were washed with brine (3×200 mL) and dried over Na.sub.2SO.sub.4. After filtration, the filtrate was concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was purified by silica gel column chromatography, eluted with PE/EA (50/1) to afford Intermediate 3 ([2-(2-bromo-4,5-dichlorophenoxymethoxy)ethyl]trimethylsilane) (44.00 g, 83%) as a light yellow oil: .sup.1H NMR (300 MHz, DMSO-d.sub.6) δ 7.86 (s, 1H), 7.46 (s, 1H), 5.39 (s, 2H), 3.74 (t, J=6.0 Hz, 2H), 0.79 (t, J=6.0 Hz, 2H), −0.05 (s, 9H).

Example 3. Intermediate 4 (1-tert-butyl 2-methyl 4-bromopiperidine-1,2-dicarboxylate)

[0329] ##STR00093##

Step a

[0330] To a stirred solution of 1-tert-butyl 2-methyl 4-oxopiperidine-1,2-dicarboxylate (1.00 g, 3.89 mmol) in THE (8 mL) was added NaBH.sub.4 (0.29 g, 7.77 mmol) at 0° C. under nitrogen atmosphere. The resulting mixture was stirred at room temperature for 2 h under nitrogen atmosphere. The reaction was quenched with water (50 mL). The resulting mixture was extracted with EA (3×50 mL). The combined organic layers were washed with brine (2×30 mL), dried over anhydrous Na.sub.2SO.sub.4. After filtration, the filtrate was concentrated under reduced pressure to afford 1-tert-butyl 2-methyl 4-hydroxypiperidine-1,2-dicarboxylate as a light yellow oil (0.90 g, 89%): LCMS (ESI) calc'd for C.sub.12H.sub.21NO.sub.5 [M+H].sup.+: 260 found 260; .sup.1H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl.sub.3) δ 5.17-4.66 (m, 1H), 4.22-3.83 (m, 1H), 3.76 (s, 3H), 3.71-3.63 (m, 1H), 3.47-2.84 (m, 1H), 2.56-2.36 (m, 1H), 1.99-1.87 (m, 1H), 1.81-1.58 (m, 1H), 1.58-1.40 (m, 10H).

Step b

[0331] To a stirred mixture of 1-tert-butyl 2-methyl 4-hydroxypiperidine-1,2-dicarboxylate (0.90 g, 3.47 mmol) in DCM (8 mL) were added PPh.sub.3 (1.37 g, 5.21 mmol) and CBr.sub.4 (1.73 g, 5.21 mmol) at room temperature. The resulting mixture was stirred for 3 h at room temperature. The reaction was quenched with water (30 mL) at room temperature. The resulting mixture was extracted with EA (3×50 mL). The combined organic layers were washed with brine (3×30 mL) and dried over anhydrous Na.sub.2SO.sub.4. After filtration, the filtrate was concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was purified by silica gel column chromatography, eluted with PE/EA (1/1) to afford Intermediate 4 (1-tert-butyl 2-methyl 4-bromopiperidine-1,2-dicarboxylate) as a light yellow oil (0.50 g, 40%): LCMS (ESI) calc'd for C.sub.12H.sub.20BrNO.sub.4 [M+H].sup.+: 322, 324 (1:1), found 322, 324 (1:1); .sup.1H NMR (300 MHz, CD.sub.3OD) δ 4.77-4.67 (m, 1H), 4.67-4.60 (m, 1H), 3.97-3.86 (m, 1H), 3.74 (s, 3H), 3.56-3.34 (m, 1H), 2.75-2.62 (m, 1H), 2.45-2.31 (m, 1H), 2.05-1.94 (m, 2H), 1.46 (s, 9H).

Example 4. Intermediate 5 (3,4-dichloro-2-iodophenol)

[0332] ##STR00094##

Step a

[0333] To a stirred solution of 3,4-dichlorophenol (50.00 g, 306.75 mmol), DMAP (74.95 g, 613.50 mmol) and Et.sub.3N (62.08 g, 613.50 mmol) in DCM (500 mL) was added diethylcarbamoyl chloride (62.39 g, 460.12 mmol) dropwise at room temperature under nitrogen atmosphere. The reaction mixture was stirred for 2 h at room temperature under nitrogen atmosphere. The resulting mixture was diluted with water (300 mL) at room temperature and extracted with EA (3×500 mL). The combined organic layers were washed with brine (2×200 mL), dried over anhydrous Na.sub.2SO.sub.4. After filtration, the filtrate was concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was purified by silica gel column chromatography, eluted with PE/EA (40/1) to afford 3,4-dichlorophenyl N,N-diethylcarbamate as a yellow oil (72.00 g, 80%): LCMS (ESI) calc'd for C.sub.11H.sub.13Cl.sub.2NO.sub.2 [M+H].sup.+: 262, 264 (3:2), found 262, 264 (3:2); .sup.1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl.sub.3) δ 7.42 (d, J=8.8 Hz, 1H), 7.30 (d, J=2.7 Hz, 1H), 7.03 (dd, J=8.8, 2.7 Hz, 1H), 3.42 (dq, J=14.2, 7.2 Hz, 4H), 1.24 (dt, J=14.8, 7.2 Hz, 6H).

Step b

[0334] To a solution of DIPA (42.46 g, 419.64 mmol) in THE (400 mL) was added n-BuLi (29.32 g, 457.79 mmol, 2.5 M in hexane) dropwise in 0.5 h at −78° C. under nitrogen atmosphere. After stirring for 20 min at −78° C., to resulting solution was added a solution of 3,4-dichlorophenyl N,N-diethylcarbamate (100.00 g, 381.49 mmol) in THE (100 mL) dropwise over 20 min at −78° C. After addition, the resulting mixture was stirred for additional 0.5 h at −78° C. under nitrogen atmosphere. To the above mixture was added a solution of 12 (101.67 g, 400.56 mmol) in THF (50 mL) dropwise over 0.5 h at −78° C. The resulting mixture was stirred for additional 2 h at −78° C. The resulting mixture was quenched with saturated aq. Na.sub.2SO.sub.3 (300 mL) at −78° C. and extracted with EA (3×500 mL). The combined organic layers were washed with brine (2×200 mL), dried over anhydrous Na.sub.2SO.sub.4. After filtration, the filtrate was concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was purified by silica gel column chromatography, eluted with PE/EA (40/1) to afford 3,4-dichloro-2-iodophenyl NN-diethylcarbamate as an off-white solid (117.00 g, 79%): LCMS (ESI) calc'd for C.sub.11H.sub.12Cl.sub.2INO.sub.2 [M+H].sup.+: 388, 390 (3:2), found 388, 390 (3:2); .sup.1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl.sub.3) δ 7.48 (d, J=8.8 Hz, 1H), 7.08 (d, J=8.7 Hz, 1H), 3.55 (q, J=7.1 Hz, 2H), 3.42 (q, J=7.1 Hz, 2H), 1.35 (t, J=7.1 Hz, 3H), 1.25 (t, J=7.1 Hz, 3H).

Step c

[0335] To a stirred solution of 3,4-dichloro-2-iodophenyl N,N-diethylcarbamate (65.80 g, 169.58 mmol) in MeOH (100 mL) was added a solution of NaOH (67.82 g, 1695.75 mmol) in H.sub.2O (200 mL) at 0° C. The resulting mixture was allowed to warm to 50° C. and stirred for 10 h. The pH value of the solution was adjusted to 6-7 with aq. HCl (1 N). The reaction was diluted with water (400 mL) at room temperature and extracted with EA (3×400 mL). The combined organic layers were washed with brine (3×100 mL), dried over anhydrous Na.sub.2SO.sub.4. After filtration, the filtrate was concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was purified by silica gel column chromatography, eluted with PE/EA (40/1) to afford Intermediate 5 (3,4-dichloro-2-iodophenol) as a yellow oil (47.00 g, 96%): .sup.1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl.sub.3) δ 7.36 (d, J=8.8 Hz, 1H), 6.90 (d, J=8.8 Hz, 1H), 6.09 (s, 1H).

Example 5. Intermediate 6 ((2-(3,4-dichloro-2-iodophenoxymethoxy)ethyl)trimethylsilane)

[0336] ##STR00095##

Step a

[0337] To a stirred mixture of 3,4-dichlorophenol (200 g, 1.23 mol) and K.sub.2CO.sub.3 (339 g, 2.45 mol) in DMF (1 L) was added SEMCl (245 g, 1.47 mol) dropwise at 0° C. The reaction mixture was stirred at room temperature for 16 h, diluted with water (1 L) and extracted with EA (3×1 L). The combined organic layers were washed with brine (3×1 L) and dried over anhydrous Na.sub.2SO.sub.4. After filtration, the filtrate was concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was purified by silica gel column chromatography, eluting with PE/EA (100/1) to afford (2-(3,4-dichlorophenoxymethoxy)ethyl)trimethylsilane) (250 g, 69%): .sup.1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl.sub.3) δ 7.35 (d, J=8.8 Hz, 1H), 7.19 (d, J=2.8 Hz, 1H), 6.92 (dd, J=8.9, 2.8 Hz, 1H), 5.21 (s, 2H), 3.80-3.72 (m, 2H), 0.94-0.83 (m, 2H), 0.03 (s, 9H).

Step b

[0338] To a stirred solution of (2-(3,4-dichlorophenoxymethoxy)ethyl)trimethylsilane (22.0 g, 75.0 mmol) in THE (250 mL) was added n-BuLi (60 mL, 0.15 mol, 2.5 M in hexane) dropwise over 30 min at −78° C. under nitrogen atmosphere. After stirring for 1 h, I.sub.2 (19.0 g, 75.0 mmol) was added over 20 minutes. The resulting solution was stirred for 1 h, quenched with saturated aq. NH.sub.4Cl (200 mL) at 0° C., and extracted with EA (3×200 mL). The combined organic layers were washed with brine (3×200 mL) and dried over anhydrous Na.sub.2SO.sub.4. After filtration, the filtrate was concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was purified by silica gel column chromatography, eluting with PE/EA (12/1) to afford Intermediate 6 ((2-(3,4-dichloro-2-iodophenoxymethoxy)ethyl)trimethylsilane) as a yellow solid (20.0 g, 63%): .sup.1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl.sub.3) δ 7.42 (d, J=8.9 Hz, 1H), 6.98 (d, J=8.9 Hz, 1H), 5.31 (s, 2H), 3.84-3.78 (m, 2H), 1.00-0.94 (m, 2H), 0.03 (s, 9H).

Example 6. Intermediate 7 (ethyl (2R)-2-[(tert-butoxycarbonyl)amino]-5-(2,3-dichloro-6-[[2-(trimethylsilyl)ethoxy]methoxy]phenyl)-5-oxopentanoate) and Intermediate 8 (ethyl (2S)-2-[(tert-butoxycarbonyl)amino]-5-(2,3-dichloro-6-[[2-(trimethylsilyl)ethoxy]methoxy]phenyl)-5-oxopentanoate)

[0339] ##STR00096##

Step a

[0340] To a stirred solution of [2-(3,4-dichloro-2-iodophenoxymethoxy)ethyl]trimethylsilane (Intermediate 6, Example 5) (2.10 g, 5.01 mmol) in THE (15 mL) was added n-BuLi (1.90 mL, 4.75 mmol, 2.5 M in hexane) dropwise at −78° C. under nitrogen atmosphere. The reaction mixture was stirred for 30 minutes and 1-tert-butyl 2-ethyl (2R)-5-oxopyrrolidine-1,2-dicarboxylate (1.00 g, 3.89 mmol) was added. The resulting solution was stirred for 1 h, quenched with saturated aq. NH.sub.4Cl (30 mL), and extracted with EA (3×30 mL). The combined organic layers were washed with brine (3×30 mL) and dried over anhydrous Na.sub.2SO.sub.4. After filtration, the filtrate was concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was purified by silica gel column chromatography, eluting with PE/EA (3/1) to afford Intermediate 7 (ethyl (2R)-2-[(tert-butoxycarbonyl)amino]-5-(2,3-dichloro-6-[[2-(trimethylsilyl)ethoxy]methoxy]phenyl)-5-oxopentanoate) as a light-yellow oil (0.350 g, 16%): LCMS (ESI) calc'd for C.sub.24H.sub.37Cl.sub.2NO.sub.7Si [M+Na].sup.+: 572, 574 (3:2) found 572, 574 (3:2); .sup.1H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl.sub.3) δ 7.40 (d, J=9.0 Hz, 1H), 7.10 (d, J=9.0 Hz, 1H), 5.35-5.32 (m, 1H), 5.21 (s, 2H), 5.17-5.07 (m, 1H), 4.39-4.29 (m, 1H), 4.28-4.18 (m, 2H), 3.78-3.68 (m, 2H), 2.96-2.81 (m, 1H), 2.45-2.25 (m, 1H), 2.18-2.02 (m, 1H), 1.46 (s, 9H), 1.31 (t, J=7.3, 1.6 Hz, 3H), 1.00-0.89 (m, 2H), 0.03 (s, 9H). Intermediate 8 ((ethyl (2S)-2-[(tert-butoxycarbonyl)amino]-5-(2,3-dichloro-6-[[2-(trimethylsilyl)ethoxy]methoxy]phenyl)-5-oxopentanoate) was prepared in the same way as Intermediate 7: LCMS (ESI) calc'd for C.sub.24H.sub.37Cl.sub.2NO.sub.7Si [M+Na].sup.+: 572, 574 (3:2) found 572, 574 (3:2); .sup.1H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl.sub.3) δ 7.41 (d, J=9.0 Hz, 1H), 7.11 (d, J=9.0 Hz, 1H), 5.21 (s, 2H), 4.40-4.30 (m, 1H), 4.24 (q, J=7.1 Hz, 2H), 3.80-3.68 (m, 2H), 2.95-2.82 (m, 2H), 2.42-2.23 (m, 1H), 2.18-2.09 (m, 1H), 1.46 (s, 9H), 1.36-1.22 (m, 3H), 0.95 (t, J=8.4 Hz, 2H), 0.03 (s, 9H).

Example 7. Intermediate 9 ((S)—N-[[2,3-dichloro-6-(methoxymethoxy)phenyl]methylidene]-2-methylpropane-2-sulfinamide

[0341] ##STR00097##

Step a

[0342] To a stirred solution of 2,3-dichloro-6-(methoxymethoxy)benzaldehyde (2.00 g, 8.51 mmol) and (S)-2-methylpropane-2-sulfinamide (1.55 g, 12.8 mmol) in THE (20 mL) was added Ti(OEt).sub.4 (5.82 g, 25.52 mmol) at room temperature under nitrogen atmosphere. The resulting solution was stirred for 16 h, quenched with saturated aq. NaHCO.sub.3(50 mL), and extracted with EA (3×50 mL). The combined organic layers were washed with brine (3×50 mL) and dried over anhydrous Na.sub.2SO.sub.4. After filtration, the filtrate was concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was purified by silica gel column chromatography, eluting with PE/EA (3/1) to afford Intermediate 9 ((S)—N-[[2,3-dichloro-6-(methoxymethoxy)phenyl]methylidene]-2-methylpropane-2-sulfinamide) as a light-yellow oil (2.60 g, 81%): LCMS (ESI) calc'd for C.sub.13H.sub.17Cl.sub.2NO.sub.3S [M+H].sup.+: 338, 340 (3:2) found 338, 340 (3:2); .sup.1H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl.sub.3) δ 8.91 (s, 1H), 7.49 (d, J=9.0 Hz, 1H), 7.13 (d, J=9.0 Hz, 1H), 5.23 (s, 2H), 3.48 (s, 3H), 1.31 (s, 9H).

Example 8. Intermediate 10 (ethyl (5R)-5-[2,3-dichloro-6-(methoxymethoxy)phenyl]-1-(4-methylbenzenesulfonyl)pyrrolidine-3-carboxylate isomer 1) and Intermediate 11 (ethyl (5R)-5-[2,3-dichloro-6-(methoxymethoxy)phenyl]-1-(4-methylbenzenesulfonyl)pyrrolidine-3-carboxylate isomer 2)

[0343] ##STR00098##

Step a

[0344] To a stirred mixture of (S)—N-[[2,3-dichloro-6-(methoxymethoxy)phenyl]methylidene]-2-methylpropane-2-sulfinamide (Intermediate 9, Example 7) (1.00 g, 2.96 mmol) and ethyl 2-(bromomethyl)prop-2-enoate (1.71 g, 8.87 mmol) in NH.sub.4Cl (8 mL) and THE (2 mL) was added Zn (0.580 g, 8.87 mmol) in portions at room temperature. The reaction mixture was stirred for 5 minutes, diluted with water (20 mL), and extracted with EA (3×30 mL). The combined organic layers were washed with brine (2×30 mL) and dried over anhydrous Na.sub.2SO.sub.4. After filtration, the filtrate was concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was purified by reverse phase chromatography, eluting with 45% ACN in water (plus 10 mM NH.sub.4HCO.sub.3), to afford ethyl (4R)-4-[2,3-dichloro-6-(methoxymethoxy)phenyl]-2-methylidene-4-[[(S)-2-methylpropane-2-sulfinyl]amino]butanoate as a light-yellow oil (1.40 g, 94%): LCMS (ESI) calc'd for C.sub.19H.sub.27Cl.sub.2NO.sub.5S [M+H].sup.+: 452, 454 (3:2) found 452, 454 (3:2); .sup.1H NMR (300 MHz, CD.sub.3OD) δ 7.41-7.36 (m, 1H), 7.19-7.13 (m, 1H), 6.08 (d, J=1.4 Hz, 1H), 5.47 (d, J=9.9 Hz, 1H), 5.38-5.31 (m, 2H), 5.29-5.11 (m, 1H), 4.22-4.09 (m, 2H), 3.56 (s, 3H), 3.20-3.01 (m, 2H), 1.29 (q, J=6.8 Hz, 3H), 1.12 (s, 9H).

Step b

[0345] To a stirred solution of ethyl (4R)-4-[2,3-dichloro-6-(methoxymethoxy)phenyl]-2-methylidene-4-[[(S)-2-methylpropane-2-sulfinyl]amino]butanoate (1.56 g, 3.45 mmol) in MeOH (10.50 mL) was added aq. HCl (2 M, 3.50 mL) at room temperature. The reaction mixture was stirred for 1 h, basified with saturated aq. NaHCO.sub.3 to pH 8, and extracted with EA (3×20 mL). The combined organic layers were washed with brine (2×20 mL) and dried over anhydrous Na.sub.2SO.sub.4. After filtration, the filtrate was concentrated under reduced pressure. To a solution of the residue in DCM (10 mL) were added TsCl (0.660 g, 3.45 mmol), DMAP (0.110 g, 0.86 mmol), and TEA (1.00 mL, 7.18 mmol) at room temperature. The resulting solution was stirred for 2 h, diluted with water (20 mL), and extracted with EA (3×20 mL). The combined organic layers were washed with brine (2×20 mL) and dried over anhydrous Na.sub.2SO.sub.4. After filtration, the filtrate was concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was purified by silica gel column chromatography, eluting with PE/EA (4/1) to afford ethyl (4R)-4-[2,3-dichloro-6-(methoxymethoxy)phenyl]-4-(4-methylbenzenesulfonamido)-2-methylidenebutanoate as a light-yellow solid (1.10 g, 76%): LCMS (ESI) calc'd for C.sub.22H.sub.25Cl.sub.2NO.sub.6S [M+Na].sup.+: 524, 526 (3:2) found 524, 526 (3:2); .sup.1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl.sub.3) δ 7.57-7.51 (m, 2H), 7.14 (d, J=9.0 Hz, 1H), 7.07-7.02 (m, 2H), 6.82 (d, J=9.1 Hz, 1H), 6.22 (d, J=1.2 Hz, 1H), 5.94 (d, J=10.9 Hz, 1H), 5.60 (q, J=1.1 Hz, 1H), 5.30-5.25 (m, 1H), 5.25-5.18 (m, 2H), 4.18 (q, J=7.1 Hz, 2H), 3.57 (s, 3H), 3.00-2.90 (m, 1H), 2.73-2.64 (m, 1H), 2.31 (s, 3H), 1.30 (t, J=7.1 Hz, 3H).

Step c

[0346] To a stirred solution of ethyl (4R)-4-[2,3-dichloro-6-(methoxymethoxy)phenyl]-4-(4-methylbenzenesulfonamido)-2-methylidenebutanoate (0.600 g, 1.19 mmol) in DMF (6 mL) was added NaH (53.0 mg, 0.12 mmol, 60% in oil) at room temperature. The reaction mixture was stirred at 110° C. for 16 h. The resulting mixture was quenched with water (20 mL) at room temperature and extracted with EA (3×20 mL). The combined organic layers were washed with brine (2×20 mL) and dried over anhydrous Na.sub.2SO.sub.4. After filtration, the filtrate was concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was purified by Prep-TLC (PE/EA 3/1) to afford Intermediate 10 (ethyl (5R)-5-[2,3-dichloro-6-(methoxymethoxy)phenyl]-1-(4-methylbenzenesulfonyl)pyrrolidine-3-carboxylate isomer 1) as a light-yellow solid (0.150 g, 24%): LCMS (ESI) calc'd for C.sub.22H.sub.25Cl.sub.2NO.sub.6S [M+H].sup.+: 502, 504 (3:2) found 502, 504 (3:2); H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl.sub.3) δ 7.73-7.61 (m, 2H), 7.37-7.28 (m, 3H), 7.04-6.91 (m, 1H), 5.52-5.38 (m, 1H), 5.22-5.02 (m, 2H), 4.16 (q, J=7.1 Hz, 2H), 4.14-4.01 (m, 1H), 3.78 (t, J=11.2 Hz, 1H), 3.59-3.46 (m, 4H), 2.79-2.60 (m, 1H), 2.50-2.38 (m, 4H), 1.26 (t, J=7.1 Hz, 3H) and Intermediate 11 (ethyl (5R)-5-[2,3-dichloro-6-(methoxymethoxy)phenyl]-1-(4-methylbenzenesulfonyl)pyrrolidine-3-carboxylate isomer 2) as a light-yellow solid (0.29 g, 46%): LCMS (ESI) calc'd for C.sub.22H.sub.25Cl.sub.2NO.sub.6S [M+H].sup.+: 502, 504 (3:2) found 502, 504 (3:2); H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl.sub.3) δ 7.65 (d, J=7.8 Hz, 2H), 7.32 (d, J=8.9 Hz, 1H), 7.25 (d, J=7.8H, 2H), 7.02 (d, J=9.0 Hz, 1H), 5.60-5.47 (m, 1H), 5.27-5.05 (m, 2H), 4.00-3.85 (m, 4H), 3.55 (s, 3H), 3.26-3.15 (m, 1H), 2.63-2.47 (m, 1H), 2.43 (s, 3H), 2.39-2.24 (m, 1H), 1.22 (t, J=7.1 Hz, 3H).

Example 9. Intermediate 12 (1-tert-butyl 3-ethyl 6-(2,3-dichloro-6-methoxyphenyl)piperidine-1,3-dicarboxylate)

[0347] ##STR00099##

Step a

[0348] To a stirred solution of 2,3-dichloro-6-methoxyphenylboronic acid (1.00 g, 4.53 mmol) and methyl 6-bromopyridine-3-carboxylate (0.980 g, 4.54 mmol) in toluene (32 mL) and EtOH (8 mL) were added K.sub.2CO.sub.3 (1.88 g, 13.6 mmol) and Pd(PPh.sub.3).sub.4 (0.520 g, 0.45 mmol) at room temperature under nitrogen atmosphere. The reaction mixture was stirred at 90° C. for 2 h, diluted with water (50 mL), and extracted with EA (3×30 mL). The combined organic layers were washed with brine (3×5 mL) and dried over anhydrous Na.sub.2SO.sub.4. After filtration, the filtrate was concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was purified by reverse phase chromatography, eluting with 50% ACN in water (plus 0.05% TFA) to afford ethyl 6-(2,3-dichloro-6-methoxyphenyl)pyridine-3-carboxylate as a yellow oil (0.600 g, 41%): LCMS (ESI) calc'd for C.sub.15H.sub.13Cl.sub.2NO.sub.3 [M+H].sup.+: 326, 328 (3:2) found 326, 328 (3:2); .sup.1H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl.sub.3) δ 9.51-9.43 (m, 1H), 8.66 (dd, J=8.2, 2.1 Hz, 1H), 7.64-7.59 (m, 1H), 7.35 (d, J=7.5 Hz, 1H), 6.94 (d, J=9.0 Hz, 1H), 4.05 (s, 2H), 3.76 (s, 3H), 1.32-1.24 (m, 3H).

Step b

[0349] To a stirred solution of ethyl 6-(2,3-dichloro-6-methoxyphenyl)pyridine-3-carboxylate (0.600 g, 1.84 mmol) in AcOH (10 mL) was added PtO.sub.2 (42.0 mg, 0.18 mmol) at room temperature. The reaction mixture was stirred for 16 h under hydrogen atmosphere (1.5 atm). The resulting mixture was filtered and the filter cake washed with MeOH (3×5 mL). The filtrate was concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was purified by reverse phase chromatography, eluting with 25% ACN in water (plus 0.05% TFA) to afford ethyl 6-(2,3-dichloro-6-methoxyphenyl)piperidine-3-carboxylate as a yellow oil (0.200 g, 33%): LCMS (ESI) calc'd for C.sub.15H.sub.19Cl.sub.2NO.sub.3 [M+H].sup.+: 332, 334 (3:2) found 332, 334 (3:2); .sup.1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl.sub.3) δ 7.47 (d, J=9.1 Hz, 1H), 6.85 (d, J=9.1 Hz, 1H), 5.01 (t, J=10.6 Hz, 1H), 4.40-4.20 (m, 2H), 3.98 (s, 3H), 3.80-3.70 (m, 1H), 3.53-3.47 (m, 1H), 3.07-2.99 (m, 1H), 2.44-2.24 (m, 1H), 2.24-2.04 (m, 2H), 1.97-1.83 (m, 1H), 1.36 (t, J=7.1 Hz, 3H).

Step c

[0350] To a stirred solution of ethyl 6-(2,3-dichloro-6-methoxyphenyl)piperidine-3-carboxylate (0.250 g, 0.75 mmol) and TEA (0.150 g, 1.51 mmol) in DCM (2 mL) was added Boc.sub.2O (0.160 g, 0.75 mmol) at room temperature. The reaction mixture was stirred for 1 h, diluted with water (20 mL), and extracted with EA (3×30 mL). The combined organic layers were washed with brine (3×5 mL) and dried over anhydrous Na.sub.2SO.sub.4. After filtration, the filtrate was concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was purified by reverse phase chromatography, eluting with 60% ACN in water (plus 0.05% TFA) to afford Intermediate 12 (1-tert-butyl 3-ethyl 6-(2,3-dichloro-6-methoxyphenyl)piperidine-1,3-dicarboxylate) as a yellow oil (0.270 g, 59%): LCMS (ESI) calc'd for C.sub.20H.sub.27Cl.sub.2NO.sub.5 [M+H].sup.+: 432, 434 (3:2) found 432, 434 (3:2): .sup.1H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl.sub.3) δ 7.33 (d, J=8.9 Hz, 1H), 6.79 (d, J=8.9 Hz, 1H), 5.26 (dd, J=11.6, 5.0 Hz, 1H), 4.38-4.26 (m, 1H), 4.20 (q, J=7.0 Hz, 2H), 3.83 (d, J=1.4 Hz, 3H), 3.58-3.44 (m, 1H), 3.03-2.87 (m, 1H), 2.21-1.92 (m, 2H), 1.91-1.69 (m, 2H), 1.30 (t, J=7.1 Hz, 3H), 1.20 (d, J=2.9 Hz, 9H).

[0351] Examples 10-81 describe the syntheses of representative compounds of Formula I disclosed herein.

Example 10. Compound 1 (4,5-dichloro-2-(4-methylpiperidin-4-yl)phenol)

[0352] ##STR00100##

Step a

[0353] To a stirred solution of 1,2-dichloro-4-methoxybenzene (0.30 g, 1.70 mmol) and tert-butyl 4-hydroxy-4-methylpiperidine-1-carboxylate (1.82 g, 8.47 mmol) in DCE (5 mL) was added TfOH (6.36 g, 42.37 mmol) dropwise at room temperature under nitrogen atmosphere. The reaction solution was stirred at room temperature for 24 h. The reaction was quenched with water (50 mL) at room temperature. The reaction mixture was extracted with EA (5×30 mL). The combined organic layers were washed with brine (2×30 mL) and dried over anhydrous Na.sub.2SO.sub.4. After filtration, the filtrate was concentrated under reduced pressure to afford 4-(4,5-dichloro-2-methoxyphenyl)-4-methylpiperidine as a brown solid (0.24 g, crude), which was used in the next step directly without further purification: LCMS (ESI) calc'd for C.sub.13H.sub.17Cl.sub.2NO [M+H].sup.+: 274, 276 (3:2), found 274, 276 (3:2).

Step b

[0354] A solution of 4-(4,5-dichloro-2-methoxyphenyl)-4-methylpiperidine (0.24 g, 0.88 mmol) and BBr.sub.3 (1.76 g, 7.01 mmol) in DCM (0.5 mL) was stirred at room temperature for 2 h. The reaction was quenched with water (1 mL) at 0° C. The resulting mixture was concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was purified by Prep-HPLC with the following conditions: Column: XBridge C.sub.18 OBD Prep Column, 100 Å, 5 μm, 19 mm×250 mm; Mobile Phase A: Water with 10 mmol/L NH.sub.4HCO.sub.3 and 0.1% NH.sub.3.H.sub.2O, Mobile Phase B: ACN; Flow rate: 20 mL/min; Gradient: 30% B to 70% B in 9 min; Detector: UV 254/220 nm; Retention time: 7.54 min. The fractions containing the desired product were collected and concentrated under reduced pressure to afford Compound 1 (4,5-dichloro-2-(4-methylpiperidin-4-yl)phenol) as an off-white solid (100 mg, 50%): LCMS (ESI) calc'd for C.sub.12H.sub.15Cl.sub.2NO [M+H].sup.+: 260, 262 (3:2), found 260,262 (3:2); .sup.1H NMR (300 MHz, DMSO-d.sub.6) δ 7.19 (s, 1H), 6.96 (s, 1H), 2.82-2.55 (m, 4H), 2.09-1.89 (m, 2H), 1.79-1.57 (m, 2H), 1.26 (s, 3H).

Example 11. Compound 2 ((2R)-1-[4-(2,3-dichloro-6-hydroxyphenyl)piperidin-1-yl]-2,3-dihydroxypropan-1-one)

[0355] ##STR00101##

Step a

[0356] To a stirred mixture of 2,3-dichloro-6-methoxyphenylboronic acid (Example 78, step a) (0.50 g, 2.26 mmol) and tert-butyl 4-(trifluoromethanesulfonyloxy)-3,6-dihydro-2H-pyridine-1-carboxylate (0.75 g, 2.26 mmol) in dioxane (8 mL) and H.sub.2O (2 mL) were added Na.sub.2CO.sub.3 (0.72 g, 6.79 mmol) and Pd(dppf)Cl.sub.2 CH.sub.2Cl.sub.2 (0.18 g, 0.27 mmol) at room temperature. The resulting mixture was stirred for 2 h at 80° C. under nitrogen atmosphere. After cooling to room temperature, the resulting mixture was diluted with water (30 mL). The resulting mixture was extracted with EA (3×30 mL). The combined organic layers were washed with brine (2×20 mL) and dried over anhydrous Na.sub.2SO.sub.4. After filtration, the filtrate was concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was purified by silica gel column chromatography, eluted with PE/EA (5/1) to afford tert-butyl 4-(2,3-dichloro-6-methoxyphenyl)-3,6-dihydro-2H-pyridine-1-carboxylate as an off-white solid (0.54 g, 63%): LCMS (ESI) calc'd for C.sub.17H.sub.21Cl.sub.2NO.sub.3 [M+H−56].sup.+ 302, 304 (3:2), found 302, 304 (3:2); .sup.1H NMR (400 MHz, CD.sub.3OD) δ 7.41 (d, J=8.9 Hz, 1H), 6.96 (d, J=8.9 Hz, 1H), 5.58-5.52 (m, 1H), 4.09-3.99 (m, 2H), 3.81 (s, 3H), 3.71-3.60 (m, 2H), 2.37-2.17 (m, 2H), 1.52 (s, 9H).

Step b

[0357] To a stirred solution of tert-butyl 4-(2,3-dichloro-6-methoxyphenyl)-3,6-dihydro-2H-pyridine-1-carboxylate (0.50 g, 1.40 mmol) and PtO.sub.2 (0.10 g, 0.45 mmol) in MeOH (10 mL) was added HCl (6 N, 1 mL) at room temperature. The resulting mixture was degassed with hydrogen three times and stirred for 2 h at room temperature under hydrogen atmosphere (1.5 atm). The reaction mixture was filtered and the filtrate was concentrated under reduced pressure to afford tert-butyl 4-(2,3-dichloro-6-methoxyphenyl)piperidine-1-carboxylate as a yellow oil (0.50 g, crude), which was used in the next step directly without further purification: LCMS (ESI) calc'd for C.sub.17H.sub.23Cl.sub.2NO.sub.3 [M+H−56].sup.+: 304, 306 (3:2), found 304, 306 (3:2); .sup.1H NMR (400 MHz, CD.sub.3OD) δ 7.37 (d, J=9.0 Hz, 1H), 6.95 (d, J=9.0 Hz, 1H), 4.24-4.15 (m, 2H), 3.84 (s, 3H), 3.68-3.56 (m, 1H), 3.56-3.45 (m, 1H), 3.20-3.05 (m, 1H), 2.95-2.76 (m, 2H), 2.45-2.24 (m, 2H), 1.51 (s, 9H).

Step c

[0358] To a stirred solution of tert-butyl 4-(2,3-dichloro-6-methoxyphenyl)piperidine-1-carboxylate (0.50 g, 1.39 mmol) in DCM (4 mL) was added TFA (1 mL) at room temperature. The resulting solution was stirred for 1 h at room temperature. The mixture was basified to pH 8 with saturated aq. NaHCO.sub.3. The resulting mixture was extracted with EA (3×20 mL). The combined organic layers were washed with brine (2×20 mL) and dried over anhydrous Na.sub.2SO.sub.4. After filtration, the filtrate was concentrated under reduced pressure to afford 4-(2,3-dichloro-6-methoxyphenyl)piperidine as a yellow oil (0.40 g, crude), which was used in the next step directly without further purification: LCMS (ESI) calc'd for C.sub.12H.sub.15Cl.sub.2NO [M+H].sup.+ 260, 262 (3:2), found 260, 262 (3:2).

Step d

[0359] To a stirred mixture of (4R)-2,2-dimethyl-1,3-dioxolane-4-carboxylic acid (0.34 g, 2.31 mmol) and HATU (0.88 g, 2.31 mmol) in DMF (7 mL) were added 4-(2,3-dichloro-6-methoxyphenyl)piperidine (0.40 g, 1.54 mmol) and Et.sub.3N (0.47 g, 4.61 mmol) at room temperature. The resulting mixture was stirred for 1 h at room temperature. The resulting mixture was diluted with water (300 mL). The resulting mixture was extracted with EA (3×20 mL). The combined organic layers were washed with brine (2×20 mL) and dried over anhydrous Na.sub.2SO.sub.4. After filtration, the filtrate was concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was purified by reverse phase chromatography, eluted with 50% ACN in water (plus 0.05% TFA) to afford 4-(2,3-dichloro-6-methoxyphenyl)-1-[(4R)-2,2-dimethyl-1,3-dioxolane-4-carbonyl]piperidine as a light yellow oil (0.43 g, 79% overall three steps): LCMS (ESI) calc'd for C.sub.18H.sub.23Cl.sub.2NO.sub.4 [M+1].sup.+: 388, 390 (3:2), found 388, 390 (3:2); .sup.1H NMR (400 MHz, CD.sub.3OD) δ 7.38 (d, J=9.0 Hz, 1H), 6.96 (d, J=9.0 Hz, 1H), 5.00-4.88 (m, 1H), 4.68-4.59 (m, 1H), 4.40-4.34 (m, 1H), 4.30-4.17 (m, 2H), 3.83 (d, J=5.6 Hz, 3H), 3.80-3.70 (m, 1H), 3.26-3.09 (m, 1H), 2.81-2.68 (m, 1H), 2.53-2.26 (m, 2H), 1.69-1.54 (m, 2H), 1.43 (d, J=6.4 Hz, 6H).

Step e

[0360] To a stirred mixture of 4-(2,3-dichloro-6-methoxyphenyl)-1-[(4R)-2,2-dimethyl-1,3-dioxolane-4-carbonyl]piperidine (0.43 g, 1.11 mmol) in DCM (3 mL) was added BBr.sub.3 (1.66 g, 6.63 mmol) dropwise at 0° C. The resulting solution was stirred for 30 min at 0° C. The reaction was quenched with saturated aq. NH.sub.4Cl at 0° C. The resulting mixture was concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was purified by Prep-HPLC with the following conditions: Column: Xselect CSH OBD Column 30×150 mm 5 m; Mobile Phase A: Water (plus 0.05% TFA), Mobile Phase B: ACN; Flow rate: 60 mL/min; Gradient: 22% B to 38% B in 7 min; Detector: UV 254/220 nm; Retention time: 8.25 min. The fractions containing the desired product were collected and concentrated under reduced pressure Compound 2 ((2R)-1-[4-(2,3-dichloro-6-hydroxyphenyl)piperidin-1-yl]-2,3-dihydroxypropan-1-one) as an off-white solid (185.9 mg, 50%). LCMS (ESI) calc'd for C.sub.14H.sub.17Cl.sub.2NO.sub.4 [M+1].sup.+: 334, 346 (3:2), found 334, 346 (3:2); .sup.1H NMR (400 MHz, CD.sub.3OD) δ 7.19 (d, J=8.8 Hz, 1H), 6.71 (d, J=8.8 Hz, 1H), 4.67 (d, J=13.1 Hz, 1H), 4.62-4.54 (m, 1H), 4.24-4.13 (m, 1H), 3.81-3.60 (m, 3H), 3.20 (t, J=13.0 Hz, 1H), 2.82-2.70 (m, 1H), 2.63-2.40 (m, 2H), 1.70-1.55 (m, 2H).

Example 12. Compound 3 (4,5-dichloro-2-(piperidin-4-yl)phenol)

[0361] ##STR00102##

Step a

[0362] To a mixture of tert-butyl 4-(tetramethyl-1,3,2-dioxaborolan-2-yl)-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine-1-carboxylate (1.30 g, 4.21 mmol), Intermediate 2 (1.00 g, 3.91 mmol) and K.sub.2CO.sub.3 (1.70 g, 12.30 mmol) in water (5 mL) and 1,4-dioxane (20 mL) was added Pd(dppf)Cl.sub.2 CH.sub.2Cl.sub.2 (54 mg, 0.07 mmol) at room temperature under nitrogen atmosphere. The mixture was warmed to 80° C. and stirred for 2 h under nitrogen atmosphere. After cooling to room temperature, the reaction mixture was poured into water (50 mL) and extracted with EA (3×50 mL). The combined organic layers were washed with brine (2×50 mL) and dried over anhydrous Na.sub.2SO.sub.4. After filtration, the filtrate was concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was purified by silica gel column chromatography, eluted with PE/EA (10/1) to afford to afford tert-butyl 4-(4,5-dichloro-2-methoxyphenyl)-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine-1-carboxylate as a light yellow semi-solid (0.23 g, 80%): LCMS (ESI) calc'd for C.sub.17H.sub.21Cl.sub.2NO.sub.3 [M+H−15].sup.+: 343, 345 (3:2), found: 343, 345 (3:2); .sup.1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl.sub.3) δ 7.23 (s, 1H), 6.95 (s, 1H), 5.80 (s, 1H), 4.06 (m, 2H), 3.82 (s, 3H), 3.60 (m, 2H), 2.46 (d, J=4.1 Hz, 2H), 1.52 (s, 9H).

Step b

[0363] To a stirred solution of tert-butyl 4-(4,5-dichloro-2-methoxyphenyl)-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine-1-carboxylate (0.20 g, 0.56 mmol) in MeOH (4 mL) was added PtO.sub.2 (50 mg, 0.22 mmol) at room temperature. The reaction mixture was degassed with hydrogen and stirred at room temperature under hydrogen atmosphere (1.5 atm) for 2 h. The mixture was filtered and the filtrate was concentrated under reduced pressure to afford tert-butyl 4-(4,5-dichloro-2-methoxyphenyl)piperidine-1-carboxylate as a colorless oil (0.16 g, 57%): LCMS (ESI) calc'd for C.sub.17H.sub.23Cl.sub.2NO.sub.3 [M+H].sup.+: 345, 347 (3:2), found 345, 347 (3:2); .sup.1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl.sub.3) δ 7.19 (s, 1H), 6.93 (s, 1H), 4.26 (d, J=12.8 Hz, 2H), 3.84 (s, 3H), 3.03 (t, J=12.1, 3.3 Hz, 1H), 2.88-2.76 (m, 2H), 1.82-1.75 (m, 2H), 1.62-1.52 (m, 2H), 1.51 (s, 9H).

Step c

[0364] To a stirred solution of tert-butyl 4-(4,5-dichloro-2-methoxyphenyl)piperidine-1-carboxylate (0.16 g, 0.44 mmol) in DCM (4 mL) was added BBr.sub.3 (0.88 g, 3.53 mmol) at room temperature. The reaction was stirred at room temperature for 10 h. The reaction was quenched with water (1 mL) at room temperature and the mixture was adjusted pH to 7-8 with saturated aq. NaHCO.sub.3. The mixture was concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was purified by Prep-HPLC with the following conditions: Column: XBridge C.sub.18 OBD Prep Column 100 Å, 10 μm, 19 mm×250 mm; Mobile Phase A: water with 10 mmol/L NH.sub.4HCO.sub.3, Mobile Phase B: ACN; Flow rate: 20 mL/min; Gradient: 20% B to 40% B in 9 min; Detector: UV 254/220 nm; Retention time: 7.58 min. The fractions containing the desired product were collected and concentrated under reduced pressure to afford Compound 3 (4,5-dichloro-2-(piperidin-4-yl)phenol) as a light yellow solid (31.6 mg, 28%): LCMS (ESI) calc'd for C.sub.11H.sub.13Cl.sub.2NO [M+H].sup.+: 246, 248 (3:2), found 246, 248 (3:2); .sup.1H NMR (300 MHz, DMSO-d.sub.6) δ 7.18 (s, 1H), 6.94 (s, 1H), 3.02-2.96 (m, 2H), 2.92-2.77 (m, 1H), 2.62-2.48 (m, 2H), 1.65-1.57 (m, 2H), 1.43 (m, 2H).

Example 13. Compound 4 (4,5-dichloro-2-(1-methylpiperidin-4-yl)phenol)

[0365] ##STR00103##

Step a

[0366] To a stirred solution of Compound 3 (Example 12) (4,5-dichloro-2-(piperidin-4-yl)phenol) (0.10 g, 0.41 mmol) and paraformaldehyde (18 mg, 0.60 mmol) in MeOH (2 mL) were added AcOH (24 mg, 0.40 mmol) and NaBH(OAc).sub.3 (0.26 g, 1.23 mmol) at room temperature. The reaction was stirred for 2 h at room temperature. The reaction was quenched with saturated aq. NH.sub.4Cl (1 mL) and concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was purified by Prep-HPLC with following conditions: Condition as Column: XBridge C.sub.18 OBD Prep Column 100 Å, 10 μm, 19 mm×250 mm; Mobile Phase A: Water with 20 mmol/L NH.sub.4HCO.sub.3, Mobile Phase B: ACN; Flow rate: 20 mL/min; Gradient: 30% B to 70% B in 9 min; Detector: UV 254/220 nm; Retention time: 8.11 min. The fractions containing the desired product were collected and concentrated under reduced pressure to afford Compound 4 (4,5-dichloro-2-(1-methylpiperidin-4-yl)phenol) as an off-white solid (50 mg, 47%): LCMS (ESI) calc'd for C.sub.12H.sub.15Cl.sub.2NO [M+H].sup.+: 260, 262 (3:2), found: 260, 262 (3:2); .sup.1H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d.sub.6) δ 10.09 (br, 1H), 7.25 (s, 1H), 6.98 (s, 1H), 2.85 (d, J=11.3 Hz, 2H), 2.75-2.64 (m, 1H), 2.18 (s, 3H), 1.97-1.88 (m, 2H), 1.71-1.53 (m, 4H).

Example 14. Compound 5 (4,5-dichloro-2-(piperazin-1-yl)phenol)

[0367] ##STR00104##

Step a

[0368] To a stirred solution of Intermediate 2 (0.20 g, 0.78 mmol) and tert-butyl piperazine-1-carboxylate (0.22 g, 1.17 mmol) in 1,4-dioxane (8 mL) was added Pd.sub.2(dba).sub.3 CHCl.sub.3 (81 mg, 0.08 mmol), XantPhos (45 mg, 0.08 mmol), t-BuONa (0.19 g, 2.34 mmol) at room temperature under nitrogen atmosphere. The resulting mixture was stirred at 90° C. for 2 h under nitrogen atmosphere. After cooling to room temperature, the resulting mixture was diluted with co-solvent of EA (30 mL) and water (30 mL). The aqueous solution was extracted with EA (3×30 mL). The combined organic layers were washed with brine (2×30 mL) and dried over anhydrous Na.sub.2SO.sub.4. After filtration, the filtrate was concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was purified by silica gel column chromatography, eluted with PE/EA (4/1) to afford tert-butyl 4-(4,5-dichloro-2-hydroxyphenyl)piperazine-1-carboxylate as a yellow oil (0.17 g, 62%): LCMS (ESI) calc'd for C.sub.16H.sub.22Cl.sub.2N.sub.2O.sub.3 [M+H].sup.+: 361, 363 (3:2), found 361, 363 (3:2); H NMR (300 MHz, CD.sub.3OD) δ 7.03 (s, 1H), 6.96 (s, 1H), 3.82 (s, 3H), 3.55-3.46 (m, 4H), 2.95-2.87 (m, 4H), 1.44 (s, 9H).

Step b

[0369] To a stirred solution of tert-butyl 4-(4,5-dichloro-2-methoxyphenyl)piperazine-1-carboxylate (0.17 g, 0.48 mmol) in DCM (4 mL) was added BBr.sub.3 (0.60 g, 2.41 mmol) at room temperature. The resulting mixture was stirred for 1 h at room temperature. The reaction was quenched with water (2 mL) at room temperature. The resulting mixture was concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was purified by Prep-HPLC with the following conditions: Column: XBridge C.sub.18 OBD Prep Column 100 Å, 10 μm, 19 mm×250 mm; Mobile Phase A: water with 20 mmol/L NH.sub.4HCO.sub.3, Mobile Phase B: ACN; Flow rate: 25 mL/min; Gradient: 35% B to 75% B in 6.5 min; Detector: UV 254/220 nm; Retention time: 6.41 min. The fractions containing the desired product were collected and concentrated under reduced pressure to afford Compound 5 (4,5-dichloro-2-(piperazin-1-yl)phenol) as a yellow solid (54 mg, 45%): LCMS (ESI) calc'd for C.sub.10H.sub.12Cl.sub.2N.sub.2O [M+H].sup.+: 247, 249 (3:2), found 247, 249 (3:2); .sup.1H NMR (300 MHz, CD.sub.3OD) δ 7.04 (s, 1H), 6.92 (s, 1H), 3.37-3.30 (m, 4H), 3.23-3.18 (m, 4H).

[0370] The compounds in Table 1A below were prepared in an analogous fashion to that described for Compound 5, starting from Intermediate 2 and the corresponding amines, which were available from commercial sources.

TABLE-US-00001 TABLE 1A Compound Number Structure Chemical Name MS: (M + H).sup.+ & .sup.1H MNR 8 [00105] embedded image 2-(4- aminopiperidin- 1-yl)-4,5- dichlorophenol [M + H].sup.+ 261, 263 (3:2); .sup.1H NMR (400 MHz, CD.sub.3OD) δ 7.07 (s, 1H), 6.94 (s, 1H), 3.47 (d, J = 12.2 Hz, 2H), 3.29 − 3.18 (m, 1H), 2.72 (t, J = 11.7 Hz, 2H), 2.15 − 2.05 (m, 2H), 1.92 − 1.79 (m, 2H). 23 [00106] 4,5-dichloro-2-[4- (dimethylamino) piperidin-1- yl]phenol [M + H].sup.+: 289, 291 (3:2); .sup.1H NMR (300 MHz, CD.sub.3OD) δ 7.01 (s, 1H), 6.87 (s, 1H), 3.47 − 3.30 (m, 2H), 2.63 − 2.47 (m, 2H), 2.39 − 2.24 (m, 7H), 1.96 − 1.86 (m, 2H), 1.76 − 1.60 (m, 2H). 28 [00107] embedded image 2-[4- (aminomethyl)pip- eridin-1-yl]-4,5- dichlorophenol [M + H].sup.+: 275, 277 (3:2); .sup.1H NMR (400 MHz, CD.sub.3OD) δ 7.06 (s, 1H), 6.91 (s, 1H), 3.39 − 3.34 (m, 2H), 2.65 (d, J = 6.3 Hz, 2H), 2.58 (t, J = 11.5 Hz, 2H), 1.85 (dd, J = 12.3, 3.3 Hz, 2H), 1.56 − 1.37 (m, 3H). 25 [00108] embedded image 2-(4-amino-4- methylpiperidin- l-yl)-4,5- dichlorophenol [M + H].sup.+: 275, 277 (3:2); .sup.1H NMR (300 MHz, CD.sub.3OD) δ 7.06 (s, 1H), 6.86 (s, 1H), 3.05 − 2.94 (m, 2H), 2.94 − 2.82 (m, 2H), 1.78 − 1.61 (m, 4H), 1.19 (s, 3H). 24 [00109] 4,5-dichloro-2-[4- (methylamino)pip- eridin-1- yl]phenol [M + H].sup.+: 275, 277 (3:2); .sup.1H NMR (300 MHz, CD.sub.3OD) δ 7.01 (s, 1H), 6.86 (s, 1H), 3.35 − 3.30 (m, 2H), 2.64 − 2.45 (m, 3H), 2.40 (s, 3H), 2.01 − 1.92 (m, 2H), 1.63 − 1.46 (m, 2H) 31 [00110] embedded image 2-(3- (aminomethyl)aze- tidin-1-yl)-4,5- dichlorophenol [M + H].sup.+: 247, 249 (3:2); .sup.1H NMR (300 MHz, CD.sub.3OD) δ 6.76 (s, 1H), 6.48 (s, 1H), 4.06 (t, J = 7.9 Hz, 2H), 3.70 (dd, J = 8.1, 5.1 Hz, 2H), 3.26 (d, J = 7.4 Hz, 2H), 2.92 − 2.81 (m, 1H) 33 [00111] 2-[4-amino-4- (hydroxymethyl) piperidin-1-yl]- 4,5- dichlorophenol [M + H].sup.+: 291, 293 (3:2); .sup.1H NMR (400 MHz, CD.sub.3OD) δ 7.12 (s, 1H), 6.92 (s, 1H), 3.58 − 3.46 (m, 2H), 3.07 − 2.93 (m, 4H), 1.95 − 1.77 (m, 2H), 1.74 − 1.57 (m, 2H) 37 [00112] embedded image 4,5-dichloro-2- (1,4-diazepan-1- yl)phenol [M + H] 261, 263 (3:2); .sup.1H NMR (300 MHz, CD.sub.3OD) δ 7.05 (s, 1H), 6.92 (s, 1H), 3.51 − 3.46 (m, 2H), 3.46 − 3.39 (m, 4H), 3.31 − 3.25 (m, 2H), 2.25 − 2.15 (m, 2H)

Example 15. Compound 7 ((3R,4R)-rel-4-(4,5-dichloro-2-hydroxyphenyl)piperidin-3-ol) and Compound 59 (4-(4,5-dichloro-2-hydroxyphenyl)piperidin-4-ol)

Step a

[0371] ##STR00113##

[0372] To a stirred solution of tert-butyl 4-(4,5-dichloro-2-methoxyphenyl)-5,6-dihydropyridine-1(2H)-carboxylate (0.50 g, 1.40 mmol) in THE (5 mL) was added BH.sub.3.THF (2.1 mL, 21.94 mmol, 1 M in THF) dropwise at 0° C. under nitrogen atmosphere. The solution was stirred at room temperature for 3 h. After cooling to 0° C., H.sub.2O.sub.2 (3 mL) and aq. NaOH (1 M, 8 mL) were added dropwise. The resulting mixture was allowed to warm to room temperature and stirred for 3 h. After that, the reaction was concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was purified by silica gel column chromatography, eluted with PE/EA (1/1) to afford tert-butyl 4-(4,5-dichloro-2-methoxyphenyl)-3-hydroxypiperidine-1-carboxylate as a pale yellow solid (0.42 g, 79%): LCMS (ESI) calc'd for C.sub.17H.sub.23Cl.sub.2NO.sub.4 [M+H−15].sup.+: 361, 363 (3:2), found 361, 363 (3:2); .sup.1H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl.sub.3) δ 7.51 (s, 1H), 6.94 (s, 1H), 4.44-4.29 (m, 1H), 4.23-4.06 (m, 1H), 3.81 (s, 3H), 3.77-3.63 (m, 1H), 3.05-2.92 (m, 1H), 2.79-2.53 (m, 2H), 1.77-1.63 (m, 2H), 1.46 (s, 9H).

Step b

[0373] To a stirred solution of tert-butyl 4-(4,5-dichloro-2-methoxyphenyl)-3-hydroxypiperidine-1-carboxylate (0.40 g, 1.06 mmol) in DCM (3 mL) was added BBr.sub.3 (0.83 g, 6.36 mmol) dropwise at 0° C. The resulting mixture was stirred at room temperature for 1.5 h. The reaction was quenched with water (1 mL) at room temperature and concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was purified by Prep-HPLC with following conditions: Column: XBridge C.sub.18 OBD Prep 100 Å, 5 μm, 19 mm×250 mm; Mobile Phase A: Water with 20 mmol/L NH.sub.4HCO.sub.3; Mobile Phase B: ACN; Flow rate: 20 mL/min; Gradient: 24% B to 25% B in 9 min; Detector: UV 254/220 nm; Retention time: RT.sub.1: 4.90 min; RT.sub.2: 7.54 min.

[0374] The faster-eluting isomer Compound 59 (4-(4,5-dichloro-2-hydroxyphenyl)piperidin-4-ol) at 4.90 min was obtained as an off-white solid: LCMS (ESI) calc'd for C.sub.11H.sub.13Cl.sub.2NO.sub.2 [M+H].sup.+: 262, 264 (3:2), found 262, 264 (3:2); .sup.1H NMR (300 MHz, CD.sub.3OD) δ 7.25 (d, J=1.8 Hz, 1H), 6.78 (d, J=1.4 Hz, 1H), 3.39-3.26 (m, 2H), 3.21-3.08 (m, 2H), 2.34-2.19 (m, 2H), 1.93 (d, J=14.0 Hz, 2H).

[0375] The slower-eluting isomer Compound 7 (3R,4R)-rel-4-(4,5-dichloro-2-hydroxyphenyl)piperidin-3-ol at 7.54 min was obtained as an off-white solid: LCMS (ESI) calc'd for C.sub.11H.sub.13Cl.sub.2NO.sub.2 [M+H].sup.+: 262, 264 (3:2), found 262, 264 (3:2); .sup.1H NMR (300 MHz, CD.sub.3OD) δ 7.24 (s, 1H), 6.86 (s, 1H), 3.79 (td, J=10.3, 4.6 Hz, 1H), 3.25-3.13 (m, 1H), 3.06-2.84 (m, 2H), 2.60 (td, J=12.5, 2.9 Hz, 1H), 2.46 (dd, J=12.0, 10.3 Hz, 1H), 1.88-1.70 (m, 1H), 1.70-1.54 (m, 1H).

Example 16. Compound 9 (4,5-dichloro-2-(1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridin-4-yl)phenol)

[0376] ##STR00114##

Step a

[0377] To a mixture of Intermediate 3 (0.20 g, 0.54 mmol), Na.sub.2CO.sub.3 (0.17 g, 1.61 mmol) and tert-butyl 4-(tetramethyl-1,3,2-dioxaborolan-2-yl)-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine-1-carboxylate (0.25 g, 0.81 mmol) in 1,4-dioxane (4 mL) and H.sub.2O (1 mL) was added Pd(dppf)Cl.sub.2.CH.sub.2Cl.sub.2 (39 mg, 0.05 mmol) at room temperature under argon atmosphere. The resulting mixture was degassed with argon three times and stirred at 85° C. for 16 h. After cooling to room temperature, the reaction was diluted with water (20 mL) and extracted with EA (3×30 mL). The combined organic layers were washed with brine (2×30 mL) and dried over anhydrous Na.sub.2SO.sub.4. After filtration, the filtrate was concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was purified by silica gel column chromatography, eluted with PE/EA (10/1) afford tert-butyl 4-(4,5-dichloro-2-((2-(trimethylsilyl)ethoxy)methoxy)phenyl)-5,6-dihydropyridine-1(2H)-carboxylate as a light orange oil (0.20 g, 78%): LCMS (ESI) calc'd for C.sub.22H.sub.33Cl.sub.2NO.sub.4Si [M+H].sup.+: 474, 476 (3:2), found 474, 476 (3:2); .sup.1H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl.sub.3) δ 7.24 (s, 1H), 7.22 (s, 1H), 5.77 (s, 1H), 5.19 (s, 2H), 4.04 (d, J=2.9 Hz, 2H), 3.79-3.68 (m, 2H), 3.58 (t, J=5.6 Hz, 2H), 2.49-2.41 (m, 2H), 1.50 (s, 9H), 1.03-0.89 (m, 2H), 0.01 (s, 9H).

Step b

[0378] To a stirred solution of tert-butyl 4-(4,5-dichloro-2-[[2-(trimethylsilyl)ethoxy]methoxy]phenyl)-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine-1-carboxylate (0.20 g, 0.42 mmol) in DCM (2 mL) was added TFA (2 mL) at 0° C. The resulting solution was stirred for 1 h at room temperature. The reaction was concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was purified by Prep-HPLC with the following conditions: Column: XBridge C.sub.18 OBD Prep Column 100 Å, 10 μm, 19 mm×250 mm; Mobile Phase A: Water with 20 mmol/L NH.sub.4HCO.sub.3, Mobile Phase B: ACN; Flow rate: 20 mL/min; Gradient: 20% B to 55% B in 9 min; Detector: UV 254/220 nm; Retention time: 7.74 min. The fractions containing the desired product were collected and concentrated under reduced pressure to afford Compound 9 (4,5-dichloro-2-(1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridin-4-yl)phenol) as an off-white solid (15 mg, 14%): LCMS (ESI) calc'd for C.sub.11H.sub.11Cl.sub.2NO [M+H].sup.+: 244, 246 (3:2), found 244, 246 (3:2); .sup.1H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d.sub.6) δ 7.22 (s, 1H), 6.99 (s, 1H), 5.99-5.92 (m, 1H), 3.39-3.29 (m, 2H), 2.87 (t, J=5.6 Hz, 2H), 2.32-2.26 (m, 2H).

[0379] The compounds in Table 1B below were prepared in an analogous fashion to that described for Compound 9, starting from Intermediate 3 and the corresponding boronic acids or esters, which were available from commercial sources.

TABLE-US-00002 TABLE 1B Compound Number Structure Chemical Name MS: (M + H).sup.+ & .sup.1H MNR 19 [00115] embedded image 4,5-dichloro-2- (1,2,3,6- tetrahydropyridin- 5-yl)phenol [M + H].sup.+: 244, 246 (3:2); .sup.1H NMR (300 MHz, CD.sub.3OD) δ 7.13 (s, 1H), 6.83 (s, 1H), 5.94 − 5.84 (m, 1H), 3.69-3.61 (m, 2H), 3.03 (t, J = 6.0 Hz, 2H), 2.35 − 2.24 (m, 2H)/ 20 [00116] 4,5-dichloro-2- (2,5-dihydro-1H- pyrrol-3-yl)phenol [M + H] 230, 232 (3:2); .sup.1H NMR (300 MHz, CD.sub.3OD) δ 7.22 (s, 1H), 6.93 (s, 1H), 6.63 − 6.51 (m, 1H), 4.18 − 4.09 (m, 2H), 3.98 − 3.89 (m, 2H). 17 [00117] embedded image 2-[8- azabicyclo[3.2.1] oct-2-en-3-yl]-4,5- dichlorophenol [M + H].sup.+: 270, 272 (3:2); .sup.1H NMR (300 MHz, CD.sub.3OD) δ 7.06 (s, 1H), 6.79 (s, 1H), 6.11 (dt, J = 5.8, 1.7 Hz, 1H), 3.90 − 3.82 (m, 2H), 2.99 − 2.87 (m, 1H), 2.34 − 2.22 (m, 1H), 2.19 − 2.01 (m, 2H), 2.01 − 1.76 (m, 2H).

Example 17. Compound 15 (2-[8-azabicyclo[3.2.1]octan-3-yl]-4,5-dichlorophenol isomer 1) and Compound 11 (2-[8-azabicyclo[3.2.1]octan-3-yl]-4,5-dichlorophenol isomer 2)

[0380] ##STR00118##

[0381] The absolute configurations for Compounds 11 and 15 were arbitrarily assigned.

Step a

[0382] To a stirred solution of Intermediate 2 (0.53 g, 2.07 mmol) and tert-butyl 3-(tetramethyl-1,3,2-dioxaborolan-2-yl)-8-azabicyclo[3.2.1]oct-2-ene-8-carboxylate (0.83 g, 2.48 mmol,) in 1,4-dioxane (5 mL) and water (1 mL) were added Pd(PPh.sub.3).sub.4 (48 mg, 0.04 mmol) and Na.sub.2CO.sub.3 (0.66 g, 6.23 mmol) at room temperature under nitrogen atmosphere. The resulting mixture was stirred for 2.5 h at 80° C. under nitrogen atmosphere. After cooling to room temperature, the reaction was diluted with EA (50 mL) and water (50 mL). The aqueous solution was extracted with EA (3×50 mL). The combined organic layers were washed with brine (2×50 mL) and dried over anhydrous Na.sub.2SO.sub.4. After filtration, the filtrate was concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was purified by silica gel column chromatography, eluted with PE/EA (8/1) to afford tert-butyl 3-(4,5-dichloro-2-methoxyphenyl)-8-azabicyclo[3.2.1]oct-2-ene-8-carboxylate as a yellow oil (0.52 g, 66%): LCMS (ESI) calc'd for C.sub.19H.sub.23Cl.sub.2NO.sub.3 [M+H].sup.+: 384, 386 (3:2), found: 384, 386 (3:2); .sup.1H NMR (300 MHz, CD.sub.3OD) δ 7.13 (s, 1H), 7.06 (s, 1H), 6.07-6.01 (m, 1H), 4.37 (t, J=5.1 Hz, 1H), 4.34-4.25 (m, 1H), 3.76 (s, 3H), 3.08-2.95 (m, 1H), 2.26-2.05 (m, 2H), 2.04-1.92 (m, 2H), 1.86-1.75 (m, 1H), 1.45 (s, 9H).

Step b

[0383] A degassed mixture of tert-butyl 3-(4,5-dichloro-2-methoxyphenyl)-8-azabicyclo[3.2.1]oct-2-ene-8-carboxylate (0.20 g, 0.52 mmol) and PtO.sub.2 (18 mg, 0.08 mmol) in MeOH (2 mL) was stirred for 20 h at room temperature under hydrogen atmosphere (1.5 atm). The resulting mixture was filtered and the filtrate was concentrated under reduced pressure to afford tert-butyl 3-(4,5-dichloro-2-methoxyphenyl)-8-azabicyclo[3.2.1]octane-8-carboxylate as an off-white solid (0.17 g, 85%): LCMS (ESI) calc'd for C.sub.19H.sub.25Cl.sub.2NO.sub.3 [M+H].sup.+: 386, 388 (3:2), found: 386, 388 (3:2).

Step c

[0384] To a stirred solution of tert-butyl 3-(4,5-dichloro-2-methoxyphenyl)-8-azabicyclo[3.2.1]octane-8-carboxylate (0.17 g, 0.440 mmol) in DCM (2 mL) was added BBr.sub.3 (1.10 g, 4.39 mmol) at room temperature. The resulting mixture was stirred for 1 h at room temperature. The reaction was quenched with saturated aq. Na.sub.2CO.sub.3 (10 mL) at room temperature. The resulting mixture was concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was purified by Prep-HPLC with the following conditions: Column: XBridge C.sub.18 OBD Prep Column 100 Å, 10 μm, 19 mm×250 mm; Mobile Phase A: Water with 20 mmol/L NH.sub.4HCO.sub.3, Mobile Phase B: ACN; Flow rate: 20 mL/min; Gradient: 20% B to 80% B in 9 min; Detector: UV 254/220 nm; Retention time: RT.sub.1: 8.41 min, RT.sub.2: 8.55 min. The fractions containing the desired product at 8.41 min were collected and concentrated under reduced pressure to afford Compound 15 (2-[8-azabicyclo[3.2.1]octan-3-yl]-4,5-dichlorophenol) isomer 1 as a light yellow solid (18.1 mg, 15%): LCMS (ESI) calc'd for C.sub.13H.sub.15Cl.sub.2NO [M+H].sup.+: 272, 274 (3:2), found: 272, 274 (3:2); .sup.1H NMR (400 MHz, CD.sub.3OD) δ 7.21 (s, 1H), 6.85 (s, 1H), 3.78-3.71 (m, 2H), 3.55-3.41 (m, 1H), 2.01-1.96 (m, 4H), 1.87-1.70 (m, 4H). Fractions containing the desired product at 8.55 min were collected and concentrated under reduced pressure to afford Compound 11 (2-[8-azabicyclo[3.2.1]octan-3-yl]-4,5-dichlorophenol) isomer 2 as a light yellow solid (20.2 mg, 17%): LCMS (ESI) calc'd for C.sub.13H.sub.15Cl.sub.2NO [M+H].sup.+: 272, 274 (3:2), found: 272, 274 (3:2); .sup.1H NMR (400 MHz, CD.sub.3OD) δ 7.22 (s, 1H), 6.85 (s, 1H), 3.68-3.63 (m, 2H), 3.28-3.17 (m, 1H), 2.36-2.26 (m, 2H), 1.99-1.90 (m, 2H), 1.80-1.71 (m, 2H), 1.61-1.52 (m, 2H).

Example 18. Compound 12 (4-chloro-5-methyl-2-(piperidin-4-yl)phenol)

[0385] ##STR00119##

Step a

[0386] To a stirred solution of 1-bromo-5-chloro-2-methoxy-4-methylbenzene (0.20 g, 0.85 mmol), tert-butyl 4-bromopiperidine-1-carboxylate (0.25 g, 0.93 mmol), Ir[DF(CF.sub.3)PPY].sub.2(DTBPY)PF.sub.6 (10 mg, 0.01 mmol), and 1,1,1,3,3,3-hexamethyl-2-(trimethylsilyl)trisilane (0.21 g, 0.85 mmol) in DME (1 mL) was added Na.sub.2CO.sub.3 (0.18 g, 1.70 mmol) at room temperature under argon atmosphere to afford mixture A. 1,2-dimethoxyethane dichloronickel (0.9 mg, 0.004 mmol) and dtbbpy (1 mg, 0.004 mmol) were dissolved in DME (1 mL) under argon atmosphere to afford mixture B. Then the mixture B was added into the mixture A under argon atmosphere. After that, the resulted mixture was stirred and irradiated with 34W blue LEDs for 2.5 h. The reaction solution was diluted with water (20 mL) and the resulting solution was extracted with EA (3×30 mL). The combined organic layers were washed with brine (3×30 mL) and dried over anhydrous Na.sub.2SO.sub.4. After filtration, the filtrate was concentered under reduced pressured. The residue was purified by the Prep-TLC (PE/EA 8/1) to afford tert-butyl 4-(5-chloro-2-methoxy-4-methylphenyl)piperidine-1-carboxylate as a light yellow oil (63 mg, 22%); LCMS (ESI) calc'd for C.sub.18H.sub.26ClNO.sub.3 [M+H−56].sup.+: 284, 286 (3:1), found 284, 286 (3:1); .sup.1H NMR (300 MHz, CD.sub.3OD) δ 7.06 (s, 1H), 6.85 (s, 1H), 4.19 (d, J=13.2 Hz, 2H), 3.81 (s, 3H), 3.11-2.97 (m, 1H), 2.92-2.77 (m, 2H), 2.32 (s, 3H), 1.76 (d, J=12.9 Hz, 2H), 1.62-1.52 (m, 1H), 1.49-1.43 (m, 10H).

Step b

[0387] A solution of tert-butyl 4-(5-chloro-2-methoxy-4-methylphenyl)piperidine-1-carboxylate (60 mg, 0.18 mmol) and BBr.sub.3 (0.22 g, 0.88 mmol) in DCM (1 mL) was stirred at room temperature for 1 h. The reaction was quenched with water (1 mL) at room temperature and concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue purified was purified by Prep-HPLC with the following conditions: Column: XBridge C.sub.18 OBD Prep Column 100 Å, 10 μm, 19 mm×250 mm; Mobile Phase A: Water with 20 mmol/L NH.sub.4HCO.sub.3, Mobile Phase B: ACN; Flow rate: 20 mL/min; Gradient: 30% B to 80% B in 9 min; Detector: UV 254/220 nm; Retention time: 7.77 min. The fractions containing the desired product were collected and concentrated under reduced pressure to afford Compound 12 (4-chloro-5-methyl-2-(piperidin-4-yl)phenol) as an off-white solid (21 mg, 53%): LCMS (ESI) calc'd for C.sub.12H.sub.16ClNO [M+H].sup.+: 226, 228 (3:1), found 226, 228 (3:1); .sup.1H NMR (400 MHz, CD.sub.3OD) δ 7.06 (s, 1H), 6.68 (s, 1H), 3.19 (d, J=12.6 Hz, 2H), 3.03 (t, J=12.2 Hz, 1H), 2.79 (t, J=12.4 Hz, 2H), 2.25 (s, 3H), 1.84 (d, J=13.2 Hz, 2H), 1.71-1.57 (m, 2H).

Example 19. Compound 13 (4-(4,5-dichloro-2-hydroxyphenyl)piperidine-4-carbonitrile)

[0388] ##STR00120##

Step a

[0389] To a solution of 3,4-dichlorophenol (10 g, 61.35 mmol) in methylsulfonic acid (70 mL) was added hexamethylenetetramine (9.46 g, 67.48 mmol) in small portions. The mixture was then heated to 110° C. and stirred for 30 min. After cooling to room temperature, the reaction was poured into iced-water (500 mL). The mixture was extracted with DCM (3×100 mL) and the combined organic layer was washed with brine (2×80 mL) and dried over anhydrous Na.sub.2SO.sub.4 and filtered. The filtrate was concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was purified by silica gel column chromatography, eluted with PE/DCM (10/1) to afford 4,5-dichloro-2-hydroxybenzaldehyde as a light yellow solid (1.8 g, 15%): .sup.1H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl.sub.3) δ 10.96 (s, 1H), 9.83 (s, 1H), 7.64 (s, 1H), 7.15 (s, 1H).

Step b

[0390] To a stirred mixture of 4,5-dichloro-2-hydroxybenzaldehyde (2.00 g, 10.47 mmol) and K.sub.2CO.sub.3 (2.90 g, 20.94 mmol) in DMF (10 mL) was added MeI (2.20 g, 15.71 mmol) dropwise at 0° C. The reaction mixture was allowed to warm to room temperature and stirred for 2 h. The resulting mixture was diluted with water (30 mL) and extracted with EA (3×50 mL). The combined organic layer was dried over anhydrous Na.sub.2SO.sub.4. After filtration, the filtrate was concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was purified by silica gel column chromatography, eluted with PE/EA (5/1) to afford 4,5-dichloro-2-methoxybenzaldehyde as a light yellow solid (2.00 g, 76%): .sup.1H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl.sub.3) δ 10.32 (s, 1H), 7.86 (s, 1H), 7.09 (s, 1H), 3.92 (s, 3H).

Step c

[0391] To a stirred solution of 4,5-dichloro-2-methoxybenzaldehyde (0.50 g, 2.44 mmol) in EtOH (40 mL) and THE (5 mL) was added NaBH.sub.4 (0.20 g, 5.43 mmol) at room temperature under nitrogen atmosphere. The reaction solution was stirred at room temperature for 1 h. The resulting solution was quenched with water (50 mL) and extracted with EA (3×80 mL). The combined organic layers were washed with brine (3×80 mL) and dried over anhydrous Na.sub.2SO.sub.4. After filtration, the filtrate was concentrated under reduced pressure to afford (4,5-dichloro-2-methoxyphenyl)methanol as a light-yellow solid (0.50 g, crude), which was used in next step directly without further purification.

Step d

[0392] To a stirred solution of (4,5-dichloro-2-methoxyphenyl)methanol (0.50 g, 2.41 mmol) in CH.sub.2Cl.sub.2 (5 mL) was added PBr.sub.3 (1.30 g, 4.83 mmol) at room temperature. The reaction solution was stirred for 1 h at room temperature. The resulting solution was quenched with water (50 mL) and extracted with EA (3×30 mL). The combined organic layers were washed with brine (3×30 mL) and dried over anhydrous Na.sub.2SO.sub.4. After filtration, the filtrate was concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was purified by silica gel column chromatography, eluted with PE/EA (4/1) to afford 1-(bromomethyl)-4,5-dichloro-2-methoxybenzene as a colorless oil (0.35 g, 48%): .sup.1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl.sub.3) δ 7.37 (s, 1H), 6.93 (s, 1H), 4.42 (s, 2H), 3.86 (s, 3H).

Step e

[0393] To a stirred solution of 1-(bromomethyl)-4,5-dichloro-2-methoxybenzene (2.50 g, 9.26 mmol) in EtOH (30 mL) was added KCN (1.20 g, 18.43 mmol) at room temperature. The resulting mixture was stirred for 5 h at 90° C. The reaction mixture was quenched with saturate aq. FeSO.sub.4 (100 mL) at room temperature. The resulting mixture was extracted with EA (3×80 mL). The combined organic layers were washed with saturate aq. NaHCO.sub.3(3×50 mL) and dried over anhydrous Na.sub.2SO.sub.4. After filtration, the filtrate was concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was purified by silica gel column chromatography, eluted with PE/EA (9/1) to afford 2-(4,5-dichloro-2-methoxyphenyl)acetonitrile as an off-white solid (1.60 g, 60%): .sup.1H NMR (300 MHz, CD.sub.3OD) δ 7.45 (s, 1H), 7.18 (s, 1H), 3.87 (s, 3H), 3.73 (s, 2H).

Step f

[0394] To a mixture of NaH (0.28 g, 11.67 mmol, 60% in mineral oil) in DMF (6 mL) was added 2-(4,5-dichloro-2-methoxyphenyl)acetonitrile (0.80 g, 3.70 mmol) at room temperature under nitrogen atmosphere. The reaction was stirred for 30 min at room temperature under nitrogen atmosphere. Then a solution of tert-butyl N,N-bis(2-chloroethyl)carbamate (0.87 g, 3.60 mmol) in THE (2 mL) was added dropwise at room temperature under nitrogen atmosphere. The reaction was stirred for 5 h at 80° C. under nitrogen atmosphere. After cooling to room temperature, the reaction was quenched with water (50 mL) at room temperature. The resulting mixture was extracted with EA (3×50 mL). The combined organic layers were washed with brine (3×50 mL) and dried over anhydrous Na.sub.2SO.sub.4. After filtration, the filtrate was concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was purified by silica gel column chromatography, eluted with PE/EA (10/1) to afford tert-butyl 4-cyano-4-(4,5-dichloro-2-methoxyphenyl)piperidine-1-carboxylate as a light yellow solid (0.70 g, 49%): LCMS (ESI) calc'd for C.sub.18H.sub.22Cl.sub.2N.sub.2O.sub.3 [M+H−15].sup.+: 370, 372 (3:2), found 370, 372 (3:2); .sup.1H NMR (300 MHz, CD.sub.3OD) δ 7.44 (s, 1H), 7.27 (s, 1H), 4.21 (d, J=14.2 Hz, 2H), 3.91 (s, 3H), 3.20-3.12 (m, 2H), 2.28 (d, J=12.8 Hz, 2H), 1.97-1.89 (m, 2H), 1.45 (s, 9H).

Step g

[0395] To a stirred solution of tert-butyl 4-cyano-4-(4,5-dichloro-2-methoxyphenyl)piperidine-1-carboxylate (0.10 g, 0.26 mmol) in DCM (4 mL) was added BBr.sub.3 (0.65 g, 2.60 mmol) at room temperature. The reaction mixture was stirred for 48 h at room temperature. The reaction was quenched with water (3 mL) at room temperature. The result solution was concentrated under the reduced pressure. The residue was purified by Prep-HPLC with the following conditions: Column: XBridge C.sub.18 OBD Prep Column 100 Å, 10 m, 19 mm×250 mm; Mobile Phase A: Water with 20 mmol/L NH.sub.4HCO.sub.3, Mobile Phase B: ACN; Flow rate: 20 mL/min; Gradient: 30% B to 70% B in 9 min; Detector: UV 254/220 nm; Retention time: 8.11 min. The fractions containing the desired product were collected and concentrated under reduced pressure to afford Compound 13 (4-(4,5-dichloro-2-hydroxyphenyl)piperidine-4-carbonitrile) as an off-white solid (2.7 mg, 4%). LCMS (ESI) calc'd for C.sub.12H.sub.12Cl.sub.2N.sub.2O [M+H].sup.+: 271, 273 (3:2), found 271, 273 (3:2); .sup.1H NMR (400 MHz, CD.sub.3OD) δ 7.41 (s, 1H), 7.02 (s, 1H), 3.23-3.13 (m, 2H), 3.14-3.02 (m, 2H), 2.36 (dd, J=13.5, 2.4 Hz, 2H), 2.14-2.02 (m, 2H).

Example 20. Compound 14 (2-[(2R,4S)-rel-4-(2,3-dichloro-6-hydroxyphenyl)piperidin-2-yl]-N-methylacetamide isomer 1) and Compound 30 (2-[(2R,4S)-rel-4-(2,3-dichloro-6-hydroxyphenyl)piperidin-2-yl]-N-methylacetamide isomer 2)

[0396] ##STR00121##

Step a

[0397] 2-[4-(2,3-dichloro-6-hydroxyphenyl)piperidin-2-yl]-N-methylacetamide (Compound 115, Example 76 below) (81 mg, 0.19 mmol) was separated by Prep Chiral-HPLC with the following conditions: Column: Chiralpak ID-2, 2×25 cm, 5 μm; Mobile Phase A: Hex (plus 0.1% TFA), Mobile Phase B: EtOH; Flow rate: 20 mL/min; Gradient: 10% B to 10% B in 25 min; Detector: UV: 220/254 nm; Retention time; RT.sub.1: 9.09 min; RT.sub.2: 17.95 min; Injection Volume: 0.9 mL; Number Of Runs: 5.

[0398] The faster-eluting enantiomer Compound 14 (2-[(2R,4S)-rel-4-(2,3-dichloro-6-hydroxyphenyl)piperidin-2-yl]-N-methylacetamide isomer 1) at 9.09 min was obtained as an off-white solid (28.9 mg, 36%): LCMS (ESI) calc'd for C.sub.14H.sub.18Cl.sub.2N.sub.2O.sub.2 [M+H].sup.+: 317, 319 (3:2), found 317, 319 (3:2); .sup.1H NMR (400 MHz, CD.sub.3OD) δ 7.25 (d, J=8.8 Hz, 1H), 6.75 (d, J=8.8 Hz, 1H), 4.10-3.71 (m, 1H), 3.67-3.57 (m, 1H), 3.57-3.48 (m, 1H), 3.39-3.34 (m, 1H), 3.25-3.05 (m, 1H), 3.00-2.72 (m, 4H), 2.72-2.53 (m, 2H), 1.88-1.59 (m, 2H.

[0399] The slower-eluting enantiomer Compound 30 (2-[(2R,4S)-rel-4-(2,3-dichloro-6-hydroxyphenyl)piperidin-2-yl]-N-methylacetamide isomer 2) at 17.95 min was obtained as an off-white solid (26.8 mg, 33%): LCMS (ESI) calc'd for C.sub.14H.sub.18Cl.sub.2N.sub.2O.sub.2 [M+H].sup.+: 317, 319 (3:2), found 317, 319 (3:2); .sup.1H NMR (400 MHz, CD.sub.3OD) δ 7.25 (d, J=8.8 Hz, 1H), 6.76 (d, J=8.8 Hz, 1H), 3.83-3.70 (m, 1H), 3.67-3.57 (m, 1H), 3.57-3.49 (m, 1H), 3.25-3.12 (m, 1H), 2.83-2.66 (m, 4H), 2.66-2.50 (m, 3H), 1.88-1.79 (m, 2H).

Example 21. Compound 16 (4,5-dichloro-2-(piperidin-3-yl)phenol)

[0400] ##STR00122##

Step a

[0401] To a solution of Intermediate 2 (0.44 g, 1.70 mmol), tert-butyl 3-bromopiperidine-1-carboxylate (0.30 g, 1.14 mmol), Ir[F(CF.sub.3)PPY].sub.2(DTBPY)PF.sub.6 (13 mg, 0.01 mmol) and tris(trimethylsilyl)silane (0.28 g, 1.14 mmol) was added Na.sub.2CO.sub.3 (0.24 g, 2.27 mmol) at room temperature under argon atmosphere to afford the mixture A. Nickel chloride dimethoxyethane adduct (1 mg, 0.01 mmol) and dtbbpy (1.52 mg, 0.01 mmol) were dissolved in DME (1 mL) under argon atmosphere to afford the mixture B. Then the mixture B was added into mixture A under argon atmosphere. The resulted mixture was stirred and irradiated with 34W blue LEDs for 3 hours. The reaction solution was diluted with water (20 mL). The resulted mixture was extracted with EA (3×30 mL). The combined organic layers were washed with brine (2×30 mL) and dried over anhydrous Na.sub.2SO.sub.4. After filtration, the filtrate was concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was purified by the Prep-TLC, eluted with PE/EA (2/1) to afford tert-butyl 3-[(4,5-dichloro-2-methoxyphenyl)methyl]-4-methylpiperazine-1-carboxylate as a light yellow oil (0.20 g, 45%); LCMS (ESI) calc'd for C.sub.17H.sub.23Cl.sub.2NO.sub.3 [M+H−56].sup.+: 304, 306 (3:2), found 304, 306 (3:2); .sup.1H NMR (400 MHz, CD.sub.3OD) δ 7.33 (s, 1H), 7.13 (s, 1H), 4.09 (t, J=13.2 Hz, 2H), 3.88 (s, 3H), 3.71-3.57 (m, 1H), 3.51-3.41 (m, 1H), 3.06-2.97 (m, 1H), 2.91-2.70 (m, 2H), 1.91 (d, J=12.8 Hz, 1H), 1.84-1.67 (m, 1H), 1.49 (s, 9H).

Step b

[0402] To a solution of tert-butyl 3-(4,5-dichloro-2-methoxyphenyl)piperidine-1-carboxylate (0.10 g, 0.28 mmol) in DCM (1 mL) was added BBr.sub.3 (0.83 mL, 0.84 mmol, 1 M in DCM). The mixture was stirred for 3 h at room temperature. The reaction was quenched with MeOH (2 mL) at room temperature. The resulting mixture was concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was purified by Prep-HPLC with the following conditions: Column: XBridge C.sub.18 OBD Prep Column 100 Å, 10 m, 19 mm×250 mm; Mobile Phase A: Water with 20 mmol/L NH.sub.4HCO.sub.3, Mobile Phase B: ACN; Flow rate: 20 mL/min; Gradient: 20% B to 80% B in 9 min; Detector: UV 254/220 nm; Retention time: 8.10 min. The fractions containing the desired product were collected and concentrated under reduced pressure to afford Compound 16 (4,5-dichloro-2-(piperidin-3-yl)phenol) as an off-white solid (23.9 mg, 35%): LCMS (ESI) calc'd for C.sub.11H13Cl.sub.2NO [M+H].sup.+: 246, 248 (3:2), found 246, 248 (3:2); .sup.1H NMR (300 MHz, DMSO-d.sub.6) δ 7.19 (s, 1H), 6.83 (s, 1H), 3.00-2.81 (m, 2H), 2.81-2.56 (m, 3H), 1.82-1.65 (m, 1H), 1.65-1.29 (m, 3H).

[0403] The compounds in Table 1C below were prepared in an analogous fashion to that described for Compound 16, starting from the corresponding bromides, which were prepared as described herein or were available from commercial sources.

TABLE-US-00003 TABLE 1C Compound Number Structure Chemical Name MS: (M + H).sup.+ & .sup.1H MNR 10 [00123] embedded image 1-[4-(4,5- dichloro-2- hydroxyphenyl) piperidin-1- yl]ethan-1-one [M + H].sup.+: 288, 290 (3:2); .sup.1H NMR (400 MHz, CD.sub.3OD) δ 7.21 (s, 1H), 6.92 (s, 1H), 4.69 (d, J = 13.3 Hz, 1H), 4.05 (d, J = 13.7 Hz, 1H), 3.26 − 3.06 (m, 2H), 2.77 − 2.65 (m, 1H), 2.15 (s, 3H), 1.89 (t, J = 16.2 Hz, 2H), 1.74 − 1.45 (m, 2H). 21 [00124] embedded image 4,5-dichloro-2- (pyrrolidin-3- yl)phenol [M + H].sup.+: 232, 234 (3:2); .sup.1H NMR (400 MHz, CD.sub.3OD) δ 7.13 (s, 1H), 6.81 (s, 1H), 3.51 − 3.41 (m, 1H), 3.38 − 3.35 (m, 1H), 3.25 (dd, J = 10.8, 7.8 Hz, 1H), 3.08 − 2.96 (m, 2H), 2.37 − 2.26 (m, 1H), 1.98 − 1.86 (m, 1H). 22 [00125] embedded image 2-(azetidin-3-yl)- 4,5- dichlorophenol [M + H].sup.+: 218, 220 (3:2); .sup.1H NMR (300 MHz, DMSO-d.sub.6) δ 7.48 (s, 1H), 7.02 (s, 1H), 4.60 (t, J = 9.0 Hz, 1H), 4.43 (dd, J = 9.0, 5.9 Hz, 1H), 3.63 − 3.40 (m, 1H), 2.84 − 2.53 (m, 2H). 39 [00126] 2-(azepan-4-yl)- 4,5- dichlorophenol [M + H].sup.+: 260, 262 (3:2); .sup.1H NMR (400 MHz, CD.sub.3OD) δ 7.18 (s, 1H), 6.85 (s, 1H), 3.21 − 3.12 (m, 2H), 3.12 − 2.88 (m, 3H), 2.04 − 1.72 (m, 6H). 40 [00127] embedded image 2-(azepan-3-yl)- 4,5- dichlorophenol [M + H].sup.+: 260, 262 (3:2); .sup.1H NMR (300 MHz, DMSO-d.sub.6) δ 10.53 (brs, 1H), 8.77 (d, J = 89.5 Hz, 2H), 7.36 (s, 1H), 7.03 (s, 1H), 3.33 − 3.22 (m, 2H), 3.22 − 3.12 (m, 3H), 1.95 − 1.72 (m, 5H), 1.66 − 1.49 (m, 1H).

Example 22. Compound 18 (1-(piperidin-4-yl)naphthalen-2-ol)

[0404] ##STR00128##

Step a

[0405] To a stirred solution of 1-bromo-2-methoxynaphthalene (1.00 g, 4.22 mmol) and tert-butyl 4-(tetramethyl-1,3,2-dioxaborolan-2-yl)-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine-1-carboxylate (1.57 g, 5.06 mmol) and Na.sub.2CO.sub.3 (1.34 g, 12.65 mmol) in 1,4-dioxane (8 mL) and H.sub.2O (2 mL) was added Pd(dppf)Cl.sub.2.CH.sub.2Cl.sub.2 (0.15 g, 0.21 mmol) under nitrogen atmosphere. The resulting mixture was stirred under nitrogen at 80° C. for 2 h under nitrogen atmosphere. The mixture was allowed to cool down to room temperature. The reaction was diluted with water (50 mL). The resulting mixture was extracted with EA (3×80 mL). The combined organic layers were washed with brine (2×50 mL) and dried over anhydrous Na.sub.2SO.sub.4. After filtration, the filtrate was concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was purified by silica gel column chromatography, eluted with PE/EA (4/1) to afford tert-butyl 4-(2-methoxynaphthalen-1-yl)-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine-1-carboxylate as a yellow oil (1.20 g, 84%). LCMS (ESI) calc'd for C.sub.21H.sub.25NO.sub.3 [M+Na].sup.+: 362, found 362; .sup.1H NMR (300 MHz, CD.sub.3OD) δ 7.82-7.69 (m, 3H), 7.41-7.24 (m, 3H), 5.59-5.50 (m, 1H), 4.17-4.00 (m, 2H), 3.88 (s, 3H), 3.73-3.65 (m, 2H), 2.58-2.43 (m, 1H), 2.25-2.09 (m, 1H), 1.50 (s, 9H).

Step b

[0406] To a stirred solution of tert-butyl 4-(2-methoxynaphthalen-1-yl)-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine-1-carboxylate (1.00 g, 2.95 mmol) in MeOH (50 mL) was added Pt/C (0.57 g, 10%) in a pressure tank. The mixture was hydrogenated at room temperature under hydrogen pressure of 20 atm. for 24 h. The reaction was solution was filtered through celite and the filtrate was concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was purified by Prep-TLC, eluted with PE/EA (4/1) to afford tert-butyl 4-(2-methoxynaphthalen-1-yl)piperidine-1-carboxylate as a light-yellow oil (0.20 g, 20%). LCMS (ESI) calc'd for C.sub.21H.sub.27NO.sub.3 [M+H].sup.+: 342, found 342.

Step c

[0407] To a stirred solution of tert-butyl 4-(2-methoxynaphthalen-1-yl)piperidine-1-carboxylate (0.20 g, 0.59 mmol) in DCM (2 mL) was added BBr.sub.3 (0.74 g, 2.93 mmol) at 0° C. under nitrogen atmosphere. The resulting mixture was stirred under nitrogen at room temperature for 2 h. The reaction was quenched with water (5 mL) at 0° C. The mixture was basified to pH=7 with saturated aq. NaHCO.sub.3. The resulting mixture was concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was purified by Prep-HPLC with the following conditions: Column: XBridge C.sub.18 OBD Prep Column 100 Å, 10 μm, 19 mm×250 mm; Mobile Phase A: Water with 20 mmol/L NH.sub.4HCO.sub.3), Mobile Phase B: ACN; Flow rate: 25 mL/min; Gradient: 20% B to 60% B in 6.5 min; Detector: UV 254/220 nm; Retention time: 5.35 min. The fractions containing the desired product were collected and concentrated under reduced pressure to afford Compound 18 (1-(piperidin-4-yl)naphthalen-2-ol) as an off-white solid (30 mg, 23%): LCMS (ESI) calc'd for C.sub.15H.sub.17NO [M+H].sup.+: 228, found 228; .sup.1H NMR (300 MHz, CD.sub.3OD) δ 8.15 (d, J=8.7 Hz, 1H), 7.73 (d, J=8.1 Hz, 1H), 7.60 (d, J=8.8 Hz, 1H), 7.43 (t, J=7.7 Hz, 1H), 7.25 (t, J=7.4 Hz, 1H), 7.07 (d, J=8.9 Hz, 1H), 3.80-3.64 (m, 1H), 3.38-3.33 (m, 1H), 3.31-3.26 (m, 1H), 3.10-2.88 (m, 2H), 2.88-2.67 (m, 2H), 1.71 (d, J=13.5 Hz, 2H).

Example 23. Compound 26 (4,5-dichloro-2-[4-(hydroxymethyl)piperidin-4-yl]phenol)

[0408] ##STR00129##

Step a

[0409] A mixture of tert-butyl 4-cyano-4-(4,5-dichloro-2-methoxyphenyl)piperidine-1-carboxylate (from Example 19 step f) (0.10 g, 0.26 mmol) in conc. HCl (5 mL) was stirred for 48 h at 80° C. The reaction solution was concentrated under reduced pressure to afford 4-(4,5-dichloro-2-methoxyphenyl)piperidine-4-carboxylic acid as a light yellow solid (0.17 g, crude), which was used to next step directly without further purification: LCMS (ESI) calc'd for C.sub.13H.sub.15Cl.sub.2NO.sub.3 [M+H].sup.+: 304, 306 (3:2), found 304, 306 (3:2); .sup.1H NMR (400 MHz, CD.sub.3OD) δ 7.47 (s, 1H), 7.22 (s, 1H), 3.84 (s, 3H), 3.48-3.37 (m, 4H), 2.59 (d, J=14.6 Hz, 2H), 2.17 (m, 2H).

Step b

[0410] To a stirred solution of 4-(4,5-dichloro-2-methoxyphenyl)piperidine-4-carboxylic acid (0.10 g, 0.33 mmol) and NaOH (20 mg, 0.50 mmol) in MeOH (3 mL) was added Boc.sub.2O (0.22 g, 1.00 mmol) at room temperature. The solution was stirred at room temperature for 2 h. The solution was acidified to pH 4 with saturated aq. citric acid (20 mL). The resulting mixture was extracted with DCM (3×30 mL). The combined organic layers were washed with brine (3×30 mL), dried over anhydrous Na.sub.2SO.sub.4. After filtration, the filtrate was concentrated under reduced pressure to afford 1-[(tert-butoxy)carbonyl]-4-(4,5-dichloro-2-methoxyphenyl)piperidine-4-carboxylic acid as a yellow oil (0.13 g, crude), which was used to next step directly without further purification: LCMS (ESI) calc'd for C.sub.18H.sub.23Cl.sub.2NO.sub.5 [M+H−56].sup.+: 348, 350 (3:2), found 348, 350 (3:2); .sup.1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl.sub.3) δ 7.37 (s, 1H), 6.98 (s, 1H), 3.94-3.76 (m, 5H), 3.45-3.29 (m, 2H), 2.42-2.28 (m, 2H), 1.96-1.82 (m, 2H), 1.51 (s, 9H).

Step c

[0411] To a stirred solution of 1-[(tert-butoxy)carbonyl]-4-(4,5-dichloro-2-methoxyphenyl)piperidine-4-carboxylic acid (0.13 g, 0.32 mmol) in THE (1 mL) was added BH3-THF (1.29 mL, 1.29 mmol, 1 M in THF) at 0° C. under nitrogen atmosphere. The solution was stirred at room temperature under nitrogen atmosphere for 6 h. The reaction was quenched with saturated aq. NH.sub.4Cl (10 mL) at room temperature. The resulting mixture was diluted with water (30 mL). The resulting mixture was extracted with EA (3×30 mL). The combined organic layers were washed with brine (3×30 mL), dried over anhydrous Na.sub.2SO.sub.4. After filtration, the filtrate was concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was purified by Prep-TLC, eluted with PE/EA (5/1) to afford tert-butyl 4-(4,5-dichloro-2-methoxyphenyl)-4-(hydroxymethyl)piperidine-1-carboxylate as an off-white solid (40 mg, 40% overall three steps): LCMS (ESI) calc'd for C.sub.18H.sub.25Cl.sub.2NO.sub.4 [M+H−56].sup.+: 334, 336 (3:2), found 334, 336 (3:2); .sup.1H NMR (400 MHz, CD.sub.3OD) δ 7.35 (s, 1H), 7.17 (s, 1H), 3.86 (s, 3H), 3.79 (s, 2H), 3.72-3.64 (m, 2H), 3.22-3.09 (m, 2H), 2.36-2.28 (m, 2H), 1.88-1.79 (m, 2H), 1.47 (s, 9H).

Step d

[0412] To a stirred mixture of tert-butyl 4-(4,5-dichloro-2-methoxyphenyl)-4-(hydroxymethyl)piperidine-1-carboxylate (40 mg, 0.10 mmol) in DCM (1 mL) was added BBr.sub.3 (0.19 g, 0.74 mmol) dropwise at room temperature. The resulting mixture was stirred for 4 h at room temperature. The reaction was quenched with water (5 mL) at room temperature. The mixture was basified to pH 7 with saturated aq. NaHCO.sub.3. The resulting mixture was concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was purified by Prep-HPLC with the following conditions: Column: SunFire C.sub.18 OBD Prep Column, 100 Å, 5 μm, 19 mm×250 mm; Mobile Phase A: Water (plus 0.05% TFA), Mobile Phase B: ACN; Flow rate: 20 mL/min; Gradient: 15% B to 40% B in 8 min; Detector: UV 254/210 nm; Retention time: 7.5 min. The fractions containing the desired product were collected and concentrated under reduced pressure to afford Compound 26 (4,5-dichloro-2-[4-(hydroxymethyl)piperidin-4-yl]phenol) as an off white solid (7 mg, 18%): LCMS (ESI) calc'd for C.sub.12H.sub.15Cl.sub.2NO.sub.2 [M+H].sup.+: 276, 278 (3:2), found 276, 278 (3:2); .sup.1H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d.sub.6) δ 10.47 (brs, 1H), 8.36 (brs, 2H), 7.28 (s, 1H), 7.04 (s, 1H), 4.81 (brs, 1H), 3.69-3.48 (m, 2H), 3.24-3.11 (m, 2H), 2.89-2.69 (m, 2H), 2.49-2.40 (m, 2H), 1.97 (t, J=12.6 Hz, 2H).

Example 24. Compound 27 (4,5-dichloro-2-[2-(hydroxymethyl)piperidin-4-yl]phenol)

[0413] ##STR00130##

Step a

[0414] To a stirred solution of Intermediate 2 (0.30 g, 1.17 mmol) and 1-tert-butyl 2-methyl 4-bromopiperidine-1,2-dicarboxylate (Intermediate 4) (0.45 g, 1.41 mmol) Ir[F(CF.sub.3)PPY].sub.2(DTBPY)PF.sub.6 (13 mg, 0.01 mmol), 1,1,1,3,3,3-hexamethyl-2-(trimethylsilyl)trisilane (0.29 g, 1.17 mmol) in DME (3 mL) was added Na.sub.2CO.sub.3 (0.25 g, 2.34 mmol) at room temperature under argon atmosphere to afford the mixture A. Dtbbpy (1.5 mg, 0.01 mmol) and 1,2-dimethoxyethane dihydrochloride nickel (1.3 mg, 0.01 mmol) were dissolved in DME (2 mL) under argon atmosphere to afford the mixture B. Then the mixture B was added into mixture A under argon atmosphere, the resulted mixture was stirred and irradiated with 34W blue LEDs for 2 h. The reaction mixture was poured into water (50 mL) and extracted with EA (3×50 mL). The aqueous solution was extracted with EA (3×50 mL). The combined organic layers were washed with brine (2×50 mL) and dried over anhydrous Na.sub.2SO.sub.4. After filtration, the filtrate was concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was purified by silica gel column chromatography, eluted with PE/EA (5/1) to afford 1-tert-butyl 2-methyl 4-(4,5-dichloro-2-methoxyphenyl)piperidine-1,2-dicarboxylate as light yellow oil (0.20 g, 41%): LCMS (ESI) calc'd for C.sub.19H.sub.25Cl.sub.2NO.sub.5 [M+H−15].sup.+: 403, 405 (3:2), found 403, 405 (3:2); .sup.1H NMR (300 MHz, CD.sub.3OD) δ 7.26 (s, 1H), 7.10 (s, 1H), 4.98-4.91 (m, 1H), 4.75-4.53 (m, 1H), 3.84 (s, 3H), 3.79 (d, J=2.8 Hz, 3H), 3.75-3.70 (m, 1H), 2.94-2.79 (m, 1H), 2.42-2.27 (m, 1H), 2.05-1.96 (m, 1H), 1.90-1.71 (m, 2H), 1.45 (s, 9H).

Step b

[0415] To a stirred solution of 1-tert-butyl 2-methyl 4-(4,5-dichloro-2-methoxyphenyl)piperidine-1,2-dicarboxylate (0.20 g, 0.48 mmol) in THE (5 mL) was added DIBAl-H (1.42 mL, 1.43 mmol, 1 M in toluene) dropwise at 0° C. under nitrogen atmosphere. The resulting solution was stirred at room temperature for 5 h under nitrogen atmosphere. The reaction was quenched with water (20 mL) at room temperature. The resulting mixture was extracted with EA (4×30 mL). The combined organic layers were washed with brine (2×30 mL) and dried over anhydrous Na.sub.2SO.sub.4. After filtration, the filtrate was concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was purified by Prep-TLC, eluted with PE/EA (1/2) to afford tert-butyl4-(4,5-dichloro-2-methoxyphenyl)-2-(hydroxymethyl)piperidine-1-carboxylate as yellow oil (80 mg, 41%): LCMS (ESI) calc'd for C.sub.18H.sub.25Cl.sub.2NO.sub.4 [M+H].sup.+: 390, 392 (3:2), found 390, 392 (3:2).

Step c

[0416] To a stirred mixture of tert-butyl 4-(4,5-dichloro-2-methoxyphenyl)-2-(hydroxymethyl)piperidine-1-carboxylate (80 mg, 0.20 mmol) in DCM (1 mL) was added BBr.sub.3 (0.41 g, 1.64 mmol) at 0° C. under nitrogen atmosphere. The resulting mixture was stirred for 2 h at room temperature. The reaction was quenched with water (2 mL) at room temperature. The mixture was neutralized to pH 7 with saturated aq. NaHCO.sub.3. The resulting mixture was concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was purified by Prep-HPLC with the following conditions: Column: XBridge C.sub.18 OBD Prep Column 100 Å, 10 μm, 19 mm×250 mm; Mobile Phase A: Water with 10 mmol/L NH.sub.4HCO.sub.3, Mobile Phase B: ACN; Flow rate: 20 mL/min; Gradient: 20% B to 65% B in 6.5 min; Detector: UV 254/210 nm; Retention time: 5.48 min to afford Compound 27 (4,5-dichloro-2-[2-(hydroxymethyl)piperidin-4-yl]phenol) as an off-white solid (15 mg, 27%): LCMS (ESI) calc'd for C.sub.12H.sup.15Cl.sub.2NO.sub.2 [M+H].sup.+: 276, 278 (3:2), found 276, 278 (3:2); .sup.1H NMR (300 MHz, CD.sub.3OD) δ 7.25 (s, 1H), 6.93 (s, 1H), 4.04 (dd, J=11.8, 10.2 Hz, 1H), 3.77 (dd, J=11.8, 4.8 Hz, 1H), 3.68-3.52 (m, 1H), 3.39-3.33 (m, 1H), 3.30-3.24 (m, 2H), 2.16-1.93 (m, 4H).

Example 25. Compound 29 (4-chloro-2-(piperidin-4-yl)-5-(trifluoromethyl)phenol)

[0417] ##STR00131##

Step a

[0418] To a stirred solution of 4-chloro-3-(trifluoromethyl)phenol (4.00 g, 20.35 mmol) in HOAc (40 mL) was added Br.sub.2 (6.50 g, 40.70 mmol) dropwise at 0° C. The reaction was stirred at room temperature for 2 h. The reaction was diluted with EA (80 mL) and water (80 mL). The aqueous solution was extracted with EA (3×80 mL). The combined organic layers were washed with brine (3×80 mL) and dried over anhydrous Na.sub.2SO.sub.4. After filtration, the filtrate was concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was purified by silica gel column chromatography, eluted with PE/EA (10/1) to afford 2-bromo-4-chloro-5-(trifluoromethyl)phenol as a light yellow solid (2.40 g, 39%): LCMS (ESI) calc'd for C.sub.7H.sub.3BrClF.sub.3O [M−1].sup.+: 273, 275, 277 (2:3:1), found 273, 275, 277 (2:3:1); .sup.1H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl.sub.3) δ 7.63 (s, 1H), 7.35 (s, 1H), 5.73 (s, 1H).

Step b

[0419] To a stirred mixture of 2-bromo-4-chloro-5-(trifluoromethyl)phenol (0.20 g, 0.73 mmol) and tert-butyl 4-bromopiperidine-1-carboxylate (0.29 g, 1.09 mmol) in DME (1 mL) were added 1,1,1,3,3,3-hexamethyl-2-(trimethylsilyl)trisilane (0.18 g, 0.73 mmol), Na.sub.2CO.sub.3 (230.9 mg, 2.18 mmol) and Ir[df(CF.sub.3)ppy].sub.2(dtbpy)PF.sub.6 (8 mg, 0.01 mmol) at room temperature under argon atmosphere to afford mixture A. Dtbbpy (1 mg, 0.004 mmol) and 1,2-dimethoxyethane dichloronickel (1 mg, 0.004 mmol) were dissolved in DME (1 mL) under argon atmosphere to afford mixture B. Then the mixture B was added into mixture A under argon atmosphere. The resulted mixture was stirred and irradiated with 34W blue LEDs for 3 h. The reaction solution was diluted with water (20 mL). The resulted mixture was extracted with EA (3×30 mL). The combined organic layers were washed with brine (2×30 mL) and dried over anhydrous Na.sub.2SO.sub.4. After filtration, the filtrate was concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was purified by the Prep-TLC, eluted with PE/EA (2/1) to afford tert-butyl 4-[5-chloro-2-hydroxy-4-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]piperidine-1-carboxylate as an off-white solid (35 mg, 7%); LCMS (ESI) calc'd for C.sub.17H.sub.21ClF.sub.3NO.sub.3 [M+1−15].sup.+ 365, 367 (3:1), found 365, 367 (3:1).

Step c

[0420] To a stirred solution of tert-butyl 4-[5-chloro-2-hydroxy-4-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]piperidine-1-carboxylate (35 mg, 0.09 mmol) in DCM (1 mL) was added TFA (1 mL) at room temperature. The reaction was stirred at room temperature for 1 h. The reaction was concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was purified by the following conditions: XBridge C.sub.18 OBD Prep Column 100 Å, 10 m, 19 mm×250 mm; Mobile Phase A: Water with 20 mmoL/L NH.sub.4HCO.sub.3, Mobile Phase B: ACN; Flow rate: 20 mL/min; Gradient: 25% B to 40% B in 9 min; Detector: UV 254/210 nm; Retention time: 7.67 min. The fractions containing the desired product were collected and concentrated under reduced pressure to afford Compound 29 (4-chloro-2-(piperidin-4-yl)-5-(trifluoromethyl)phenol) as an off-white solid (8.8 mg, 32%): LCMS (ESI) calc'd for C.sub.12H.sub.13ClF.sub.3NO [M+1].sup.+: 280, 282 (3:1), found 280, 282 (3:1). .sup.1H NMR (400 MHz, CD.sub.3OD) δ 7.28 (s, 1H), 7.11 (s, 1H), 3.32-3.25 (m, 2H), 3.25-3.10 (m, 1H), 2.93-2.88 (m, 2H), 2.00-1.88 (m, 2H), 1.84-1.64 (m, 2H).

Example 26. Compound 34 (4,5-dichloro-2-((2R,4S)-rel-2-(hydroxymethyl)piperidin-4-yl)phenol isomer 1) and Compound 35 (4,5-dichloro-2-((2R,4S)-rel-2-(hydroxymethyl)piperidin-4-yl)phenol isomer 2)

[0421] ##STR00132##

[0422] The absolute configurations for Compounds 34 and 35 were arbitrarily assigned.

Step a

[0423] 4,5-dichloro-2-(2-(hydroxymethyl)piperidin-4-yl)phenol (Compound 27, Example 24) (20 mg, 0.07 mmol) was separated by Chiral Prep-HPLC with the following conditions: Column: Chiralpak AD-H, 2.0 cm I.D.×25 cm; Mobile Phase A: Hex (plus 0.1% DEA)-HPLC; Mobile Phase B: EtOH-HPLC; Flow rate: 20 mL/min; Gradient: 20% B to 20% B in 17 min; Detector: UV: 220/254 nm; Retention time: RT.sub.1: 8.24 min; RT.sub.2: 13.44 min; Temperature: 25° C.

[0424] The faster-eluting enantiomer Compound 34 (4,5-dichloro-2-((2R,4R)-rel-2-(hydroxymethyl)piperidin-4-yl)phenol isomer 1) at 8.24 min was obtained as an off-white solid (5 mg, 25%): LCMS (ESI) calc'd for C.sub.12H.sub.15Cl.sub.2NO.sub.2 [M+1].sup.+: 276, 278 (3:2), found 276, 278 (3:2); .sup.1H NMR (300 MHz, CD.sub.3OD) δ 7.23 (s, 1H), 6.88 (s, 1H), 3.93 (dd, J=11.2, 9.2 Hz, 1H), 3.63 (dd, J=11.2, 5.4 Hz, 1H), 3.29-3.16 (m, 2H), 3.11-3.00 (m, 1H), 3.00-2.90 (m, 1H), 1.93-1.65 (m, 4H).

[0425] The slower-eluting enantiomer Compound 35 (4,5-dichloro-2-((2R,4S)-rel-2-(hydroxymethyl)piperidin-4-yl)phenol isomer 2) at 13.44 min was obtained as an off-white solid (6 mg, 30%): LCMS (ESI) calc'd for C.sub.12H.sub.15Cl.sub.2NO.sub.2 [M+1].sup.+: 276, 278 (3:2), found 276, 278 (3:2); .sup.1H NMR (300 MHz, CD.sub.3OD) δ 7.23 (s, 1H), 6.88 (s, 1H), 3.93 (dd, J=11.2, 9.2 Hz, 1H), 3.63 (dd, J=11.2, 5.5 Hz, 1H), 3.29-3.15 (m, 2H), 3.11-2.99 (m, 1H), 2.98-2.89 (m, 1H), 1.95-1.65 (m, 4H).

Example 27. Compound 36 (4,5-dichloro-2-(5-(hydroxymethyl)pyrrolidin-3-yl)phenol)

[0426] ##STR00133##

Step a

[0427] To a stirred solution of Intermediate 2 (0.50 g, 1.97 mmol) and 1-tert-butyl 2-methyl 4-bromopyrrolidine-1,2-dicarboxylate (0.61 g, 1.97 mmol) in DME (5 mL) were added Ir[F(CF.sub.3)PPY].sub.2(DTBPY)PF.sub.6 (22 mg, 0.02 mmol), 1,1,1,3,3,3-hexamethyl-2-(trimethylsilyl)trisilane (0.49 g, 1.97 mmol) and Na.sub.2CO.sub.3 (0.42 g, 3.94 mmol) at room temperature under argon atmosphere to afford the mixture A. Dtbbpy (3 mg, 0.01 mmol) and 1,2-dimethoxyethane dihydrochloride nickel (2 mg, 0.01 mmol) were dissolved in DME (2 mL) under argon atmosphere to afford the mixture B. Then the mixture B was added into mixture A under argon atmosphere, the resulted mixture was stirred and irradiated with 34W blue LEDs for 2 h. The reaction mixture was poured into water (50 mL) and extracted with EA (3×50 mL). The aqueous solution was extracted with EA (3×50 mL). The combined organic layers were washed with brine (2×50 mL) and dried over anhydrous Na.sub.2SO.sub.4. After filtration, the filtrate was concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was purified by Prep-TLC, eluted with PE/EA (5/1) to afford 1-tert-butyl 2-methyl 4-(4,5-dichloro-2-methoxyphenyl)pyrrolidine-1,2-dicarboxylate as a light yellow oil (0.23 g, 29%): LCMS (ESI) calc'd for C.sub.18H.sub.23Cl.sub.2NO.sub.5 [M+H].sup.+: 404, 406 (3:2), found 404, 406 (3:2).

Step b

[0428] To a stirred solution of 1-tert-butyl 2-methyl 4-(4,5-dichloro-2-methoxyphenyl)pyrrolidine-1,2-dicarboxylate (0.15 g, 0.37 mmol) in THE (2 mL) was added DIBAl-H (1.14 mL, 1.13 mmol, 1 M in toluene) dropwise at 0° C. under nitrogen atmosphere. The resulting solution was stirred at room temperature for 5 h under nitrogen atmosphere. The reaction was quenched with water (20 mL) at room temperature. The resulting mixture was extracted with EA (4×30 mL). The combined organic layers were washed with brine (2×30 mL) and dried over anhydrous Na.sub.2SO.sub.4. After filtration, the filtrate was concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was purified by Prep-TLC, eluted with PE/EA (1/1) to afford tert-butyl 4-(4,5-dichloro-2-methoxyphenyl)-2-(hydroxymethyl)pyrrolidine-1-carboxylate as a yellow oil (50 mg, 36%): LCMS (ESI) calc'd for C.sub.17H.sub.23Cl.sub.2NO.sub.4 [M+H].sup.+: 376, 378 (3:2), found 376, 378 (3:2); .sup.1H NMR (300 MHz, CD.sub.3OD) δ 7.29 (s, 1H), 7.12 (s, 1H), 4.16-3.80 (m, 4H), 3.82-3.53 (m, 4H), 2.32-2.04 (m, 2H), 2.03-1.73 (m, 1H), 1.47 (s, 9H).

Step c

[0429] To a stirred mixture of tert-butyl 4-(4,5-dichloro-2-methoxyphenyl)-2-(hydroxymethyl)pyrrolidine-1-carboxylate (50 mg, 0.13 mmol) in DCM (1 mL) was added BBr.sub.3 (0.27 g, 1.06 mmol) at 0° C. under nitrogen atmosphere. The resulting mixture was stirred for 2 h at room temperature. The reaction was quenched with water (2 mL) at room temperature. The mixture was neutralized to pH 7 with saturated aq. NaHCO.sub.3. The resulting mixture was concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was purified by Prep-HPLC with the following conditions: Column: XBridge C.sub.18 OBD Prep Column 100 Å, 10 μm, 19 mm×250 mm; Mobile Phase A: Water (plus 0.05% TFA), Mobile Phase B: ACN; Flow rate: 20 mL/min; Gradient: 20% B to 70% B in 6.5 min; Detector: UV 254/210 nm; Retention time: 5.03 min. The fractions containing the desired product were collected and concentrated under reduced pressure to afford Compound 36 (4,5-dichloro-2-(5-(hydroxymethyl)pyrrolidin-3-yl)phenol) as a grey solid (13.9 mg, 28%): LCMS (ESI) calc'd for C.sub.11H.sub.13Cl.sub.2NO.sub.2 [M+H].sup.+: 262, 264 (3:2), found 262, 264 (3:2); .sup.1H NMR (300 MHz, CD.sub.3OD) δ 7.35 (s, 1H), 6.99 (s, 1H), 4.07-3.94 (m, 1H), 3.94-3.79 (m, 1H), 3.79-3.61 (m, 3H), 3.47-3.36 (m, 1H), 2.43-2.13 (m, 2H).

Example 28. Compound 41 (4-chloro-5-(difluoromethyl)-2-(piperidin-4-yl)phenol)

[0430] ##STR00134##

Step a

[0431] To a solution of 4-bromo-2-chloro-5-methoxybenzaldehyde (0.56 g, 2.24 mmol) and tert-butyl 4-bromopiperidine-1-carboxylate (0.71 g, 2.69 mmol) in DME (5 mL) were added 1,1,1,3,3,3-hexamethyl-2-(trimethylsilyl)trisilane (0.56 g, 2.24 mmol), Ir[F(CF.sub.3)PPY].sub.2(DTBPY)PF.sub.6 (25 mg, 0.02 mmol) and Na.sub.2CO.sub.3 (0.48 g, 4.49 mmol) at room temperature under argon atmosphere to afford the mixture A. Dtbbpy (3 mg, 0.01 mmol) and 1,2-dimethoxyethane dihydrochloride nickel (3 mg, 0.01 mmol) were dissolved in DME (1 mL) under argon atmosphere to afford the mixture B. Then the mixture B was added into mixture A under argon atmosphere, the resulted mixture was stirred and irradiated with 34W blue LEDs for 2 h. The reaction mixture was poured into water (50 mL) and extracted with EA (3×50 mL). The aqueous solution was extracted with EA (3×50 mL). The combined organic layers were washed with brine (2×50 mL) and dried over anhydrous Na.sub.2SO.sub.4. After filtration, the filtrate was concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was purified by Prep-TLC, eluted with PE/EA (8/1) to afford tert-butyl 4-(5-chloro-4-formyl-2-methoxyphenyl)piperidine-1-carboxylate as a light yellow oil (0.30 g, 34%): LCMS (ESI) calc'd for C.sub.18H.sub.24ClNO.sub.4 [M+H−15].sup.+: 339, 341 (3:1), found 339, 341 (3:1); .sup.1H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl.sub.3) δ 10.42 (s, 1H), 7.39 (s, 1H), 7.22 (s, 1H), 4.35-4.24 (m, 2H), 3.90 (s, 3H), 3.21-3.06 (m, 1H), 2.92-2.76 (m, 2H), 1.86-1.73 (m, 2H), 1.71-1.57 (m, 2H), 1.51 (s, 9H).

Step b

[0432] To a stirred solution of tert-butyl 4-(5-chloro-4-formyl-2-methoxyphenyl)piperidine-1-carboxylate (0.30 g, 0.85 mmol) in DCM (1 mL) was added BBr.sub.3 (1.27 g, 5.09 mmol) at 0° C. under nitrogen atmosphere. The resulting mixture was stirred for 2 h at room temperature. The reaction was quenched with water (20 mL) at room temperature. The mixture was concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was purified by reverse phase chromatography, eluted with 35% ACN in water (plus 0.05% TFA) to afford 2-chloro-5-hydroxy-4-(piperidin-4-yl)benzaldehyde as a colorless oil (0.10 g, 34%): LCMS (ESI) calc'd for C.sub.12H.sub.14ClNO.sub.2 [M+H].sup.+: 240, 242 (3:1), found 240, 242 (3:1).

Step c

[0433] To a stirred mixture of 2-chloro-5-hydroxy-4-(piperidin-4-yl)benzaldehyde (0.20 g, 0.83 mmol) and Boc.sub.2O (0.27 g, 1.25 mmol) in DCM (3 mL) was added Et.sub.3N (0.17 g, 1.67 mmol) at room temperature. The resulting mixture was stirred at room temperature for 2 h. The reaction was diluted with water (20 mL). The resulting mixture was extracted with EA (3×50 mL). The aqueous solution was extracted with EA (3×50 mL). The combined organic layers were washed with brine (2×50 mL) and dried over anhydrous Na.sub.2SO.sub.4. After filtration, the filtrate was concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was purified by Prep-TLC, eluted with PE/EA (5/1) to afford tert-butyl 4-(5-chloro-4-formyl-2-hydroxyphenyl)piperidine-1-carboxylate as a yellow oil (0.12 g, 38%): LCMS (ESI) calc'd for C.sub.17H.sub.22C.sub.1NO.sub.4 [M+H−15].sup.+: 325, 327 (3:1), found 325, 327 (3:1); .sup.1H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl.sub.3) δ 10.38 (s, 1H), 7.32 (s, 1H), 7.23 (s, 1H), 4.29 (d, J=13.4 Hz, 2H), 3.17-3.03 (m, 1H), 2.94-2.77 (m, 2H), 1.91-1.82 (m, 2H), 1.70-1.62 (m, 2H), 1.51 (s, 9H).

Step d

[0434] To a stirred solution of tert-butyl 4-(5-chloro-4-formyl-2-hydroxyphenyl)piperidine-1-carboxylate (30 mg, 0.09 mmol) in DCM (1 mL) was added DAST (43 mg, 0.26 mmol) at 0° C. The reaction was stirred for 2 h at room temperature. The reaction was quenched with water (20 mL). The resulting mixture was extracted with EA (3×15 mL). The combined organic layers were washed with brine (3×10 mL) and dried over anhydrous Na.sub.2SO.sub.4. After filtration, the filtrate was concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was purified by Prep-TLC, eluted with PE/EA (5/1) to afford tert-butyl 4-[5-chloro-4-(difluoromethyl)-2-hydroxyphenyl]piperidine-1-carboxylate as a yellow oil (20 mg, 56%): LCMS (ESI) calc'd for C.sub.17H.sub.22ClF.sub.2NO.sub.3 [M+H−15].sup.+: 347, 349 (3:1), found 347, 349 (3:1); .sup.1H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl.sub.3) δ 7.43 (s, 1H), 7.32 (s, 1H), 6.90 (t, J=54.9 Hz, 1H), 4.38-4.20 (m, 2H), 2.93-2.65 (m, 3H), 1.89-1.62 (m, 4H), 1.50 (s, 9H).

Step e

[0435] A solution of tert-butyl 4-[5-chloro-4-(difluoromethyl)-2-hydroxyphenyl]piperidine-1-carboxylate (20 mg, 0.06 mmol) in TFA (1 mL) and DCM (1 mL) was stirred for 1 h at room temperature. The resulting mixture was concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was purified by Prep-HPLC with the following conditions: Column: XBridge C.sub.18 OBD Prep Column 100 Å, 10 m, 19 mm×250 mm; Mobile Phase A: Water with 20 mmol/L NH.sub.4HCO.sub.3, Mobile Phase B: ACN; Flow rate: 20 mL/min; Gradient: 35% B to 65% B in 6.5 min; Detector: UV: 254/210 nm; Retention time: 5.41 min. The fractions containing the desired product were collected and concentrated under reduced pressure to afford Compound 41 (4-chloro-5-(difluoromethyl)-2-(piperidin-4-yl)phenol) as an off-white solid (10 mg, 65.67%): LCMS (ESI) calc'd for C.sub.12H.sub.14ClF.sub.2NO [M+H].sup.+: 262, 264 (3:1), found 262, 264 (3:1); .sup.1H NMR (300 MHz, DMSO-d.sub.6) δ 7.19 (s, 1H), 7.09 (s, 1H), 7.07 (t, J=54.7 Hz, 1H), 3.07-2.86 (m, 3H), 2.64-2.54 (m, 2H), 1.72-1.55 (m, 2H), 1.55-1.36 (m, 2H).

Example 29. Compound 42 ((3R,4R)-rel-4-(4,5-dichloro-2-hydroxyphenyl)piperidine-3-carboxamide) and Compound 50 ((3R,4S)-rel-4-(4,5-dichloro-2-hydroxyphenyl)piperidine-3-carboxamide)

[0436] ##STR00135##

Step a

[0437] A mixture of [2-[(2-bromo-4,5-dichlorophenoxy)methoxy]ethyl]trimethylsilane (Intermediate 3) (2.62 g, 7.04 mmol), 4-(4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-1,3,2-dioxaborolan-2-yl)pyridine-3-carbonitrile (1.90 g, 8.45 mmol), Pd(crotyl)(JohnPhos)Cl (0.35 g, 0.70 mmol) and Na.sub.2CO.sub.3 (2.20 g, 21.12 mmol) in 1,4-dioxane (16 mL) and water (4 mL) was stirred for 3 h at 80° C. under nitrogen atmosphere. The reaction mixture was allowed to cool to room temperature and diluted with water (50 mL) and extracted with EA (3×50 mL). The combined organic layers were washed with brine (2×40 mL) and dried over anhydrous Na.sub.2SO.sub.4. After filtration, the filtrate was concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was purified by silica gel column chromatography, eluted with PE/EA (2/1) to afford 4-(4,5-dichloro-2-[[2-(trimethylsilyl)ethoxy]methoxy]phenyl)pyridine-3-carbonitrile as a light yellow oil (0.99 g, 32%): LCMS (ESI) calc'd for C.sub.18H.sub.20Cl.sub.2N.sub.2O.sub.2Si [M+H].sup.+: 395, 397 (3:2), found 395, 397 (3:2); .sup.1H NMR (400 MHz, CD.sub.3OD) δ 8.98 (s, 1H), 8.86 (dd, J=5.2, 1.0 Hz, 1H), 7.61-7.54 (m, 3H), 5.28 (s, 2H), 3.75 (t, J=8.0 Hz, 2H), 0.99-0.86 (m, 2H), 0.03-0.01 (m, 9H).

Step b

[0438] To a mixture of 4-(4,5-dichloro-2-[[2-(trimethylsilyl)ethoxy]methoxy]phenyl)pyridine-3-carbonitrile (0.80 g, 2.02 mmol) and NaOH (0.81 g, 20.23 mmol) in MeOH (10 mL) was added H.sub.2O.sub.2 (0.69 g, 20.23 mmol, 30%) at room temperature. The reaction was stirred for 1 h at room temperature. The reaction mixture was quenched with saturated aq. Na.sub.2S203 (30 mL) and extracted with EA (3×30 mL). The combined organic layers were washed with brine (2×20 mL) and dried over anhydrous Na.sub.2SO.sub.4. After filtration, the filtrate was concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was purified by silica gel column chromatography, eluted with PE/EA (1/3) to afford 4-(4,5-dichloro-2-[[2-(trimethylsilyl)ethoxy]methoxy]phenyl)pyridine-3-carboxamide as a light yellow oil (0.73 g, 70%): LCMS (ESI) calc'd for C.sub.18H.sub.22Cl.sub.2N.sub.2O.sub.3Si [M+H].sup.+: 413, 415 (3:2), found 413, 415 (3:2); .sup.1H NMR (400 MHz, CD.sub.3OD) δ 8.78 (s, 1H), 8.69 (d, J=5.2 Hz, 1H), 7.50 (s, 1H), 7.47 (s, 1H), 7.43 (d, J=5.1 Hz, 1H), 5.20 (s, 2H), 3.69 (t, J=7.9 Hz, 2H), 0.92 (t, J=8.0 Hz, 2H), 0.00 (s, 9H).

Step c

[0439] To a mixture of 4-(4,5-dichloro-2-[[2-(trimethylsilyl)ethoxy]methoxy]phenyl)pyridine-3-carboxamide (0.73 g, 1.77 mmol) in MeOH (5 mL) was added aq. HCl (6 N, 0.5 mL) at room temperature. The reaction was stirred for 5 h at 30° C. under hydrogen (50 atm.) atmosphere. The reaction mixture was filtered and the filtrate was adjusted pH to 8 with saturated aq. NaHCO.sub.3. The resulting solution was concentrated under reduced pressure to afford 4-(4,5-dichloro-2-[[2-(trimethylsilyl)ethoxy]methoxy]phenyl)piperidine-3-carboxamide (0.93 g, crude), which was directly used in next step without further purification: LCMS (ESI) calc'd for C.sub.18H.sub.28Cl.sub.2N.sub.2O.sub.3Si [M+H].sup.+: 419, 421 (3:2), found 419, 421 (3:2); .sup.1H NMR (300 MHz, DMSO-d.sub.6) δ 7.35 (s, 1H), 7.21 (s, 1H), 5.41 (d, J=6.8 Hz, 1H), 5.27 (d, J=6.8 Hz, 1H), 3.76 (t, J=8.0 Hz, 2H), 3.07-2.97 (m, 1H), 2.86 (t, J=11.9 Hz, 1H), 2.79-2.64 (m, 2H), 2.48-2.36 (m, 2H), 1.61-1.48 (m, 1H), 1.11-1.01 (m, 1H), 0.97-0.87 (m, 2H), 0.00 (s, 9H).

Step d

[0440] To a stirred solution of 4-(4,5-dichloro-2-[[2-(trimethylsilyl)ethoxy]methoxy]phenyl)piperidine-3-carboxamide (80 mg, 0.19 mmol) in DCM (1 mL) was added TFA (1 mL) at room temperature. The reaction was stirred at room temperature for 1 h. The reaction was concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was dissolved in THE (1 mL) and NH.sub.3.H.sub.2O (0.5 mL, 30%) was added. The resulting solution was stirred at room temperature for 1 h. The reaction was concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was purified by Prep-HPLC with the following conditions: Column: XBridge C.sub.18 OBD Prep Column 100 Å, 10 μm, 19 mm×250 mm; Mobile Phase A: Water with 20 mmol/L NH.sub.4HCO.sub.3, Mobile Phase B: ACN; Flow rate: 25 mL/min; Gradient: 19% B to 26% B in 8 min; Detector: UV 254/220 nm; Retention time: RT.sub.1: 6.38 min, RT.sub.2: 6.45 min. The fractions containing the desired product at 6.38 min were collected and concentrated under reduced pressure to afford Compound 42 ((3R,4R)-rel-4-(4,5-dichloro-2-hydroxyphenyl)piperidine-3-carboxamide (cis isomer)) as an off-white solid (14.2 mg, 26%): LCMS (ESI) calc'd for C.sub.12H.sub.14Cl.sub.2N.sub.2O.sub.2 [M+H].sup.+: 289, 291 (3:2), found 289, 291 (3:2); .sup.1H NMR (300 MHz, CD.sub.3OD) δ 7.15 (s, 1H), 6.91 (s, 1H), 3.54-3.36 (m, 3H), 3.05 (dd, J=13.4, 3.7 Hz, 1H), 2.97-2.78 (m, 2H), 2.62-2.39 (m, 1H), 1.70-1.50 (m, 1H). Fractions containing the desired product at 6.45 min were collected and concentrated under reduced pressure to afford Compound 50 ((3R,4S)-rel-4-(4,5-dichloro-2-hydroxyphenyl)piperidine-3-carboxamide (trans isomer)) as an off-white solid (1.5 mg, 3%): LCMS (ESI) calc'd for C.sub.12H.sub.14Cl.sub.2N.sub.2O.sub.2 [M+H].sup.+: 289, 291 (3:2), found 289, 291 (3:2); .sup.1H NMR (300 MHz, CD.sub.3OD) δ 7.27 (s, 1H), 6.89 (s, 1H), 3.29-3.06 (m, 3H), 2.96-2.66 (m, 3H), 1.87-1.61 (m, 2H).

Example 30. Compound 43 (4,5-dichloro-2-(2-cyclopropylpiperidin-4-yl)phenol)

[0441] ##STR00136##

Step a

[0442] To a stirred solution of Intermediate 3 (2.00 g, 5.37 mmol) and 2-chloro-4-(tetramethyl-1,3,2-dioxaborolan-2-yl)pyridine (1.54 g, 6.45 mmol) in 1,4-dioxane (25 mL) and water (5 mL) were added Pd(dppf)Cl.sub.2 (0.39 g, 0.54 mmol) and Na.sub.2CO.sub.3 (1.70 g, 16.11 mmol) at room temperature under argon atmosphere. The reaction was stirred at 80° C. for 16 h. The reaction was diluted with EA (50 mL) and water (50 mL). The aqueous solution was extracted with EA (3×50 mL). The combined organic layers were washed with brine (2×50 mL) and dried over anhydrous Na.sub.2SO.sub.4. After filtration, the filtrate was concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was purified by silica gel column chromatography, eluted with PE/EA (8/1) to afford 2-chloro-4-(4,5-dichloro-2-[[2-(trimethylsilyl)ethoxy]methoxy]phenyl)pyridine as a light yellow oil (1.70 g, 78%): LCMS (ESI) calc'd for C.sub.17H.sub.20Cl.sub.3NO.sub.2Si [M+H].sup.+: 404, 406 (3:2), found 404, 406 (3:2); .sup.1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl.sub.3) δ 8.45 (d, J=5.1 Hz, 1H), 7.48 (d, J=1.5 Hz, 1H), 7.43 (s, 2H), 7.35 (dd, J=5.1, 1.5 Hz, 1H), 5.24 (s, 2H), 3.75-3.65 (m, 2H), 0.99-0.90 (m, 2H), 0.02 (s, 9H).

Step b

[0443] To a stirred solution of 2-chloro-4-(4,5-dichloro-2-[[2-(trimethylsilyl)ethoxy]methoxy]phenyl)pyridine (0.50 g, 1.24 mmol) and cyclopropylboronic acid (0.16 g, 1.85 mmol) in toluene (5 mL) and water (1 mL) were added tricyclohexylphosphane (35 mg, 0.12 mmol), K.sub.3PO.sub.4 (0.52 g, 2.47 mmol) and (acetyloxy)palladio acetate (28 mg, 0.12 mmol) at room temperature under argon atmosphere. The reaction was stirred at 90° C. for 16 h under argon atmosphere. The reaction was diluted with EA (50 mL) and water (50 mL). The aqueous solution was extracted with EA (3×50 mL). The combined organic layers were washed with brine (2×50 mL) and dried over anhydrous Na.sub.2SO.sub.4. After filtration, the filtrate was concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was purified by silica gel column chromatography, eluted with PE/EA (3/1) to afford 4-(4-chloro-5-cyclopropyl-2-[[2-(trimethylsilyl)ethoxy]methoxy]phenyl)-2-cyclopropylpyridine as a light yellow oil (80 mg, 16%): LCMS (ESI) calc'd for C.sub.20H.sub.25Cl.sub.2NO.sub.2Si [M+H].sup.+: 410, 412 (3:2), found 410, 412 (3:2); .sup.1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl.sub.3) δ 8.48 (d, J=5.1 Hz, 1H), 7.41 (d, J=5.9 Hz, 2H), 7.22 (s, 1H), 7.16 (dd, J=5.1, 1.6 Hz, 1H), 5.20 (s, 2H), 3.74-3.64 (m, 2H), 2.13-2.03 (m, 1H), 1.12-1.01 (m, 4H), 0.99-0.90 (m, 2H), 0.01 (s, 9H).

Step c

[0444] To a stirred solution of 2-cyclopropyl-4-(4,5-dichloro-2-[[2-(trimethylsilyl)ethoxy]methoxy]phenyl)pyridine (40 mg, 0.10 mmol) in MeOH (3 mL) were added PtO.sub.2 (22 mg, 0.10 mmol) and aq. HCl (6 N, 0.3 mL) at room temperature. The reaction was stirred at 30° C. for 16 h under hydrogen atmosphere (50 atm). The reaction was filtered and the filtrate was concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was purified by Prep-HPLC with following conditions: Column: XBridge C.sub.18 OBD Prep Column 100 Å, 10 μm, 19 mm×250 mm; Mobile Phase A: Water with 10 mmol/L NH.sub.4HCO.sub.3, Mobile Phase B: ACN; Flow rate: 25 mL/min; Gradient: 40% B to 80% B in 6.5 min; Detector: UV 254/210 nm; Retention time: 5.25 min. The fractions containing the desired product were collected and concentrated under reduced pressure to afford Compound 43 (4,5-dichloro-2-(2-cyclopropylpiperidin-4-yl)phenol) as an off-white solid (21.3 mg, 76%): LCMS (ESI) calc'd for C.sub.14H.sub.17Cl.sub.2NO [M+H].sup.+: 286, 288 (3:2), found 286,288 (3:2); .sup.1H NMR (300 MHz, CD.sub.3OD) δ 7.19 (s, 1H), 6.86 (s, 1H), 3.27-3.18 (m, 1H), 3.12-2.94 (m, 1H), 2.86-2.68 (m, 1H), 2.04-1.77 (m, 3H), 1.70-1.39 (m, 2H), 0.90-0.79 (m, 1H), 0.60-0.49 (m, 2H), 0.38-0.18 (m, 2H).

Example 31. Compound 44 (3,4,5-trichloro-2-(piperidin-4-yl)phenol)

[0445] ##STR00137##

Step a

[0446] To a stirred solution of (3,4,5-trichlorophenyl)boronic acid (5.00 g, 22.20 mol) in THE (15 mL) were added H.sub.2O.sub.2 (1.51 g, 44.39 mmol, 30%) and NaOH (1.78 g, 44.39 mmol) at room temperature. The resulting mixture was stirred for 2 h at room temperature. The reaction was quenched with water (50 mL) at room temperature. The mixture was acidified to pH 3 with aq. HCl (6 N). The resulting mixture was extracted with EA (3×80 mL). The combined organic layers were washed with brine (2×80 mL) and dried over anhydrous Na.sub.2SO.sub.4. After filtration, the filtrate was concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was purified by silica gel column chromatography, eluted with PE/EA (5/1) to afford 3,4,5-trichlorophenol as a light yellow solid (4.60 g, 100%): LCMS (ESI) calc'd for C.sub.6H.sub.3C.sub.130 [M−H].sup.+: 195, 197, 199 (3:3:1), found 195, 197, 199 (3:3:1); .sup.1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl.sub.3) δ 6.92 (s, 2H).

Step b

[0447] To a stirred solution of 3,4,5-trichlorophenol (4.60 g, 23.30 mol) in AcOH (20 mL) was added Br.sub.2 (3.70 g, 23.15 mol) dropwise at room temperature under argon atmosphere. The reaction was quenched with saturate aq. Na.sub.2SO.sub.3 (50 mL). The mixture was extracted with EA (3×80 mL). The combined organic layer was washed with brine (3×80 mL) and dried over anhydrous Na.sub.2SO.sub.4. After filtration, the filtrate was concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was purified by silica gel column chromatography, eluted with PE/EA (15/1) to afford 2-bromo-3,4,5-trichlorophenol as an off-white solid (2.40 g, 37%): LCMS (ESI) calc'd for C.sub.6H.sub.2BrCl.sub.3O [M−H].sup.+: 273, 275, 277 (1:2:1), found 273, 275, 277 (1:2:1); .sup.1H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d.sub.6) δ 11.43 (s, 1H), 7.15 (s, 1H).

Step c

[0448] To a stirred solution of 2-bromo-3,4,5-trichlorophenol (2.40 g, 8.69 mmol) and K.sub.2CO.sub.3 (2.40 g, 17.37 mmol) in DMF (15 mL) was added MeI (3.70 g, 26.07 mmol) at room temperature. The reaction was stirred at 50° C. for 1 h. The reaction was diluted with EA (80 mL) and water (80 mL). The partitioned aqueous solution was extracted with EA (3×80 mL). The combined organic layer was washed with brine (6×50 mL) and dried over anhydrous Na.sub.2SO.sub.4. After filtration, the filtrate was concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was purified by silica gel column chromatography, eluted with PE/EA (15/1) to afford 2-bromo-3,4,5-trichloro-1-methoxybenzene as an off-white solid (1.80 g, 71%): .sup.1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl.sub.3) δ 6.98 (s, 1H), 3.94 (s, 3H).

Step d

[0449] To a mixture of 2-bromo-3,4,5-trichloro-1-methoxybenzene (0.10 g, 0.344 mmol) and tert-butyl 4-(4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-1,3,2-dioxaborolan-2-yl)-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine-1-carboxylate (0.12 g, 0.34 mmol) and Na.sub.2CO.sub.3 (0.11 g, 1.04 mmol) in water (0.5 mL) and 1,4-dioxane (2 mL) was added Pd(dppf)Cl.sub.2.CH.sub.2Cl.sub.2 (28 mg, 0.03 mmol) at room temperature under nitrogen atmosphere. The mixture was stirred 80° C. for 8 h under nitrogen atmosphere. The reaction mixture was poured into water (30 mL) and extracted with EA (3×30 mL). The combined organic layers were washed with brine (2×30 mL) and dried over anhydrous Na.sub.2SO.sub.4. After filtration, the filtrate was concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was purified by silica gel column chromatography, eluted with PE/EA (6/1) to afford to afford tert-butyl 4-(2,3,4-trichloro-6-methoxyphenyl)-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine-1-carboxylate as a light yellow semi-solid (0.23 g, 80%): LCMS (ESI) calc'd for C.sub.17H.sub.20Cl.sub.3NO.sub.3 [M+H−15].sup.+: 377, 379, 381 (3:3:1), found: 377, 379, 381 (3:3:1); .sup.1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl.sub.3) δ 6.94 (s, 1H), 5.55 (s, 1H), 4.07 (s, 2H), 3.80 (s, 3H), 3.74-3.54 (m, 2H), 2.37-2.15 (m, 2H), 1.52 (s, 9H).

Step e

[0450] To a solution of tert-butyl 4-(2,3,4-trichloro-6-methoxyphenyl)-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine-1-carboxylate (50 mg, 0.13 mmol) in MeOH (2 mL) was added PtO.sub.2 (15 mg, 0.07 mmol) at room temperature. The reaction mixture was stirred at room temperature under hydrogen atmosphere (1.5 atm.) for 2 h. The mixture was filtered and the filtrate was concentrated under reduced pressure to afford tert-butyl 4-(2,3,4-trichloro-6-methoxyphenyl)piperidine-1-carboxylate as a light yellow solid (48 mg, 96%): LCMS (ESI) calc'd for C.sub.17H.sub.22C.sub.13NO.sub.3 [M+H−15].sup.+: 379, 381, 383 (3:3:1), found 379, 381, 383 (3:3:1); .sup.1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl.sub.3) δ 6.92 (s, 1H), 4.23 (d, J=13.2 Hz, 2H), 3.82 (s, 3H), 3.58-3.37 (m, 1H), 2.79 (t, J=12.9 Hz, 2H), 2.41-2.18 (m, 2H), 1.65-1.53 (m, 2H), 1.52 (s, 9H).

Step f

[0451] To a stirred solution of tert-butyl 4-(2,3,4-trichloro-6-methoxyphenyl)piperidine-1-carboxylate (48 mg, 0.12 mmol) in DCM (1 mL) was added BBr.sub.3 (0.30 g, 1.19 mmol) at room temperature. The reaction was stirred at room temperature for 1 h. The reaction was quenched with water (1 mL) and the mixture was adjusted pH to 7-8 with saturated aq. NaHCO.sub.3. The mixture was concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was purified by Prep-HPLC with the following conditions: Column: XBridge C.sub.18 OBD Prep Column 100 Å, 10 μm, 19 mm×250 mm; Mobile Phase A: Water (plus 0.05% TFA), Mobile Phase B: ACN; Flow rate: 25 mL/min; Gradient: 30% B to 40% B in 5.3 min; Detector: UV 254/210 nm; Retention time: 4.65 min. The fractions containing the desired product were collected and concentrated under reduced pressure to afford Compound 44 (3,4,5-trichloro-2-(piperidin-4-yl)phenol) as an off-white solid (11.9 mg, 24% overall two steps): LCMS (ESI) calc'd for C.sub.11H.sub.12Cl.sub.3NO [M+H].sup.+: 280, 282, 284 (3:3:1), found 280, 282, 284 (3:3:1); .sup.1H NMR (400 MHz, CD.sub.3OD) δ 6.97 (s, 1H), 3.68 (t, J=12.7 Hz, 1H), 3.49 (d, J=12.7 Hz, 2H), 3.19-3.01 (m, 2H), 2.85-2.65 (m, 2H), 1.83 (d, J=14.2 Hz, 2H).

Example 32. Compound 38 (4,5-dichloro-2-(pyrrolidin-3-yl)phenol, isomer 1) and Compound 45 (4,5-dichloro-2-(pyrrolidin-3-yl)phenol, isomer 2)

[0452] ##STR00138##

[0453] The absolute configurations for Compounds 38 and 45 were arbitrarily assigned.

Step a

[0454] 4,5-Dichloro-2-(pyrrolidin-3-yl)phenol (40 mg, 0.17 mmol) (Compound 21, Example 21) was separated by Prep SFC with the following conditions: Column: Lux Su Cellulose-4, AXIA Packed, 2.12×25 cm, 5 μm; Mobile Phase A: CO.sub.2, Mobile Phase B: MeOH (plus 0.1% DEA)-HPLC; Flow rate: 45 mL/min; Gradient: 25% B; Detector: UV: 220/254 nm; Retention time: RT.sub.1:6.95 min; RT.sub.2: 7.59 min; Injection Volume: 0.5 mL; Number Of Runs: 12.

[0455] The faster-eluting enantiomer Compound 38 (4,5-dichloro-2-(pyrrolidin-3-yl)phenol isomer 1) at 6.95 min was obtained as an off-white solid (9.6 mg, 24%): LCMS (ESI) calc'd for C.sub.10H.sub.11Cl.sub.2NO [M+H].sup.+: 232, 234 (3:2), found 232, 234 (3:2); .sup.1H NMR (400 MHz, CD.sub.3OD) δ 7.14 (s, 1H), 6.81 (s, 1H), 3.52-3.42 (m, 1H), 3.39-3.35 (m, 1H), 3.27 (dd, J=10.9, 7.8 Hz, 1H), 3.09-2.97 (m, 2H), 2.37-2.28 (m, 1H), 2.01-1.88 (m, 1H).

[0456] The slower-eluting enantiomer Compound 45 (4,5-dichloro-2-(pyrrolidin-3-yl)phenol isomer 2) at 7.59 min was obtained as an off-white solid (12.6 mg, 32%): LCMS (ESI) calc'd for C.sub.10H.sub.11Cl.sub.2NO [M+H].sup.+: 232, 234 (3:2), found 232, 234 (3:2); .sup.1H NMR (400 MHz, CD.sub.3OD) δ 7.14 (s, 1H), 6.81 (s, 1H), 3.52-3.42 (m, 1H), 3.39-3.34 (m, 1H), 3.27 (dd, J=10.9, 7.8 Hz, 1H), 3.09-2.97 (m, 2H), 2.38-2.26 (m, 1H), 2.00-1.87 (m, 1H).

Example 33. Compound 46 (3,4,5-trichloro-2-(1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridin-4-yl)phenol)

[0457] ##STR00139##

Step a

[0458] To solution of tert-butyl 4-(2,3,4-trichloro-6-methoxyphenyl)-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine-1-carboxylate (Example 31, step d) (50 mg, 0.13 mmol) in DCM (1 mL) was added BBr.sub.3 (0.30 g, 1.197 mmol) at room temperature. The reaction was stirred at room temperature for 1 h. The reaction was quenched with water (1 mL) and the mixture was adjusted pH to 7-8 with saturated aq. NaHCO.sub.3. The mixture was concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was purified by Prep-HPLC with the following conditions: Column: XBridge C.sub.18 OBD Prep Column 100 Å, 10 μm, 19 mm×250 mm; Mobile Phase A: Water (plus 0.05% TFA), Mobile Phase B: ACN; Flow rate: 25 mL/min; Gradient: 24% B to 48% B in 6.5 min; Detector: UV 254/210 nm; Retention time: 5.68 min. The fractions containing the desired product were collected and concentrated under reduced pressure to afford Compound 46 (3,4,5-trichloro-2-(1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridin-4-yl)phenol) as an off-white solid (6.9 mg, 14%): LCMS (ESI) calc'd for C.sub.11H.sub.10Cl.sub.3NO [M+H].sup.+: 278, 280, 282 (3:3:1), found 278, 280, 282 (3:3:1); .sup.1H NMR (400 MHz, CD.sub.3OD) δ 7.02 (s, 1H), 5.77-5.67 (m, 1H), 3.91-3.83 (m, 2H), 3.47 (t, J=6.1 Hz, 2H), 2.65-2.52 (m, 2H).

Example 34. Compound 47 ((3R,4S)-rel-2-[3-(aminomethyl)piperidin-4-yl]-4,5-dichlorophenol) and Compound 48 ((3R,4R)-rel-2-[3-(aminomethyl)piperidin-4-yl]-4,5-dichlorophenol)

Step a

[0459] ##STR00140##

[0460] A mixture of 4-(4,5-dichloro-2-[[2-(trimethylsilyl)ethoxy]methoxy]phenyl)pyridine-3-carbonitrile (Example 29, step a) (0.10 g, 0.25 mmol) and PtO.sub.2 (12 mg, 0.05 mmol) in MeOH (5 mL) was added aq. HCl (6 N, 0.5 mL) at room temperature. The reaction was stirred for 6.5 h at 30° C. under hydrogen atmosphere (50 atm.). The reaction mixture was filtered and the filtrate was adjusted pH to 8 with saturated aq. NaHCO.sub.3. The resulting solution was concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was purified by Prep-HPLC with the flowing conditions: Column: XSelect CSH Prep C.sub.18 OBD Column, 19×250 mm, 5 m; Mobile Phase A: Water (plus 0.05% TFA), Mobile Phase B: ACN; Flow rate: 25 mL/min; Gradient: 10% B to 25% B in 18 min; Detector: UV 254/220 nm; Retention time: RT.sub.1:14.2 min, RT.sub.2: 15.0 min; The fractions containing the desired product at 14.2 min were collected and concentrated under reduced pressure to afford Compound 47 ((3R,4S)-rel-2-[3-(aminomethyl)piperidin-4-yl]-4,5-dichlorophenol (cis isomer)) as an off-white solid (4.2 mg, 6%): LCMS (ESI) calc'd for C.sub.12H.sub.16Cl.sub.2N.sub.2O [M+H].sup.+: 275, 277 (3:2), found 275, 277 (3:2); .sup.1H NMR (300 MHz, CD.sub.3OD) δ 7.21 (s, 1H), 6.83 (s, 1H), 3.24-3.09 (m, 2H), 3.09-2.93 (m, 1H), 2.76-2.54 (m, 3H), 2.54-2.38 (m, 1H), 1.91-1.66 (m, 3H). Fractions containing the desired product at 15.0 min were collected and concentrated under reduced pressure to afford Compound 48 ((3R,4R)-rel-2-[3-(aminomethyl)piperidin-4-yl]-4,5-dichlorophenol (trans isomer)) as a brown solid (2.3 mg, 3%): LCMS (ESI) calc'd for C.sub.12H.sub.16Cl.sub.2N.sub.2O [M+H].sup.+: 275, 277 (3:2), found 275, 277 (3:2); .sup.1H NMR (300 MHz, CD.sub.3OD) δ 7.23 (s, 1H), 7.02 (s, 1H), 3.74-3.55 (m, 3H), 3.50-3.39 (m, 1H), 3.31-3.19 (m, 2H), 2.91-2.79 (m, 1H), 2.65 (dd, J=13.6, 3.2 Hz, 1H), 2.37-2.17 (m, 1H), 1.98-1.85 (m, 1H).

Example 35. Compound 49 ((3R,4R)-rel-2-(3-aminopiperidin-4-yl)-4,5-dichlorophenol) and Compound 51 ((3R,4S)-rel-2-(3-aminopiperidin-4-yl)-4,5-dichlorophenol)

[0461] ##STR00141##

Step a

[0462] To a stirred solution of 4-(4,5-dichloro-2-[[2-(trimethylsilyl)ethoxy]methoxy]phenyl)piperidine-3-carboxamide (Example 29, step c) (0.11 g, 0.26 mmol) and Et.sub.3N (53 mg, 0.53 mmol) in DCM (3 mL) was added Boc.sub.2O (84 mg, 0.39 mmol) at room temperature. The reaction was stirred for 1 h at room temperature. The reaction was diluted with water (50 mL). The aqueous solution was extracted with EA (3×50 mL). The combined organic layers were washed with brine (2×50 mL) and dried over anhydrous Na.sub.2SO.sub.4. After filtration, the filtrate was concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was purified by silica gel column chromatography, eluted with PE/EA (8/1) to afford tert-butyl 3-carbamoyl-4-(4,5-dichloro-2-[[2-(trimethylsilyl)ethoxy]methoxy]phenyl)piperidine-1-carboxylate as an off-white solid (0.11 g, 81%): LCMS (ESI) calc'd for C.sub.23H.sub.36Cl.sub.2N.sub.2O.sub.5Si [M+H].sup.+: 519, 521 (3:2), found: 519, 521 (3:2).

Step b

[0463] To a stirred mixture of tert-butyl 3-carbamoyl-4-(4,5-dichloro-2-[[2-(trimethylsilyl)ethoxy]methoxy]phenyl)piperidine-1-carboxylate (95 mg, 0.18 mmol) and KOH (46 mg, 0.82 mmol) in ACN (2 mL) and water (0.5 mL) was added 1,3-dibromo-5,5-dimethylimidazolidine-2,4-dione (29 mg, 0.10 mmol) at 0° C. The reaction was stirred at room temperature for 2 h. The resulting solution was concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was extracted with DCM/MeOH (10/1, 3×30 mL). The combined organic layers were dried over anhydrous Na.sub.2SO.sub.4 and filtered. The filtrate was concentrated under reduced pressure to afford tert-butyl 3-amino-4-(4,5-dichloro-2-[[2-(trimethylsilyl)ethoxy]methoxy]phenyl)piperidine-1-carboxylate as a light yellow solid (0.15 g, crude), which was directly used in next step without further purification: LCMS (ESI) calc'd for C.sub.22H.sub.36Cl.sub.2N.sub.2O.sub.4Si [M+H].sup.+: 491, 493 (3:2), found 491, 493 (3:2).

Step c

[0464] To a stirred mixture of tert-butyl 3-amino-4-(4,5-dichloro-2-[[2-(trimethylsilyl)ethoxy]methoxy]phenyl)piperidine-1-carboxylate (0.15 g, 0.31 mmol) in DCM (1 mL) was added TFA (1 mL) at room temperature. The reaction was stirred at room temperature for 1 h. The reaction was concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was purified by Prep-HPLC with the following conditions: Column: Sunfire Prep C.sub.18 OBD Column, 10 m, 19×250 mm; Mobile Phase A: Water (plus 0.05% TFA), Mobile Phase B: ACN; Flow rate: 20 mL/min; Gradient: 13% B to 20% B in 8 min; Detector: UV 254/220 nm; Retention time: RT.sub.1: 6.37 min; RT.sub.2: 7.05 min. The fractions containing the desired product at 6.37 min were collected and concentrated under reduced pressure to afford Compound 49 ((3R,4R)-rel-2-(3-aminopiperidin-4-yl)-4,5-dichlorophenol (trans isomer)) as a light yellow solid (5.8 mg, 23% overall two steps): LCMS (ESI) calc'd for C.sub.11H.sub.14Cl.sub.2N.sub.2O [M+H].sup.+: 261, 263 (3:2), found: 261, 263 (3:2); .sup.1H NMR (400 MHz, CD.sub.3OD) δ 7.38 (s, 1H), 7.06 (s, 1H), 4.24-3.95 (m, 1H), 3.86-3.68 (m, 1H), 3.68-3.51 (m, 1H), 3.24-3.04 (m, 2H), 2.47-2.23 (m, 1H), 2.18-1.91 (m, 2H). Fractions containing the desired product at 7.05 min were collected and concentrated under reduced pressure to afford Compound 51 ((3R,4S)-rel-2-(3-aminopiperidin-4-yl)-4,5-dichlorophenol (cis isomer)) as a light yellow solid (15.8 mg, 17% overall two steps): LCMS (ESI) calc'd for C.sub.11H.sub.14Cl.sub.2N.sub.2O [M+H].sup.+: 261, 263 (3:2), found: 261, 263 (3:2); .sup.1H NMR (400 MHz, CD.sub.3OD) δ 7.32 (s, 1H), 7.06 (s, 1H), 4.27-4.16 (m, 1H), 3.79-3.57 (m, 5H), 2.68-2.46 (m, 1H), 2.13-1.94 (m, 1H).

Example 36. Compound 52 ((3R,4S)-rel-4-(4,5-dichloro-2-hydroxyphenyl)pyrrolidine-3-carboxamide)

[0465] ##STR00142##

Step a

[0466] To a stirred mixture of methyl 4-(4,5-dichloro-2-hydroxyphenyl)pyrrolidine-3-carboxylate trans isomer (0.32 g, 1.10 mmol) and Boc.sub.2O (0.14 g, 0.66 mmol) in DCM (5 mL) was added Et.sub.3N (0.35 g, 3.42 mmol) at room temperature. The reaction was diluted with water (30 mL) at room temperature. The resulting mixture was extracted with EA (3×15 mL). The combined organic layers were washed with brine (3×30 mL) and dried over anhydrous Na.sub.2SO.sub.4. After filtration, the filtrate was concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was purified by Prep-TLC, eluted with PE/EA (4/1) to afford 1-(tert-butyl) 3-methyl 4-(4,5-dichloro-2-hydroxyphenyl)pyrrolidine-1,3-dicarboxylate trans isomer as a light yellow oil (0.18 g, 42%): LCMS (ESI) calc'd for C.sub.17H.sub.21Cl.sub.2NO.sub.5 [M+H−15].sup.+: 375, 375 (3:2), found 375, 375 (3:2).

Step b

[0467] To a stirred solution of 1-(tert-butyl) 3-methyl 4-(4,5-dichloro-2-hydroxyphenyl)pyrrolidine-1,3-dicarboxylate trans isomer (0.10 g, 0.26 mmol) in MeOH (3 mL) and water (0.5 mL) was added NaOH (21 mg, 0.51 mmol) at room temperature. The reaction was stirred at 40° C. for 1 h. The reaction acidified to pH 4 with citric acid. The mixture was diluted with water (30 mL). The aqueous solution was extracted with EA (3×20 mL). The combined organic layers were washed with brine (3×20 mL) and dried over anhydrous Na.sub.2SO.sub.4. After filtration, the filtrate was concentrated under reduced pressure to afford 1-(tert-butoxycarbonyl)-4-(4,5-dichloro-2-hydroxyphenyl)pyrrolidine-3-carboxylic acid trans isomer as an off-white solid (0.10 g, crude), which was used to next step directly without further purification: LCMS (ESI) calc'd for C.sub.16H.sub.19Cl.sub.2NO.sub.5 [M+H].sup.+: 376, 378 (3:2), found 376, 378 (3:2).

Step c

[0468] To a stirred solution of 1-(tert-butoxycarbonyl)-4-(4,5-dichloro-2-hydroxyphenyl)pyrrolidine-3-carboxylic acid (0.10 g, 0.27 mmol) and EDCI (0.10 g, 0.54 mmol) in DMF (2 mL) were added HOBT (73 mg, 0.54 mmol) and NH.sub.4Cl (71 mg, 1.35 mmol) and Et.sub.3N (0.11 g, 1.08 mmol) at room temperature. The reaction was stirred at room temperature for 1 h diluted with water (30 mL) and EA (30 mL). The isolated aqueous solution was extracted with EA (3×20 mL). The combined organic layers were washed with brine (3×20 mL) and dried over anhydrous Na.sub.2SO.sub.4. After filtration, the filtrate was concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was purified by Prep-TLC, eluted with PE/EA (1/1) to afford tert-butyl 3-carbamoyl-4-(4,5-dichloro-2-hydroxyphenyl)pyrrolidine-1-carboxylate trans isomer (61 mg, 63% overall two steps) as a light yellow oil: LCMS (ESI) calc'd for C.sub.16H.sub.20Cl.sub.2N.sub.2O.sub.4 [M+H].sup.+: 375, 377 (3:2), found 375, 377 (3:2).

Step d

[0469] To a stirred solution of tert-butyl 3-carbamoyl-4-(4,5-dichloro-2-hydroxyphenyl)pyrrolidine-1-carboxylate trans isomer (61 mg, 0.13 mmol) in DCM (2 mL) was added TFA (2 mL) at room temperature. The reaction was concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was purified by Prep-HPLC with the following conditions: Column: XBridge C.sub.18 OBD Prep Column, 100 Å, 10 μm, 19 mm×250 mm; Mobile Phase A: Water with 20 mmol/L NH.sub.4HCO.sub.3, Mobile Phase B: ACN; Flow rate: 25 mL/min; Gradient: 13% B to 26% B in 6.5 min; Detector: UV: 254/210 nm; Retention Time: 5.35 min. The fractions containing the desired product were collected and concentrated under reduced pressure to afford Compound 52 ((3R,4S)-rel-4-(4,5-dichloro-2-hydroxyphenyl)pyrrolidine-3-carboxamide (trans isomer)) as an off-white solid (18.5 mg, 42%): LCMS (ESI) calc'd for C.sub.11H.sub.12Cl.sub.2N.sub.2O.sub.2 [M+H].sup.+: 275, 277 (3:2), found 275, 277 (3:2); .sup.1H NMR (300 MHz, CD.sub.3OD) δ 7.25 (s, 1H), 6.90 (s, 1H), 3.62 (q, J=7.0 Hz, 1H), 3.52-3.41 (m, 1H), 3.41-3.34 (m, 1H), 3.22-3.07 (m, 3H).

Example 37. Compound 53 ((3R,4S)-rel-methyl 4-(4,5-dichloro-2-hydroxyphenyl)pyrrolidine-3-carboxylate)

[0470] ##STR00143##

Step a

[0471] To a stirred solution of 4,5-dichloro-2-methoxybenzaldehyde (1.00 g, 4.88 mol) in THE (30 mL) was added methyl (2-triphenylphosphoranylidene)acetate (3.26 g, 9.75 mol) at room temperature under nitrogen atmosphere. The resulting mixture was stirred for 1 h at room temperature under nitrogen atmosphere. The reaction was quenched with water (50 mL) at room temperature. The resulting mixture was extracted with EA (3×80 mL). The combined organic layers were washed with brine (2×50 mL) and dried over anhydrous Na.sub.2SO.sub.4. After filtration, the filtrate was concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was purified by silica gel column chromatography, eluted with PE/EA (5/1) to afford methyl (2E)-3-(4,5-dichloro-2-methoxyphenyl)prop-2-enoate as an off-white solid (0.88 g, 69%): LCMS (ESI) calc'd for C.sub.11H.sub.10Cl.sub.2O.sub.3 [M+H].sup.+: 261, 263 (3:2), found: 261, 263 (3:2); .sup.1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl.sub.3) δ 7.86 (d, J=16.2 Hz, 1H), 7.57 (s, 1H), 7.02 (s, 1H), 6.52 (d, J=16.1 Hz, 1H), 3.91 (s, 3H), 3.83 (s, 3H).

Step b

[0472] To a stirred solution of benzyl(methoxymethyl)[(trimethylsilyl)methyl]amine (0.87 g, 3.68 mmol) in DCM (8 mL) was added methyl (2E)-3-(4,5-dichloro-2-methoxyphenyl)prop-2-enoate (0.80 g, 3.06 mmol) at room temperature under nitrogen atmosphere. The mixture was stirred for additional 16 h at room temperature. The reaction was quenched with water (50 mL) at room temperature. The resulting mixture was extracted with DCM (3×50 mL). The combined organic layers were washed with brine (2×30 mL) and dried over anhydrous Na.sub.2SO.sub.4. After filtration, the filtrate was concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was purified by reverse phase chromatography, eluted with 65% ACN in water (plus 0.05% TFA) to afford (3R,4S)-rel-methyl 1-benzyl-4-(4,5-dichloro-2-methoxyphenyl)pyrrolidine-3-carboxylate (trans isomer) as a colorless oil (1.08 g, 89%): LCMS (ESI) calc'd for C.sub.20H.sub.21Cl.sub.2NO.sub.3 [M+H].sup.+: 394, 396 (3:2), found 394, 396 (3:2); .sup.1H NMR (300 MHz, CD.sub.3OD) δ 7.61-7.43 (m, 6H), 7.22 (s, 1H), 4.49 (s, 2H), 3.93-3.78 (m, 4H), 3.78-3.71 (m, 2H), 3.71-59 (m, 4H), 3.58-3.46 (m, 2H).

Step c

[0473] To a stirred solution of 1-benzyl-4-(4,5-dichloro-2-methoxyphenyl)pyrrolidine-3-carboxylate trans isomer (1.00 g, 2.54 mmol) in toluene (10 mL) was added 1-chloroethyl chloroformate (0.73 g, 5.07 mmol) at room temperature under nitrogen atmosphere. The resulting mixture was stirred for 5 h at 100° C. under nitrogen atmosphere. The resulting mixture was quenched with MeOH (3 mL) at room temperature. The resulting mixture was concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was purified by reverse phase chromatography, eluted with 65% ACN in water (plus 0.05% TFA) to afford methyl 4-(4,5-dichloro-2-methoxyphenyl)pyrrolidine-3-carboxylate trans isomer as a colorless oil (0.70 g, 66%): LCMS (ESI) calc'd for C.sub.13H.sub.15Cl.sub.2NO.sub.3 [M+H].sup.+: 304, 306 (3:2), found 304, 306 (3:2); .sup.1H NMR (300 MHz, CD.sub.3OD) δ 7.43 (s, 1H), 7.09 (s, 1H), 3.92-3.71 (m, 4H), 3.71-3.57 (m, 4H), 3.18-3.06 (m, 1H), 3.05-2.89 (m, 3H).

Step d

[0474] To a stirred solution of methyl 4-(4,5-dichloro-2-methoxyphenyl)pyrrolidine-3-carboxylate trans isomer (0.80 g, 1.91 mmol) in DCM (5 mL) was added BBr.sub.3 (3.85 g, 15.35 mmol) at room temperature. The resulting mixture was stirred for 2 h at room temperature. The reaction was quenched with water (3 mL) at room temperature. The resulting mixture was concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was purified by reverse phase chromatography, eluted with 50% ACN in water (plus 0.05% TFA) to afford Compound 53 ((3R,4S)-rel-methyl 4-(4,5-dichloro-2-hydroxyphenyl)pyrrolidine-3-carboxylate (trans isomer)) as an off-white solid (0.50 g, 65%): LCMS (ESI) calc'd for C.sub.12H.sub.13Cl.sub.2NO.sub.3 [M+H].sup.+: 290, 292 (3:2), found 290, 292 (3:2); .sup.1H NMR (400 MHz, D.sub.2O) δ 7.36 (s, 1H), 7.03 (s, 1H), 3.84-3.72 (m, 2H), 3.72-3.63 (m, 2H), 3.62 (s, 3H), 3.61-3.46 (m, 2H).

Example 38. Compound 54 (2,3,4-trichloro-6-(piperidin-4-yl)phenol)

[0475] ##STR00144##

Step a

[0476] To a mixture of 1-bromo-3,4,5-trichloro-2-methoxybenzene (0.20 g, 0.69 mmol), tert-butyl 4-(4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-1,3,2-dioxaborolan-2-yl)-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine-1-carboxylate (0.24 g, 0.78 mmol) and Na.sub.2CO.sub.3 (0.22 g, 2.08 mmol) in water (1 mL) and 1,4-dioxane (5 mL) was added Pd(PPh.sub.3).sub.4 (20 mg, 0.02 mmol) at room temperature under nitrogen atmosphere. The mixture was stirred 80° C. for 3 h under nitrogen atmosphere. The reaction mixture was poured into water (50 mL) and extracted with EA (3×50 mL). The combined organic layers were washed with brine (2×50 mL) and dried over anhydrous Na.sub.2SO.sub.4. After filtration, the filtrate was concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was purified by silica gel column chromatography, eluted with PE/EA (8/1) to afford to afford tert-butyl 4-(3,4,5-trichloro-2-methoxyphenyl)-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine-1-carboxylate as a light oil (0.20 g, 73%): LCMS (ESI) calc'd for C.sub.17H.sub.20Cl.sub.3NO.sub.3 [M+H−15].sup.+: 377, 379, 381 (3:3:1), found 377, 379, 381 (3:3:1); .sup.1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl.sub.3) δ 7.22 (s, 1H), 5.88 (s, 1H), 4.09-4.04 (m, 2H), 3.75 (s, 3H), 3.60 (t, J=5.6 Hz, 2H), 2.50-2.43 (m, 2H), 1.50 (s, 9H).

Step b

[0477] To a solution of tert-butyl 4-(3,4,5-trichloro-2-methoxyphenyl)-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine-1-carboxylate (0.10 g, 0.25 mmol) in MeOH (4 mL) was added PtO.sub.2 (50 mg, 0.22 mmol) at room temperature. The reaction mixture was stirred at room temperature under hydrogen atmosphere (1.5 atm) for 3 h. The mixture was filtered and the filtrate was concentrated under reduced pressure to afford tert-butyl 4-(3,4,5-trichloro-2-methoxyphenyl)piperidine-1-carboxylate as a colorless oil (87 mg, 78%): LCMS (ESI) calc'd for C.sub.17H.sub.22Cl.sub.3NO.sub.3 [M+H−15].sup.+: 379, 381, 383 (3:3:1), found 379, 381, 383 (3:3:1).

Step c

[0478] To a stirred solution of tert-butyl 4-(3,4,5-trichloro-2-methoxyphenyl)piperidine-1-carboxylate (80 mg, 0.20 mmol) in DCM (0.5 mL) was added BBr.sub.3 (0.40 g, 1.60 mmol) at room temperature. The reaction was stirred at room temperature for 1 h. The reaction was quenched with water (1 mL) and the mixture was adjusted pH to 7-8 with saturated aq. NaHCO.sub.3. The mixture was concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was purified by Prep-HPLC with the following conditions: Column: XBridge C.sub.18 OBD Prep Column 100 Å, 10 μm, 19 mm×250 mm; Mobile Phase A: water with 20 mmol/L NH.sub.4HCO.sub.3, Mobile Phase B: ACN; Flow rate: 25 mL/min; Gradient: 16% B to 52% B in 7 min; Detector: UV 254/220 nm; Retention time: 6.58 min. The fractions containing the desired product were collected and concentrated under reduced pressure to afford Compound 54 (2,3,4-trichloro-6-(piperidin-4-yl)phenol) as an off-white solid (25 mg, 42%): LCMS (ESI) calc'd for C.sub.11H.sub.12Cl.sub.3NO [M+H].sup.+: 280, 282, 284 (3:3:1), found 280, 282, 284 (3:3:1); .sup.1H NMR (300 MHz, CD.sub.3OD) δ 6.98 (s, 1H), 3.43-3.33 (m, 1H), 3.10-2.95 (m, 3H), 2.03-1.92 (m, 3H), 1.80-1.65 (m, 2H).

Example 39. Compound 55 (3,4-dichloro-2-(piperidin-4-yl)phenol)

[0479] ##STR00145##

Step a

[0480] To a mixture of Intermediate 1 (0.30 g, 1.17 mmol) and tert-butyl 4-(4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-1,3,2-dioxaborolan-2-yl)-3,6-dihydropyridine-1(2H)-carboxylate (0.44 g, 1.41 mmol) and Na.sub.2CO.sub.3 (0.38 g, 3.54 mmol) in water (1 mL) and 1,4-dioxane (5 mL) was added Pd(dppf)Cl.sub.2.CH.sub.2Cl.sub.2 (20 mg, 0.02 mmol) at room temperature under nitrogen atmosphere. The mixture was stirred 80° C. for 3 h under nitrogen atmosphere. After cooling to room temperature, the reaction mixture was poured into water (50 mL) and extracted with EA (3×50 mL). The combined organic layers were washed with brine (2×50 mL) and dried over anhydrous Na.sub.2SO.sub.4. After filtration, the filtrate was concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was purified by silica gel column chromatography, eluted with PE/EA (8/1) to afford to afford tert-butyl 4-(2,3-dichloro-6-methoxyphenyl)-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine-1-carboxylate as a light solid (0.38 g, 81%): LCMS (ESI) calc'd for C.sub.17H.sub.21Cl.sub.2NO.sub.3 [M+H−15].sup.+: 343, 345 (3:2), found 343, 345 (3:2).

Step b

[0481] To a stirred solution of tert-butyl 4-(2,3-dichloro-6-methoxyphenyl)-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine-1-carboxylate (0.20 g, 0.56 mmol) in MeOH (4 mL) was added PtO.sub.2 (50 mg, 0.22 mmol) at room temperature. The reaction mixture was stirred at room temperature under hydrogen atmosphere (1.5 atm) for 2 h. The mixture was filtered and the filtrate was concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was purified by Prep-TLC, eluted with DCM/MeOH (40/1) to afford tert-butyl 4-(2,3-dichloro-6-methoxyphenyl)piperidine-1-carboxylate as a yellow solid (95 mg, 38%): LCMS (ESI) calc'd for C.sub.17H.sub.23Cl.sub.2NO.sub.3 [M+H−15].sup.+: 345, 347 (3:2), found 345, 347 (3:2);

Step c

[0482] To a stirred solution of tert-butyl 4-(2,3-dichloro-6-methoxyphenyl)piperidine-1-carboxylate (94 mg, 0.26 mmol) in DCM (1 mL) was added BBr.sub.3 (0.52 g, 2.08 mmol) at room temperature. The reaction was stirred at room temperature for 1 h. The reaction was quenched with water (1 mL) and the mixture was adjusted pH to 7-8 with saturated aq. NaHCO.sub.3. The mixture was concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was purified by Prep-HPLC with the following conditions: Column: XBridge C.sub.18 OBD Prep Column 100 Å, 10 μm, 19 mm×250 mm; Mobile Phase A: water (plus 0.05% TFA), Mobile Phase B: ACN; Flow rate: 25 mL/min; Gradient: 5% B to 60% B in 9 min; Detector: UV 254/210 nm; Retention time: 7.83 min. The fractions containing the desired product were collected and concentrated under reduced pressure to afford Compound 55 (3,4-dichloro-2-(piperidin-4-yl)phenol) as an off-white solid (16 mg, 27%): LCMS (ESI) calc'd for C.sub.11H.sub.13Cl.sub.2NO [M+H].sup.+: 246, 248 (3:2), found 246, 248 (3:2); .sup.1H NMR (300 MHz, CD.sub.3OD) δ 7.24 (d, J=8.8 Hz, 1H), 6.75 (d, J=8.8 Hz, 1H), 3.71 (t, J=12.5 Hz, 1H), 3.49 (d, J=12.5 Hz, 2H), 3.17-3.06 (m, 2H), 2.89-2.73 (m, 2H), 1.82 (d, J=14.2 Hz, 2H).

Example 40. Compound 57 (3,5-dichloro-2-(piperidin-4-yl)phenol)

[0483] ##STR00146##

Step a

[0484] To a stirred solution of 3,5-dichlorophenol (2.50 g, 15.34 mmol) in THE (20 mL) was slowly added NaH (1.23 g, 30.75 mmol, 60%) at 0° C. under nitrogen atmosphere. The reaction mixture was warmed to room temperature and stirred for 20 min. After cooling to 0° C., 12 (3.89 g, 15.33 mmol) was added, and then the reaction mixture was stirred at room temperature for 3 h. The reaction was quenched with saturated aq. Na.sub.2S.sub.2O.sub.3(20 mL) at 0° C. The mixture was acidified to pH 7 with aq. HCl (5 mL, 2 N). The resulting mixture was extracted with EA (3×50 mL). The combined organic layers were washed with brine (2×50 mL) and dried over anhydrous Na.sub.2SO.sub.4. After filtration, the filtrate was concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was purified by Prep-HPLC with the following conditions: Column: XBridge C.sub.18 OBD Prep Column 100 Å, 10 m, 19 mm×250 mm; Mobile Phase A: water (plus 0.05% TFA), Mobile Phase B: ACN; Flow rate: 25 mL/min; Gradient: 60% B to 90% B in 6.5 min; Detector: UV: 254/210 nm; Retention time: 4.68 min. The fractions containing the desired product were collected and concentrated under reduced pressure to afford 3,5-dichloro-2-iodophenol as a yellow solid (0.50 g, 11%): LCMS (ESI) calc'd for C.sub.6H.sub.3C.sub.12IO [M−H].sup.+: 287, 289 (3:2), found 287, 289 (3:2); .sup.1H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl.sub.3) δ 7.10 (d, J=2.3 Hz, 1H), 6.94 (d, J=2.3 Hz, 1H).

Step b

[0485] To a stirred mixture of 3,5-dichloro-2-iodophenol (0.46 g, 1.59 mmol) and K.sub.2CO.sub.3 (0.66 g, 4.78 mmol) in DMF (5 mL) was added MeI (0.45 g, 3.18 mmol) at room temperature. The resulting mixture was stirred for 1 h at room temperature. The reaction was diluted with EA (30 mL) and water (30 mL). The aqueous solution was extracted with EA (3×30 mL). The combined organic layers were washed with brine (2×30 mL) and dried over anhydrous Na.sub.2SO.sub.4. After filtration, the filtrate was concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was purified by silica gel column chromatography, eluted with PE/EA (15/1) to afford 1,5-dichloro-2-iodo-3-methoxybenzene as a yellow solid (0.43 g, 80%): .sup.1H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl.sub.3) δ 7.14 (d, J=2.1 Hz, 1H), 6.69 (d, J=2.1 Hz, 1H), 3.90 (s, 3H).

Step c

[0486] To a stirred mixture of 1,5-dichloro-2-iodo-3-methoxybenzene (0.43 g, 1.43 mmol), Pd(dppf)Cl.sub.2 (0.10 g, 0.14 mmol) and Na.sub.2CO.sub.3 (0.45 g, 4.28 mmol) in 1,4-dioxane (4 mL) and H.sub.2O (1 mL) was added tert-butyl 4-(4-amino-4,5,5-trimethyl-1,3,2-dioxaborolan-2-yl)-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine-1-carboxylate (0.66 g, 2.14 mmol) at room temperature under argon atmosphere. The resulting mixture was stirred for 2 h at 80° C. under argon atmosphere. The reaction mixture was poured into water (30 mL) and extracted with EA (3×30 mL). The combined organic layers were washed with brine (2×30 mL) and dried over anhydrous Na.sub.2SO.sub.4. After filtration, the filtrate was concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was purified by Prep-TLC, eluted with PE/EA (5/1) to afford tert-butyl 4-(2,4-dichloro-6-methoxyphenyl)-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine-1-carboxylate as a yellow solid (0.25 g, 44%): LCMS (ESI) calc'd for C.sub.17H.sub.21Cl.sub.2NO.sub.3 [M+H−15].sup.+: 343, 345 (3:2), found: 343, 345 (3:2); .sup.1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl.sub.3) δ 7.05 (d, J=1.9 Hz, 1H), 6.79 (d, J=1.9 Hz, 1H), 5.56 (s, 1H), 4.09-4.02 (m, 2H), 4.00-3.94 (m, 1H), 3.67-3.59 (m, 2H), 3.46 (t, J=5.6 Hz, 1H), 2.31-2.21 (m, 3H), 1.52 (s, 9H).

Step d

[0487] To a solution of tert-butyl 4-(2,4-dichloro-6-methoxyphenyl)-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine-1-carboxylate (0.32 g, 0.89 mmol) in MeOH (4 mL) was added PtO.sub.2 (32 mg, 0.14 mmol) at room temperature. The reaction mixture was stirred at room temperature under hydrogen atmosphere (1.5 atm) for 2 h. The mixture was filtered and the filtrate was concentrated under reduced pressure to afford tert-butyl 4-(2,4-dichloro-6-methoxyphenyl)piperidine-1-carboxylate as a colorless oil (0.32 g, crude), which was used to next step directly without further purification: LCMS (ESI) calc'd for C.sub.17H.sub.23Cl.sub.2NO.sub.3 [M+H].sup.+: 345, 347 (3:2), found 345, 347 (3:2);

Step e

[0488] To a stirred solution of tert-butyl 4-(2,4-dichloro-6-methoxyphenyl)piperidine-1-carboxylate (0.32 g, 0.89 mmol) in DCM (4 mL) was added BBr.sub.3 (1.78 g, 7.11 mmol) at room temperature. The reaction was stirred at room temperature for 2 h. The reaction was quenched with water (1 mL) and the mixture was adjusted pH to 7-8 with saturated aq. NaHCO.sub.3. The mixture was concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was purified by Prep-HPLC with the following conditions: Column: XBridge C.sub.18 OBD Prep Column 100 Å, 10 μm, 19 mm×250 mm; Mobile Phase A: Water with 10 mmol/L NH.sub.4HCO.sub.3, Mobile Phase B: ACN; Flow rate: 25 mL/min; Gradient: 20% B to 70% B in 6.5 min; Detector: UV 254/210 nm; Retention time: 4.63 min. The fractions containing the desired product were collected and concentrated under reduced pressure to afford Compound 57 (3,5-dichloro-2-(piperidin-4-yl)phenol) as an off-white solid. (105.4 mg, 46%): LCMS (ESI) calc'd for C.sub.11H.sub.13Cl.sub.2NO [M+H].sup.+: 246, 248 (3:2), found 246, 248 (3:2); .sup.1H NMR (300 MHz, CD.sub.3OD) δ 6.76 (d, J=2.1 Hz, 1H), 6.68 (d, J=2.2 Hz, 1H), 3.47 (t, J=11.7 Hz, 1H), 3.26-3.18 (m, 2H), 2.86-2.72 (m, 2H), 2.67-2.50 (m, 2H), 1.57 (d, J=12.8 Hz, 2H).

Example 41. Compound 56 (3R,4R)-rel-4-(4,5-dichloro-2-hydroxyphenyl)piperidine-3-carboxamide isomer 1) and Compound 58 (3R,4R)-rel-4-(4,5-dichloro-2-hydroxyphenyl)piperidine-3-carboxamide isomer 2)

[0489] ##STR00147##

[0490] The absolute configurations for Compounds 56 and 58 were arbitrarily assigned.

Step a

[0491] 4-(4,5-dichloro-2-hydroxyphenyl)piperidine-3-carboxamide cis isomer (Compound 42, Example 29) (0.10 g, 0.34 mmol) was separated by Prep Chiral HPLC with the following conditions: Column: Chiralpak IG, 20×250 mm, 5 m; Mobile Phase A: Hex (plus 0.2% IPA), Mobile Phase B: EtOH; Flow rate: 20 mL/min; Gradient: 30% B to 30% B in 13 min; Detector: UV 254/220 nm; Retention time: RT.sub.1: 7.19 min; RT.sub.2: 11.84 min; Injection Volume: 1.5 mL; Number Of Runs: 4. The faster-eluting enantiomer Compound 56 ((3R,4R)-rel-4-(4,5-dichloro-2-hydroxyphenyl)piperidine-3-carboxamide isomer 1) at 7.19 min was obtained as an off-white solid (30 mg, 30%): LCMS (ESI) calc'd for C.sub.12H.sub.14Cl.sub.2N.sub.2O.sub.2 [M+H].sup.+: 289, 291 (3:2), found 289, 291 (3:2); .sup.1H NMR (300 MHz, DMSO-d.sub.6) δ 7.61 (s, 1H), 7.11 (s, 1H), 6.97 (s, 1H), 6.81 (s, 1H), 3.22-3.07 (m, 3H), 2.85-2.70 (m, 1H), 2.68-2.53 (m, 2H), 2.39-2.21 (m, 1H), 1.38 (d, J=12.6 Hz, 1H). The slower-eluting Compound 58 ((3R,4R)-rel-4-(4,5-dichloro-2-hydroxyphenyl)piperidine-3-carboxamide isomer 2) at 11.84 min was obtained as an off-white solid (30 mg, 30%): LCMS (ESI) calc'd for C.sub.12H.sub.14Cl.sub.2N.sub.2O.sub.2 [M+H].sup.+: 289, 291 (3:2), found 289, 291 (3:2); .sup.1H NMR (300 MHz, DMSO-d.sub.6) δ 7.64 (d, J=3.4 Hz, 1H), 7.11 (s, 1H), 6.95 (s, 1H), 6.77 (s, 1H), 3.21-3.00 (m, 3H), 2.76 (dd, J=12.8, 3.5 Hz, 1H), 2.65-2.53 (m, 2H), 2.37-2.14 (m, 1H), 1.46-1.27 (m, 1H).

Example 42. Compound 60 (4-(2,3,4-trichloro-6-hydroxyphenyl)piperidine-1-carboxamide)

[0492] ##STR00148##

Step a

[0493] To a mixture of tert-butyl 4-(2,3,4-trichloro-6-methoxyphenyl)piperidine-1-carboxylate (Example 31, step e) (0.17 g, 0.43 mmol) in DCM (2 mL) was added TFA (1 mL) at room temperature. The reaction was stirred at room temperature for 1 h. The reaction was concentrated under reduced pressure to afford 4-(2,3,4-trichloro-6-methoxyphenyl)piperidine as a light yellow solid (0.17 g, crude), which was used to next step directly without further purification: LCMS (ESI) calc'd for C.sub.12H.sub.14Cl.sub.3NO [M+H].sup.+: 294, 296, 298 (3:3:1), found 294, 296, 298 (3:3:1); .sup.1H NMR (300 MHz, CD.sub.3OD) δ 7.18 (s, 1H), 3.87 (s, 3H), 3.29-3.19 (m, 1H), 2.92-2.77 (m, 2H), 2.58-2.38 (m, 2H), 1.68-1.56 (m, 2H), 0.99-0.83 (m, 2H).

Step b

[0494] To a stirred mixture of 4-(2,3,4-trichloro-6-methoxyphenyl)piperidine (0.17 g, 0.42 mmol) and Et.sub.3N (84 mg, 0.83 mmol) in DCM (3 mL) was added TMSNCO (72 mg, 0.62 mmol) at room temperature. The reaction mixture was stirred at room temperature for 2 h. The reaction was diluted with EA (30 mL) and water (30 mL). The aqueous solution was extracted with EA (3×30 mL). The combined organic layers were washed with brine (2×30 mL) and dried over anhydrous Na.sub.2SO.sub.4. After filtration, the filtrate was concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was purified by silica gel column chromatography, eluted with PE/EA (5/1) to afford 4-(2,3,4-trichloro-6-methoxyphenyl)piperidine-1-carboxamide as an off-white solid (80 mg, 57% overall two steps): LCMS (ESI) calc'd for C.sub.13H.sub.15C.sub.13N.sub.2O.sub.2 [M+H].sup.+: 337, 339, 341 (3:3:1), found 337, 339, 341 (3:3:1); .sup.1H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl.sub.3) δ 6.91 (s, 1H), 4.22-3.98 (m, 1H), 3.81 (s, 3H), 3.62-3.43 (m, 2H), 3.04-2.80 (m, 1H), 2.48-2.19 (m, 2H), 1.69-1.50 (m, 2H), 1.37-1.16 (m, 1H).

Step c

[0495] To a stirred solution of 4-(2,3,4-trichloro-6-methoxyphenyl)piperidine-1-carboxamide (80 mg, 0.24 mmol) in DCM (1 mL) was added BBr.sub.3 (0.35 g, 1.43 mmol) at room temperature. The reaction was stirred at room temperature for 1 h. The reaction was quenched with water (1 mL) and the mixture was adjusted pH to 7-8 with saturated aq. NaHCO.sub.3. The mixture was concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was purified by Prep-HPLC with the following conditions: Column: XBridge C.sub.18 OBD Prep Column 100 Å, 10 μm, 19 mm×250 mm; Mobile Phase A: Water with 20 mmol/L NH.sub.4HCO.sub.3, Mobile Phase B: ACN; Flow rate: 25 mL/min; Gradient: 40% B to 55% B in 7 min; Detector: UV 254/210 nm; Retention time: 6.27 min. The fractions containing the desired product were collected and concentrated under reduced pressure to afford Compound 60 (4-(2,3,4-trichloro-6-hydroxyphenyl)piperidine-1-carboxamide) as an off-white solid (37 mg, 46%): LCMS (ESI) calc'd for C.sub.12H.sub.13C.sub.13N.sub.2O.sub.2 [M+H].sup.+: 323, 325, 327 (3:3:1), found 323, 325, 327 (3:3:1); .sup.1H NMR (300 MHz, CD.sub.3OD) δ 6.91 (s, 1H), 4.14 (d, J=13.4 Hz, 2H), 3.65-3.43 (m, 1H), 3.02-2.74 (m, 2H), 2.58-2.28 (m, 2H), 1.54 (d, J=13.0 Hz, 2H).

Example 43. Compound 61 ((2R,4S)-rel-4-(2,3,4-trichloro-6-hydroxyphenyl)piperidine-2-carboxamide cis isomer)

[0496] ##STR00149##

Step a

[0497] To a solution of 2-bromo-3,4,5-trichlorophenol (Example 31, step b) (1.50 g, 5.43 mmol) and 4-(4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-1,3,2-dioxaborolan-2-yl)pyridine-2-carbonitrile (1.50 g, 6.52 mmol) in 1,4-dioxane (10 mL) and water (2 mL) were added Na.sub.2CO.sub.3 (1.70 g, 16.28 mmol) and Pd(dppf)Cl.sub.2.CH.sub.2Cl.sub.2 (0.45 g, 0.54 mmol) at room temperature under nitrogen atmosphere. The reaction mixture was stirred for 3 h at 80° C. under nitrogen atmosphere. The reaction mixture was allowed to cool to room temperature and diluted with water (50 mL) and extracted with EA (3×50 mL). The combined organic layers were washed with brine (2×40 mL) and dried over anhydrous Na.sub.2SO.sub.4. After filtration, the filtrate was concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was purified by silica gel column chromatography, eluted with PE/EA (3/1) to afford 4-(2,3,4-trichloro-6-hydroxyphenyl)pyridine-2-carbonitrile as a light yellow solid (1.40 g, 69%): LCMS (ESI) calc'd for C.sub.12H.sub.5C.sub.13N.sub.2O [M+H].sup.+: 299, 301, 303 (3:3:1), found 299, 301, 303 (3:3:1); .sup.1H NMR (400 MHz, CD.sub.3OD) δ 8.79 (dd, J=5.0, 0.9 Hz, 1H), 7.88 (dd, J=1.6, 0.9 Hz, 1H), 7.65 (dd, J=5.1, 1.6 Hz, 1H), 7.11 (s, 1H).

Step b

[0498] To a stirred solution of 4-(2,3,4-trichloro-6-hydroxyphenyl)pyridine-2-carbonitrile (0.90 g, 3.00 mmol) in MeOH (10 mL) were added a solution of NaOH (1.20 g, 30.05 mmol) in water (3 mL) and H.sub.2O.sub.2 (1.02 g, 30.05 mmol, 30%) dropwise at room temperature. The reaction was stirred for 1 h at room temperature. The reaction mixture was quenched with saturated aq. Na.sub.2S.sub.2O.sub.3 (30 mL) and extracted with EA (3×30 mL). The combined organic layers were washed with brine (2×20 mL) and dried over anhydrous Na.sub.2SO.sub.4. After filtration, the filtrate was concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was purified by silica gel column chromatography, eluted with DCM/MeOH (10/1) to afford 4-(2,3,4-trichloro-6-hydroxyphenyl)pyridine-2-carboxamide as an off-white solid (0.79 g, 66%): LCMS (ESI) calc'd for C.sub.12H.sub.7C.sub.13N.sub.2O.sub.2 [M+H].sup.+: 317, 319, 321 (3:3:1), found 317, 319, 321 (3:3:1); .sup.1H NMR (400 MHz, CD.sub.3OD) δ 8.72 (dd, J=4.9, 0.9 Hz, 1H), 8.03 (dd, J=1.7, 0.8 Hz, 1H), 7.50 (dd, J=5.0, 1.7 Hz, 1H), 7.12 (s, 1H).

Step c

[0499] To a stirred mixture of 4-(2,3,4-trichloro-6-hydroxyphenyl)pyridine-2-carboxamide (0.30 g, 0.95 mmol) in MeOH (5 mL) was added aq. HCl (6 N, 0.5 mL) at room temperature. The reaction was stirred for 5 h at 30° C. under hydrogen (50 atm) atmosphere. The reaction mixture was filtered and the filtrate was adjusted to pH 8 with saturated aq. NaHCO.sub.3. The resulting solution was concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was purified by Prep-HPLC with following conditions: Column: XBridge C.sub.18 OBD Prep Column 100 Å, 10 μm, 19 mm×250 mm; Mobile Phase A: Water with 20 mmol/L NH.sub.4HCO.sub.3, Mobile Phase B: ACN; Flow rate: 25 mL/min; Gradient: 25% B to 58% B in 6 min; Detector: UV 254/210 nm; Retention time: 5.87 min. The fractions containing the desired product were collected and concentrated under reduced pressure to afford Compound 61 ((2R,4S)-rel-4-(2,3,4-trichloro-6-hydroxyphenyl)piperidine-2-carboxamide (cis isomer)) as an off-white solid (0.15 g, 47%): LCMS (ESI) calc'd for C.sub.12H.sub.13C.sub.13N.sub.2O.sub.2 [M+H].sup.+: 323, 325, 327 (3:3:1), found 323, 325, 327 (3:3:1); .sup.1H NMR (400 MHz, CD.sub.3OD) δ 6.91 (s, 1H), 3.67-3.52 (m, 1H), 3.44-3.35 (m, 1H), 3.29-3.22 (m, 1H), 2.84-2.73 (m, 1H), 2.53-2.38 (m, 2H), 1.90-1.81 (m, 1H), 1.58-1.50 (m, 1H).

Example 44. Compound 62 (4,5-dichloro-2-[3-(1H-1,2,3-triazol-1-yl)piperidin-4-yl]phenol)

[0500] ##STR00150## ##STR00151##

Step a

[0501] To a stirred solution of tert-butyl 4-(4,5-dichloro-2-[[2-(trimethylsilyl)ethoxy]methoxy]phenyl)-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine-1-carboxylate (Example 16, step a) (6.00 g, 12.65 mmol) in THE (50 mL) was added BH.sub.3.THF (42.9 mL, 42.90 mmol, 1 M in THF) dropwise at 0° C. under nitrogen atmosphere. The solution was stirred at room temperature for 3 h. Then H.sub.2O.sub.2 (3.2 mL, 137.35 mmol, 30%) and NaOH (2.50 g, 62.50 mmol) in H.sub.2O (10 mL) were added dropwise at 0° C. The resulting solution was stirred at room temperature for 16 h. The reaction was quenched with saturated aq. Na.sub.2SO.sub.3 (50 mL) at 0° C. The resulting mixture was extracted with EA (3×100 mL). The combined organic layers were washed with brine (3×50 mL) and dried over anhydrous Na.sub.2SO.sub.4. After filtration, the filtrate was concentrated under reduced pressure to afford tert-butyl 4-(4,5-dichloro-2-hydroxyphenyl)-3-hydroxypiperidine-1-carboxylate as a light yellow solid (5.60 g, crude), which was directly used in next step without further purification: LCMS (ESI) calc'd for C.sub.16H.sub.21Cl.sub.2NO.sub.4 [M+H−56].sup.+: 306, 308 (3:2), found 306, 308 (3:2); .sup.1H NMR (300 MHz, CD.sub.3OD) δ 7.25 (s, 1H), 6.91 (s, 1H), 4.35-4.26 (m, 1H), 4.16-4.04 (m, 1H), 3.86-3.73 (m, 1H), 3.01-2.88 (m, 1H), 2.89-2.52 (m, 2H), 1.85-1.74 (m, 1H), 1.74-1.56 (m, 1H), 1.50 (s, 9H).

Step b

[0502] To a stirred solution of tert-butyl 4-(4,5-dichloro-2-hydroxyphenyl)-3-hydroxypiperidine-1-carboxylate (5.60 g, 15.46 mmol) in DMF (10 mL) were added K.sub.2CO.sub.3 (4.29 g, 31.04 mmol) and PMBCl (2.71 g, 17.30 mmol) at room temperature. The reaction was stirred at 50° C. for 16 h. After cooling to room temperature, the reaction was diluted with water (50 mL) at room temperature. The resulting mixture was extracted with EA (3×50 mL). The combined organic layers were washed with brine (3×30 mL) and dried over anhydrous Na.sub.2SO.sub.4. After filtration, the filtrate was concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was purified by silica gel column chromatography, eluted with PE/EA (3/1) to afford tert-butyl 4-[4,5-dichloro-2-[(4-methoxyphenyl)methoxy]phenyl]-3-hydroxy piperidine-1-carboxylate as an off-white solid (4.20 g, 70% overall two steps): LCMS (ESI) calc'd for C.sub.24H.sub.29Cl.sub.2NO.sub.5 [M+Na].sup.+: 504, 506 (3:2), found 504, 506 (3:2); .sup.1H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl.sub.3) δ 7.37-7.29 (m, 2H), 7.07 (s, 1H), 6.98-6.89 (m, 3H), 4.65 (s, 2H), 4.45-4.34 (m, 1H), 4.26-4.04 (m, 1H), 3.84 (s, 3H), 3.78-3.65 (m, 1H), 3.13-2.96 (m, 1H), 2.78-2.53 (m, 2H), 1.82-1.54 (m, 2H), 1.49 (s, 9H).

Step c

[0503] To a stirred solution of tert-butyl 4-[4,5-dichloro-2-[(4-methoxyphenyl)methoxy]phenyl]-3-hydroxypiperidine-1-carboxylate (0.50 g, 1.04 mmol) in DCM (10 mL) were added TEA (0.21 g, 2.07 mmol), DMAP (13 mg, 0.10 mmol) and MsCl (0.24 g, 2.07 mmol) at room temperature. The resulting mixture was stirred for 2 h at room temperature under nitrogen atmosphere. The reaction was diluted with water (30 mL) at room temperature. The resulting mixture was extracted with EA (3×30 mL). The combined organic layers were washed with brine (2×20 mL) and dried over anhydrous Na.sub.2SO.sub.4. After filtration, the filtrate was concentrated under reduced pressure to afford tert-butyl 4-[4,5-dichloro-2-[(4-methoxyphenyl)methoxy]phenyl]-3-(methanesulfonyloxy)piperidine-1-carboxylate as a yellow oil (0.55 g, crude), which was used in the next step directly without further purification: LCMS (ESI) calc'd for C.sub.25H.sub.31Cl.sub.2NO.sub.7S [M+Na].sup.+: 582, 584 (3:2), found 582, 584 (3:2).

Step d

[0504] To a stirred solution of tert-butyl 4-[4,5-dichloro-2-[(4-methoxyphenyl)methoxy]phenyl]-3-(methanesulfonyloxy)piperidine-1-carboxylate (0.55 g, 0.98 mmol) in DMF (50 mL) was added NaN.sub.3 (0.13 g, 1.96 mmol) at room temperature under nitrogen atmosphere. The resulting mixture was stirred for 16 h at 80° C. under nitrogen atmosphere. The mixture was allowed to cool down to room temperature and quenched with saturated aq. NaHCO.sub.3(50 mL) at room temperature. The resulting mixture was extracted with EA (3×50 mL). The combined organic layers were washed with brine (2×30 mL) and dried over anhydrous Na.sub.2SO.sub.4. After filtration, the filtrate was concentrated under reduced pressure to afford tert-butyl 3-azido-4-[4,5-dichloro-2-[(4-methoxyphenyl)methoxy]phenyl]piperidine-1-carboxylate as a yellow oil (0.45 g, crude), which was used in the next step directly without further purification: LCMS (ESI) calc'd for C.sub.24H.sub.28Cl.sub.2N.sub.4O.sub.4 [M+Na].sup.+: 529, 531 (3:2), found 529, 531 (3:2).

Step e

[0505] A mixture of tert-butyl 3-azido-4-[4,5-dichloro-2-[(4-methoxyphenyl)methoxy]phenyl]piperidine-1-carboxylate (0.45 g, 0.890 mmol) in ethynyltrimethylsilane (3 mL) was irradiated with microwave radiation for 2 h at 120° C. After cooling to room temperature, the reaction was diluted with water (30 mL) at room temperature. The resulting mixture was extracted with EA (3×30 mL). The combined organic layers were washed with brine (2×20 mL) and dried over anhydrous Na.sub.2SO.sub.4. After filtration, the filtrate was concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was purified by silica gel column chromatography, eluted with PE/EA (1/1) to afford tert-butyl 4-[4,5-dichloro-2-[(4-methoxyphenyl)methoxy]phenyl]-3-(1H-1,2,3-triazol-1-yl)piperidine-1-carboxylate as an off-white foam (0.25 g, 40% overall three steps): LCMS (ESI) calc'd for C.sub.29H.sub.38Cl.sub.2N.sub.4O.sub.4Si [M+H].sup.+: 605, 607 (3:2), found 605, 607 (3:2).

Step f

[0506] To a stirred solution of tert-butyl 4-[4,5-dichloro-2-[(4-methoxyphenyl)methoxy]phenyl]-3-[4-(trimethylsilyl)-1H-1,2,3-triazol-1-yl]piperidine-1-carboxylate (0.25 g, 0.41 mmol) in THE (5 mL) was added TBAF (0.54 g, 2.06 mmol) at room temperature. The resulting mixture was stirred for 16 h at room temperature. The reaction was quenched with the addition of water (30 mL) at room temperature. The resulting mixture was extracted with EA (3×30 mL). The combined organic layers were washed with brine (2×20 mL) and dried over anhydrous Na.sub.2SO.sub.4. After filtration, the filtrate was concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was purified by silica gel column chromatography, eluted with PE/EA (5/1) to afford tert-butyl 4-[4,5-dichloro-2-[(4-methoxyphenyl)methoxy]phenyl]-3-(1H-1,2,3-triazol-1-yl)piperidine-1-carboxylate as a light yellow oil (0.15 g, 68%): LCMS (ESI) calc'd for C.sub.26H.sub.30Cl.sub.2N.sub.4O.sub.4 [M+H].sup.+: 533, 535 (3:2), found 533, 535 (3:2).

Step g

[0507] To a stirred solution of tert-butyl 4-[4,5-dichloro-2-[(4-methoxyphenyl)methoxy]phenyl]-3-(1H-1,2,3-triazol-1-yl)piperidine-1-carboxylate (0.15 g, 0.282 mmol) in DCM (3 mL) was added TFA (0.5 mL) at room temperature. The resulting solution was stirred for 1 h at room temperature. The reaction was concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was purified by Prep-HPLC with the following conditions: Column: X Bridge C.sub.18 OBD Prep Column 100 Å, 10 μm, 19 mm×250 mm; Mobile Phase A: Water (plus 0.05% TFA), Mobile Phase B: ACN; Flow rate: 25 mL/min; Gradient: 20% B to 25% B in 5.3 min; Detector: UV 254/210 nm; Retention time: 4.93 min. The fractions containing the desired product were collected and concentrated under reduced pressure to afford Compound 62 (4,5-dichloro-2-[3-(1H-1,2,3-triazol-1-yl)piperidin-4-yl]phenol) as an off-white solid (48 mg, 55%): LCMS (ESI) calc'd for C.sub.13H.sub.14Cl.sub.2N.sub.4O [M+H].sup.+: 313, 315 (3:2), found 313, 315 (3:2); .sup.1H NMR (300 MHz, CD.sub.3OD) δ 7.63 (d, J=1.1 Hz, 1H), 7.25 (d, J=1.1 Hz, 1H), 7.03 (s, 1H), 6.43 (s, 1H), 5.50-5.38 (m, 1H), 4.00-3.83 (m, 3H), 3.83-3.73 (m, 1H), 3.50-3.37 (m, 1H), 2.66-2.41 (m, 1H), 2.03-1.83 (m, 1H).

Example 45. Compound 63 (2R,4S)-rel-4-(2,3,4-trichloro-6-hydroxyphenyl)piperidine-2-carboxamide isomer 2) and Compound 65 ((2R,4S)-rel-4-(2,3,4-trichloro-6-hydroxyphenyl)piperidine-2-carboxamide isomer 1)

[0508] ##STR00152##

[0509] The absolute configurations for Compounds 63 and 65 were arbitrarily assigned.

Step a

[0510] 4-(2,3,4-trichloro-6-hydroxyphenyl)piperidine-2-carboxamide cis isomer (Compound 61, Example 43) (0.15 g, 0.46 mmol) was separated by Prep-Chiral HPLC with the following conditions: Column: Chiralpak ID, 2×25 cm, 5 μm; Mobile Phase A: Hex (plus 0.2% IPA), Mobile Phase B: IPA; Flow rate: 20 mL/min; Gradient: 10% B to 10% B in 20 min; Detector: UV 254/220 nm; Retention time: RT.sub.1: 11.3 min; RT.sub.2: 14.9 min; Injection Volume: 0.5 mL; Number Of Runs: 12. The faster-eluting enantiomer Compound 65 ((2R,4S)-rel-4-(2,3,4-trichloro-6-hydroxyphenyl)piperidine-2-carboxamide isomer 1) at 11.3 min was obtained as an off-white solid (15.6 mg, 10%): LCMS (ESI) calc'd for C.sub.12H.sub.13C.sub.13N.sub.2O.sub.2 [M+H].sup.+: 323, 325, 327 (3:3:1), found 323, 325, 327 (3:3:1); .sup.1H NMR (400 MHz, CD.sub.3OD) δ 6.92 (s, 1H), 3.68-3.54 (m, 1H), 3.42 (dd, J=11.7, 3.0 Hz, 1H), 3.30-3.21 (m, 1H), 2.87-2.74 (m, 1H), 2.56-2.40 (m, 2H), 1.87 (d, J=12.9 Hz, 1H), 1.56 (d, J=13.2 Hz, 1H). The slower-eluting enantiomer Compound 63 ((2R,4S)-rel-4-(2,3,4-trichloro-6-hydroxyphenyl)piperidine-2-carboxamide (isomer 2)) at 11.84 min was obtained as an off-white solid (16.3 mg, 11%): LCMS (ESI) calc'd for C.sub.12H.sub.13C.sub.13N.sub.2O.sub.2 [M+H].sup.+: 323, 325, 327 (3:3:1), found 323, 325, 327 (3:3:1); .sup.1H NMR (400 MHz, CD.sub.3OD) δ 6.92 (s, 1H), 3.70-3.52 (m, 1H), 3.42 (dd, J=11.8, 3.0 Hz, 1H), 3.30-3.21 (m, 1H), 2.86-2.73 (m, 1H), 2.57-2.38 (m, 2H), 1.87 (d, J=13.0 Hz, 1H), 1.56 (d, J=13.3 Hz, 1H).

Example 46. Compound 64 ((3R,4R)-rel-4-(4,5-dichloro-2-hydroxyphenyl)pyrrolidine-3-carboxamide)

[0511] ##STR00153##

Step a

[0512] To a stirred solution of methyl 2-[bis(2,2,2-trifluoroethoxy)phosphoryl]acetate (2.64 g, 8.29 mmol) in THE (25.0 mL) was added NaH (0.29 g, 7.32 mmol, 60% in mineral oil) at −78° C. under nitrogen atmosphere. The mixture was stirred for 0.5 h at −78° C. under nitrogen atmosphere. Then to the above mixture was added 4,5-dichloro-2-methoxybenzaldehyde (1.00 g, 4.88 mmol) at −78° C. under nitrogen atmosphere. The mixture was stirred for 1.5 h at −78° C. under nitrogen atmosphere. The reaction was quenched with water (50 mL) at room temperature. The resulting mixture was extracted with EA (3×50 mL). The combined organic layers were washed with brine (3×50 mL) and dried over anhydrous Na.sub.2SO.sub.4. After filtration, the filtrate was concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was purified by silica gel column chromatography, eluted with PE/EA (5/1) to afford methyl (2Z)-3-(4,5-dichloro-2-methoxyphenyl)prop-2-enoate as a dark yellow solid (1.14 g, 90%): LCMS (ESI) calc'd for C.sub.11H.sub.10Cl.sub.2O.sub.3 [M+H].sup.+: 261, 263 (3:2), found 261, 263 (3:2); .sup.1H NMR (400 MHz, CD.sub.3OD) δ 7.69 (s, 1H), 7.17 (s, 1H), 7.05 (d, J=12.5 Hz, 1H), 6.05 (d, J=12.5 Hz, 1H), 3.86 (s, 3H), 3.70 (s, 3H).

Step b

[0513] To a stirred solution of methyl (2Z)-3-(4,5-dichloro-2-methoxyphenyl)prop-2-enoate (1.14 g, 4.37 mol) in DCM (15 mL) were added benzyl(methoxymethyl)[(trimethylsilyl)methyl]amine (1.24 g, 5.24 mol) and TFA (0.10 g, 0.87 mmol) dropwise at room temperature under nitrogen atmosphere. The reaction solution was stirred for 16 h at room temperature. The reaction was diluted with water (30 mL) at room temperature. The resulting mixture was extracted with DCM (3×30 mL). The combined organic layers were washed with brine (2×20 mL) and dried over anhydrous Na.sub.2SO.sub.4. After filtration, the filtrate was concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was purified by reverse phase chromatography, eluted with 50% ACN in water (plus 0.05% TFA) to afford methyl 1-benzyl-4-(4,5-dichloro-2-methoxyphenyl)pyrrolidine-3-carboxylate cis isomer as a colorless oil (0.74 g, 43%): LCMS (ESI) calc'd for C.sub.20H.sub.21Cl.sub.2NO.sub.3 [M+H].sup.+: 394, 396 (3:2), found 394, 396 (3:2); .sup.1H NMR (400 MHz, CD.sub.3OD) δ 7.66-7.59 (m, 2H), 7.59-7.47 (m, 3H), 7.29 (s, 1H), 7.23 (s, 1H), 4.61 (s, 2H), 4.13-4.01 (m, 1H), 3.93-3.85 (m, 6H), 3.85-3.72 (m, 4H), 3.72-3.67 (m, 1H).

Step c

[0514] To a stirred solution of methyl 1-benzyl-4-(4,5-dichloro-2-methoxyphenyl)pyrrolidine-3-carboxylate cis isomer (0.50 g, 1.27 mol) in toluene (3 mL) were added 1-chloroethyl chloroformate (0.19 g, 1.52 mol) dropwise at room temperature under nitrogen atmosphere. The reaction was stirred for 16 h at 100° C. The reaction was diluted with water (30 mL) at room temperature. The resulting mixture was extracted with DCM (3×30 mL). The combined organic layers were washed with brine (2×20 mL) and dried over anhydrous Na.sub.2SO.sub.4. After filtration, the filtrate was concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was purified by silica gel column chromatography, eluted with DCM/MeOH (10/1) to afford methyl 4-(4,5-dichloro-2-methoxyphenyl)pyrrolidine-3-carboxylate cis isomer as a dark yellow oil (0.30 g, 75%): LCMS (ESI) calc'd for C.sub.13H.sub.15Cl.sub.2NO.sub.3 [M+H].sup.+: 304, 306 (3:2), found 304, 306 (3:2); .sup.1H NMR (400 MHz, CD.sub.3OD) δ 7.25 (s, 1H), 7.22 (s, 1H), 4.09-3.98 (m, 1H), 3.92 (s, 3H), 3.73-3.62 (m, 3H), 3.62-3.52 (m, 2H), 3.37 (s, 3H).

Step d

[0515] To a stirred solution of methyl 4-(4,5-dichloro-2-methoxyphenyl)pyrrolidine-3-carboxylate cis isomer (0.28 g, 0.93 mmol) in DCM (3 mL) were added BBr.sub.3 (1.39 g, 5.56 mmol) at room temperature. The reaction was stirred at room temperature for 2 h. The reaction mixture was quenched with water (10 mL). The resulting solution was concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was purified by reverse phase chromatography, eluted with 40% ACN in water (plus 0.05% TFA) to afford 4-(4,5-dichloro-2-hydroxyphenyl)pyrrolidine-3-carboxylic acid cis isomer as a dark yellow oil (0.26 g, crude): LCMS (ESI) calc'd for C.sub.11H.sub.11Cl.sub.2NO.sub.3 [M+H].sup.+: 276, 278 (3:2), found 276, 278 (3:2);

Step e

[0516] To a stirred mixture of 4-(4,5-dichloro-2-hydroxyphenyl)pyrrolidine-3-carboxylic acid cis isomer (0.20 g, 0.72 mmol) in DCM (1 mL) was added TFA (1 mL) at room temperature. The reaction was stirred for 2 h at 40° C. The reaction solution was concentrated under reduced pressure to afford 7,8-dichloro-2,3,3a,9b-tetrahydrochromeno[3,4-b]pyrrol-4(1H)-one as a dark yellow oil (0.20 g, crude), which was directly used in next step without further purification: LCMS (ESI) calc'd for C.sub.11H.sub.9Cl.sub.2NO.sub.2 [M+H].sup.+: 258, 260 (3:2), found 258, 260 (3:2); .sup.1H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d.sub.6) δ 7.29 (s, 1H), 6.85 (s, 1H), 4.03 (s, 2H), 3.77-3.70 (m, 1H), 3.25-3.11 (m, 2H), 2.60-2.51 (m, 1H).

Step f

[0517] To a stirred solution of 7,8-dichloro-2,3,3a,9b-tetrahydrochromeno[3,4-b]pyrrol-4(1H)-one (0.20 g, 0.78 mmol) in THE (1 mL) was added NH.sub.3.H.sub.2O (1 mL, 30%) at room temperature. The reaction was stirred for 0.5 h at room temperature. The reaction mixture was concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was purified by Prep-HPLC with the following conditions: Column X Bridge C.sub.18 OBD Prep Column 100 Å, 10 μm, 19 mm×250 mm; Mobile Phase A: Water with 10 mmoL/L NH.sub.4HCO.sub.3, Mobile Phase B: ACN; Flow rate: 25 mL/min; Gradient: 20% B to 30% B in 6 min; Detector: UV: 254/210 nm; Retention Time: 4.72 min. The fractions containing the desired product were collected and concentrated under reduced pressure to afford to afford Compound 64 ((3R,4R)-rel-4-(4,5-dichloro-2-hydroxyphenyl)pyrrolidine-3-carboxamide (cis isomer)) as an off-white solid (35 mg, 16% overall two steps): LCMS (ESI) calc'd for C.sub.11H.sub.12Cl.sub.2N.sub.2O.sub.2 [M+H].sup.+: 275, 277 (3:2), found 275, 277 (3:2); .sup.1H NMR (300 MHz, CD.sub.3OD) δ 7.15 (s, 1H), 6.86 (s, 1H), 3.82 (q, J=8.3 Hz, 1H), 3.52-3.36 (m, 3H), 3.29-3.22 (m, 2H).

Example 47. Compound 66 (4,5-dichloro-2-(piperidin-4-yl)phenol)

[0518] ##STR00154##

Step a

[0519] To a stirred solution of 2-bromo-3-chlorophenol (0.40 g, 1.93 mmol) and tert-butyl 4-(4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-1,3,2-dioxaborolan-2-yl)-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine-1-carboxylate (0.72 g, 2.33 mmol) in 1,4-dioxane (4 mL) and H.sub.2O(1 mL) were added Na.sub.2CO.sub.3 (0.62 g, 5.82 mmol) and Pd(dppf)C.sub.12 (0.14 g, 0.20 mmol) at room temperature under nitrogen atmosphere. The resulting mixture was stirred for 2 h at 80° C. under nitrogen atmosphere. The mixture was allowed to cool down to room temperature. The reaction mixture was poured into water (50 mL) and extracted with EA (3×50 mL). The combined organic layers were washed with brine (2×50 mL) and dried over anhydrous Na.sub.2SO.sub.4. After filtration, the filtrate was concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was purified by silica gel column chromatography, eluted with PE/EA (5/1) to afford tert-butyl 4-(2-chloro-6-hydroxyphenyl)-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine-1-carboxylate as an off-white solid (0.40 g, 67%): LCMS (ESI) calc'd for C.sub.16H.sub.20ClNO.sub.3 [M+H−15].sup.+: 295, 297 (3:1), found 295, 297 (3:1); .sup.1H NMR (400 MHz, CD.sub.3OD) δ 7.05 (t, J=8.0 Hz, 1H), 6.88 (d, J=8.0 Hz, 1H), 6.76 (d, J=8.2 Hz, 1H), 5.57 (s, 1H), 4.10-4.02 (m, 2H), 3.68-3.62 (m, 2H), 2.36-2.28 (m, 2H), 1.52 (s, 9H).

Step b

[0520] To a stirred solution of tert-butyl 4-(2-chloro-6-hydroxyphenyl)-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine-1-carboxylate (0.40 g, 1.29 mmol) and aq. HCl (0.4 mL, 6 N) in MeOH (4 mL) was added PtO.sub.2 (50 mg, 0.22 mmol) and at room temperature. The reaction mixture was degassed with hydrogen and stirred at room temperature under hydrogen atmosphere (1.5 atm) for 2 h. The mixture was filtered and the filtrate was concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was purified by Prep-HPLC with the following conditions: Column: XBridge C.sub.18 OBD Prep Column, 100Å, 10 μm, 19 mm×250 mm; Mobile Phase A: Water (plus 0.05% TFA), Mobile Phase B: ACN; Flow rate: 25 mL/min; Gradient: 5% B to 35% B in 6 min; Detector: UV 254/220 nm; Retention time: 4.71 min; The fractions containing desired product were collected and concentrated under reduced pressure to afford Compound 66 (3-chloro-2-(piperidin-4-yl)phenol) as an off-white solid (28.9 mg, 7%): LCMS (ESI) calc'd for C.sub.11H.sub.14ClNO [M+H].sup.+: 212, 214 (3:1), found 212, 214 (3:1); .sup.1H NMR (400 MHz, CD.sub.3OD) δ 7.03 (t, J=8.0 Hz, 1H), 6.89 (d, J=8.0 Hz, 1H), 6.74 (d, J=8.1 Hz, 1H), 3.71-3.59 (m, 1H), 3.53-3.44 (m, 2H), 3.17-3.04 (m, 2H), 2.88-2.73 (m, 2H), 1.87-1.74 (m, 2H).

Example 48. Compound 32 (2-[(2R,4S)-rel-4-(2,3-dichloro-6-hydroxyphenyl)piperidin-2-yl]-1-(morpholin-4-yl)ethan-1-one isomer 1) and Compound 67 (2-[(2R,4S)-rel-4-(2,3-dichloro-6-hydroxyphenyl)piperidin-2-yl]-1-(morpholin-4-yl)ethan-1-one isomer 2)

[0521] ##STR00155##

Step a

[0522] 2-[4-(2,3-dichloro-6-hydroxyphenyl)piperidin-2-yl]-1-(morpholin-4-yl)ethan-1-one; (Example 76, Compound 113) (0.12 g, 0.24 mmol) was separated by Prep Chiral-HPLC with the following conditions: Column: Chiralpak ID-2, 2×25 cm, 5 μm; Mobile Phase A: Hex (plus 0.1% FA), Mobile Phase B: EtOH; Flow rate: 20 mL/min; Gradient: 20% B to 20% B in 30 min; Detector: UV: 220/254 nm; Retention time; RT.sub.1: 7.86 min; RT.sub.2: 19.10 min, Injection Volume: 0.7 mL; Number Of Runs: 5.

[0523] The faster-eluting enantiomer at 7.86 min was collected and concentrated under reduced pressure. The crude was purified by Prep-HPLC with following conditions: Column: Xselect CSH OBD Column 30×150 mm 5 m; Mobile Phase A: Water (plus 0.05% TFA), Mobile Phase B: ACN; Flow rate: 60 mL/min; Gradient: 10% B to 35% B in 7 min; Detector: UV: 254/220 nm; Retention time: 6.48 min. The fractions containing the desired product were collected and concentrated under reduced pressure to afford Compound 32 (2-[(2R,4S)-rel-4-(2,3-dichloro-6-hydroxyphenyl)piperidin-2-yl]-1-(morpholin-4-yl)ethan-1-one isomer 1) as an off-white solid (33.4 mg, 29%): LCMS (ESI) calc'd for C.sub.17H.sub.22Cl.sub.2N.sub.2O.sub.3 [M+H].sup.+: 373, 375 (3:2), found 373, 375 (3:2); .sup.1H NMR (400 MHz, CD.sub.3OD) δ 7.26 (d, J=8.8 Hz, 1H), 6.76 (d, J=8.8 Hz, 1H), 3.92-3.71 (m, 1H), 3.71-3.58 (m, 7H), 3.58-3.48 (m, 3H), 3.27-3.13 (m, 1H), 3.02-2.86 (m, 1H), 2.83-2.60 (m, 3H), 1.87 (t, J=13.4 Hz, 2H).

[0524] The slower-eluting enantiomer at 19.10 min was collected and concentrated under reduced pressure. The crude was purified by Prep-HPLC with following conditions: Column: Xselect CSH OBD Column 30×150 mm 5 m; Mobile Phase A: Water (plus 0.05% TFA), Mobile Phase B: ACN; Flow rate: 60 mL/min; Gradient: 10% B to 35% B in 7 min; Detector: UV: 254/220 nm; Retention time: 6.48 min. The fractions containing the desired product were collected and concentrated under reduced pressure to afford Compound 67 (2-[(2R,4S)-rel-4-(2,3-dichloro-6-hydroxyphenyl)piperidin-2-yl]-1-(morpholin-4-yl)ethan-1-one isomer 2) as an off-white solid (20.9 mg, 18%): LCMS (ESI) calc'd for C.sub.17H.sub.22Cl.sub.2N.sub.2O.sub.3 [M+H].sup.+: 373, 375 (3:2), found 373, 375 (3:2); .sup.1H NMR (400 MHz, CD.sub.3OD) δ 7.25 (d, J=8.8 Hz, 1H), 6.76 (d, J=8.8 Hz, 1H), 3.86-3.73 (m, 1H), 3.71-3.59 (m, 7H), 3.58-3.49 (m, 3H), 3.27-3.17 (m, 1H), 2.97-2.87 (m, 1H), 2.85-2.63 (m, 3H), 1.87 (t, J=13.8 Hz, 2H).

Example 49. Compound 68 (3-chloro-4-fluoro-2-(piperidin-4-yl)phenol)

[0525] ##STR00156## ##STR00157##

Step a

[0526] A mixture of 3-chloro-4-fluorophenol (5.00 g, 34.12 mmol) and NaOH (3.40 g, 85.30 mmol) in THE (10 mL) was stirred for 10 min at room temperature. To the mixture was added N,N-diethylcarbamoyl chloride (6.90 g, 51.18 mmol) at room temperature. The reaction was stirred for 2 h at room temperature. The reaction mixture was diluted with water (80 mL) and extracted with EA (3×50 mL). The combined organic layers were washed with brine (2×50 mL) and dried over anhydrous Na.sub.2SO.sub.4. After filtration, the filtrate was concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was purified by silica gel column chromatography, eluted with PE/EA (8/1) to afford 3-chloro-4-fluorophenyl N,N-diethylcarbamate as a light yellow liquid (8.70 g, 83%): LCMS (ESI) calc'd for C.sub.11H.sub.13ClFNO.sub.2 [M+H].sup.+: 246, 248 (3:1), found 246, 248 (3:1); .sup.1H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl.sub.3) δ 7.24 (dd, J=6.2, 2.8 Hz, 1H), 7.14 (t, J=8.7 Hz, 1H), 7.08-6.99 (m, 1H), 3.50-3.34 (m, 4H), 1.32-1.18 (m, 6H).

Step b

[0527] To a stirred solution of 3-chloro-4-fluorophenyl N,N-diethylcarbamate (2.00 g, 8.14 mmol) in THE (5 mL) was added LDA (16 mL, 32.56 mmol, 2 M in THF) dropwise at −78° C. under nitrogen atmosphere. After stirred for 40 min, to the reaction was added a solution of 12 (2.50 g, 9.85 mmol) in THE (10 mL) dropwise at −78° C. Then the reaction was stirred at −78° C. for 0.5 h. The reaction mixture was quenched with saturated aq. NH.sub.4Cl (30 mL) at −78° C. The resulting solution was extracted with EA (3×50 mL). The combined organic layers were washed with brine (2×30 mL) and dried over anhydrous Na.sub.2SO.sub.4. After filtration, the filtrate was concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was purified by reverse phase chromatography, eluted with 70% ACN in water (plus 0.05% TFA) to afford 3-chloro-4-fluoro-2-iodophenyl N,N-diethylcarbamate as a light yellow solid (0.55 g, 14%): LCMS (ESI) calc'd for C.sub.11H.sub.12ClFINO.sub.2 [M+H].sup.+: 372, 374 (3:1), found 372, 374 (3:1); .sup.1H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl.sub.3) δ 7.44 (dd, J=4.6, 2.7 Hz, 1H), 7.23 (dd, J=5.8, 2.8 Hz, 1H), 3.45-3.33 (m, 4H), 1.29-1.15 (m, 6H).

Step c

[0528] A degassed mixture of 3-chloro-4-fluoro-2-iodophenyl N,N-diethylcarbamate (0.25 g, 0.66 mmol), tert-butyl 4-(4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-1,3,2-dioxaborolan-2-yl)-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine-1-carboxylate (0.25 g, 0.80 mmol), Pd(dppf)Cl.sub.2 (49 mg, 0.07 mmol) and Na.sub.2CO.sub.3 (0.21 g, 1.99 mmol) in 1,4-dioxane (3 mL) and water (0.75 mL) was stirred for 2.5 h at 80° C. under nitrogen atmosphere. The reaction mixture was poured into water (50 mL) and extracted with EA (3×50 mL). The combined organic layers were washed with brine (2×50 mL) and dried over anhydrous Na.sub.2SO.sub.4. After filtration, the filtrate was concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was purified by silica gel column chromatography, eluted with PE/EA (3/1) to afford tert-butyl 4-[2-chloro-6-[(diethylcarbamoyl)oxy]-3-fluorophenyl]-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine-1-carboxylate as a light yellow oil (0.20 g, 70%): LCMS (ESI) calc'd for C.sub.21H.sub.28ClFN.sub.2O.sub.4 [M+Na].sup.+: 449, 451 (3:1), found 449, 451 (3:1); .sup.1H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl.sub.3) δ 7.11 (dd, J=5.8, 2.9 Hz, 1H), 6.92 (dd, J=5.7, 2.9 Hz, 1H), 6.00-5.93 (m, 1H), 4.10-4.03 (m, 2H), 3.64-3.56 (m, 2H), 3.46-3.33 (m, 4H), 2.53-2.43 (m, 2H), 1.49 (s, 9H), 1.30-1.16 (m, 6H).

Step d

[0529] A mixture of tert-butyl 4-[2-chloro-6-[(diethylcarbamoyl)oxy]-3-fluorophenyl]-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine-1-carboxylate (0.20 g, 0.47 mmol) and PtO.sub.2 (21 mg, 0.09 mmol) in MeOH (5 mL) was stirred for 3 h at 30° C. under hydrogen atmosphere (10 atm). The reaction mixture was filtered and the filtrate was concentrated under reduced pressure to afford tert-butyl 4-[2-chloro-6-[(diethylcarbamoyl)oxy]-3-fluorophenyl]piperidine-1-carboxylate as a light yellow oil (0.20 g, crude), which was directly used in next step without further purification: LCMS (ESI) calc'd for C.sub.21H.sub.30ClFN.sub.2O.sub.4 [M+Na].sup.+: 451, 453 (3:1), found 451, 453 (3:1); .sup.1H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl.sub.3) δ 7.08 (dd, J=6.0, 2.8 Hz, 1H), 6.87 (dd, J=5.5, 2.8 Hz, 1H), 4.25 (d, J=13.4 Hz, 2H), 3.47-3.34 (m, 4H), 3.08-2.95 (m, 1H), 2.88-2.72 (m, 2H), 1.86-1.74 (m, 2H), 1.68-1.51 (m, 2H), 1.48 (s, 9H), 1.29-1.17 (m, 6H).

Step e

[0530] To a stirred solution of tert-butyl 4-[2-chloro-6-[(diethylcarbamoyl)oxy]-3-fluorophenyl]piperidine-1-carboxylate (0.20 g, 0.47 mmol) in DCM (4 mL) was added TFA (1 mL) at room temperature. The reaction was stirred at room temperature for 0.5 h. The resulting solution was concentrated under reduced pressure to afford 3-chloro-4-fluoro-2-(piperidin-4-yl)phenyl N,N-diethylcarbamate as a light yellow oil (0.20 g, crude), which was directly used in next step without further purification: LCMS (ESI) calc'd for C.sub.16H.sub.22C.sub.1FN.sub.2O.sub.2 [M+H].sup.+: 329, 331 (3:1), found 329, 331 (3:1).

Step f

[0531] A mixture of 3-chloro-4-fluoro-2-(piperidin-4-yl)phenyl N,N-diethylcarbamate (0.20 g, 0.61 mmol) and NaOH (0.24 g, 6.08 mmol) in EtOH (4 mL) was stirred for 1.5 h at 80° C. under nitrogen atmosphere. The reaction mixture was concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was purified by Prep-HPLC with the following conditions: Column: X Bridge C.sub.18 OBD Prep Column 100 Å, 10 μm, 19 mm×250 mm; Mobile Phase A: Water with 10 mmol/L NH.sub.4HCO.sub.3 and 0.1% NH.sub.3.H.sub.2O, Mobile Phase B: ACN; Flow rate: 20 mL/min; Gradient: 28% B to 55% B in 6 min; Detector: UV 254/210 nm; Retention time: 4.42 min. The fractions containing the desired product were collected and concentrated under reduced pressure to afford Compound 68 (3-chloro-4-fluoro-2-(piperidin-4-yl)phenol) as an off-white solid (47 mg, 44% overall two steps): LCMS (ESI) calc'd for C.sub.11H.sub.13ClFNO [M+H].sup.+: 230, 232 (3:1), found 230, 232 (3:1); .sup.1H NMR (400 MHz, CD.sub.3OD) δ 6.71 (dd, J=5.9, 2.9 Hz, 1H), 6.64 (dd, J=5.4, 2.9 Hz, 1H), 3.30-3.23 (m, 2H), 3.08-2.98 (m, 1H), 2.93-2.83 (m, 2H), 1.91-1.83 (m, 2H), 1.82-1.68 (m, 2H).

Example 50. Compound 69 (3-chloro-4-cyclopropyl-2-(piperidin-4-yl)phenol)

[0532] ##STR00158##

Step a

[0533] A degassed mixture of tert-butyl 4-[3-bromo-2-chloro-6-[(diethylcarbamoyl)oxy]phenyl]-3,6-dihydro-2H-pyridine-1-carboxylate (Example 52, step c) (0.25 g, 0.51 mmoL), cyclopropylboronic acid (66 mg, 0.77 mmoL), Pd(dppf)C.sub.12 (37 mg, 0.05 mmoL) and Na.sub.2CO.sub.3 (0.16 g, 1.53 mmoL) in 1,4-dioxane (3 mL) and water (0.75 mL) was stirred for 16 h at 80° C. under nitrogen atmosphere. After cooling to room temperature, the reaction mixture was diluted with water (20 mL). The resulting solution was extracted with EA (3×30 mL). Then the combined organic layers were washed with brine (2×20 mL), dried over anhydrous Na.sub.2SO.sub.4 and filtered. The filtrate was concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was purified by Prep-TLC, eluted with PE/EA (5/1) to afford tert-butyl 4-[2-chloro-3-cyclopropyl-6-[(diethylcarbamoyl)oxy]phenyl]piperidine-1-carboxylate as a light yellow oil (0.17 g, 77%): LCMS (ESI) calc'd for C.sub.24H.sub.33C.sub.1N.sub.2O.sub.4 [M−56+H].sup.+: 393, 395 (3:1), found 393, 395 (3:1); .sup.1H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl.sub.3) δ 7.01-6.85 (m, 1H), 5.59 (s, 2H), 4.09-3.94 (m, 2H), 3.81-3.75 (m, 1H), 3.52-3.46 (m, 1H), 3.38-3.30 (m, 4H), 2.43-2.37 (m, 1H), 2.31-2.25 (m, 1H), 2.21-2.09 (m, 1H), 1.49 (s, 9H), 1.22-1.13 (m, 6H), 1.03-0.94 (m, 2H), 0.71-0.63 (m, 2H).

Step b

[0534] A degassed mixture of tert-butyl 4-[2-chloro-3-cyclopropyl-6-[(diethylcarbamoyl)oxy]phenyl]-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine-1-carboxylate (0.12 g, 0.270 mmoL) and PtO.sub.2 (18 mg, 0.080 mmoL) in MeOH (2 mL) was stirred for 16 h at room temperature under hydrogen atmosphere. The reaction mixture was filtered. The filtrate was concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was purified by Prep-TLC, eluted with PE/EA (5/1) to afford tert-butyl 4-[2-chloro-3-cyclopropyl-6-[(diethylcarbamoyl)oxy]phenyl]piperidine-1-carboxylate as a light yellow oil (82 mg, 53%): LCMS (ESI) calc'd for C.sub.24H.sub.35C.sub.1N.sub.2O.sub.4 [M−56+H].sup.+: 395, 397 (3:1), found 395, 397 (3:1); .sup.1H NMR (300 MHz, CD.sub.3OD) δ 6.96 (d, J=8.6 Hz, 1H), 6.86 (d, J=8.6 Hz, 1H), 4.22 (d, J=13.2 Hz, 2H), 3.55-3.45 (m, 2H), 3.41 (t, J=7.3 Hz, 2H), 2.83 (s, 2H), 2.15 (td, J=8.3, 4.1 Hz, 1H), 1.64 (d, J=13.3 Hz, 2H), 1.47 (s, 9H), 1.33-1.18 (m, 9H), 1.06-0.93 (m, 2H), 0.71-0.59 (m, 2H).

Step c

[0535] To a stirred solution of tert-butyl 4-[2-chloro-3-cyclopropyl-6-[(diethylcarbamoyl)oxy]phenyl]piperidine-1-carboxylate (78 mg, 0.17 mmol) in DCM (1 mL) was added TFA (1 mL) at room temperature. The reaction was stirred for 0.5 h at room temperature. The resulting solution was concentrated under reduced pressure to afford 3-chloro-4-cyclopropyl-2-(piperidin-4-yl)phenyl N,N-diethylcarbamate as a light yellow oil, which was directly used in next step without further purification (0.11 g, crude): LCMS (ESI) calc'd for C.sub.19H.sub.27C.sub.1N.sub.2O.sub.2 [M+H].sup.+: 351, 353 (3:1), found 351, 353 (3:1).

Step d

[0536] A solution of 3-chloro-4-cyclopropyl-2-(piperidin-4-yl)phenyl N,N-diethylcarbamate (0.11 g, 0.33 mmol) and NaOH (0.13 g, 3.28 mmol) in EtOH (4 mL) was stirred for 5.5 h at 80° C. under nitrogen atmosphere. After cooling to room temperature, the reaction mixture was concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was purified by Prep-HPLC with the following conditions: Column: Sun Fire C.sub.18 OBD Prep Column, 100 Å, 5 μm, 19 mm×250 mm; Mobile Phase A: Water (plus 0.05% TFA), Mobile Phase B: ACN; Flow rate: 20 mL/min; Gradient: 25% B to 55% B in 6 min; Detector: 210 nm; Retention time: 4.87 min, The fractions containing desired product were collected and concentrated under reduced pressure to afford Compound 69 (3-chloro-4-cyclopropyl-2-(piperidin-4-yl)phenol) as an off-white solid (17.8 mg, 14%): LCMS (ESI) calc'd for C.sub.14H.sub.18ClNO [M+H].sup.+: 252, 254 (3:1), found 252, 254 (3:1); .sup.1H NMR (300 MHz, CD.sub.3OD) δ 6.82 (d, J=8.5 Hz, 1H), 6.66 (d, J=8.4 Hz, 1H), 3.82-3.68 (m, 1H), 3.53-3.43 (m, 2H), 3.19-3.04 (m, 2H), 2.83 (qd, J=13.6, 4.1 Hz, 2H), 2.11-1.96 (m, 1H), 1.81 (d, J=14.1 Hz, 2H), 0.98-0.84 (m, 2H), 0.62-0.51 (m, 2H).

Example 51. Compound 70 ((2R,4S)-rel-4-(2,3-dichloro-6-hydroxyphenyl)piperidine-2-carboxamide isomer 1) and Compound 73 ((2R,4S)-rel-4-(2,3-dichloro-6-hydroxyphenyl)piperidine-2-carboxamide isomer 2)

[0537] ##STR00159##

Step a

[0538] To a solution of Intermediate 1 (1.00 g, 3.91 mmol) and 4-(4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-1,3,2-dioxaborolan-2-yl)pyridine-2-carbonitrile (1.00 g, 4.34 mmol) in 1,4-dioxane (20 mL) and H.sub.2O (5 mL) were added Na.sub.2CO.sub.3 (1.24 g, 11.72 mmol) and Pd(dppf)Cl.sub.2.CH.sub.2Cl.sub.2 (0.64 g, 0.78 mmol). After stirring for 3 h at 80° C. under a nitrogen atmosphere, the resulting mixture was concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was purified by silica gel column chromatography, eluted with PE/EA (3/1) to afford 4-(2,3-dichloro-6-methoxyphenyl)pyridine-2-carbonitrile (0.80 g, 62%) as an off-white solid: LCMS (ESI) calc'd for C.sub.13H.sub.8Cl.sub.2N.sub.2O [M+H].sup.+: 279, 281 (3:2), found 279, 281 (3:2); .sup.1H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl.sub.3) δ 8.81 (dd, J=5.0, 0.8 Hz, 1H), 7.64 (dd, J=1.6, 0.8 Hz, 1H), 7.54 (d, J=9.0 Hz, 1H), 7.46 (dd, J=5.0, 1.6 Hz, 1H), 6.92 (d, J=9.0 Hz, 1H), 3.77 (s, 3H).

Step b

[0539] To a stirred solution of 4-(2,3-dichloro-6-methoxyphenyl)pyridine-2-carbonitrile (0.80 g, 2.87 mmol) in THE were added NaOH (1.15 g, 28.66 mmol) and H.sub.2O.sub.2 (0.7 mL, 19.63 mmol, 30% in water) dropwise at 0° C. The resulting mixture was stirred for 2 h at room temperature. The reaction was quenched by the addition of saturated aq. Na.sub.2SO.sub.3 (20 mL) at 0° C. The resulting mixture was extracted with EA (3×30 mL). The combined organic layers were washed with brine (3×30 mL), dried over anhydrous Na.sub.2SO.sub.4. After filtration, the filtrate was concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was purified by silica gel column chromatography, eluted with PE/EA (2/1) to afford 4-(2,3-dichloro-6-methoxyphenyl)pyridine-2-carboxamide (0.70 g, 65%) as an off-white solid: LCMS (ESI) calc'd for C.sub.13H.sub.16Cl.sub.2N.sub.2O.sub.2 [M+H].sup.+: 297, 299 (3:2), found 297, 299 (3:2); .sup.1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl.sub.3) δ 8.67 (d, J=5.0 Hz, 1H), 8.16 (t, J=1.1 Hz, 1H), 7.97 (s, 1H), 7.51 (dd, J=9.0, 0.8 Hz, 1H), 7.40 (dd, J=5.0, 1.6 Hz, 1H), 6.89 (d, J=9.0 Hz, 1H), 5.69 (s, 1H), 3.74 (d, J=0.8 Hz, 3H).

Step c

[0540] To a stirred solution of 4-(2,3-dichloro-6-methoxyphenyl)pyridine-2-carboxamide (0.68 g, 2.29 mmol) in MeOH (40 mL) and aq. HCl (6 N, 4 mL) was added PtO.sub.2 (52 mg) at room temperature. The mixture was degassed with hydrogen three times and stirred at 30° C. under hydrogen atmosphere (50 atm) for 16 h. The reaction was filtered, and the filtrate was concentrated under reduced pressure to afford 4-(2,3-dichloro-6-methoxyphenyl)piperidine-2-carboxamide (0.68 g, crude) as an off-white solid: LCMS (ESI) calc'd for C.sub.13H.sub.16Cl.sub.2N.sub.2O.sub.2 [M+H].sup.+: 303, 305 (3:2), found 303, 305 (3:2).

Step d

[0541] To a stirred solution of 4-(2,3-dichloro-6-methoxyphenyl)piperidine-2-carboxamide (50 mg, 0.16 mmol) in DCM (2 mL) was added BBr.sub.3 (82 mg, 0.33 mmol) dropwise at room temperature. The resulting mixture was stirred for 1 h at room temperature. The reaction was quenched with water at 0° C. The resulting mixture was concentrated under reduced pressure. The crude product was purified by Prep-HPLC with the following conditions: Column: XBridge C.sub.18 OBD Prep Column 100 Å, 10 m, 19 mm×250 mm; Mobile Phase A: Water with 10 mmol/L NH.sub.4HCO.sub.3, Mobile Phase B: ACN; Flow rate: 25 mL/min; Gradient: 28% B to 48% B in 6.5 min; Detector: 254/210 nm; Retention time: 5.70 min. The fractions containing the desired product were collected and concentrated under reduced pressure to afford 4-(2,3-dichloro-6-hydroxyphenyl)piperidine-2-carboxamide (60 mg, 48%) as an off-white solid.

[0542] 4-(2,3-Dichloro-6-hydroxyphenyl)piperidine-2-carboxamide (60 mg, 0.208 mmol) was separated by Chiral Prep-HPLC with the following conditions: Column: Chiralpak ID-03, 2.0 cm I.D×25 cm L (5 m); Mobile Phase A: Hex (0.2% IPA), Mobile Phase B: IPA; Flow rate: 20 mL/min; Gradient: 10% B to 10% B in 20 min; Detector: 254/220 nm; Retention time: RT.sub.1: 11.5 min; RT.sub.2: 14.8 min.

[0543] The faster-eluting enantiomer Compound 70 ((2R,4S)-rel-4-(2,3-dichloro-6-hydroxyphenyl)piperidine-2-carboxamide isomer 1) was obtained at 11.5 min as a light yellow solid (17.9 mg, 30%): LCMS (ESI) calc'd for C.sub.12H.sub.14Cl.sub.2N.sub.2O.sub.2 [M+H].sup.+: 289, 291 (3:2), found 289, 291 (3:2); .sup.1H NMR (300 MHz, CD.sub.3OD) δ 7.18 (d, J=8.7 Hz, 1H), 6.71 (d, J=8.8 Hz, 1H), 3.65-3.59 (m, 1H), 3.42-3.35 (m, 1H), 3.30-3.17 (m, 1H), 2.76 (td, J=12.6, 2.9 Hz, 1H), 2.58-2.37 (m, 2H), 1.84 (d, J=12.7 Hz, 1H), 1.53 (d, J=13.1 Hz, 1H).

[0544] The slower-eluting enantiomer Compound 73 ((2R,4S)-rel-4-(2,3-dichloro-6-hydroxyphenyl)piperidine-2-carboxamide isomer 2) was obtained at 14.8 min as a light yellow solid (17.2 mg, 29%): LCMS (ESI) calc'd for C.sub.12H.sub.14Cl.sub.2N.sub.2O.sub.2 [M+H].sup.+: 289, 291 (3:2), found 289, 291 (3:2); .sup.1H NMR (300 MHz, CD.sub.3OD) δ 7.18 (d, J=8.7 Hz, 1H), 6.71 (d, J=8.8 Hz, 1H), 3.65-3.59 (m, 1H), 3.42-3.34 (m, 1H), 3.29-3.18 (m, 1H), 2.77 (td, J=12.7, 2.9 Hz, 1H), 2.58-2.37 (m, 2H), 1.84 (d, J=12.6 Hz, 1H), 1.53 (d, J=13.1 Hz, 1H).

Example 52. Compound 71 (3-chloro-4-methyl-2-(piperidin-4-yl)phenol)

[0545] ##STR00160## ##STR00161##

Step a

[0546] To a stirred mixture of 4-bromo-3-chlorophenol (19.47 g, 93.85 mmol) and N,N-diethylcarbamoyl chloride (25.5 g, 0.19 mmol) in THE (200 mL) was added NaOH (7.50 g, 0.19 mmol) in portions at room temperature under air atmosphere. The reaction mixture was stirred for 3 h at room temperature under nitrogen atmosphere. The resulting mixture was concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was purified by silica gel column chromatography, eluted with PE/EA (5/1) to afford 4-bromo-3-chlorophenyl N,N-diethylcarbamate as a yellow oil (30.0 g, 94%): LCMS (ESI) calc'd for C.sub.11H.sub.13BrClNO.sub.2 [M+H].sup.+: 306, 308, 310 (2:3:1), found 306, 308, 310 (2:3:1); .sup.1H NMR (400 MHz, CD.sub.3OD) δ 7.69 (dt, J=8.9, 2.0 Hz, 1H), 7.37 (d, J=2.6 Hz, 1H), 7.03 (dd, J=8.8, 2.8 Hz, 1H), 3.48 (q, J=7.2 Hz, 2H), 3.41 (q, J=7.3 Hz, 2H), 1.24 (dt, J=25.7, 7.1 Hz, 6H).

Step b

[0547] To a stirred solution of DIPA (6.60 g, 65.24 mmol) in THF (100 mL) was added n-BuLi (26.1 mL, 65.24 mmol, 2.5 M in hexanes) at −78° C. under argon atmosphere. The resulting mixture was stirred for 30 min at −65° C. under argon atmosphere. To the above mixture was added 4-bromo-3-chlorophenyl N,N-diethylcarbamate (10.00 g, 32.62 mmol) in portions over 20 min at −78° C. The resulting mixture was stirred for additional 1 h at −78° C. To the above mixture was added a solution of 12 (9.93 g, 39.14 mmol) in THF (20 mL) dropwise over 20 min at −65° C. The resulting mixture was stirred for additional 30 min at −65° C. The reaction was quenched by the addition of water (300 mL) at room temperature. The resulting mixture was extracted with EA (2×300 mL). The combined organic layers were washed with brine (2×100 mL), dried over anhydrous Na.sub.2SO.sub.4. After filtration, the filtrate was concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was purified by silica gel column chromatography, eluted with PE/EA (7/1) to afford 4-bromo-3-chloro-2-iodophenyl N,N-diethylcarbamate as a yellow oil (4.00 g, 25%): LCMS (ESI) calc'd for C.sub.11H.sub.12BrClINO.sub.2 [M+H].sup.+: 432, 434, 436 (2:3:1), found 432, 434, 436 (2:3:1); .sup.1H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl.sub.3) δ 7.62 (d, J=8.7 Hz, 1H), 6.98 (d, J=8.8 Hz, 1H), 3.53 (q, J=7.1 Hz, 2H), 3.40 (q, J=7.2 Hz, 2H), 1.27 (dt, J=27.9, 7.1 Hz, 6H).

Step c

[0548] To a stirred solution of 4-bromo-3-chloro-2-iodophenyl N,N-diethylcarbamate (3.00 g, 6.937 mmol), Na.sub.2CO.sub.3 (2.21 g, 20.810 mmol), tert-butyl 4-(4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-1,3,2-dioxaborolan-2-yl)-3,6-dihydro-2H-pyridine-1-carboxylate (2.36 g, 7.630 mmol) and H.sub.2O (7 mL) in 1,4-dioxane (30 mL) was added Pd(dppf)Cl.sub.2.CH.sub.2Cl.sub.2(0.57 g, 0.694 mmol) in portions at room temperature under nitrogen atmosphere. The resulting mixture was degassed and stirred for 12 h at 80° C. under nitrogen atmosphere. The reaction was quenched with water (100 mL) at room temperature. The resulting mixture was extracted with EA (2×100 mL). The combined organic layers were washed with brine (2×100 mL), dried over anhydrous Na.sub.2SO.sub.4. After filtration, the filtrate was concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was purified by silica gel column chromatography, eluted with PE/EA (5/1) to afford tert-butyl 4-[3-bromo-2-chloro-6-[(diethylcarbamoyl)oxy]phenyl]-3,6-dihydro-2H-pyridine-1-carboxylate as a yellow solid (2.50 g, 66%): LCMS (ESI) calc'd for C.sub.21H.sub.28BrClN.sub.2O.sub.4 [M+H].sup.+: 487, 489, 491 (2:3:1), found 487, 489, 491 (2:3:1); .sup.1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl.sub.3) δ 7.57 (d, J=8.7 Hz, 1H), 6.99 (d, J=8.7 Hz, 1H), 5.62 (s, 1H), 4.09 (s, 1H), 4.01 (d, J=15.8 Hz, 1H), 3.80 (s, 1H), 3.47 (s, 1H), 3.36 (d, J=7.3 Hz, 4H), 2.46-2.23 (m, 2H), 1.51 (s, 9H), 1.29-1.15 (m, 6H).

Step d

[0549] To a stirred solution of tert-butyl 4-[3-bromo-2-chloro-6-[(diethylcarbamoyl)oxy]phenyl]-3,6-dihydro-2H-pyridine-1-carboxylate (0.30 g, 0.61 mmol), Pd(dppf)Cl.sub.2 (45 mg, 0.06 mmol) and methylboronic acid (0.11 g, 1.85 mmol) in 1,4-dioxane was added Na.sub.2CO.sub.3 (0.20 g, 1.84 mmol) in portions at room temperature under nitrogen atmosphere. The resulting mixture was degassed with nitrogen three times and stirred for 2 h at 80° C. under nitrogen atmosphere. The reaction was quenched by the addition of water (4 mL) at room temperature. The residue was purified by Prep-HPLC with the following conditions: Column: XBridge C.sub.18 OBD Prep Column 100 Å, 10 μm, 19 mm×250 mm; Mobile Phase A: water with 10 mmol/L NH.sub.4HCO.sub.3, Mobile Phase B: ACN; Flow rate: 25 mL/min; Gradient: 60% B to 89% B in 15 min; Detector: 254/210 nm; Retention time: 8 min. The fractions containing desired product were collected and concentrated under reduced pressure to afford tert-butyl 4-[2-chloro-6-[(diethylcarbamoyl)oxy]-3-methylphenyl]-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine-1-carboxylate as a light yellow oil (0.11 g, 29%): LCMS (ESI) calc'd for C.sub.22H.sub.31C.sub.1N.sub.2O.sub.4 [M+H].sup.+: 423, 425 (3:1), found 423, 425 (3:1); .sup.1H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl.sub.3) δ 7.17 (d, J=8.3 Hz, 1H), 6.98 (d, J=8.3 Hz, 1H), 5.60 (s, 1H), 4.07 (s, 1H), 3.96 (d, J=17.6 Hz, 1H), 3.79 (s, 1H), 3.48 (s, 1H), 3.41-3.32 (m, 4H), 2.38 (s, 3H), 2.27 (d, J=14.7 Hz, 2H), 1.51 (s, 9H), 1.31-1.13 (m, 6H).

Step e

[0550] A degassed solution of tert-butyl 4-[2-chloro-6-[(diethylcarbamoyl)oxy]-3-methylphenyl]-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine-1-carboxylate (0.16 g, 0.33 mmol) and PtO.sub.2 (15 mg, 0.07 mmol) in MeOH (3 mL) was stirred for 2 h at room temperature under hydrogen atmosphere. The mixture was filtered, and then filter cake was washed with MeOH (2×10 mL). The filtrate was concentrated under reduced pressure to afford tert-butyl 4-[2-chloro-6-[(diethylcarbamoyl)oxy]-3-methylphenyl]piperidine-1-carboxylate as a light yellow solid (0.16 g, crude): LCMS (ESI) calc'd for C.sub.22H.sub.33C.sub.1N.sub.2O.sub.4 [M−100+H].sup.+: 325, 327 (3:1), found 325, 327 (3:1); .sup.1H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl.sub.3) δ 7.09 (d, J=8.4 Hz, 1H), 6.85 (d, J=8.3 Hz, 1H), 4.24 (d, J=13.0 Hz, 2H), 3.52-3.33 (m, 4H), 2.83-2.73 (m, 2H), 2.36 (s, 3H), 2.04-1.98 (m, 1H), 1.71-1.60 (m, 2H), 1.48 (s, 9H), 1.32-1.20 (m, 8H).

Step f

[0551] A solution of tert-butyl 4-[3-bromo-2-chloro-6-[(diethylcarbamoyl)oxy]phenyl]piperidine-1-carboxylate (0.16 g, 0.33 mmol) and TFA (3 mL) in DCM (3 mL) was stirred for 2 h at room temperature under nitrogen atmosphere. The resulting mixture was concentrated under reduced pressure to afford 3-chloro-4-methyl-2-(piperidin-4-yl)phenyl N,N-diethylcarbamate as a light yellow solid (0.16 g, crude): LCMS (ESI) calc'd for C.sub.17H.sub.25C.sub.1N.sub.2O.sub.2 [M+H].sup.+: 325, 327 (3:1), found 325, 327 (3:1).

Step g

[0552] A solution of 3-chloro-4-methyl-2-(piperidin-4-yl)phenyl N,N-diethylcarbamate (0.15 g, 0.460 mmol) and NaOH (0.40 g, 10.00 mmol) in EtOH (8 mL) was stirred for 2 h at 80° C. under nitrogen atmosphere. The mixture was basified to pH 8 with aq. HCl (1 N). The resulting mixture was concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was purified by Prep-HPLC with the following conditions: Column: XBridge C.sub.18 OBD Prep Column 100 Å, 10 μm, 19 mm×250 mm; Mobile Phase A: water with 10 mmol/L NH.sub.4HCO.sub.3, Mobile Phase B: ACN; Flow rate: 25 mL/min; Gradient: 10% B to 58% B in 6 min; Detector: 254/210 nm; Retention time: 4.22 min. The fractions containing desired product were collected and concentrated under reduced pressure to afford Compound 71 (3-chloro-4-methyl-2-(piperidin-4-yl)phenol) as an off-white solid (6.5 mg, 9%): LCMS (ESI) calc'd for C.sub.12H.sub.16ClNO [M+H].sup.+: 226, 228 (3:1), found 226, 228 (3:1); .sup.1H NMR (400 MHz, CD.sub.3OD) δ 7.00 (d, J=8.3 Hz, 1H), 6.66 (d, J=8.3 Hz, 1H), 3.72-3.65 (m, 1H), 3.48 (d, J=12.7 Hz, 2H), 3.11 (td, J=13.2, 3.2 Hz, 2H), 2.86-2.75 (m, 2H), 2.29 (s, 3H), 1.81 (d, J=14.2 Hz, 2H).

Example 53. Compound 72 (4-(2,3-dichloro-6-hydroxyphenyl)-N-methylpiperidine-2-carboxamide)

[0553] ##STR00162##

Step a

[0554] To a stirred solution of 1-tert-butyl 2-methyl 4-(2,3-dichloro-6-methoxyphenyl)piperidine-1,2-dicarboxylate (Example 61, step c) (1.00 g, 2.391 mmol) in MeOH (10 mL) was added NaOH (0.19 g, 4.781 mmol) at room temperature under air atmosphere. The resulting mixture was stirred for 1 h at room temperature under air atmosphere. The reaction mixture was acidified with citric acid to pH=4. Then the reaction mixture was extracted with EA (2×20 mL). The organic phase was combined, dried over anhydrous Na.sub.2SO.sub.4, filtered and concentrated under reduced pressure. 1-[(tert-butoxy)carbonyl]-4-(2,3-dichloro-6-methoxyphenyl)piperidine-2-carboxylic acid was afforded as a colorless oil without further purification (1.00 g, crude): LCMS (ESI) calc'd for C.sub.18H.sub.23Cl.sub.2NO.sub.5 [M+H].sup.+: 404, 406 (3:2), found 404, 406 (3:2); .sup.1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl.sub.3) δ 7.36-7.30 (m, 1H), 6.76 (dd, J=9.0, 6.1 Hz, 1H), 4.17-4.07 (m, 1H), 3.84 (s, 3H), 3.68-3.46 (m, 1H), 3.22-3.03 (m, 1H), 2.72-2.53 (m, 1H), 2.46-2.25 (m, 1H), 2.25-2.12 (m, 1H), 2.02-1.92 (m, 1H), 1.70-1.56 (m, 1H), 1.52 (s, 9H).

Step b

[0555] To a stirred solution of 1-[(tert-butoxy)carbonyl]-4-(2,3-dichloro-6-methoxyphenyl)piperidine-2-carboxylic acid (90 mg, 0.22 mmol) and EDC HCl (96 mg, 0.50 mmol) in DMF (2 mL) was added CH.sub.3NH.sub.2 (25 mg, 0.80 mmol) and Et.sub.3N (76 mg, 0.75 mmol) in portions at room temperature under air atmosphere. The resulting mixture was stirred for 2.5 h at room temperature. The resulting mixture was diluted with water (20 mL) and extracted with EA (3×20 mL). The combined organic layers were washed with brine (3×10 mL), dried over anhydrous Na.sub.2SO.sub.4. After filtration, the filtrate was concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was purified by Prep-HPLC with the following conditions: Column: XBridge C.sub.18 OBD Prep Column, 100Å, 10 μm, 19 mm×250 mm; Mobile Phase A: Water with 10 mmol/L NH.sub.4HCO.sub.3, Mobile Phase B: ACN; Flow rate: 25 mL/min; Gradient: 30% B to 70% B in 6 min; Detector: 254/210 nm; Retention time: 5.83 min. The fractions containing the desired product were collected and concentrated under reduced pressure to afford tert-butyl 4-(2,3-dichloro-6-methoxyphenyl)-2-(methylcarbamoyl)piperidine-1-carboxylate as a light yellow oil (20 mg, 21%): LCMS (ESI) calc'd for C.sub.19H.sub.26Cl.sub.2N.sub.2O.sub.4 [M+H].sup.+: 417, 419 (3:2), found 417, 419 (3:2).

Step c

[0556] To a stirred solution of tert-butyl 4-(2,3-dichloro-6-methoxyphenyl)-2-(methylcarbamoyl)piperidine-1-carboxylate (0.10 g, 0.24 mmol) in DCM (2 mL) was added BBr.sub.3 (2.0 mL, 7.98 mmol) at room temperature. The resulting mixture was stirred for 2 h at room temperature under nitrogen atmosphere. The resulting mixture was quenched with water (2 mL) at room temperature and concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was purified by Prep-HPLC with the following conditions: Column: XBridge C.sub.18 OBD Prep Column, 100Å, 10 μm, 19 mm×250 mm; Mobile Phase A: Water with 10 mmol/L NH.sub.4HCO.sub.3, Mobile Phase B: ACN; Flow rate: 25 mL/min; Gradient: 30% B to 63% B in 6 min; Detector: 254/210 nm; Retention time: 4.98 min. The fractions containing the desired product were collected and concentrated under reduced pressure to afford Compound 72 (4-(2,3-dichloro-6-hydroxyphenyl)-N-methylpiperidine-2-carboxamide) as an off-white solid (8 mg, 11%): LCMS (ESI) calc'd for C.sub.13H.sub.16Cl.sub.2N.sub.2O.sub.2 [M+H].sup.+: 303, 305 (3:2), found 303, 305 (3:2); .sup.1H NMR (400 MHz, CD.sub.3OD) δ 7.18 (d, J=8.7 Hz, 1H), 6.70 (dd, J=8.8, 5.5 Hz, 1H), 3.63-3.58 (m, 1H), 3.40-3.36 (m, 1H), 3.28-3.20 (m, 1H), 2.86-2.71 (m, 1H), 2.76 (s, 3H), 2.47 (q, J=12.3 Hz, 2H), 1.78 (d, J=12.7 Hz, 1H), 1.53 (d, J=13.3 Hz, 1H).

[0557] The compound in Table 1D below was prepared in an analogous fashion to that described for Compound 72, starting from 1-[(tert-butoxy)carbonyl]-4-(2,3-dichloro-6-methoxyphenyl)piperidine-2-carboxylic acid (Example 53, step a) and the corresponding commercially available amine.

TABLE-US-00004 TABLE 1D Compound Number Structure Chemical Name MS: (M + H).sup.+ & .sup.1H MNR 75 [00163] embedded image 3,4-dichloro-2-[2- (piperazine-1- carbonyl)piperidin- 4-yl]phenol [M + H] 358, 360 (3:2); .sup.1H NMR (400 MHz, CD.sub.3OD) δ 7.19 (dd, J = 8.8, 3.7 Hz, 1H), 6.71 (dd, J = 8.8, 2.2 Hz, 1H), 4.20 − 3.87 (m, 1H), 3.81 − 3.44 (m, 5H), 3.28 − 3.24 (m, 1H), 2.98 (d, J = 12.2 Hz, 1H), 2.89 − 2.71 (m, 5H), 2.54 − 2.37 (m, 1H), 1.79 − 1.66 (m, 1H), 1.60 − 1.56 (m, 1H).

Example 54. Compound 74 ((2R,4S)-rel-2-(aminomethyl)piperidin-4-yl]-3,4-dichlorophenol)

[0558] ##STR00164##

Step a

[0559] A stirred solution of 4-(2,3-dichloro-6-hydroxyphenyl)piperidine-2-carboxamide (40 mg, 0.14 mmol) in BH.sub.3-THF (2 mL) was stirred for 2 h at 50° C. under nitrogen atmosphere. The mixture was allowed to cool down to room temperature. The reaction was quenched with water at room temperature. The resulting mixture was concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was purified by Prep-HPLC with the following conditions: Column: XBridge C.sub.18 OBD Prep Column, 100 Å, 10 μm, 19 mm×250 mm; Mobile Phase A: Water with 10 mmol/L NH.sub.4HCO.sub.3, Mobile Phase B: ACN; Flow rate: 25 mL/min; Gradient: 15 B to 55 B in 6 min; Detector: 254/210 nm; Retention time: 4.30 min. The fractions containing the desired product were collected and concentrated under reduced pressure to afford Compound 74 ((2R,4S)-rel-2-(aminomethyl)piperidin-4-yl]-3,4-dichlorophenol (cis isomer)) (14.8 mg, 39%) as an off-white solid. LCMS (ESI) calc'd for C.sub.12H.sub.16Cl.sub.2N.sub.2O [M+H].sup.+: 275, 277 (3:2), found 275, 277 (3:2); .sup.1H NMR (300 MHz, CD.sub.3OD) δ 7.19 (d, J=8.8 Hz, 1H), 6.72 (d, J=8.8 Hz, 1H), 3.66-3.60 (m, 1H), 3.33-3.21 (m, 1H), 2.96-2.68 (m, 4H), 2.59 (qd, J=12.8, 4.2 Hz, 1H), 2.32 (q, J=12.2 Hz, 1H), 1.67 (dd, J=22.4, 13.3 Hz, 2H).

Example 55. Compound 77 ((2R,4S)-rel-4-(2,3-dichloro-6-hydroxyphenyl)-N,N-dimethylpiperidine-2-carboxamide) and Compound 82 ((2R,4R)-rel-4-(2,3-dichloro-6-hydroxyphenyl)-N,N-dimethylpiperidine-2-carboxamide)

[0560] ##STR00165##

Step a

[0561] To a stirred mixture of 1-[(tert-butoxy)carbonyl]-4-(2,3-dichloro-6-methoxyphenyl)piperidine-2-carboxylic acid (Example 53, step a) (0.28 g, 0.693 mmol) and EDCI (0.40 g, 2.08 mmol) in DMF (5 mL) was added Et.sub.3N (0.21 g, 2.08 mmol) and dimethylamine (94 mg, 2.08 mmol) dropwise at room temperature. The resulting mixture was stirred for 2 h at room temperature. The reaction was quenched with water (20 mL). The resulting mixture was extracted with EA (3×20 mL). The combined organic layers was washed with brine (3×20 mL), dried over anhydrous Na.sub.2SO.sub.4. After filtration, the filtrate was concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was purified by Prep-HPLC with the following conditions: Column: XBridge C.sub.18 OBD Prep Column 100 Å, 10 m, 19 mm×250 mm; Mobile Phase A: Water with 10 mmol/L NH.sub.4HCO.sub.3, Mobile Phase B: ACN; Flow rate: 25 mL/min; Gradient: 70% B to 90% B in 6 min; Detector: 254/210 nm; Retention time: 4.87 min, 5.96 min. The fractions containing the desired product were collected at 4.87 min was concentrated under reduced pressure to afford tert-butyl 4-(2,3-dichloro-6-methoxyphenyl)-2-(dimethylcarbamoyl)piperidine-1-carboxylate cis isomer as an off-white solid (0.13 g, 44%): LCMS (ESI) calc'd for C.sub.20H.sub.28Cl.sub.2N.sub.2O.sub.4 [M+H].sup.+: 431, 433 (3:2), found 431, 433 (3:2); .sup.1H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl.sub.3) δ 7.30 (d, J=13.2 Hz, 1H), 6.76 (d, J=8.9 Hz, 1H), 4.63-4.41 (m, 1H), 3.83 (s, 3H), 3.74-3.68 (m, 2H), 3.10 (s, 3H), 2.99 (s, 3H), 2.65-2.55 (m, 1H), 2.05-1.99 (m, 3H), 1.78-1.67 (m, 1H), 1.48 (d, J=2.8 Hz, 9H).

[0562] The fractions containing the desired product were collected at 5.96 min was concentrated under reduced pressure to afford tert-butyl 4-(2,3-dichloro-6-methoxyphenyl)-2-(dimethylcarbamoyl)piperidine-1-carboxylate trans isomer as an off-white solid (58 mg, 19%): LCMS (ESI) calc'd for C.sub.20H.sub.28Cl.sub.2N.sub.2O.sub.4 [M+H].sup.+: 431, 433 (3:2), found 431, 433 (3:2); .sup.1H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl.sub.3) δ 7.18 (s, 1H), 6.92 (s, 1H), 4.09 (dd, J=27.7, 13.1 Hz, 1H), 3.81 (s, 3H), 3.68-3.32 (m, 2H), 3.04 (d, J=25.8 Hz, 6H), 2.24-1.95 (m, 2H), 1.95-1.70 (m, 2H), 1.62-1.42 (m, 10H).

Step b

[0563] To a stirred solution of tert-butyl 4-(2,3-dichloro-6-methoxyphenyl)-2-(dimethylcarbamoyl)piperidine-1-carboxylate cis isomer (0.13 g, 0.30 mmol) in DCM (3 mL) was added BBr.sub.3 (0.15 g, 0.60 mmol) dropwise at room temperature. The resulting mixture was stirred for 3 h at room temperature. The reaction was quenched with water at 0° C. The resulting mixture was concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was purified by Prep-HPLC with the following conditions: Column: XBridge C.sub.18 OBD Prep Column 100 Å, 10 m, 19 mm×250 mm; Mobile Phase A: Water with 10 mmol/L NH.sub.4HCO.sub.3, Mobile Phase B: ACN; Flow rate: 25 mL/min; Gradient: 20% B to 80% B in 6 min; Detector: 254/210 nm; Retention time: 5.07 min. The fractions containing the desired product were collected and concentrated under reduced pressure to afford Compound 77 ((2R,4S)-rel-4-(2,3-dichloro-6-hydroxyphenyl)-N,N-dimethylpiperidine-2-carboxamide (cis isomer)) as an off-white solid (48.2 mg, 48%): LCMS (ESI) calc'd for C.sub.14H.sub.18Cl.sub.2N.sub.2O.sub.2 [M+H].sup.+: 317, 319 (3:2), found 317, 319 (3:2); .sup.1H NMR (400 MHz, CD.sub.3OD) δ 7.18 (d, J=8.8 Hz, 1H), 6.71 (d, J=8.8 Hz, 1H), 3.88 (dd, J=11.7, 2.8 Hz, 1H), 3.73-3.68 (m, 1H), 3.30-3.22 (m, 1H), 3.12 (s, 3H), 2.96 (s, 3H), 2.82 (td, J=13.0, 2.9 Hz, 1H), 2.50-2.36 (m, 2H), 1.73 (d, J=13.1 Hz, 1H), 1.56 (d, J=13.4 Hz, 1H).

Step c

[0564] To a stirred solution of tert-butyl 4-(2,3-dichloro-6-methoxyphenyl)-2-(dimethylcarbamoyl)piperidine-1-carboxylate trans isomer (58 mg, 0.13 mmol) in DCM (2 mL) was added BBr.sub.3 (67 mg, 0.27 mmol) dropwise at room temperature. The resulting mixture was stirred for 3 h at room temperature. The reaction was quenched with water at 0° C. The resulting mixture was concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was purified by Prep-HPLC with the following conditions: Column: XBridge C.sub.18 OBD Prep Column 100 Å, 10 m, 19 mm×250 mm; Mobile Phase A: Water (10 mmol/L NH.sub.4HCO.sub.3), Mobile Phase B: ACN; Flow rate: 25 mL/min; Gradient: 20% B to 80% B in 6 min; Detector: 254/210 nm; Retention time: 5.07 min. The fractions containing the desired product were collected and concentrated under reduced pressure to afford Compound 82 ((2R,4R)-rel-4-(2,3-dichloro-6-hydroxyphenyl)-N,N-dimethylpiperidine-2-carboxamide (trans isomer)) as an off-white solid (19.3 mg, 43%): LCMS (ESI) calc'd for C.sub.14H.sub.18Cl.sub.2N.sub.2O.sub.2 [M+H].sup.+: 317, 319 (3:2), found 317, 319 (3:2); .sup.1H NMR (400 MHz, CD.sub.3OD) δ 7.17 (d, J=8.8 Hz, 1H), 6.70 (d, J=8.7 Hz, 1H), 4.18 (dd, J=6.2, 2.4 Hz, 1H), 3.91-3.80 (m, 1H), 3.53 (td, J=12.3, 3.5 Hz, 1H), 3.06 (s, 3H), 2.98 (s, 3H), 2.96-2.90 (m, 1H), 2.83-2.70 (m, 1H), 2.55 (qd, J=12.4, 4.6 Hz, 1H), 1.76 (d, J=13.4 Hz, 1H), 1.58 (d, J=12.6 Hz, 1H).

Example 56. Compound 78 (2-chloro-4-hydroxy-3-(piperidin-4-yl)benzonitrile)

[0565] ##STR00166##

Step a

[0566] To a solution of tert-butyl 4-[3-bromo-2-chloro-6-[(diethylcarbamoyl)oxy]phenyl]-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine-1-carboxylate (0.30 g, 0.61 mmol) in EtOH (20 mL) was added NaOH (0.25 g, 6.15 mmol) at room temperature. The reaction was refluxed for 5 h and then concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was dissolved in EA (20 mL). The resulting solution was washed with saturated aq. citric acid (10 mL) and brine (10 mL). The organic phase was then dried over anhydrous Na.sub.2SO.sub.4, filtered and concentrated to afford tert-butyl 4-(3-bromo-2-chloro-6-hydroxyphenyl)-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine-1-carboxylate as light brown solid (0.20 g, 84%): LCMS (ESI) calc'd for C.sub.16H.sub.19BrClNO.sub.3 [M−56+H].sup.+: 332, 334 (2:3), found 332, 334 (2:3).

Step b

[0567] To a solution of tert-butyl 4-(3-bromo-2-chloro-6-hydroxyphenyl)-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine-1-carboxylate (50 mg, 0.13 mmol) in EtOH (5 mL) was added PtO.sub.2 (10 mg, 0.04 mmol) under nitrogen atmosphere at room temperature. The suspension was degassed under reduced pressure and purged with H.sub.2 for three times. The reaction mixture was stirred for 6 h at room temperature under H.sub.2 (1.5 atm). The reaction mixture was filtered through Celite and washed with MeOH (2×3 mL). The filtrate was concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was purified with Prep-HPLC with the following conditions: Column: XBridge C.sub.18 OBD Prep Column, 19 mm×250 mm; Mobile Phase A: Water (plus 0.05% TFA), Mobile Phase B: ACN; Flow rate: 25 mL/min; Gradient: 80% B to 83% B in 6 min; Detector: UV 254/210 nm; retention time: 4.15 min. The fractions containing the desired product were combined and concentrated under reduced pressure to afford tert-butyl 4-(3-bromo-2-chloro-6-hydroxyphenyl)piperidine-1-carboxylate as an off-white solid (25 mg, 65%): LCMS (ESI) calc'd for C.sub.16H.sub.21BrClNO.sub.3 [M+H].sup.+: 390, 392 (2:3), found 390, 392 (2:3). .sup.1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl.sub.3) δ 11.33 (d, J=8.8 Hz, 1H), 11.26 (d, J=8.8 Hz, 1H), 10.64 (d, J=8.8 Hz, 1H), 10.58 (d, J=8.8 Hz, 1H), 9.30 (t, J=4.9 Hz, 0H), 8.13 (d, J=13.7 Hz, 1H), 7.66 (q, J=10.3, 8.2 Hz, 1H), 7.55-7.33 (m, 3H), 7.06 (t, J=12.8 Hz, 2H), 6.75 (qd, J=13.5, 4.2 Hz, 3H), 6.40 (qd, J=12.8, 4.4 Hz, 1H), 5.99 (d, J=6.1 Hz, 1H), 5.77 (d, J=14.2 Hz, 2H), 5.44 (d, J=4.9 Hz, 8H).

Step c

[0568] A degassed solution of tert-butyl 4-(3-bromo-2-chloro-6-hydroxyphenyl)piperidine-1-carboxylate (50 mg, 0.13 mmol), Pd(PPh.sub.3).sub.4 (59 mg, 0.05 mmol) and Zn(CN).sub.2 (7.5 mg, 0.06 mmol) in DMF (3 mL) was stirred at 90° C. for 4 h. After cooling to room temperature, the mixture was diluted with water (30 mL) and extracted with EA (3×20 mL). The combined organic layers were washed with brine (2×10 mL), dried over anhydrous Na.sub.2SO.sub.4. After filtration, the filtrate was concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was purified by Prep-TLC, eluted with PE/EA (10/1) to afford tert-butyl 4-(2-chloro-3-cyano-6-hydroxyphenyl)piperidine-1-carboxylate as a yellow solid (20 mg, 46%): LCMS (ESI) calc'd for C.sub.17H.sub.21C.sub.1N.sub.2O.sub.3 [M−H].sup.+: 335, 357 (3:1), found 335, 357 (3:1).

Step d

[0569] A solution of tert-butyl 4-(2-chloro-3-cyano-6-hydroxyphenyl)piperidine-1-carboxylate (50 mg, 0.045 mmol) in TFA(1 mL) and DCM (4 mL) was stirred at room temperature for 1 h. The resulting solution was concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was purified by Prep-IPLC with the following conditions: Column: XBridge C.sub.18 OBD Prep Column 100 Å, 10 μm, 19 mm×250 mm; Mobile Phase A: water with 10 mmol/L NH.sub.4HCO.sub.3, Mobile Phase B: ACN; Flow rate: 25 mL/min; Gradient: 15% B to 55% B in 6 min; Detector: 254/210 nm; Retention time: 4.30 min. The fractions containing desired product were collected and concentrated under reduced pressure to afford Compound 78 (2-chloro-4-hydroxy-3-(piperidin-4-yl)benzonitrile) as an off-white solid (3.4 mg, 24%): LCMS (ESI) calc'd for C.sub.12H.sub.13ClN.sub.2O [M+H].sup.+: 237, 239 (3:1), found 237, 239 (3:1); .sup.1H NMR (300 MHz, CD.sub.3OD) δ 7.25 (d, J=8.7 Hz, 1H), 6.53 (d, J=8.7 Hz, 1H), 3.63-3.57 (m, 1H), 3.39 (d, J=12.8 Hz, 2H), 3.07-2.91 (m, 2H), 2.93-2.70 (m, 2H), 1.73-1.62 (m, 2H).

Example 57. Compound 79 (N-[[4-(2,3-dichloro-6-hydroxyphenyl)piperidin-2-yl]methyl]acetamide)

[0570] ##STR00167## ##STR00168##

[0571] Step a:

[0572] To a solution of Intermediate 5 (0.50 g, 1.73 mmol) and 4-(4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-1,3,2-dioxaborolan-2-yl)pyridine-2-carbonitrile (0.48 g, 2.08 mmol) in 1,4-dioxane and water were added Na.sub.2CO.sub.3 (0.55 g, 5.19 mmol) and Pd(dppf)Cl.sub.2.CH.sub.2C.sub.12 (0.28 g, 0.35 mmol) at room temperature. After stirring for 3 h at 80° C. under a nitrogen atmosphere and cooling to room temperature, the resulting mixture was concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was purified by silica gel column chromatography, eluted with PE/EA (1/1) to afford 4-(2,3-dichloro-6-hydroxyphenyl)pyridine-2-carbonitrile as an off-white solid (0.35 g, 61%): LCMS (ESI) calc'd for C.sub.12H.sub.6Cl.sub.2N.sub.2O [M+H].sup.+: 265, 267 (3:2), found 265, 267 (3:2).

Step b

[0573] To a stirred solution of 4-(2,3-dichloro-6-hydroxyphenyl)pyridine-2-carbonitrile (0.30 g, 1.13 mmol) in THE (3 mL) was added BH.sub.3-Me.sub.2S (0.8 mL, 8.36 mmol) at room temperature under air atmosphere. The reaction mixture was stirred for 12 h at 50° C. under nitrogen atmosphere. The mixture was allowed to cool down to room temperature. The reaction was quenched with water (10 mL) at room temperature. The resulting mixture was concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was purified by Prep-TLC, eluted with PE/EA (1/2) to afford 2-[2-(aminomethyl)pyridin-4-yl]-3,4-dichlorophenol as a light yellow oil (0.28 g, 92%): LCMS (ESI) calc'd for C.sub.12H.sub.10Cl.sub.2N.sub.2O [M+H].sup.+: 269, 271 (3:2), found 269, 271 (3:2); .sup.1H NMR (400 MHz, CD.sub.3OD) δ 8.72 (dd, J=5.1, 0.9 Hz, 1H), 7.46-7.39 (m, 2H), 7.34 (dd, J=5.1, 1.6 Hz, 1H), 6.91 (d, J=8.9 Hz, 1H), 4.34 (s, 2H).

Step c

[0574] To a stirred solution of 2-[2-(aminomethyl)pyridin-4-yl]-3,4-dichlorophenol (0.28 g, 1.04 mmol) and Ac.sub.2O (0.11 g, 1.06 mmol) in DCM (3 mL) was added Et.sub.3N (0.32 g, 3.18 mmol) in portions at room temperature under air atmosphere. The resulting mixture was stirred for 1.5 h at room temperature under nitrogen atmosphere. The resulting mixture was diluted with water (20 mL) and extracted with EA (3×20 mL). The combined organic layers were washed with brine (3×20 mL), dried over anhydrous Na.sub.2SO.sub.4. After filtration, the filtrate was concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was purified by Prep-TLC, eluted with PE/EA (5/1) to afford 3,4-dichloro-2-[2-(acetamidomethyl)pyridin-4-yl]phenyl acetate as a light yellow oil (0.11 g, 30%): LCMS (ESI) calc'd for C.sub.16H.sub.14Cl.sub.2N.sub.2O.sub.3 [M+H].sup.+: 353, 355 (3:2), found 353, 355 (3:2).

Step d

[0575] To a stirred solution of 3,4-dichloro-2-[2-(acetamidomethyl)pyridin-4-yl]phenyl acetate (20 mg, 0.06 mmol) and K.sub.2CO.sub.3 (40 mg, 0.29 mmol) in MeOH (1 mL) was added at room temperature under air atmosphere. The resulting mixture was stirred for overnight at room temperature under nitrogen atmosphere. The resulting mixture was concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was purified by Prep-HPLC with the following conditions: Column: XBridge C.sub.18 OBD Prep Column 100 Å, 10 μm, 19 mm×250 mm; Mobile Phase A: Water with 10 mmol/L NH.sub.4HCO.sub.3, Mobile Phase B: ACN; Flow rate: 25 mL/min; Gradient: 33% B to 50% B in 6 min; Detector: 254/210 nm; Retention time: 5 min. The fractions containing desired product was collected and concentrated under reduced pressure to afford N-[[4-(2,3-dichloro-6-hydroxyphenyl)pyridin-2-yl]methyl]acetamide as a light yellow solid (8 mg, 45%): LCMS (ESI) calc'd for C.sub.14H.sub.12Cl.sub.2N.sub.2O.sub.2 [M+H].sup.+: 311, 313 (3:2), found 311, 313 (3:2); .sup.1H NMR (400 MHz, CD.sub.3OD) δ 8.56 (dd, J=5.1, 0.9 Hz, 1H), 7.40 (d, J=8.8 Hz, 1H), 7.31 (s, 1H), 7.25 (dd, J=5.1, 1.6 Hz, 1H), 6.89 (d, J=8.9 Hz, 1H), 4.56 (s, 2H), 2.05 (s, 3H).

Step e

[0576] To a stirred solution of N-[[4-(2,3-dichloro-6-hydroxyphenyl)pyridin-2-yl]methyl]acetamide (40 mg, 0.129 mmol) and aq. HCl (5 N, 0.5 mL) in MeOH (5 mL) was added PtO.sub.2 (40 mg, 0.178 mmol) in portions at room temperature under air atmosphere. The resulting mixture was stirred for 6 h at 30° C. under hydrogen atmosphere at 50 atm. The mixture was allowed to cool down to room temperature. After the filtration, the filter cake was washed with MeOH (3×10 mL). The filtrate was concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was purified by Prep-HPLC with the following conditions Column: XBridge C.sub.18 OBD Prep Column 100 Å, 10 μm, 19 mm×250 mm; Mobile Phase A: Water with 10 mmol/L NH.sub.4HCO.sub.3, Mobile Phase B: ACN; Flow rate: 25 mL/min; Gradient: 30% B to 50% B in 6 min; Detector: 254 nm; Retention time: 4.38 min The fractions containing the desired product were collected and concentrated under reduced pressure to afford Compound 79 (N-[[4-(2,3-dichloro-6-hydroxyphenyl)piperidin-2-yl]methyl]acetamide) as an off-white solid (35 mg, 86%): LCMS (ESI) calc'd for C.sub.14H.sub.18Cl.sub.2N.sub.2O.sub.2 [M+H].sup.+: 317, 319 (3:2), found 317, 319 (3:2); .sup.1H NMR (400 MHz, CD.sub.3OD) δ 7.17 (d, J=8.7 Hz, 1H), 6.70 (d, J=8.8 Hz, 1H), 3.55-3.51 (m, 1H), 3.37-3.33 (m, 1H), 3.22 (d, J=6.3 Hz, 2H), 3.18 (s, 1H), 2.84-2.71 (m, 1H), 2.59-2.44 (m, 1H), 2.23 (q, J=12.2 Hz, 1H), 1.97 (s, 3H), 1.61 (d, J=12.9 Hz, 1H), 1.54 (d, J=12.9 Hz, 1H).

Example 58. Compound 80 ((2R,4S)-rel-3,4-dichloro-2-[2-(morpholine-4-carbonyl)piperidin-4-yl]phenol) and Compound 76 ((2R,4R)-rel-3,4-dichloro-2-[2-(morpholine-4-carbonyl)piperidin-4-yl]phenol)

[0577] ##STR00169## ##STR00170##

Step a

[0578] To a stirred solution of 1-[(tert-butoxy)carbonyl]-4-(2,3-dichloro-6-methoxyphenyl)piperidine-2-carboxylic acid (Example 53, step a) (0.20 g, 0.496 mmol) and HATU (0.37 g, 0.99 mmol) in DMF (5 mL) were added morpholine (87 mg, 0.99 mmol) and Et.sub.3N (0.15 g, 1.48 mmol) dropwise at room temperature under nitrogen atmosphere. The resulting mixture was stirred for 1 h at room temperature under nitrogen atmosphere. The resulting mixture was diluted with water (30 mL) and extracted with EA (3×30 mL). The combined organic layers was washed with brine (3×20 mL) and dried over anhydrous Na.sub.2SO.sub.4. After filtration, the filtrate was concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was purified by Prep-HPLC with the following conditions: Column: XSelect CSH Prep C.sub.18 OBD Column, 19×250 mm, 5 m; Mobile Phase A: Water (plus 0.05% TFA), Mobile Phase B: ACN; Flow rate: 25 mL/min; Gradient: 28% B to 30% B in 6 min; Detector: 210 nm; Retention time: RT.sub.1: 4.53 min, RT.sub.2: 5.50 min. The fractions containing the desired product were collected at 4.53 min was concentrated under reduced pressure to afford tert-butyl 4-(2,3-dichloro-6-methoxyphenyl)-2-(morpholine-4-carbonyl)piperidine-1-carboxylate cis isomer as a yellow oil (0.11 g, 47%): LCMS (ESI) calc'd for C.sub.22H.sub.30Cl.sub.2N.sub.2O.sub.5 [M+H].sup.+: 473, 475 (3:2), found 473, 475 (3:2).

[0579] The fractions containing the desired product were collected at 5.50 min was concentrated under reduced pressure to afford tert-butyl 4-(2,3-dichloro-6-methoxyphenyl)-2-(morpholine-4-carbonyl)piperidine-1-carboxylate trans isomer as a yellow oil (58 mg, 25%): LCMS (ESI) calc'd for C.sub.22H.sub.30Cl.sub.2N.sub.2O.sub.5 [M+H].sup.+: 473, 475 (3:2), found 473, 475 (3:2).

Step b

[0580] To a stirred solution of tert-butyl 4-(2,3-dichloro-6-methoxyphenyl)-2-(morpholine-4-carbonyl)piperidine-1-carboxylate cis isomer (0.11 g, 0.233 mmol) in DCM (3 mL) was added BBr.sub.3 (0.12 g, 0.47 mmol) dropwise at room temperature. The resulting mixture was stirred for 3 h at room temperature. The reaction was quenched with water at 0° C. The resulting mixture was concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was purified by Prep-HPLC with the following conditions: Column: XBridge C.sub.18 OBD Prep Column 100 Å, 10 m, 19 mm×250 mm; Mobile Phase A: Water with 10 mmol/L NH.sub.4HCO.sub.3, Mobile Phase B: ACN; Flow rate: 25 mL/min; Gradient: 20% B to 60% B in 8 min; Detector: 254/210 nm; Retention time: 6.25 min. The fractions containing the desired product were collected and concentrated under reduced pressure to afford Compound 80 ((2R,4S)-rel-3,4-dichloro-2-[2-(morpholine-4-carbonyl)piperidin-4-yl]phenol (cis isomer)) as an off-white solid (22 mg, 22%): LCMS (ESI) calc'd for C.sub.16H.sub.20Cl.sub.2N.sub.2O.sub.3 [M+H].sup.+: 359, 361 (3:2), found 359, 361 (3:2); .sup.1H NMR (400 MHz, CD.sub.3OD) δ 7.19 (d, J=8.8 Hz, 1H), 6.71 (d, J=8.7 Hz, 1H), 3.90 (dd, J=11.8, 2.9 Hz, 1H), 3.69-3.64 (m, 7H), 3.59-3.54 (m, 2H), 3.29-3.24 (m, 1H), 2.89-2.77 (m, 1H), 2.55-2.41 (m, 2H), 1.70 (d, J=13.4 Hz, 1H), 1.56 (d, J=13.4 Hz, 1H).

Step c

[0581] To a stirred solution of tert-butyl 4-(2,3-dichloro-6-methoxyphenyl)-2-(morpholine-4-carbonyl)piperidine-1-carboxylate trans isomer (58 mg, 0.122 mmol) in DCM (3 mL) was added BBr.sub.3 (62 mg, 0.25 mmol) dropwise at room temperature. The resulting mixture was stirred for 3 h at room temperature. The reaction was quenched with water at 0° C. The resulting mixture was concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was purified by Prep-HPLC with the following conditions: Column: XBridge C.sub.18 OBD Prep Column 100 Å, 10 m, 19 mm×250 mm; Mobile Phase A: Water (plus 0.05% TFA), Mobile Phase B: ACN; Flow rate: 25 mL/min; Gradient: 10% B to 50% B in 8 min; Detector: 254/210 nm; Retention time: 5.80 min. The fractions containing the desired product were collected and concentrated under reduced pressure to afford Compound 76 ((2R,4R)-rel-3,4-dichloro-2-[2-(morpholine-4-carbonyl)piperidin-4-yl]phenol (trans isomer)) as an off-white solid (1.9 mg, 3%): LCMS (ESI) calc'd for C.sub.16H.sub.20Cl.sub.2N.sub.2O.sub.3 [M+H].sup.+: 359, 361 (3:2), found 359, 361 (3:2); .sup.1H NMR (400 MHz, CD.sub.3OD) δ 7.27 (d, J=8.8 Hz, 1H), 6.77 (d, J=8.8 Hz, 1H), 3.89 (td, J=12.7, 5.1 Hz, 2H), 3.78 (t, J=5.4 Hz, 3H), 3.74-3.59 (m, 4H), 3.57-3.49 (m, 1H), 3.48-3.43 (m, 1H), 3.26-3.15 (m, 1H), 2.92-2.67 (m, 2H), 2.43 (d, J=14.3 Hz, 1H), 1.87 (d, J=14.3 Hz, 1H).

Example 59. Compound 81 (4-bromo-3-chloro-2-(piperidin-4-yl)phenol)

[0582] ##STR00171##

Step a

[0583] To a stirred mixture of 2-bromo-3-chlorophenol (4.50 g, 21.69 mmol) and tert-butyl 4-(4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-1,3,2-dioxaborolan-2-yl)-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine-1-carboxylate (7.50 g, 24.26 mmol) in 1,4-dioxane (80 mL) and H.sub.2O (20 mL) were added Pd(dppf)Cl.sub.2.CH.sub.2C.sub.2 (0.60 g, 0.73 mmol) and Na.sub.2CO.sub.3 (6.80 g, 64.16 mmol) at room temperature under argon atmosphere. The reaction was stirred at 80° C. for 3 h. After cooling to room temperature, the reaction was concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was dissolved in EA (80 mL) and water (50 mL). The aqueous solution was extracted with EA (3×50 mL). The combined organic layers were washed with brine (2×50 mL) and dried over anhydrous Na.sub.2SO.sub.4. After filtration, the filtrate was concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was purified with silica gel column chromatography, eluted with PE/EA (3/1) to afford tert-butyl 4-(2-chloro-6-hydroxyphenyl)-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine-1-carboxylate as a light yellow solid (5.00 g, 74%): LCMS (ESI) calc'd for C.sub.16H.sub.20ClNO.sub.3 [M+H−56].sup.+: 254, 256 (3:1), found 254, 256 (3:1); .sup.1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl.sub.3) δ 7.12 (t, J=8.1 Hz, 1H), 6.97 (dd, J=8.0, 1.1 Hz, 1H), 6.87 (dd, J=8.2, 1.1 Hz, 1H), 5.87-5.77 (m, 1H), 5.64 (s, 1H), 4.36-3.98 (m, 2H), 3.94-3.37 (m, 2H), 2.56-2.25 (m, 2H), 1.53 (s, 9H).

Step b

[0584] To a stirred solution of tert-butyl 4-(2-chloro-6-hydroxyphenyl)-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine-1-carboxylate (4.00 g, 12.91 mmol) in EtOH (200 mL) and AcOH (20 mL) was added PtO.sub.2 (0.30 g, 1.32 mmol). The reaction mixture was degassed with hydrogen three times and stirred under hydrogen atmosphere (1.5 atm) at room temperature for 5 h. The reaction mixture was filtered and the filtrate was concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was purified by reverse phase chromatography, eluted with 70% ACN in water (plus 0.05% TFA) to afford tert-butyl 4-(2-chloro-6-hydroxyphenyl)piperidine-1-carboxylate as off-white solid (1.50 g, 37%): LCMS (ESI) calc'd for C.sub.16H.sub.22C.sub.1NO.sub.3 [M+H−15].sup.+: 297, 299 (3:1), found 297, 299 (3:1); .sup.1H NMR (400 MHz, CD.sub.3OD) δ 6.96 (t, J=8.1 Hz, 1H), 6.87-6.79 (m, 1H), 6.68 (d, J=7.7 Hz, 1H), 4.25-4.10 (m, 2H), 3.59-3.40 (m, 1H), 2.82 (s, 2H), 2.54-2.36 (m, 2H), 1.57-1.43 (m, 11H).

Step c

[0585] To a stirred solution of tert-butyl 4-(2-chloro-6-hydroxyphenyl)piperidine-1-carboxylate (40 mg, 0.13 mmol) in DCM (2 mL) was added Br.sub.2 (20 mg, 0.13 mmol) over 10 min at 0° C. under nitrogen atmosphere. The reaction was stirred at room temperature for 2 h. The reaction mixture was quenched with saturated aq. Na.sub.2S203 (0.5 mL) and concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was purified by Prep-HPLC with the following conditions: Column: XBridge C.sub.18 OBD Prep Column 19 mm×250 mm, 10 μm; Mobile Phase A: water (plus 0.05% TFA), Mobile Phase B: ACN; Flow rate: 25 mL/min; Gradient: 20% B to 45% B in 6 min; Detector: UV 210/254 nm; Retention time: 5.16 min. The fractions containing the desired product were collected and concentrated under reduced pressure to afford Compound 81 (4-bromo-3-chloro-2-(piperidin-4-yl)phenol) as off-white solid (3.8 mg, 10%): LCMS (ESI) calc'd for C.sub.11H.sub.13BrClNO [M+H].sup.+: 290, 292, 294 (2:3:1), found 290, 292, 294 (2:3:1); .sup.1H NMR (400 MHz, CD.sub.3OD) δ 7.39 (d, J=8.8 Hz, 1H), 6.70 (d, J=8.7 Hz, 1H), 3.81-3.66 (m, 1H), 3.54-3.41 (m, 2H), 3.18-3.04 (m, 2H), 2.90-2.71 (m, 2H), 1.89-1.74 (m, 2H).

Example 60. Compound 83 (4-(2,3-dichloro-6-hydroxyphenyl)-2-methylpiperidine-2-carboxamide)

[0586] ##STR00172##

Step a

[0587] To a stirred solution of diisopropylamine (97 mg, 0.96 mmol) in THE (2 mL) was added n-BuLi (0.38 mL, 0.96 mmol, 2.5 M in hexane) at −78° C. under argon atmosphere. The solution was stirred at −78° C. for 20 min. Then a solution of 1-tert-butyl 2-methyl 4-(2,3-dichloro-6-methoxyphenyl)piperidine-1,2-dicarboxylate (Example 61, step c) (0.20 g, 0.48 mmol) in THE (2 mL) was added into the above solution. The reaction was stirred at −78° C. to −65° C. for 40 min. A solution of CH.sub.3I (0.14 g, 0.96 mmol) in THE (1 mL) was added into. The resulting solution was stirred at −65° C. for 2 h. The reaction was quenched with water (1 mL) at −65° C. and diluted with water (30 mL). The isolated aqueous layer was extracted with EA (3×30 mL). The combined organic layers were washed with brine (3×20 mL) and evaporated under reduced pressure. The residue was purified by reverse phase chromatography, eluted with 79% ACN in water (plus 0.1% TFA) to afford 1-tert-butyl 2-methyl 4-(2,3-dichloro-6-methoxyphenyl)-2-methylpiperidine-1,2-dicarboxylate as a light yellow oil (0.15 g, 72%): LCMS (ESI) calc'd for C.sub.20H.sub.27Cl.sub.2NO.sub.5 [M+H].sup.+: 432, 434 (3:2), found 432, 434 (3:2); .sup.1H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl.sub.3) δ 7.26 (d, J=13.9 Hz, 1H), 6.73 (d, J=8.8 Hz, 1H), 4.41 (s, 2H), 3.80 (d, J=9.9 Hz, 6H), 3.51 (s, 1H), 3.36 (s, 1H), 2.50 (d, J=15.2 Hz, 1H), 2.13 (s, 1H), 1.87 (s, 1H), 1.57 (s, 3H), 1.45 (s, 9H).

Step b

[0588] To a stirred solution of 1-tert-butyl 2-methyl 4-(2,3-dichloro-6-methoxyphenyl)-2-methylpiperidine-1,2-dicarboxylate (0.14 g, 0.32 mmol) in 1,4-dioxane (3 mL) and water (0.5 mL) was added NaOH (0.13 g, 3.24 mmol) at room temperature. The reaction was stirred at 90° C. for 16 h. The reaction was acidified with citric acid to pH 4. The solution was diluted with EA (20 mL) and water (20 mL). The aqueous layer was extracted with EA (3×20 mL). The combined organic layers were washed with brine (3×20 mL) and evaporated under reduced pressure. The residue was purified by reverse phase chromatography, eluted with 67% ACN in water (plus 0.1% TFA) to afford 1-[(tert-butoxy)carbonyl]-4-(2,3-dichloro-6-methoxyphenyl)-2-methylpiperidine-2-carboxylic acid as an off-white solid (60 mg, 44%): LCMS (ESI) calc'd for C.sub.19H.sub.25Cl.sub.2NO.sub.5 [M+H].sup.+: 418, 420 (3:2), found 418, 420 (3:2); .sup.1H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl.sub.3) δ 7.26 (d, J=13.9 Hz, 1H), 6.73 (d, J=8.8 Hz, 1H), 4.19-3.99 (m, 2H), 3.83 (s, 3H), 3.51-3.45 (m, 1H), 2.63-2.45 (m, 1H), 2.25-2.15 (m, 1H), 1.95-1.75 (m, 2H), 1.61 (s, 3H), 1.48 (s, 9H).

Step c

[0589] To a stirred solution of 1-[(tert-butoxy)carbonyl]-4-(2,3-dichloro-6-methoxyphenyl)-2-methylpiperidine-2-carboxylic acid (45 mg, 0.11 mmol) and HATU (61 mg, 0.16 mmol) in DMF (2 mL) was added Et.sub.3N (22 mg, 0.22 mmol) and NH.sub.4Cl (58 mg, 1.08 mmol) at room temperature. The reaction was stirred at room temperature for 1 h. The reaction was quenched with water (1 mL) and diluted with EA (30 mL) and water (30 mL). The partitioned aqueous solution was extracted with EA (3×30 mL). The combined organic layers were washed with brine (3×20 mL) and evaporated under reduced pressure. The residue was purified by reverse phase chromatography, eluted with 60% ACN in water with 5 mmol/L NH.sub.4HCO.sub.3 to afford tert-butyl 2-carbamoyl-4-(2,3-dichloro-6-methoxyphenyl)-2-methylpiperidine-1-carboxylate as a light yellow oil (30 mg, 67%): LCMS (ESI) calc'd for C.sub.19H.sub.26Cl.sub.2N.sub.2O.sub.4 [M+H].sup.+: 417, 419 (3:2), found 417, 419 (3:2).

Step d

[0590] To a stirred solution of tert-butyl 2-carbamoyl-4-(2,3-dichloro-6-methoxyphenyl)-2-methylpiperidine-1-carboxylate (50 mg, 0.12 mmol) in DCM (2 mL) was added BBr.sub.3 (0.18 g, 0.72 mmol) at room temperature. The reaction was stirred at room temperature for 1 h. The reaction was quenched with water (1 mL) and concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was purified by Prep-HPLC with following conditions: Column: XBridge C.sub.18 OBD Prep Column 100 Å, 10 μm, 19 mm×250 mm; Mobile Phase A: Water with 10 mmol/L NH.sub.4HCO.sub.3, Mobile Phase B: ACN; Flow rate: 25 mL/min; Gradient: 31% B to 49% B in 6 min; Detector: 210 nm; Retention time: 5.43 min. The fractions containing desired product were collected and concentrated under reduced pressure to afford Compound 83 (4-(2,3-dichloro-6-hydroxyphenyl)-2-methylpiperidine-2-carboxamide) as an off-white solid (7.8 mg, 27%): LCMS (ESI) calc'd for C.sub.13H.sub.16Cl.sub.2N.sub.2O.sub.2 [M+H].sup.+: 303, 305 (3:2), found 303, 305 (3:2); .sup.1H NMR (400 MHz, CD.sub.3OD) δ 7.16 (d, J=8.8 Hz, 1H), 6.69 (d, J=8.8 Hz, 1H), 3.59-3.46 (m, 1H), 3.06-2.97 (m, 1H), 2.86 (td, J=12.8, 3.1 Hz, 1H), 2.52-2.33 (m, 2H), 2.25-2.16 (m, 1H), 1.46 (d, J=12.9 Hz, 1H), 1.31 (s, 3H).

Example 61. Compound 84 (4-(2,3-dichloro-6-hydroxyphenyl)piperidine-2-carboxylic acid)

[0591] ##STR00173##

Step a

[0592] To a solution of 2-bromo-3,4-dichloro-1-methoxybenzene (5 g, 0.02 mmol, 1 equiv) and methyl 4-(4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-1,3,2-dioxaborolan-2-yl)pyridine-2-carboxylate (6.2 g, 0.02 mmol, 1.2 equiv) in dioxane and water were added Na.sub.2CO.sub.3 (6.2 g, 0.06 mmol, 3 equiv.) and Pd(dppf)Cl.sub.2.CH.sub.2Cl.sub.2 (3.2 g, 0.2 equiv). After stirring for 3 h at 80° C. under a nitrogen atmosphere, the resulting mixture was concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was purified by silica gel column chromatography, eluted with PE/EtOAc (3:1) to afford methyl 4-(2,3-dichloro-6-methoxyphenyl)pyridine-2-carboxylate (1 g, 16.4%) as a light-yellow solid. LCMS (ESI) calc'd for C.sub.14H.sub.11Cl.sub.2NO.sub.3 [M+H].sup.+: 312, 314 (3:2), found 312, 314 (3:2). .sup.1H NMR (400 MHz, CD.sub.3OD) δ 8.78 (d, J=5.0 Hz, 1H), 8.08 (s, 1H), 7.66-7.57 (m, 2H), 7.16 (d, J=9.0 Hz, 1H), 4.01 (s, 3H), 3.78 (s, 3H).

Step b

[0593] To a solution of PtO.sub.2 (65.5 mg, 0.29 mmol, 0.3 equiv) and methyl 4-(2,3-dichloro-6-methoxyphenyl)pyridine-2-carboxylate (300 mg, 0.96 mmol, 1 equiv) in MeOH was added HCl (6 M, 1 mL) in portions at room temperature. The resulting mixture was stirred for 4 days at 30° C. under hydrogen atmosphere. The solid was filtered out and washed with MeOH (3×10 mL). The filtrate was concentrated under reduced pressure to afford methyl 4-(2,3-dichloro-6-methoxyphenyl)piperidine-2-carboxylate (200 mg, 52.32%) as a yellow oil. LCMS (ESI) calc'd for C.sub.14H.sub.17Cl.sub.2NO.sub.3 [M+H].sup.+: 318, 320 (3:2), found 318, 320 (3:2). .sup.1H NMR (400 MHz, CD.sub.3OD) δ 7.38 (d, J=8.9 Hz, 1H), 6.96 (d, J=9.0 Hz, 1H), 3.86 (s, 3H), 3.74 (s, 3H), 3.67-3.58 (m, 1H), 3.47 (dd, J=11.9, 3.0 Hz, 1H), 3.26-3.16 (m, 1H), 2.76 (td, J=12.4, 2.9 Hz, 1H), 2.45-2.27 (m, 2H), 1.90 (d, J=12.7 Hz, 1H), 1.51 (d, J=13.1 Hz, 1H).

Step c

[0594] To a stirred solution of methyl 4-(2,3-dichloro-6-methoxyphenyl)piperidine-2-carboxylate (100.00 mg, 0.314 mmol, 1.00 equiv) and Et.sub.3N (95.41 mg, 0.943 mmol, 3.00 equiv) in DCM (1.00 mL) were added Boc.sub.2O (102.89 mg, 0.471 mmol, 1.50 equiv) dropwise at room temperature under air atmosphere. The resulting solution was stirred for 1 h at room temperature under air atmosphere. The resulting mixture was concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was purified by Prep-TLC (PE/EtOAc 5:1) to afford 1-tert-butyl 2-methyl 4-(2,3-dichloro-6-methoxyphenyl)piperidine-1,2-dicarboxylate (100 mg, 68.46%) as an off-white solid. LCMS (ESI) calc'd for C.sub.19H.sub.25Cl.sub.2NO.sub.5 [M+H].sup.+: 418, 420 (3:2), found 418, 420 (3:2); .sup.1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl.sub.3) δ 7.31 (d, J=8.9 Hz, 1H), 6.76 (d, J=8.9 Hz, 1H), 4.23 (dd, J=12.0, 5.5 Hz, 1H), 3.83 (s, 3H), 3.76 (s, 3H), 3.70-3.59 (m, 2H), 2.64-2.47 (m, 1H), 2.11-2.00 (m, 1H), 1.98-1.86 (m, 2H), 1.52-1.46 (m, 10H).

Step d

[0595] A mixture of 1-tert-butyl 2-methyl 4-(2,3-dichloro-6-methoxyphenyl)piperidine-1,2-dicarboxylate (38 mg, 0.09 mmol) and BBr.sub.3 (0.16 g, 0.64 mmol) in DCM (3 mL) was stirred for 1 h at room temperature under nitrogen atmosphere. The reaction was quenched with MeOH at room temperature. The resulting mixture was concentrated under reduced pressure. The crude product was purified by Prep-HPLC with the following conditions: Column: XBridge C.sub.18 OBD Prep Column 100 Å, 10 μm, 19 mm×250 mm; Mobile Phase A: Water (plus 0.05% TFA), Mobile Phase B: ACN; Flow rate: 25 mL/min; Gradient: 10% B to 50% B in 6 min; Detector: UV 254/210 nm; Retention time: 5.96 min. The fractions containing desired product were collected and concentrated under reduced pressure to afford Compound 84 (4-(2,3-dichloro-6-hydroxyphenyl)piperidine-2-carboxylic acid) as an off-white solid (10.6 mg, 40%): LCMS (ESI) calc'd for C.sub.12H.sub.13Cl.sub.2NO.sub.3 [M+H].sup.+: 290, 292 (3:2), found 290, 292 (3:2). .sup.1H NMR (400 MHz, CD.sub.3OD) δ 7.27 (d, J=8.7 Hz, 1H), 6.77 (d, J=8.8 Hz, 1H), 4.08 (dd, J=12.9, 3.4 Hz, 1H), 3.89-3.80 (m, 1H), 3.57-3.50 (m, 1H), 3.20 (dd, J=13.2, 3.2 Hz, 1H), 2.87-2.69 (m, 2H), 2.24 (d, J=13.9 Hz, 1H), 1.82 (d, J=14.2 Hz, 1H).

Example 62. Compound 85 ((2R,4S)-rel-4-(4,5-dichloro-2-hydroxyphenyl)piperidine-2-carboxamide)

[0596] ##STR00174##

Step a

[0597] To a stirred solution of Intermediate 2 (0.15 g, 0.59 mmol) in 1,4-dioxane (4 mL) and H.sub.2O (1 mL) was added Pd(dppf)Cl.sub.2.CH.sub.2C.sub.2 (96 mg, 0.12 mmol), 4-(4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-1,3,2-dioxaborolan-2-yl)pyridine-2-carbonitrile (0.16 g, 0.70 mmol) and Na.sub.2CO.sub.3 (0.19 g, 1.76 mmol) at room temperature. The resulting mixture was stirred for 2 h at 80° C. under nitrogen atmosphere. After cooling to room temperature, the reaction was quenched with water (30 mL) at room temperature. The resulting mixture was extracted with EA (3×30 mL). The combined organic layers were washed with brine (2×10 mL), dried over anhydrous Na.sub.2SO.sub.4. After filtration, the filtrate was concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was purified by silica gel column chromatography, eluted with PE/EA (5/1) to afford 4-(4,5-dichloro-2-methoxyphenyl)pyridine-2-carbonitrile as a yellow solid (0.16 g, 89%): LCMS (ESI) calc'd for C.sub.13H.sub.8Cl.sub.2N.sub.2O [M+H].sup.+: 279, 281 (3:2), found 279, 281 (3:2); .sup.1H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl.sub.3) δ 8.74 (d, J=5.1 Hz, 1H), 7.88 (s, 1H), 7.61 (dd, J=5.2, 1.8 Hz, 1H), 7.42 (s, 1H), 7.12 (s, 1H), 3.87 (s, 3H).

Step b

[0598] To a stirred solution 4-(4,5-dichloro-2-methoxyphenyl)pyridine-2-carbonitrile (0.16 g, 0.58 mmol) in MeOH (2 mL) and THE (2 mL) was added H.sub.2O.sub.2 (0.5 mL, 30% in water) dropwise at room temperature under air atmosphere. The resulting mixture was stirred for 3 h at room temperature under air atmosphere. The reaction was quenched with saturated aq. Na.sub.2SO.sub.3 (30 mL) at room temperature. The aqueous layer was extracted with EA (3×20 mL). The resulting mixture was concentrated under reduced pressure to afford 4-(4,5-dichloro-2-methoxyphenyl)pyridine-2-carboxamide as a yellow solid (0.15 g, 69%): LCMS (ESI) calc'd for C.sub.13H.sub.10Cl.sub.2N.sub.2O.sub.2 [M+H].sup.+: 297, 299 (3:2), found 418, 420 (3:2).

Step c

[0599] To a stirred mixture of 4-(4,5-dichloro-2-methoxyphenyl)pyridine-2-carboxamide (0.20 g, 0.67 mmol) in MeOH (13 mL) were added aq. HCl (6 N, 1.3 mL) and PtO.sub.2 (20 mg, 0.09 mmol) in portions at room temperature. The resulting mixture was degassed with hydrogen three times and stirred for 6 h at 30° C. under hydrogen atmosphere (1.5 atm). After filtration, the filter cake was washed with EA (3×10 mL). The filtrate was concentrated under reduced pressure to afford 4-(4,5-dichloro-2-methoxyphenyl)piperidine-2-carboxamide (cis isomer) as a yellow solid (0.15 g, 59%): LCMS (ESI) calc'd for C.sub.13H.sub.16Cl.sub.2N.sub.2O.sub.2 [M+H].sup.+: 303, 305 (3:2), found 303, 305 (3:2); .sup.1H NMR (300 MHz, CD.sub.3OD) δ 7.29 (s, 1H), 7.17 (s, 1H), 4.03-3.93 (m, 1H), 3.87 (s, 3H), 3.51 (d, J=12.8 Hz, 1H), 3.36-3.11 (m, 2H), 2.36 (d, J=13.8 Hz, 1H), 2.07-1.80 (m, 3H).

Step d

[0600] A solution 4-(4,5-dichloro-2-methoxyphenyl)piperidine-2-carboxamide (0.15 g, 0.49 mmol) and BBr.sub.3 (1.24 g, 4.95 mmol) in DCM (2 mL) was stirred for 1 h at room temperature under air atmosphere. The reaction was quenched by the addition of water (5 mL) at room temperature. The pH value of the reaction system was adjusted to 9 with saturated aq. NaHCO.sub.3 at 0° C. The resulting mixture was concentrated under reduced pressure. The crude product was purified by Prep-HPLC with the following conditions: Column: XBridge C.sub.18 OBD Prep Column 100 Å, 10 m, 19 mm×250 mm; Mobile Phase A: Water with 10 mmol/L NH.sub.4HCO.sub.3, Mobile Phase B: ACN; Flow rate: 25 mL/min; Gradient: 22% B to 27% B in 6 min; Detector: UV 254/210 nm; Retention time: 5.05 min. The fractions containing desired product was collected and concentrated under reduced pressure to afford Compound 85 ((2R,4S)-rel-4-(4,5-dichloro-2-hydroxyphenyl)piperidine-2-carboxamide (cis isomer)) as an off-white solid (47 mg, 22%): LCMS (ESI) calc'd for C.sub.12H.sub.14Cl.sub.2N.sub.2O.sub.2 [M+H].sup.+: 289, 291 (3:2), found 289, 291 (3:2); .sup.1H NMR (400 MHz, CD.sub.3OD) δ 7.25 (s, 1H), 6.97 (s, 1H), 4.00 (dd, J=12.5, 3.1 Hz, 1H), 3.54 (d, J=12.6 Hz, 1H), 3.30 (d, J=12.3 Hz, 1H), 3.21 (td, J=12.8, 3.3 Hz, 1H), 2.41 (d, J=13.8 Hz, 1H), 2.14-1.90 (m, 3H).

Example 63. Compound 86 (N-[[(2R,4S)-rel-4-(2,3-dichloro-6-hydroxyphenyl)piperidin-2-yl]methyl]acetamide isomer 1) and Compound 89 (N-[[(2R,4S)-rel-4-(2,3-dichloro-6-hydroxyphenyl)piperidin-2-yl]methyl]acetamide isomer 2)

[0601] ##STR00175##

Step a

[0602] N-[[4-(2,3-dichloro-6-hydroxyphenyl)piperidin-2-yl]methyl]acetamide (Compound 79, Example 57) (28 mg, 0.088 mmol) was separated by Chiral Prep-HPLC with the following conditions: Column: Chiralpak IG, 20×250 mm, 5 m; Mobile Phase A: Hex (0.1% IPA), Mobile Phase B: EtOH; Flow rate: 20 mL/min; Gradient: 10 B to 10 B in 13 min; Detector: 254/220 nm; Retention time: RT.sub.1: 7.478 min, RT.sub.2: 10.103 min.

[0603] The faster-eluting enantiomer Compound 89 (N-[[(2R,4S)-rel-4-(2,3-dichloro-6-hydroxyphenyl)piperidin-2-yl]methyl]acetamide isomer 2) was obtained as an off-white solid (5.6 mg, 20%) at 7.478 min: LCMS (ESI) calc'd for C.sub.14H.sub.18Cl.sub.2N.sub.2O.sub.2 [M+H].sup.+: 317, 319 (3:2), found 317, 319 (3:2); .sup.1H NMR (300 MHz, CD.sub.3OD) δ 7.15 (d, J=8.8 Hz, 1H), 6.68 (d, J=8.8 Hz, 1H), 3.21 (d, J=6.1 Hz, 3H), 2.77 (dd, J=12.1, 2.8 Hz, 3H), 2.60-2.42 (m, 1H), 2.22 (q, J=12.1 Hz, 1H), 1.95 (s, 3H), 1.65-1.47 (m, 2H).

[0604] The slower-eluting enantiomer Compound 86 (N-[[(2R,4S)-rel-4-(2,3-dichloro-6-hydroxyphenyl)piperidin-2-yl]methyl]acetamide isomer 1) was obtained as an off-white solid (7.2 mg, 26%) at 10.103 min: LCMS (ESI) calc'd for C.sub.14H.sub.18Cl.sub.2N.sub.2O.sub.2 [M+H].sup.+: 317, 319 (3:2), found 317, 319 (3:2); .sup.1H NMR (300 MHz, CD.sub.3OD) δ 7.15 (d, J=8.8 Hz, 1H), 6.68 (d, J=8.8 Hz, 1H), 3.53 (s, 1H), 3.20 (d, J=6.1 Hz, 3H), 2.74 (dd, J=14.2, 11.5 Hz, 2H), 2.58-2.41 (m, 1H), 2.21 (q, J=12.1 Hz, 1H), 1.95 (s, 3H), 1.56 (dd, J=23.1, 13.0 Hz, 2H).

Example 64. Compound 87 (9-(2,3-dichloro-6-hydroxyphenyl)-2,6-diazaspiro[4.5]decan-1-one)

[0605] ##STR00176##

Step a

[0606] To a stirred solution of 1-tert-butyl 2-methyl 4-(2,3-dichloro-6-methoxyphenyl)piperidine-1,2-dicarboxylate (Example 61, step c) (0.28 g, 0.67 mmol) in THE (3 mL) was added LiHMDS (0.8 mL, 0.80 mmol, 1 M in THF) at −78° C. under argon atmosphere. The reaction was stirred at −78° C. for 0.5 h. Then a solution of 2-bromoacetonitrile (0.12 g, 1.00 mmol) in THE (2 mL) was added into. The reaction solution was stirred at −78° C. for 1 h. Then reaction was warmed to room temperature and stirred for 1 h. The reaction was quenched with water (20 mL) at room temperature and extracted with EA (3×20 mL). Then the combined organic layers were washed with brine (2×20 mL) and dried over anhydrous Na.sub.2SO.sub.4. After filtration, the filtrate was concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was purified by Prep-HPLC with following conditions: Column: XBridge C.sub.18 OBD Prep Column 100 Å, 10 m, 19 mm×250 mm; Mobile Phase A: water with 20 mmmoL/L NH.sub.4HCO.sub.3, Mobile Phase B: ACN; Flow rate: 25 mL/min; Gradient: 75% B to 95% B in 6 min; 210 nm; Retention time: 4.98 min to afford 1-tert-butyl 2-methyl 2-(cyanomethyl)-4-(2,3-dichloro-6-methoxyphenyl)piperidine-1,2-dicarboxylate as a light yellow oil (0.10 g, 33%): LCMS (ESI) calc'd for C.sub.21H.sub.26Cl.sub.2N.sub.2O.sub.5 [M+Na].sup.+ 479, 481 (3:2), found 479, 481 (3:2); .sup.1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl.sub.3) δ 7.33 (d, J=8.9 Hz, 1H), 6.79 (d, J=8.9 Hz, 1H), 4.01-3.95 (m, 1H), 3.90 (s, 3H), 3.85 (s, 3H), 3.72-3.60 (m, 3H), 3.01 (t, J=14.0 Hz, 1H), 2.93 (d, J=17.1 Hz, 1H), 2.26-2.14 (m, 1H), 2.01-1.88 (m, 1H), 1.74-1.67 (m, 1H), 1.50 (s, 9H).

Step b

[0607] To a stirred solution of 1-tert-butyl 2-methyl 2-(cyanomethyl)-4-(2,3-dichloro-6-methoxyphenyl)piperidine-1,2-dicarboxylate (0.10 g, 0.22 mmol) in MeOH (2 mL) and HOAc (2 mL) was added PtO.sub.2 (50 mg, 0.22 mmol) at room temperature. The reaction was degassed with hydrogen three times and stirred at room temperature for 3 h under hydrogen atmosphere (1.5 atm). The reaction was filtered and the filtrate was concentrated under reduced pressure to afford 1-tert-butyl 2-methyl 2-(2-aminoethyl)-4-(2,3-dichloro-6-methoxyphenyl)piperidine-1,2-dicarboxylate as an off-white semi-solid (0.10 g, 99%). LCMS (ESI) calc'd for C.sub.21H.sub.30Cl.sub.2N.sub.2O.sub.5 [M+H].sup.+ 461, 463 (3:2), found 461, 463 (3:2); .sup.1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl.sub.3) δ 7.39 (d, J=8.9 Hz, 1H), 6.74 (d, J=8.9 Hz, 1H), 3.80 (s, 3H), 3.88-3.85 (m, 2H), 3.76-3.3.70 (m, 5H), 3.15-3.10 (m, 3H), 2.0-1.95 (m, 2H), 1.55-1.49 (m, 2H), 1.50 (s, 9H).

Step c

[0608] To a stirred solution of 1-tert-butyl 2-methyl 2-(2-aminoethyl)-4-(2,3-dichloro-6-methoxyphenyl)piperidine-1,2-dicarboxylate (80 mg, 0.17 mmol) in toluene (3 mL) was added TEA (0.18 g, 1.74 mmol) at room temperature. The reaction was stirred at 110° C. for 16 h. After cooling to room temperature, the reaction solution was concentrated under reduced pressure and the residue was purified by silica gel column chromatography, eluted with EA to afford tert-butyl 9-(2,3-dichloro-6-methoxyphenyl)-1-oxo-2,6-diazaspiro[4.5]decane-6-carboxylate as a light yellow oil (30 mg, 40%); LCMS (ESI) calc'd for C.sub.20H.sub.26Cl.sub.2N.sub.2O.sub.4 [M+H].sup.+ 429, 431 (3:2), found 429, 431 (3:2).

Step d

[0609] To a stirred solution of tert-butyl 9-(2,3-dichloro-6-methoxyphenyl)-1-oxo-2,6-diazaspiro[4.5]decane-6-carboxylate (30 mg, 0.07 mmol) in DCM (1 mL) was added BBr.sub.3 (0.11 g, 0.42 mmol) at room temperature. The reaction was stirred at room temperature for 1 h. The reaction was quenched with water (1 mL) and concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was purified by Prep-HPLC with following conditions: Column: XBridge C.sub.18 OBD Prep Column 100 Å, 10 m, 19 mm×250 mm; Mobile Phase A: Water (plus 0.05% TFA), Mobile Phase B: ACN; Flow rate: 25 mL/min; Gradient: 21% B to 30% B in 6 min; Detector: UV 254/220 nm; Retention time: 5.91 min. The fractions containing the desired product were collected and concentrated under reduced pressure to afford Compound 87 (9-(2,3-dichloro-6-hydroxyphenyl)-2,6-diazaspiro[4.5]decan-1-one) as an off-white solid (4 mg, 13%); LCMS (ESI) calc'd for C.sub.14H.sub.16Cl.sub.2N.sub.2O.sub.2 [M+H].sup.+ 315, 317 (3:2), found 315, 317 (3:2); .sup.1H NMR (400 MHz, CD.sub.3OD) δ 7.27 (d, J=8.8 Hz, 1H), 6.77 (d, J=8.8 Hz, 1H), 3.98-3.85 (m, 1H), 3.58-3.41 (m, 3H), 3.30-3.21 (m, 1H), 3.01-2.81 (m, 2H), 2.79-2.70 (m, 1H), 2.45-2.31 (m, 1H), 1.91-1.79 (m, 2H).

Example 65. Compound 88 (1-(2,3-dichloro-6-hydroxyphenyl)piperidine-3-carboxamide)

[0610] ##STR00177##

Step a

[0611] To a stirred solution of Intermediate 1 (0.30 g, 1.17 mmol) and tert-butyl piperidine-3-carboxylate (0.26 g, 1.41 mmol) in 1, 4-dioxane (4 mL) was added Pd.sub.2(dba).sub.3.CHCl.sub.3 (0.11 g, 0.12 mmol) and XantPhos (0.14 g, 0.23 mmol) and Cs.sub.2CO.sub.3 (1.15 g, 3.52 mmol) in portions at room temperature. The resulting mixture was stirred for 12 h at 90° C. under argon atmosphere. After cooling to room temperature, the reaction was diluted with water (30 mL) and extracted with EA (3×30 mL). The combined organic layers were washed with brine (2×30 mL) and dried over anhydrous Na.sub.2SO.sub.4. After filtration, the filtrate was concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was purified by silica gel column chromatography, eluted with PE/EA (10/1) to afford tert-butyl 1-(2,3-dichloro-6-methoxyphenyl)piperidine-3-carboxylate as a light yellow oil (0.20 g, 47%): LCMS (ESI) calc'd for C.sub.17H.sub.23Cl.sub.2NO.sub.3 [M+H−56].sup.+: 304, 306 (3:2), found 304, 306 (3:2); .sup.1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl.sub.3) δ 7.18 (dd, J=9.3, 3.2 Hz, 1H), 6.73 (dd, J=9.0, 3.1 Hz, 1H), 3.83 (s, 3H), 3.31-3.06 (m, 3H), 3.03-2.89 (m, 1H), 2.73-2.57 (m, 1H), 2.16-2.02 (m, 1H), 1.93-1.67 (m, 3H), 1.46 (s, 9H).

Step b

[0612] To a stirred solution of tert-butyl 1-(2,3-dichloro-6-methoxyphenyl)piperidine-3-carboxylate (0.20 g, 0.56 mmol) in DCM (1 mL) was added BBr.sub.3 (1.33 g, 5.31 mmol) at room temperature. The resulting mixture was stirred for 2 h at 40° C. The reaction was quenched with water (1 mL) at 0° C. The resulting mixture was concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was purified by reverse phase chromatography, eluted with 20% ACN in water (plus 0.05% TFA) to afford 1-(2,3-dichloro-6-hydroxyphenyl)piperidine-3-carboxylic acid as a light yellow oil (80 mg, 50%); LCMS (ESI) calc'd for C.sub.12H.sub.13Cl.sub.2NO.sub.3 [M+H].sup.+: 290, 292 (3:2), found 290, 292 (3:2);

Step c

[0613] To a stirred solution of 1-(2,3-dichloro-6-hydroxyphenyl)piperidine-3-carboxylic acid (80 mg, 0.28 mmol) and CDI (47 mg, 0.29 mmol) in DMF (2 mL) was added NH.sub.4Cl (30 mg, 0.56 mmol) at room temperature. The resulting mixture was stirred for 5 h at room temperature. The reaction solution was purified by Prep-HPLC with the following conditions: Column: XBridge C.sub.18 OBD Prep Column, 100 Å, 10 μm, 19 mm×250 mm; Mobile Phase A: Water (plus 0.05% TFA), Mobile Phase B: ACN; Flow rate: 25 mL/min; Gradient: 55% B to 56% B in 6 min; Detector: UV 254/220 nm; Retention time: 5.30 min. The fractions containing the desired product were collected and concentrated under reduced pressure to afford Compound 88 (1-(2,3-dichloro-6-hydroxyphenyl)piperidine-3-carboxamide) as a light yellow solid (32 mg, 29%): LCMS (ESI) calc'd for C.sub.12H.sub.14Cl.sub.2N.sub.2O.sub.2 [M+H].sup.+: 289, 291 (3:2), found 289, 291 (3:2); 1H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d.sub.6+D.sub.2O) δ 7.21 (d, J=8.8 Hz, 1H), 6.80 (d, J=8.8 Hz, 1H), 3.26-2.98 (m, 3H), 2.98-2.84 (m, 1H), 2.51-2.42 (m, 1H), 1.83-1.48 (m, 4H).

Example 66. Compound 90 ((2R)-4-(2,3-dichloro-6-hydroxyphenyl)piperazine-2-carboxamide)

[0614] ##STR00178##

Step a

[0615] To a stirred solution of Intermediate 1 (0.40 g, 1.56 mmol) and 1-tert-butyl 2-methyl (2R)-piperazine-1,2-dicarboxylate (0.46 g, 1.88 mmol) in 1,4-dioxane (5 mL) were added Pd.sub.2(dba).sub.3.CHCl3 (0.14 g, 0.16 mmol), XantPhos (0.18 g, 0.31 mmol) and Cs.sub.2CO.sub.3 (1.53 g, 4.69 mmol) at room temperature. The resulting mixture was degassed with argon three times and stirred for 16 h at 90° C. under argon atmosphere. The reaction was diluted with water (30 mL). The aqueous solution was extracted with EA (3×30 mL). The combined organic layers were washed with brine (2×30 mL) and dried over anhydrous Na.sub.2SO.sub.4. After filtration, the filtrate was concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was purified by silica gel column chromatography, eluted with PE/EA (5/1) to afford 1-tert-butyl 2-methyl (2R)-4-(2,3-dichloro-6-methoxyphenyl)piperazine-1,2-dicarboxylate as a light yellow oil (0.15 g, 18%): LCMS (ESI) calc'd for C.sub.18H.sub.24Cl.sub.2N.sub.2O.sub.5 [M+H].sup.+: 419, 421 (3:2), found 419, 421 (3:2); .sup.1H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl.sub.3) δ 7.21 (d, J=9.0 Hz, 1H), 6.71 (d, J=9.0 Hz, 1H), 4.70 (d, J=51.1 Hz, 1H), 3.99-3.84 (m, 1H), 3.80 (s, 3H), 3.75 (d, J=7.8 Hz, 3H), 3.64-3.53 (m, 1H), 3.52-3.16 (m, 3H), 2.93-2.73 (m, 1H), 1.49 (d, J=12.8 Hz, 9H).

Step b

[0616] To a stirred solution of 1-tert-butyl 2-methyl (2R)-4-(2,3-dichloro-6-methoxyphenyl)piperazine-1,2-dicarboxylate (0.15 g, 0.36 mmol) in MeOH (3 mL) and H.sub.2O (0.5 mL) was added NaOH (0.14 g, 3.58 mmol) at room temperature. The resulting mixture was stirred for 3 h at room temperature. The mixture was acidified to pH 4 with saturated aq. citric acid. The resulting mixture was extracted with EA (3×20 mL). The combined organic layers were washed with brine (3×20 mL) and dried over anhydrous Na.sub.2SO.sub.4. After filtration, the filtrate was concentrated under reduced pressure to afford (2R)-1-[(tert-butoxy)carbonyl]-4-(2,3-dichloro-6-methoxyphenyl)piperazine-2-carboxylic acid as a yellow oil (0.15 g, crude), which was used in the next step directly without further purification: LCMS (ESI) calc'd for C.sub.17H.sub.22Cl.sub.2N.sub.2O.sub.5 [M+H].sup.+: 405, 407 (3:2), found 405, 407 (3:2);

Step c

[0617] To a stirred solution of (2R)-1-[(tert-butoxy)carbonyl]-4-(2,3-dichloro-6-methoxyphenyl)piperazine-2-carboxylic acid (0.15 g, 0.37 mmol) and HATU (0.28 g, 0.74 mmol) in DMF (2 mL) was added NH.sub.4Cl (40 mg, 0.74 mmol) at room temperature. The reaction was stirred for 2 h at room temperature. The resulting mixture was diluted with water (30 mL). The mixture was extracted with EA (3×20 mL). The combined organic layers were washed with brine (3×20 mL) and dried over anhydrous Na.sub.2SO.sub.4. After filtration, the filtrate was concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was purified by Prep-TLC, eluted with PE/EA (5/1) to afford tert-butyl (2R)-2-carbamoyl-4-(2,3-dichloro-6-methoxyphenyl)piperazine-1-carboxylate as a yellow solid (80 mg, 53% overall two steps): LCMS (ESI) calc'd for C.sub.17H.sub.23Cl.sub.2N.sub.3O.sub.4 [M+H].sup.+: 404, 406 (3:2), found 404, 406 (3:2); .sup.1H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl.sub.3) δ 7.20 (d, J=8.7 Hz, 1H), 6.70 (d, J=9.0 Hz, 1H), 4.75 (d, J=53.4 Hz, 1H), 3.87-3.72 (m, 4H), 3.69-3.57 (m, 1H), 3.52-3.37 (m, 2H), 3.34-3.17 (m, 1H), 3.00-2.75 (m, 1H), 1.48 (d, J=5.1 Hz, 9H).

Step d

[0618] To a stirred solution of tert-butyl (2R)-2-carbamoyl-4-(2,3-dichloro-6-methoxyphenyl)piperazine-1-carboxylate (80 mg, 0.20 mmol) in DCM (1 mL) was added BBr.sub.3 (0.50 g, 2.00 mmol at room temperature. The resulting mixture was stirred for 8 h at 40° C. The reaction was quenched with water (1 mL) at 0° C. The resulting mixture was concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was purified by Prep-HPLC with the following conditions: Column: XBridge C.sub.18 OBD Prep Column 100 Å, 10 μm, 19 mm×250 mm; Mobile Phase A: Water (plus 0.05% TFA), Mobile Phase B: ACN; Flow rate: 25 mL/min; Gradient: 25% B to 30% B in 6 min; Detector: UV 254/220 nm; Retention time: 5.12 min. The fractions containing the desired product were collected and concentrated under reduced pressure to Compound 90 ((2R)-4-(2,3-dichloro-6-hydroxyphenyl)piperazine-2-carboxamide) as an off-white solid (15 mg, 18%); LCMS (ESI) calc'd for C.sub.11H.sub.13Cl.sub.2N.sub.3O.sub.2 [M+H].sup.+: 290, 292 (3:2), found 290, 292 (3:2); .sup.1H NMR (400 MHz, CD.sub.3OD) δ 7.35-7.14 (m, 1H), 6.91-6.66 (m, 1H), 4.30-4.00 (m, 1H), 3.76 (t, J=12.2 Hz, 1H), 3.64 (t, J=13.2 Hz, 1H), 3.57-3.35 (m, 3H), 3.18-3.07 (m, 1H).

[0619] The compound in Table 1E below was prepared in an analogous fashion to that described for Compound 90, starting from Intermediate 1 and the commercially available 1-tert-butyl 2-methyl (2S)-piperazine-1,2-dicarboxylate.

TABLE-US-00005 TABLE IE Compound Number Structure Chemical Name MS: (M + H).sup.+ & .sup.1H MNR 92 [00179] embedded image (2S)-4-(2,3- dichloro-6- hydroxyphenyl)pip- erazine-2- carboxamide [M + H].sup.+: 290, 292 (3:2); .sup.1H NMR (400 MHz, CD.sub.3OD) δ 7.32-7.09 (m, 1H), 6.90 − 6.72 (m, 1H), 4.30 − 4.03 (m, 1H), 3.76 (t, J = 12.1 Hz, 1H), 3.63 (t, J = 13.2 Hz, 1H), 3.57 − 3.35 (m, 3H), 3.18 − 3.04 (m, 1H).

Example 67. Compound 91 (3,4,5-trichloro-2-[1-[(3S)-pyrrolidine-3-carbonyl]piperidin-4-yl]phenol)

[0620] ##STR00180##

Step a

[0621] To a stirred solution of (S)-1-[(tert-butoxy)carbonyl]pyrrolidine-3-carboxylic acid (46 mg, 0.21 mmol) and EDCI (55 mg, 0.29 mmol) in DMF (1 mL) were added 3,4,5-trichloro-2-(piperidin-4-yl)phenol (Example 31, Compound 44's free base) (40 mg, 0.14 mmol) and Et.sub.3N (29 mg, 0.29 mmol) at room temperature. The resulting mixture was stirred for 2 h at room temperature. The reaction was diluted with EA (20 mL) and water (20 mL). The aqueous solution was extracted with EA (3×30 mL). The combined organic layers were washed with brine (2×30 mL) and dried over anhydrous Na.sub.2SO.sub.4. After filtration, the filtrate was concentrated under reduced pressure to afford tert-butyl (3S)-3-(4-(2,3,4-trichloro-6-hydroxyphenyl)piperidine-1-carbonyl)pyrrolidine-1-carboxylate as a yellow oil (40 mg, crude), which was used to next step directly without further purification: LCMS (ESI) calc'd for C.sub.21H.sub.27Cl.sub.3N.sub.2O.sub.4 [M+H].sup.+: 477, 479, 481 (3:3:1), found 477, 479, 481 (3:3:1); .sup.1H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl.sub.3) δ 7.09 (d, J=11.8 Hz, 1H), 4.78-4.62 (m, 1H), 4.05 (d, J=13.5 Hz, 1H), 3.71-3.47 (m, 4H), 3.47-3.28 (m, 2H), 3.28-3.08 (m, 1H), 2.67 (t, J=12.7 Hz, 1H), 2.51-2.32 (m, 2H), 2.22-2.05 (m, 2H), 1.75-1.53 (m, 2H), 1.49 (s, 9H);

Step b

[0622] To a stirred solution of tert-butyl (3S)-3-[4-(2,3,4-trichloro-6-hydroxyphenyl)piperidine-1-carbonyl]pyrrolidine-1-carboxylate (40 mg, 0.08 mmol) in DCM (1 mL) was added TFA (1 mL) at room temperature. The reaction was stirred at room temperature for 1 h. The reaction solution was concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was purified by Prep-HPLC with the following conditions: Column: XBridge C.sub.18 OBD Prep Column 100 Å, 10 m, 19 mm×250 mm; Mobile Phase A: Water with 10 mmol/L NH.sub.4HCO.sub.3, Mobile Phase B: ACN; Flow rate: 25 mL/min; Gradient: 40% B to 90% B in 5.5 min; Detector: UV 254/210 nm; Retention time: 3.92 min. The fractions containing the desired product were collected and concentrated under reduced pressure to afford Compound 91 (3,4,5-trichloro-2-[1-[(3S)-pyrrolidine-3-carbonyl]piperidin-4-yl]phenol) as an off-white solid (18.7 mg, 35% overall two steps); LCMS (ESI) calc'd for C.sub.16H.sub.19C.sub.13N.sub.2O.sub.2 [M+H].sup.+: 377, 379, 381 (3:3:1), found 377, 379, 381 (3:3:1); .sup.1H NMR (300 MHz, CD.sub.3OD) δ 6.89 (s, 1H), 4.67 (d, J=13.0 Hz, 1H), 4.20 (d, J=13.2 Hz, 1H), 3.86-3.51 (m, 1H), 3.48-3.34 (m, 1H), 3.27-2.91 (m, 5H), 2.80-2.60 (m, 1H), 2.59-2.32 (m, 2H), 2.23-1.89 (m, 2H), 1.73-1.53 (m, 2H).

[0623] The compounds in Table 1F below were prepared in an analogous fashion to that described for Compound 91, starting from Compound 44's free base (Example 31) and the corresponding carboxylic acids, which were available from commercial sources.

TABLE-US-00006 TABLE 1F Compound MS: (M + H).sup.+ & .sup.1H Number Structure Chemical Name MNR 93 [00181] embedded image 2-hydroxy-1-[4- (2,3,4-trichloro-6- hydroxyphenyl)piperidin- 1-yl]ethan-1-one [M + H].sup.+ 338, 340, 342 (3:3:1); .sup.1H NMR (300 MHz, CD.sub.3OD) δ 6.92 (s, 1H), 4.65 (d, J = 12.9 Hz, 1H), 4.34-4.15 (m, 2H), 3.85 (d, J = 13.9 Hz, 1H), 3.69-3.49 (m, 1H), 3.14 (t, J = 13.1 Hz, 1H), 2.77 (t, J = 13.2 Hz, 1H), 2.60-2.33 (m, 2H), 1.69- 1.49 (m, 2H). 98 [00182] embedded image 2-amino-1-[4- (2,3,4-trichloro-6- hydroxyphenyl) piperidin-1-yl]ethan-1- one [M + H].sup.+: 337, 339, 341 (3:3:1); .sup.1H NMR (400 MHz, CD.sub.3OD) δ 6.94 (s, 1H), 4.71-4.59 (m, 1H), 4.06-3.90 (m, 2H), 3.88- 3.81 (m, 1H), 3.72-3.60 (m, 1H), 3.27-3.18 (m, 1H), 2.86-2.76 (m, 1H), 2.57-2.37 (m, 2H), 1.66 (t, J = 13.2 Hz, 2H).

Example 68. Compound 95 (3,4,5-trichloro-2-[1-(pyrrolidine-3-sulfonyl)piperidin-4-yl]phenol

[0624] ##STR00183##

Step a

[0625] To a stirred solution of 3,4,5-trichloro-2-(piperidin-4-yl)phenol (Example 31, Compound 44's free base) (0.11 g, 0.39 mmol) and tert-butyl 3-(chlorosulfonyl)pyrrolidine-1-carboxylate (0.13 g, 0.47 mmol) in DCM (2 mL) was added Et.sub.3N (79 mg, 0.78 mmol) at room temperature. The resulting mixture was stirred for 3 h at room temperature under nitrogen atmosphere. The reaction was diluted with water (20 mL). The resulting mixture was extracted with EA (3×20 mL). The combined organic layers were washed with brine (3×20 mL) and dried over anhydrous Na.sub.2SO.sub.4. After filtration, the filtrate was concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was purified by Prep-TLC, eluted with PE/EA (2/1) to afford tert-butyl 3-([2-[1-([1-[(tert-butoxy)carbonyl]pyrrolidin-3-yl]sulfonyl)piperidin-4-yl]-3,4,5-trichlorophenoxy]sulfonyl)pyrrolidine-1-carboxylate as an off-white solid (0.10 g, 34%): LCMS (ESI) calc'd for C.sub.29H.sub.42Cl.sub.3N.sub.3O.sub.9S.sub.2 [M+H].sup.+: 746, 748, 750 (3:3:1), found 746, 748, 750 (3:3:1);

Step b

[0626] To a stirred solution of tert-butyl 3-([2-[1-([1-[(tert-butoxy)carbonyl]pyrrolidin-3-yl]sulfonyl)piperidin-4-yl]-3,4,5-trichlorophenoxy]sulfonyl)pyrrolidine-1-carboxylate (0.10 g, 0.13 mmol) in MeOH (2 mL) was added K.sub.2CO.sub.3 (56 mg, 0.40 mmol) at room temperature. The resulting mixture was stirred for overnight at room temperature. The reaction was diluted with water (20 mL). The resulting mixture was extracted with EA (3×20 mL). The combined organic layers were washed with brine (3×20 mL) and dried over anhydrous Na.sub.2SO.sub.4. After filtration, the filtrate was concentrated under reduced pressure to afford tert-butyl 3-[[4-(2,3,4-trichloro-6-hydroxyphenyl)piperidin-1-yl]sulfonyl]pyrrolidine-1-carboxylate as a light yellow oil (90 mg, crude), which was used to next step directly without further purification: LCMS (ESI) calc'd for C.sub.20H.sub.27C.sub.13N.sub.2O.sub.5S [M+H−56].sup.+: 457, 459, 461 (3:3:1), found 457, 459, 461 (3:3:1); .sup.1H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl.sub.3) δ 6.92 (s, 1H), 4.06-.80 (m, 2H), 3.71-.56 (m, 4H), 3.54-3.32 (m, 2H), 3.07-.83 (m, 2H), 2.65-.14 (m, 4H), 1.70-.54 (m, 2H), 1.47 (d, J=2.9 Hz, 9H).

Step c

[0627] To a stirred solution of tert-butyl 3-[[4-(2,3,4-trichloro-6-hydroxyphenyl)piperidin-1-yl]sulfonyl]pyrrolidine-1-carboxylate (90 mg, 0.18 mmol) in DCM (1 mL) was added TFA (1 mL) at room temperature. The reaction was stirred at room temperature for 1 h. The reaction solution was concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was purified by Prep-HPLC with the following conditions: Column: XBridge C.sub.18 OBD Prep Column 100 Å, 10 m, 19 mm×250 mm; Mobile Phase A: Water with 10 mmol/L NH.sub.4HCO.sub.3, Mobile Phase B: ACN; Flow rate: 25 mL/min; Gradient: 25% B to 70% B in 5.5 min; Detector: UV 254/210 nm; Retention time: 5.30 min. The fractions containing the desired product were collected and concentrated under reduced pressure to afford Compound 95 (3,4,5-trichloro-2-[1-(pyrrolidine-3-sulfonyl)piperidin-4-yl]phenol) as an off-white solid (30 mg, 55% overall two steps): LCMS (ESI) calc'd for C.sub.15H.sub.19C.sub.13N.sub.2O.sub.3S [M+H].sup.+: 413, 415, 417 (3:3:1), found 413, 415, 417 (3:3:1); .sup.1H NMR (400 MHz, CD.sub.3OD) δ 6.92 (s, 1H), 4.00-.86 (m, 2H), 3.86-.74 (m, 1H), 3.58-.44 (m, 1H), 3.26-.19 (m, 2H), 3.11-.86 (m, 4H), 2.65-.51 (m, 2H), 2.27-.10 (m, 2H), 1.62 (d, J=13.4 Hz, 2H).

Example 69. Compound 96 ((2R)-4-(2,3,4-trichloro-6-hydroxyphenyl)piperazine-2-carboxamide)

[0628] ##STR00184##

Step a

[0629] To a stirred solution of 2-bromo-3,4,5-trichloro-1-methoxybenzene (Example 31, step c) (0.55 g, 1.89 mmol) and 1-tert-butyl 2-methyl (2R)-piperazine-1,2-dicarboxylate (0.56 g, 2.27 mmol) in 1,4-dioxane (6 mL) were added Pd.sub.2(dba).sub.3.CHCl3 (0.20 g, 0.19 mmol), XantPhos (0.22 g, 0.38 mmol) and Cs.sub.2CO.sub.3 (1.85 g, 5.68 mmol) at room temperature. The resulting mixture was stirred for 3 h at 90° C. under argon atmosphere. After cooling to room temperature, the reaction was diluted with EA (30 mL) and water (30 mL). The aqueous solution was extracted with EA (3×30 mL). The combined organic layers were washed with brine (2×30 mL) and dried over anhydrous Na.sub.2SO.sub.4. After filtration, the filtrate was concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was purified by silica gel column chromatography, eluted with PE/EA (3/1) to afford 1-tert-butyl 2-methyl (2R)-4-(2,3,4-trichloro-6-methoxyphenyl)piperazine-1,2-dicarboxylate as a yellow oil (0.30 g, 31%): LCMS (ESI) calc'd for C.sub.18H.sub.23Cl.sub.3N.sub.2O.sub.5 [M+H].sup.+: 453, 455, 457 (3:3:1), found 453, 455, 457 (3:3:1); .sup.1H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl.sub.3) δ 6.89 (s, 1H), 4.70 (d, J=51.4 Hz, 1H), 3.96-3.84 (m, 1H), 3.81 (s, 3H), 3.75 (d, J=7.8 Hz, 3H), 3.63-3.51 (m, 1H), 3.51-3.32 (m, 2H), 3.32-3.15 (m, 1H), 2.91-2.68 (m, 1H), 1.48 (d, J=12.5 Hz, 9H).

Step b

[0630] To a stirred solution of 1-tert-butyl 2-methyl (2R)-4-(2,3,4-trichloro-6-methoxyphenyl)piperazine-1,2-dicarboxylate (0.30 g, 0.66 mmol) in MeOH (3 mL) and H.sub.2O (0.5 mL) was added NaOH (0.26 g, 6.61 mmol) at room temperature. The resulting mixture was stirred for 2 h at room temperature. The mixture was acidified to pH=3 with saturated aq. citric acid. The resulting mixture was extracted with EA (3×20 mL). The combined organic layers were washed with brine (3×20 mL) and dried over anhydrous Na.sub.2SO.sub.4. After filtration, the filtrate was concentrated under reduced pressure to afford (2R)-1-[(tert-butoxy)carbonyl]-4-(2,3,4-trichloro-6-methoxyphenyl)piperazine-2-carboxylic acid as a yellow oil (0.15 g, crude), which was used in the next step directly without further purification: LCMS (ESI) calc'd for C.sub.17H.sub.21C.sub.13N.sub.2O.sub.5 [M+H].sup.+: 439, 441, 443 (3:3:1), found 439, 441, 443 (3:3:1);

Step c

[0631] To a stirred solution of (2R)-1-[(tert-butoxy)carbonyl]-4-(2,3,4-trichloro-6-methoxyphenyl)piperazine-2-carboxylic acid (0.15 g, 0.34 mmol) and HATU (0.26 g, 0.68 mmol) in DMF (2 mL) was added NH.sub.4Cl (37 mg, 0.68 mmol) at room temperature. The reaction was stirred for 3 h at room temperature. The resulting mixture was diluted with water (30 mL). The mixture was extracted with EA (3×20 mL). The combined organic layers were washed with brine (3×20 mL) and dried over anhydrous Na.sub.2SO.sub.4. After filtration, the filtrate was concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was purified by reverse phase chromatography, eluted with 50% ACN in water (plus 0.05% TFA) to afford tert-butyl (2R)-2-carbamoyl-4-(2,3,4-trichloro-6-methoxyphenyl)piperazine-1-carboxylate as an off-white solid (0.10 g, 34% overall two steps): LCMS (ESI) calc'd for C.sub.17H.sub.22C.sub.13N.sub.3O.sub.4 [M+H].sup.+: 438, 440, 442 (3:3:1), found 438, 440, 442 (3:3:1);

Step d

[0632] To a stirred solution of tert-butyl (2R)-2-carbamoyl-4-(2,3,4-trichloro-6-methoxyphenyl)piperazine-1-carboxylate (0.10 g, 0.23 mmol) in DCM (1 mL) was added BBr.sub.3 (0.57 g, 2.28 mmol at room temperature. The resulting mixture was stirred for 3 h at room temperature. The reaction was quenched with water (1 mL) at 0° C. The resulting mixture was concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was purified by Prep-HPLC with the following conditions: Column: XBridge C.sub.18 OBD Prep Column 100 Å, 10 μm, 19 mm×250 mm; Mobile Phase A: Water (plus 0.05% TFA), Mobile Phase B: ACN; Flow rate: 25 mL/min; Gradient: 25% B to 28% B in 10 min; Detector: UV 254/210 nm; Retention time: 8.21 min. The fractions containing the desired product were collected and concentrated under reduced pressure to afford Compound 96 ((2R)-4-(2,3,4-trichloro-6-hydroxyphenyl)piperazine-2-carboxamide) as an off-white solid (7.2 mg, 7%); LCMS (ESI) calc'd for C.sub.11H.sub.12Cl.sub.3N.sub.3O.sub.2 [M+H].sup.+: 324, 326, 328 (3:3:1), found 324, 326, 328 (3:3:1); .sup.1H NMR (400 MHz, CD.sub.3OD) δ 7.00 (s, 1H), 4.31-4.08 (m, 1H), 3.78-3.68 (m, 1H), 3.68-3.56 (m, 1H), 3.53-3.39 (m, 3H), 3.18-3.07 (m, 1H).

Example 70. Compound 97 (N-(2R,4S)-rel-[[4-(2,3-dichloro-6-hydroxyphenyl)piperidin-2-yl]methyl]cyclopropanesulfonamide)

[0633] ##STR00185##

Step a

[0634] To a stirred solution of 1-[4-(2,3-dichloro-6-methoxyphenyl)piperidin-2-yl]methanamine cis isomer (Example 72, step b, free base compound) (0.20 g, 0.69 mmol) and Et.sub.3N (0.56 g, 3.46 mmol) in DCM (1 mL) was added a solution of cyclopropanesulfonyl chloride (49 mg, 0.35 mmol) in DCM (1 mL) dropwise at 0° C. The solution was stirred at 0° C. for 3 h. The reaction solution was concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was purified by reverse phase chromatography, eluted with 50% ACN in water (plus 0.05% TFA) to afford N-[[4-(2,3-dichloro-6-methoxyphenyl)piperidin-2-yl]methyl]cyclopropanesulfonamide cis isomer as an off-white solid (0.12 g, 44%): LCMS (ESI) calc'd for C.sub.16H.sub.22Cl.sub.2N.sub.2O.sub.3S [M+H].sup.+: 393, 395 (3:2), found 393, 395 (3:2).

Step b

[0635] To a stirred solution of N-[[4-(2,3-dichloro-6-methoxyphenyl)piperidin-2-yl]methyl]cyclopropanesulfonamide cis isomer (0.10 g, 0.25 mmol) in DCM (3 mL) was added BBr.sub.3 (0.32 g, 1.27 mmol) at room temperature. The reaction was stirred at room temperature for 3 h. The reaction was quenched with MeOH (3 mL). The mixture was concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was purified by Prep-HPLC with the following conditions: Column: Xselect CSH OBD Column 30×150 mm 5 m; Mobile Phase A: Water (plus 0.1% FA), Mobile Phase B: ACN; Flow rate: 60 mL/min; Gradient: 5% B to 28% B in 7 min; Detector: UV 254/220 nm; Retention time: 6.90 min. The fractions containing the desired product were collected and concentrated under reduced pressure to afford Compound 97 (N-(2R,4S)-rel-[[4-(2,3-dichloro-6-hydroxyphenyl)piperidin-2-yl]methyl]cyclopropanesulfonamide (cis isomer)) as an off-white solid (16 mg, 15%): LCMS (ESI) calc'd for C.sub.15H.sub.20Cl.sub.2N.sub.2O.sub.3S [M+H].sup.+: 379, 381 (3:2), found 379, 381 (3:2); .sup.1H NMR (400 MHz, CD.sub.3OD) δ 8.54 (s, 1H), 7.25 (d, J=8.8 Hz, 1H), 6.76 (d, J=8.8 Hz, 1H), 3.83-3.69 (m, 1H), 3.54-3.39 (m, 2H), 3.31-3.24 (m, 1H), 3.19-3.06 (m, 1H), 2.86-2.71 (m, 1H), 2.68-2.53 (m, 2H), 1.91-1.74 (m, 2H), 1.16-0.98 (m, 5H).

[0636] The compounds in Table 1G below were prepared in an analogous fashion to that described for Compound 97, starting from 1-[4-(2,3-dichloro-6-methoxyphenyl)piperidin-2-yl]methanamine cis isomer (Example 72, step b, free base compound) and the corresponding sulfonyl chlorides, which were available from commercial sources.

TABLE-US-00007 TABLE 1G Compound Number Structure Chemical Name MS: (M + H).sup.+ & .sup.1H MNR 6 [00186] embedded image N-(2R,4S)-rel-[[4- (2,3-dichloro-6- hydroxyphenyl) piperidin-2- yl]methyl]pyridine- 3-sulfonamide [M + H].sup.+ 416, 418 (3:2); .sup.1H NMR (400 MHz, CD.sub.3OD) δ 9.05 (d, J =2.3 Hz, 1H), 8.83 (dd, J = 4.9, 1.5 Hz, 1H), 8.31 (d, J = 8.2 Hz, 1H), 7.68 (dd, J = 8.1, 4.9 Hz, 1H), 7.25 (d, J = 8.8 Hz, 1H), 6.76 (d, J = 8.8 Hz, 1H), 3.86-3.65 (m, 1H), 3.62-3.48 (m, 1H), 3.43-3.34 (m, 1H), 3.23-3.06 (m, 3H), 2.89-2.74 (m, 1H), 2.69-2.52 (m, 1H), 1.91-1.73 (m, 2H). 94 [00187] embedded image N-(2R,4S)-rel-[[4- (2,3-dichloro-6- hydroxyphenyl) piperidin-2- yl]methyl] benzenesulfonamide [M + H].sup.+: 415, 417 (3:2); .sup.1H NMR (400 MHz, CD.sub.3OD) δ 7.95-7.89 (m, 2H), 7.72-7.65 (m, 1H), 7.65-7.57 (m, 2H), 7.25 (d, J = 8.8 Hz, 1H), 6.75 (d, J = 8.8 Hz, 1H), 3.80-3.67 (m, 1H), 3.57-3.48 (m, 1H), 3.38-3.34 (m, 1H), 3.22-3.00 (m, 3H), 2.89-2.74 (m, 1H), 2.59 (q, J= 12.6 Hz, 1H), 1.80 (t, J = 14.6 Hz, 2H).

Example 71. Compound 99 ((2-(2-(5-amino-1,3,4-oxadiazol-2-yl)piperidin-4-yl)-3,4-dichlorophenol), Compound 103 (2-((2R,4S)-rel-2-(5-amino-1,3,4-oxadiazol-2-yl)piperidin-4-yl)-3,4-dichlorophenol isomer 1), and Compound 105 (2-((2R,4S)-rel-2-(5-amino-1,3,4-oxadiazol-2-yl)piperidin-4-yl)-3,4-dichlorophenol isomer 2)

[0637] ##STR00188##

Step a

[0638] A mixture of 1-tert-butyl 2-methyl 4-(2,3-dichloro-6-methoxyphenyl)piperidine-1,2-dicarboxylate (Example 61, step c) (0.15 g, 0.36 mmol) and NH.sub.2NH.sub.2.H.sub.2O (0.36 g, 7.19 mmol) in MeOH (4 mL) was stirred for 4 h at 75° C. under nitrogen atmosphere. After cooling to room temperature, the reaction was diluted with EA (30 mL) and water (30 mL). The aqueous solution was extracted with EA (3×30 mL). The combined organic layers were washed with brine (2×30 mL) and dried over anhydrous Na.sub.2SO.sub.4. After filtration, the filtrate was concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was purified by reverse phase chromatography, eluted with 70% ACN in water (plus 0.05% TFA) to afford tert-butyl 4-(2,3-dichloro-6-methoxyphenyl)-2-(hydrazinecarbonyl)piperidine-1-carboxylate as a yellow oil (0.11 g, 73%): LCMS (ESI) calc'd for C.sub.18H.sub.25Cl.sub.2N.sub.3O.sub.4 [M+H].sup.+: 418, 420 (3:2), found 418, 420 (3:2); .sup.1H NMR (400 MHz, CD.sub.3OD) δ 7.39 (d, J=8.9 Hz, 1H), 6.98 (d, J=9.0 Hz, 1H), 4.16 (dd, J=12.5, 5.5 Hz, 1H), 3.93-3.84 (m, 4H), 3.76-3.55 (m, 2H), 2.70-2.54 (m, 1H), 2.03-1.93 (m, 2H), 1.80-1.71 (m, 1H), 1.49 (s, 9H).

Step b

[0639] A solution of tert-butyl 4-(2,3-dichloro-6-methoxyphenyl)-2-(hydrazinecarbonyl)piperidine-1-carboxylate (0.11 g, 0.26 mmol) and BrCN (56 mg, 0.53 mmol) in MeOH (3 mL) was stirred for 4 h at room temperature under nitrogen atmosphere. The reaction was quenched with saturated aq. Na.sub.2CO.sub.3 (3 mL) at room temperature. The precipitated solids were filtered and washed with MeOH (3×8 mL) and dried under vacuum to afford tert-butyl 2-(5-amino-1,3,4-oxadiazol-2-yl)-4-(2,3-dichloro-6-methoxyphenyl)piperidine-1-carboxylate as a yellow solid (90 mg, 77%): LCMS (ESI) calc'd for C.sub.19H.sub.24Cl.sub.2N.sub.4O.sub.4 [M+H].sup.+: 443, 445 (3:2), found 443, 445 (3:2); .sup.1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl.sub.3) δ 7.32 (d, J=9.2 Hz, 1H), 6.76 (d, J=8.9 Hz, 1H), 5.09-4.95 (m, 2H), 4.95-4.86 (m, 1H), 3.84 (s, 3H), 3.78-3.64 (m, 4H), 2.90-2.74 (m, 1H), 2.16-1.87 (m, 2H), 1.46 (s, 9H).

Step c

[0640] To a stirred mixture of tert-butyl 2-(5-amino-1,3,4-oxadiazol-2-yl)-4-(2,3-dichloro-6-methoxyphenyl)piperidine-1-carboxylate (90 mg, 0.20 mmol) in DCM (3 mL) was added BBr.sub.3 (0.25 g, 1.00 mmol) at room temperature. The resulting mixture was stirred for 1 h at room temperature. The reaction was quenched with water (1 mL) at room temperature. The resulting mixture was concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was purified by Prep-HPLC with the following conditions: Column: Xselect CSH OBD Column 30×150 mm 5 m; Mobile Phase A: water (plus 0.05% TFA), Mobile Phase B: ACN; Flow rate: 60 mL/min; Gradient: 7% B to 30% B in 7 min; Detector: UV 254/210 nm; Retention time: 6.82 min. The fractions containing the desired product were collected and concentrated under reduced pressure to afford Compound 99 ((2R,4S)-rel-2-(2-(5-amino-1,3,4-oxadiazol-2-yl)piperidin-4-yl)-3,4-dichlorophenol) as an off-white solid (56.9 mg, 50%): LCMS (ESI) calc'd for C.sub.13H.sub.14Cl.sub.2N.sub.4O.sub.2 [M+H].sup.+: 329, 331 (3:2), found 329, 331 (3:2); .sup.1H NMR (400 MHz, CD.sub.3OD) δ 7.28 (d, J=8.8 Hz, 1H), 6.78 (d, J=8.8 Hz, 1H), 4.74 (dd, J=12.6, 3.2 Hz, 1H), 3.97-3.85 (m, 1H), 3.65-3.57 (m, 1H), 3.40-3.36 (m, 1H), 3.11-2.99 (m, 1H), 2.91-2.78 (m, 1H), 2.29-2.21 (m, 1H), 1.90 (d, J=14.4 Hz, 1H).

Step d

[0641] 2-(2-(5-Amino-1,3,4-oxadiazol-2-yl)piperidin-4-yl)-3,4-dichlorophenol (56.9 mg, 0.17 mmol) was separated by Prep Chiral HPLC with following conditions: Column: CHIRALPAK IE, 2×25 cm, 5 μm; Mobile Phase A: Hex (plus 0.2% IPA), Mobile Phase B: EtOH; Flow rate: 20 mL/min; Gradient: 10% B to 10% B in 23 min; Detector: UV 210/254 nm; Retention Time: RT.sub.1: 15.49 min; RT.sub.2: 18.69 min; Injection Volume: 0.5 mL; Number Of Runs: 8.

[0642] The faster-eluting enantiomer at 15.49 min was collected and concentrated under reduced pressure. The crude was purified by Prep-HPLC with following conditions: Column: XBridge Prep C.sub.18 OBD Column, 19×150 mm 5 m; Mobile Phase A: Water (plus 0.05% TFA), Mobile Phase B: ACN; Flow rate: 20 mL/min; Gradient: 13% B to 40% B in 7 min; Detector: UV 220/254 nm; Retention Time: 5.78 min. The fractions containing the desired product were collected and concentrated under reduced pressure to afford Compound 103 (2-((2R,4S)-rel-2-(5-amino-1,3,4-oxadiazol-2-yl)piperidin-4-yl)-3,4-dichlorophenol isomer 1) as an off-white solid (14.4 mg, 25%): LCMS (ESI) calc'd for C.sub.13H.sub.14Cl.sub.2N.sub.4O.sub.2 [M+H].sup.+: 329, 331 (3:2), found 329, 331 (3:2); .sup.1H NMR (400 MHz, CD.sub.3OD) δ 7.28 (d, J=8.8 Hz, 1H), 6.78 (d, J=8.8 Hz, 1H), 4.74 (dd, J=12.6, 3.3 Hz, 1H), 3.96-3.86 (m, 1H), 3.66-3.57 (m, 1H), 3.40-3.34 (m, 1H), 3.12-2.99 (m, 1H), 2.92-2.77 (m, 1H), 2.31-2.20 (m, 1H), 1.89 (d, J=14.2 Hz, 1H).

[0643] The slower-eluting enantiomer at 18.69 min was collected and concentrated under reduced pressure. The crude was purified by Prep-HPLC with following conditions: Column: XBridge Prep C.sub.18 OBD Column, 19×150 mm 5 m; Mobile Phase A: Water (plus 0.05% TFA), Mobile Phase B: ACN; Flow rate: 20 mL/min; Gradient: 13% B to 40% B in 7 min; Detector: UV 220/254 nm; Retention Time: 5.78 min. The fractions containing the desired product were collected and concentrated under reduced pressure to afford Compound 105 (2-((2R,4S)-rel-2-(5-amino-1,3,4-oxadiazol-2-yl)piperidin-4-yl)-3,4-dichlorophenol isomer 2) as an off-white solid (13.4 mg, 24%): LCMS (ESI) calc'd for C.sub.13H.sub.14Cl.sub.2N.sub.4O.sub.2 [M+H].sup.+: 329, 331 (3:2), found 329, 331 (3:2); .sup.1H NMR (400 MHz, CD.sub.3OD) δ 7.28 (d, J=8.8 Hz, 1H), 6.78 (d, J=8.8 Hz, 1H), 4.74 (dd, J=12.6, 3.3 Hz, 1H), 3.97-3.85 (m, 1H), 3.66-3.55 (m, 1H), 3.41-3.34 (m, 1H), 3.11-2.97 (m, 1H), 2.92-2.76 (m, 1H), 2.32-2.18 (m, 1H), 1.89 (d, J=14.3 Hz, 1H).

Example 72. Compound 100 ((2R,4S)-rel-N-[[4-(2,3-dichloro-6-hydroxyphenyl)piperidin-2-yl]methyl]methanesulfonamide), Compound 110 ((2R,4S)-rel-N-[[4-(2,3-dichloro-6-hydroxyphenyl)piperidin-2-yl]methyl]methanesulfonamide isomer 1), and Compound 107 ((2R,4S)-rel-N-[[4-(2,3-dichloro-6-hydroxyphenyl)piperidin-2-yl]methyl]methanesulfonamide isomer 2)

[0644] ##STR00189## ##STR00190##

Step a

[0645] To a solution of Intermediate 1 (5.00 g, 16.51 mmol) and 4-(4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-1,3,2-dioxaborolan-2-yl)pyridine-2-carbonitrile (3.80 g, 16.51 mmol) in 1,4-dioxane (80 mL) and H.sub.2O (20 mL) were added Na.sub.2CO.sub.3 (5.25 g, 49.53 mmol) and Pd(dppf)Cl.sub.2.CH.sub.2Cl.sub.2 (0.67 g, 0.83 mmol) under nitrogen atmosphere. The reaction mixture was stirred 80° C. for 3 h under nitrogen atmosphere. The reaction mixture was poured into water (50 mL) and extracted with EA (3×50 mL). The combined organic layers were washed with brine (2×50 mL) and dried over anhydrous Na.sub.2SO.sub.4. After filtration, the filtrate was concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was purified by silica gel column chromatography, eluted with PE/EA (3/1) to afford 4-(2,3-dichloro-6-methoxyphenyl)pyridine-2-carbonitrile as an off-white solid (3.00 g, 65%): LCMS (ESI) calc'd for C.sub.13H.sub.8Cl.sub.2N.sub.2O [M+H].sup.+: 279, 281 (3:2), found 279, 281 (3:2); H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl.sub.3) δ 8.80 (dd, J=5.0, 0.9 Hz, 1H), 7.64 (s, 1H), 7.54 (d, J=8.9 Hz, 1H), 7.46 (dd, J=5.0, 1.7 Hz, 1H), 6.92 (d, J=9.0 Hz, 1H), 3.77 (s, 3H).

Step b

[0646] To a stirred mixture of 4-(2,3-dichloro-6-methoxyphenyl)pyridine-2-carbonitrile (3.00 g, 10.75 mmol) in MeOH (400 mL) and conc. HCl (12 M, 40.00 mL) was added PtO.sub.2 (0.50 g, 2.16 mmol) in portions at room temperature. The reaction mixture was degassed and stirred at 30° C. under hydrogen atmosphere (50 atm) for 48 h. The mixture was filtered and the filtrate was concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was purified by reverse phase chromatography, eluted with 40% ACN in water (plus 0.05% TFA) to afford 1-[4-(2,3-dichloro-6-methoxyphenyl)piperidin-2-yl]methanamine as an off-white solid (2.8 g, 50%): LCMS (ESI) calc'd for C.sub.13H.sub.18Cl.sub.2N.sub.2O [M+H].sup.+: 289, 291 (3:2), found 289, 291 (3:2); .sup.1H NMR (400 MHz, CD.sub.3OD) δ 7.36 (d, J=9.0 Hz, 1H), 6.95 (d, J=9.0 Hz, 1H), 3.85 (s, 3H), 3.66-3.52 (m, 1H), 3.25-3.16 (m, 1H), 2.83-2.73 (m, 1H), 2.73-2.62 (m, 3H), 2.48-2.33 (m, 1H), 2.16-1.98 (m, 1H), 1.58 (dd, J=31.4, 12.8 Hz, 2H).

Step c

[0647] To a stirred mixture of 1-[4-(2,3-dichloro-6-methoxyphenyl)piperidin-2-yl]methanamine (0.20 g, 0.39 mmol) in DCM (2 mL) were added MsCl (44 mg, 0.39 mmol) and Et.sub.3N (59 g, 0.58 mmol) at −40° C. The resulting mixture was stirred for 2 h at −40° C. The reaction was quenched with water (20 mL) at 0° C. The resulting mixture was extracted with EA (3×20 mL). The combined organic layers were washed with brine (3×20 mL) and dried over anhydrous Na.sub.2SO.sub.4. After filtration, the filtrate was concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was purified by reverse phase chromatography, eluted with 50% ACN in water (plus 0.05% TFA) afford N-[[4-(2,3-dichloro-6-methoxyphenyl)piperidin-2-yl]methyl]methanesulfonamide as a light yellow oil (0.12 g, 85%): LCMS (ESI) calc'd for C.sub.14H.sub.20Cl.sub.2N.sub.2O.sub.3S [M+H].sup.+: 367, 369 (3:2), found 367, 369 (3:2); .sup.1H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d.sub.6) δ 8.60 (br, 2H), 7.50 (d, J=9.0 Hz, 1H), 7.40 (s, 1H) 7.08-7.02 (m, 1H), 3.81 (s, 3H), 3.59-3.53 (m, 1H), 3.36 (d, J=12.5 Hz, 1H), 3.31-3.20 (m, 1H), 3.21-3.12 (m, 2H), 3.09-2.99 (m, 1H), 2.96 (s, 3H), 2.49-2.42 (m, 1H), 2.32-2.18 (m, 1H), 1.81-1.60 (m, 2H).

Step d

[0648] To a stirred solution of 4-(2,3-dichloro-6-methoxyphenyl)-2-(methanesulfonylmethyl)piperidine (0.12 g, 0.34 mmol) in DCM (2 mL) was added BBr.sub.3 (0.51 g, 2.04 mmol) at room temperature. The reaction was stirred at room temperature for 10 h. The reaction was quenched with MeOH (1 mL). The mixture was concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was purified by Prep-HPLC with the following conditions: Column: Xselect CSH OBD Column 30×150 mm 5 m; Mobile Phase A: Water (plus 0.05% TFA), Mobile Phase B: MeOH; Flow rate: 60 mL/min; Gradient: 10% B to 50% B in 7 min; Detector: UV 254/220 nm; Retention time: 5.57 min. The fractions containing the desired product were collected and concentrated under reduced pressure to afford Compound 100 ((2R,4S)-rel-N-[[4-(2,3-dichloro-6-hydroxyphenyl)piperidin-2-yl]methyl]methanesulfonamide (cis isomer)) as an off-white solid (67.8 mg, 42%): LCMS (ESI) calc'd for C.sub.13H.sub.18Cl.sub.2N.sub.2O.sub.3S [M+H].sup.+: 353, 355 (3:2), found 353, 355 (3:2); .sup.1H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d.sub.6) δ 10.34 (s, 1H), 8.75 (s, 1H), 8.46 (s, 1H), 7.43-7.36 (m, 1H), 7.34 (d, J=8.8 Hz, 1H), 6.84 (d, J=8.7 Hz, 1H), 3.71-3.47 (m, 1H), 3.44-3.21 (m, 2H), 3.21-3.00 (m, 2H), 2.97 (s, 3H), 2.69-2.53 (m, 1H), 2.41-2.28 (m, 1H), 1.76 (d, J=13.7 Hz, 1H), 1.66 (d, J=13.8 Hz, 1H).

Step e

[0649] N-[[4-(2,3-dichloro-6-hydroxyphenyl)piperidin-2-yl]methyl]methanesulfonamide (60 mg, 0.13 mmol) was separated by Prep Chiral HPLC with following conditions: Column: CHIRALPAK IE, 2×25 cm, 5 μm; Mobile Phase A: Hex (plus 0.2% DEA), Mobile Phase B: EtOH; Flow rate: 18 mL/min; Gradient: 20% B to 20% B in 10 min; Detector: UV 220/254 nm; Retention Time: RT.sub.1: 6.22 min; RT.sub.2: 7.86 min.

[0650] The faster-eluting enantiomer at 6.22 min was collected and concentrated under reduced pressure. The crude was purified by Prep-HPLC with following conditions: Column: XBridge Prep C.sub.18 OBD Column, 19×150 mm 5 m; Mobile Phase A: Water with 10 mmol/L NH.sub.4HCO.sub.3, Mobile Phase B: ACN; Flow rate: 20 mL/min; Gradient: 15% B to 52% B in 7 min; Detector: UV 254/220 nm; Retention Time: 6.58 min. The fractions containing the desired product were collected and concentrated under reduced pressure to afford Compound 110 ((2R,4S)-rel-N-[[4-(2,3-dichloro-6-hydroxyphenyl)piperidin-2-yl]methyl]methanesulfonamide isomer 1) as an off-white solid (11.2 mg, 25%): LCMS (ESI) calc'd for C.sub.13H.sub.18Cl.sub.2N.sub.2O.sub.3S [M+H].sup.+: 353, 355 (3:2), found 353, 355 (3:2); .sup.1H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d.sub.6) δ 7.27 (d, J=8.8 Hz, 1H), 6.79 (d, J=8.8 Hz, 1H), 3.36-3.21 (m, 1H), 3.04 (d, J=11.8 Hz, 1H), 2.91-2.83 (m, 5H), 2.62-2.54 (m, 2H), 2.35-2.20 (m, 1H), 2.02-1.82 (m, 1H), 1.46 (d, J=12.2 Hz, 1H), 1.36 (d, J=12.4 Hz, 1H);

[0651] The slower-eluting enantiomer at 7.86 min was collected and concentrated under reduced pressure. The crude was purified by Prep-HPLC with following conditions: Column: XBridge Prep C.sub.18 OBD Column, 19×150 mm 5 m; Mobile Phase A: Water with 10 mmol/L NH.sub.4HCO.sub.3, Mobile Phase B: ACN; Flow rate: 20 mL/min; Gradient: 15% B to 55% B in 7 min; Detector: UV 220/254 nm; Retention Time: 6.42 min. The fractions containing the desired product were collected and concentrated under reduced pressure to afford Compound 107 ((2R,4S)-rel-N-[[4-(2,3-dichloro-6-hydroxyphenyl)piperidin-2-yl]methyl]methanesulfonamide isomer 2) as an off-white solid (11.0 mg, 24%): LCMS (ESI) calc'd for C.sub.13H.sub.18Cl.sub.2N.sub.2O.sub.3S [M+H].sup.+: 353, 355 (3:2), found 353, 355 (3:2); .sup.1H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d.sub.6) δ 7.26 (d, J=8.8 Hz, 1H), 6.79 (d, J=8.8 Hz, 1H), 3.37-3.21 (m, 1H), 3.07-2.98 (m, 1H), 2.91-2.84 (m, 5H), 2.61-2.53 (m, 2H), 2.36-2.19 (m, 1H), 1.99-1.87 (m, 1H), 1.40 (dd, J=40.4, 12.3 Hz, 2H).

Example 73. Compound 101 (2-[(2R,4S)-rel-4-(2,3-dichloro-6-hydroxyphenyl)piperidin-2-yl]acetamide), Compound 108 (2-[(2R,4S)-rel-4-(2,3-dichloro-6-hydroxyphenyl)piperidin-2-yl]acetamide isomer 1) and Compound 109 (2-[(2R,4S)-rel-4-(2,3-dichloro-6-hydroxyphenyl)piperidin-2-yl]acetamide isomer 2)

[0652] ##STR00191##

Step a

[0653] To a stirred solution of Intermediate 1 (4.00 g, 15.63 mmol) and 2-methyl-4-(4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-1,3,2-dioxaborolan-2-yl)pyridine (4.10 g, 18.76 mmol) in dioxane (20 mL) were added Pd(dppf)C.sub.12 (2.29 g, 3.13 mmol) and Na.sub.2CO.sub.3 (4.97 g, 46.89 mmol) at room temperature under argon atmosphere. The resulting mixture was stirred at 80° C. for 16 h. After cooling to room temperature, the reaction was diluted with water (50 mL). The aqueous layer was extracted with EA (3×50 mL). The combined organic layers were washed with brine (3×30 mL) and dried over anhydrous Na.sub.2SO.sub.4. After filtration, the filtrate was concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was purified by silica gel column chromatography, eluted with PE/EA (6/1) to afford 4-(2,3-dichloro-6-methoxyphenyl)-2-methylpyridine as a light yellow oil (3.50 g, 84%): LCMS (ESI) calc'd for C.sub.13H.sub.11Cl.sub.2NO [M+H].sup.+: 268, 270 (3:2), found 268, 270 (3:2); .sup.1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl.sub.3) δ 8.61 (s, 1H), 7.48 (dd, J=8.9, 2.6 Hz, 1H), 7.15-6.99 (m, 2H), 6.88 (dd, J=8.9, 2.5 Hz, 1H), 3.75 (s, 3H), 2.65 (s, 3H).

Step b

[0654] To a stirred solution of DIPA (0.94 g, 9.32 mmol) in THE (10 mL) was added n-BuLi (3.7 mL, 9.32 mmol, 2.5 M in hexanes) dropwise at −78° C. under argon atmosphere. The reaction was stirred at −78° C. for 15 min. To the above solution was added a solution of 4-(2,3-dichloro-6-methoxyphenyl)-2-methylpyridine (1.00 g, 3.73 mmol) in THE (10 mL) dropwise at −78° C. for 10 min under argon atmosphere. The reaction was stirred at −78° C. for 1 h. Then diethyl carbonate (0.66 g, 5.59 mmol) was added. The reaction was stirred at −78° C. to −65° C. for 1 h. The reaction was quenched with water (3 mL) at −65° C. and diluted with water (50 mL). The aqueous solution was extracted with EA (3×50 mL). The combined organic layers were washed with brine (2×30 mL) and dried over anhydrous Na.sub.2SO.sub.4. After filtration, the filtrate was concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was purified by silica gel column chromatography, eluted with PE/EA (3/2) to afford ethyl 4-(2,3-dichloro-6-methoxyphenyl)pyridine-2-carboxylate as a light yellow oil (0.87 g, 72%): LCMS (ESI) calc'd for C.sub.16H.sub.15Cl.sub.2NO.sub.3 [M+H].sup.+ 340, 342 (3:2), found 340, 342 (3:2); .sup.1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl.sub.3) δ 8.65 (d, J=5.1 Hz, 1H), 7.48 (d, J=9.0 Hz, 1H), 7.24 (s, 1H), 7.13 (dd, J=5.1, 1.6 Hz, 1H), 6.88 (d, J=9.0 Hz, 1H), 4.22 (q, J=7.2 Hz, 2H), 3.93 (s, 2H), 3.74 (s, 3H), 1.27 (t, 3H).

Step c

[0655] To a stirred solution of ethyl 2-[4-(2,3-dichloro-6-methoxyphenyl)pyridin-2-yl]acetate (0.87 g, 2.56 mmol) in MeOH (10 mL) was added NaOH (0.51 g, 12.79 mmol) in water (1 mL) at room temperature. The reaction was stirred at 30° C. for 1 h. The reaction was adjusted to pH 3 with aq. HCl (2 M). Then the solution was concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was purified by reverse phase chromatography, eluted with 25% ACN in water (plus 0.05% TFA) to afford 2-[4-(2,3-dichloro-6-methoxyphenyl)pyridin-2-yl]acetic acid as a light yellow semi-solid (0.90 g, 83%): LCMS (ESI) calc'd for C.sub.14H.sub.11Cl.sub.2NO.sub.3 [M+H].sup.+: 312, 313 (3:2), found 312, 313 (3:2); .sup.1H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d.sub.6) δ 8.70 (d, J=5.3 Hz, 1H), 7.74 (d, J=9.1 Hz, 1H), 7.46 (s, 1H), 7.41 (dd, J=5.3, 1.7 Hz, 1H), 7.23 (d, J=9.2 Hz, 1H), 3.91 (s, 2H), 3.74 (s, 3H).

Step d

[0656] To a solution of 2-[4-(2,3-dichloro-6-methoxyphenyl)pyridin-2-yl]acetic acid (0.50 g, 1.17 mmol) in MeOH (10 mL) and aq. HCl (6 N, 1 mL) was added PtO.sub.2 (0.18 g, 0.80 mmol) at room temperature. The reaction was degassed with hydrogen three times and stirred at 30° C. for 48 h under hydrogen atmosphere (50 atm). The reaction mixture was filtered. The filtrate was concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue purified by reverse phase chromatography, eluted with 37% ACN in (plus 0.05% TFA) to afford methyl 2-[4-(2,3-dichloro-6-methoxyphenyl)piperidin-2-yl]acetate as a light yellow oil (0.30 g, 57%): LCMS (ESI) calc'd for C.sub.15H.sub.19Cl.sub.2NO.sub.3 [M+H].sup.+ 332, 334 (3:2), found 332, 334 (3:2); .sup.1H NMR (400 MHz, CD.sub.3OD) δ 7.43 (dd, J=9.1, 2.0 Hz, 1H), 7.01 (d, J=9.0 Hz, 1H), 3.89 (s, 3H), 3.77 (s, 3H), 3.74-3.65 (m, 1H), 3.59-3.50 (m, 1H), 3.40-3.34 (m, 1H), 3.29-3.15 (m, 1H), 2.87-2.71 (m, 2H), 2.71-2.43 (m, 2H), 1.89-1.83 (m, 2H).

Step e

[0657] A solution of methyl 2-[4-(2,3-dichloro-6-methoxyphenyl)piperidin-2-yl]acetate (0.30 g, 0.67 mmol) in NH.sub.3 (g) in MeOH (5 mL) was added stirred at 70° C. for 16 h in sealed tube. After cooling to room temperature, the reaction solution was concentrated under reduced pressure to afford 2-[4-(2,3-dichloro-6-methoxyphenyl)piperidin-2-yl]acetamide as an off-white solid (0.26 g, 87%): LCMS (ESI) calc'd for C.sub.14H.sub.18Cl.sub.2N.sub.2O.sub.2 [M+H].sup.+ 317, 319 (3:2), found 317, 319 (3:2); .sup.1H NMR (400 MHz, CD.sub.3OD) δ 7.43 (d, J=9.0 Hz, 1H), 7.01 (d, J=9.0 Hz, 1H), 3.89 (s, 3H), 3.87-3.76 (m, 2H), 3.71-3.59 (m, 1H), 3.59-3.48 (m, 1H), 3.28-3.11 (m, 1H), 2.73-2.43 (m, 3H), 1.92-1.73 (m, 2H).

Step f

[0658] To a stirred solution of 2-[4-(2,3-dichloro-6-methoxyphenyl)piperidin-2-yl]acetamide (0.26 g, 0.82 mmol) in DCM (5 mL) was added BBr.sub.3 (1.23 g, 4.92 mmol) at room temperature. The reaction was stirred at room temperature for 1 h. The reaction was quenched with water (1 ml) and neutralized with saturated aq. NaHCO.sub.3 to pH 7-8. The resulting mixture was concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was purified by Prep-HPLC with the following conditions: Column: Xselect CSH OBD Column 30×150 mm 5 m; Mobile Phase A: water with 10 mmoL/L NH.sub.4HCO.sub.3, Mobile Phase B: ACN; Flow rate: 60 mL/min; Gradient: 18% B to 28% B in 10 min; Detector: UV 254/220 nm; Retention time: 9.27 min. The fractions containing the desired product were collected and concentrated under reduced pressure to afford Compound 101 (2-[(2R,4S)-rel-4-(2,3-dichloro-6-hydroxyphenyl)piperidin-2-yl]acetamide (cis isomer)) as an off-white solid (84.7 mg, 34%): LCMS (ESI) calc'd for C.sub.13H.sub.16Cl.sub.2N.sub.2O.sub.2 [M+H].sup.+: 303, 305 (3:2), found 303, 305 (3:2); .sup.1H NMR (400 MHz, CD.sub.3OD) δ 7.18 (d, J=8.8 Hz, 1H), 6.71 (d, J=8.8 Hz, 1H), 3.69-3.50 (m, 1H), 3.24 (d, J=12.3 Hz, 1H), 3.20-3.05 (m, 1H), 2.86 (t, J=12.3 Hz, 1H), 2.65-2.44 (m, 1H), 2.44-2.29 (m, 3H), 1.68-1.53 (m, 2H).

Step g

[0659] 2-[4-(2,3-Dichloro-6-hydroxyphenyl)piperidin-2-yl]acetamide (80 mg, 0.26 mmol) was separated by Prep Chiral HPLC with following conditions: Column: CHIRALPAK IG UL001, 20×250 mm, 5 m; Mobile Phase A: Hex-HPLC, Mobile Phase B: EtOH-HPLC; Flow rate: 20 mL/min; Gradient: 30% B to 30% B in 9 min; Detector: UV 210/254 nm; Retention Time: RT.sub.1: 4.60 min; RT.sub.2: 7.07 min; Injection Volume: 0.7 mL; Number Of Runs: 19.

[0660] The faster-eluting enantiomer at 4.60 min was collected and concentrated under reduced pressure. The crude was purified by Prep-HPLC with following conditions: Column: XBridge Prep C.sub.18 OBD Column, 19×150 mm 5 m; Mobile Phase A: Water with 10 mmol/L NH.sub.4HCO.sub.3, Mobile Phase B: ACN; Flow rate: 20 mL/min; Gradient: 5% B to 45% B in 7 min; Detector: UV 220/254 nm; Retention Time: 6.40 min. The fractions containing the desired product were collected and concentrated under reduced pressure to afford Compound 108 (2-[(2R,4S)-rel-4-(2,3-dichloro-6-hydroxyphenyl)piperidin-2-yl]acetamide isomer 1) as an off-white solid (22 mg, 26%): LCMS (ESI) calc'd for C.sub.13H.sub.16Cl.sub.2N.sub.2O.sub.2 [M+H].sup.+ 303, 305 (3:2), found 303, 305 (3:2); .sup.1H NMR (400 MHz, CD.sub.3OD) δ 7.17 (d, J=8.6, 1H), 6.70 (d, J=8.8 Hz, 1H), 3.68-3.50 (m, 1H), 3.25-3.13 (m, 1H), 3.13-3.01 (m, 1H), 2.89-2.73 (m, 1H), 2.64-2.47 (m, 1H), 2.42-2.18 (m, 3H), 1.69-1.42 (m, 2H).

[0661] The slower-eluting enantiomer at 7.07 min was collected and concentrated under reduced pressure. The crude was purified by Prep-HPLC with following conditions: Column: XBridge Prep C.sub.18 OBD Column, 19×150 mm 5 m; Mobile Phase A: Water with 10 mmol/L NH.sub.4HCO.sub.3, Mobile Phase B: ACN; Flow rate: 20 mL/min; Gradient: 5% B to 50% B in 7 min; Detector: UV 254/220 nm; Retention Time: 6.55 min. The fractions containing the desired product were collected and concentrated under reduced pressure to afford Compound 109 (2-[(2R,4S)-rel-4-(2,3-dichloro-6-hydroxyphenyl)piperidin-2-yl]acetamide isomer 2) as an off-white solid (27.5 mg, 33%): LCMS (ESI) calc'd for C.sub.13H.sub.16Cl.sub.2N.sub.2O.sub.2 [M+H].sup.+ 303, 305 (3:2), found 303, 305 (3:2); .sup.1H NMR (400 MHz, CD.sub.3OD) δ 7.21-7.13 (m, 1H), 6.70 (d, J=8.7 Hz, 1H), 3.66-3.51 (m, 1H), 3.24-3.15 (m, 1H), 3.12-3.01 (m, 1H), 2.89-2.71 (m, 1H), 2.60-2.43 (m, 1H), 2.41-2.25 (m, 3H), 1.66-1.51 (m).

Example 74. Compound 102 ((2R,4S)-rel-[4-(2,3-dichloro-6-hydroxyphenyl)piperidin-2-yl]methylurea)

[0662] ##STR00192##

Step a

[0663] To a stirred solution of 1-[4-(2,3-dichloro-6-methoxyphenyl)piperidin-2-yl]methanamine cis isomer (Example 72, step b, free base compound) (0.15 g, 0.50 mmol) and Et.sub.3N (0.15 g, 1.50 mmol) in DCM (2 mL) was added isocyanatotrimethylsilane (58 mg, 0.50 mmol) in portions at −40° C. under nitrogen atmosphere. The resulting mixture was stirred for 1 h at −40° C. under nitrogen atmosphere. The reaction was quenched with water (20 mL) at room temperature. The resulting mixture was extracted with EA (2×30 mL). The combined organic layers were washed with brine (2×20 mL) and dried over anhydrous Na.sub.2SO.sub.4. After filtration, the filtrate was concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was purified by Prep-TLC, eluted with PE/EA (1/1) to afford (2R,4S)-rel-[4-(2,3-dichloro-6-methoxyphenyl)piperidin-2-yl]methyl]urea (cis isomer) as a yellow oil (60 mg, 32%): LCMS (ESI) calc'd for C.sub.14H.sub.19Cl.sub.2N.sub.3O.sub.2 [M+H].sup.+: 332, 334 (3:2), found 332, 334 (3:2); .sup.1H NMR (400 MHz, CD.sub.3OD) δ 7.45 (d, J=9.0 Hz, 1H), 7.02 (d, J=9.0 Hz, 1H), 3.92 (s, 3H), 3.65-3.57 (m, 2H), 3.40-3.34 (m, 2H), 3.29-3.18 (m, 2H), 2.80-2.57 (m, 2H), 1.99 (d, J=13.8 Hz, 1H), 1.84 (d, J=14.6 Hz, 1H).

Step b

[0664] To a stirred solution of [[4-(2,3-dichloro-6-methoxyphenyl)piperidin-2-yl]methyl]urea cis isomer (50 mg, 0.15 mmol) in DCM (2 mL) was added BBr.sub.3 (0.30 g, 1.20 mmol) at room temperature. The reaction was stirred at room temperature for 10 h. The reaction was quenched with water (1 mL). The mixture was neutralized to pH 9 with saturated aq. NaHCO.sub.3. The mixture was concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was purified by Prep-HPLC with the following conditions: Column: Xselect CSH OBD Column 30×150 mm 5 m; Mobile Phase A: Water (plus 0.05% TFA), Mobile Phase B: ACN; Flow rate: 60 mL/min; Gradient: 5% B to 33% B in 7 min; Detector: UV 254/220 nm; Retention time: 6.40 min. The fractions containing the desired product were collected and concentrated under reduced pressure to afford Compound 102 ((2R,4S)-rel-[4-(2,3-dichloro-6-hydroxyphenyl)piperidin-2-yl]methylurea (cis isomer)) as an off-white solid (19.1 mg, 28%): LCMS (ESI) calc'd for C.sub.13H.sub.17Cl.sub.2N.sub.3O.sub.2 [M+H].sup.+: 318, 320 (3:2), found 318, 320 (3:2); .sup.1H NMR (400 MHz, CD.sub.3OD) δ 7.25 (d, J=8.8 Hz, 1H), 6.76 (d, J=8.8 Hz, 1H), 4.04-3.80 (m, 1H), 3.80-3.66 (m, 1H), 3.54-3.44 (m, 1H), 3.40-3.34 (m, 2H), 3.17-3.07 (m, 1H), 2.95-2.70 (m, 1H), 2.66-2.53 (m, 1H), 1.89-1.75 (m, 2H).

Example 75. Compound 104 ((2R,4S)-rel-N-[[4-(2,3-dichloro-6-hydroxyphenyl)piperidin-2-yl]methyl]oxetane-3-carboxamide)

[0665] ##STR00193##

Step a

[0666] To a mixture of 1-[4-(2,3-dichloro-6-methoxyphenyl)piperidin-2-yl]methanamine cis isomer (Example 72, step b, free base compound) (0.20 g, 0.69 mmol) in DCM (5 mL) was added BBr.sub.3 (1.04 g, 4.15 mmol) at 0° C. The reaction mixture was stirred at room temperature for 1 h. The reaction mixture was quenched with MeOH (2 mL) at 0° C. Then the mixture was concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was purified with reverse phase chromatography, eluted with 20% ACN in water (plus 0.05% TFA) to afford 2-[2-(aminomethyl)piperidin-4-yl]-3,4-dichlorophenol cis isomer as a colorless oil (0.20 g, 57%): LCMS (ESI) calc'd for C.sub.12H.sub.16Cl.sub.2N.sub.2O [M+H].sup.+: 275, 277 (3:2), found 275, 277 (3:2);

Step b

[0667] To a stirred mixture of oxetane-3-carboxylic acid (41 mg, 0.40 mmol) and HATU (0.23 g, 0.61 mmol) in DMF (1 mL) were added 2-[2-(aminomethyl)piperidin-4-yl]-3,4-dichlorophenol cis isomer (0.20 g, 0.40 mmol) and Et.sub.3N (81 mg, 0.80 mmol) at −30° C. The reaction mixture was allowed to warm to 0° C. and stirred for 2 h. The reaction solution was filtered and the filtrate was purified with Prep-HPLC with the following conditions: Column: Xselect CSH OBD Column 30×150 mm 5 m; Mobile Phase A: Water (plus 0.05% TFA), Mobile Phase B: ACN; Flow rate: 60 mL/min; Gradient: 5% B to 35% B in 7 min; Detector: UV 254/220 nm; Retention time: 6.42 min. The fractions containing the desired product were collected and concentrated under reduced pressure to afford Compound 104 ((2R,4S)-rel-N-[[4-(2,3-dichloro-6-hydroxyphenyl)piperidin-2-yl]methyl]oxetane-3-carboxamide (cis isomer)) as an off-white solid (5 mg, 3%): LCMS (ESI) calc'd for C.sub.16H.sub.20Cl.sub.2N.sub.2O.sub.3 [M+H].sup.+: 359, 361 (3:2), found 359, 361 (3:2); .sup.1H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d.sub.6) δ 10.33 (s, 1H), 8.77-8.60 (m, 1H), 8.53-8.34 (m, 1H), 8.20-8.10 (m, 1H), 7.33 (d, J=8.8 Hz, 1H), 6.84 (d, J=8.8 Hz, 1H), 4.71-4.59 (m, 4H), 3.83-3.69 (m, 1H), 3.64-3.46 (m, 2H), 3.31-3.17 (m, 2H), 3.17-2.97 (m, 1H), 2.63-2.51 (m, 1H), 2.41-2.27 (m, 1H), 1.68 (dd, J=28.1, 13.6 Hz, 2H).

[0668] The compound in Table 1H below was prepared in an analogous fashion to that described for Compound 104, utilizing the corresponding acid, which was available from commercial sources.

TABLE-US-00008 TABLE 1H Compound Number Structure Chemical Name MS: (M + H).sup.+ & .sup.1H MNR 106 [00194] embedded image (2R,4S)-rel-N-[[4-(2,3- dichloro-6- hydroxyphenyl) piperidin-2- yl]methyl]cyclopropane carboxamide [M + H].sup.+: 343, 345 (3:2); .sup.1H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d.sub.6) δ 10.36 (s, 1H), 8.75 (d, J = 11.0 Hz, 1H), 8.50-8.36 (m, 1H), 8.36- 8.20 (m, 1H), 7.34 (d, J = 8.8 Hz, 1H), 6.84 (d, J = 8.8 Hz, 1H), 3.43-3.31 (m, 2H), 3.31-3.15 (m, 2H), 3.12- 2.97 (m, 1H), 2.64-2.53 (m, 1H), 2.40-2.26 (m, 1H), 1.68 (dd, J = 30.4, 13.6 Hz, 2H), 1.61-1.50 (m, 1H), 0.77- 0.62 (m, 4H).

Example 76. Compound 111 (N-cyclobutyl-(2R,4S)-rel-2-[4-(2,3-dichloro-6-hydroxyphenyl)piperidin-2-yl]acetamide)

[0669] ##STR00195##

Step a

[0670] To a stirred solution of methyl 2-[4-(2,3-dichloro-6-methoxyphenyl)piperidin-2-yl]acetate (Example 73, step d) (2.00 g, 6.02 mmol) and Et.sub.3N (1.22 g, 12.08 mmol) in DCM (15 mL) was added Boc.sub.2O (1.97 g, 9.04 mmol) at room temperature. The reaction was stirred for 16 h at room temperature. The reaction mixture was diluted with water (30 mL). The resulting mixture was extracted with DCM (3×30 mL). The combined organic layer was washed with brine (2×20 mL) and dried over anhydrous Na.sub.2SO.sub.4. After filtration, the filtrate was concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was purified by silica gel chromatography, eluted with PE/EA 2/1 to afford tert-butyl 4-(2,3-dichloro-6-methoxyphenyl)-2-(2-methoxy-2-oxoethyl)piperidine-1-carboxylate as a light yellow oil (1.65 g, 61%): LCMS (ESI) calc'd for C.sub.20H.sub.27Cl.sub.2NO.sub.5 [M+H].sup.+: 432, 434 (3:2), found 432, 434 (3:2).

Step b

[0671] A solution of tert-butyl 4-(2,3-dichloro-6-methoxyphenyl)-2-(2-methoxy-2-oxoethyl)piperidine-1-carboxylate (1.65 g, 3.83 mmol) and NaOH (0.38 g, 9.50 mmol) in water (3 mL) and MeOH (10 mL) was stirred for 3 h at room temperature. The reaction solution was adjusted pH to 4 with saturate aq. citric acid. Then the resulting mixture was extracted with EA (3×30 mL). The combined organic layer was washed with brine (2×20 mL) and dried over anhydrous Na.sub.2SO.sub.4. After filtration, the filtrate was concentrated under reduced pressure to afford 2-[1-[(tert-butoxy)carbonyl]-4-(2,3-dichloro-6-methoxyphenyl)piperidin-2-yl]acetic acid as a light yellow solid (1.30 g, 82%): LCMS (ESI) calc'd for C.sub.19H.sub.25Cl.sub.2NO.sub.5 [M+H].sup.+: 418, 420 (3:2), found 418, 420 (3:2); .sup.1H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d.sub.6) δ 12.16 (s, 1H), 7.48 (d, J=8.9 Hz, 1H), 7.05 (d, J=9.0 Hz, 1H), 3.99-3.88 (m, 1H), 3.82 (s, 3H), 3.81-3.71 (m, 1H), 3.65-3.54 (m, 1H), 3.53-3.43 (m, 1H), 3.41-3.33 (m, 1H), 2.64 (dd, J=15.2, 4.8 Hz, 1H), 2.39-2.19 (m, 1H), 1.93-1.79 (m, 1H), 1.79-1.69 (m, 1H), 1.64-1.53 (m, 1H), 1.43 (s, 9H).

Step c

[0672] To a solution of 2-[1-[(tert-butoxy)carbonyl]-4-(2,3-dichloro-6-methoxyphenyl)piperidin-2-yl]acetic acid (0.35 g, 0.84 mmol) and HATU (0.48 g, 1.26 mmol) were added cyclobutanamine (71 mg, 1.00 mmol) and Et.sub.3N (0.17 g, 1.67 mmol) at room temperature. The reaction was stirred at room temperature for 2 h. The reaction was quenched with water (20 mL) at room temperature. The resulting mixture was extracted with EA (2×30 mL). The combined organic layers were washed with brine (2×20 mL) and dried over anhydrous Na.sub.2SO.sub.4. After filtration, the filtrate was concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was purified by reverse phase chromatography, eluted with 45% ACN in water (plus 0.05% TFA) to afford tert-butyl 2-[(cyclobutylcarbamoyl)methyl]-4-(2,3-dichloro-6-methoxyphenyl)piperidine-1-carboxylate cis isomer as a light yellow solid (0.36 g, 72%): LCMS (ESI) calc'd for C.sub.23H.sub.32Cl.sub.2N.sub.2O.sub.4 [M+H].sup.+: 471, 473 (3:2), found 471, 473 (3:2); .sup.1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl.sub.3) δ 7.31-7.29 (m, 1H), 6.74 (d, J=8.9 Hz, 1H), 4.45-4.32 (m, 1H), 4.11-4.00 (m, 1H), 3.83 (s, 3H), 3.65-3.53 (m, 1H), 3.46-3.36 (m, 1H), 2.82 (dd, J=14.6, 7.7 Hz, 1H), 2.44-2.26 (m, 4H), 1.961.80 (m, 5H), 1.771.63 (m, 3H), 1.54 (s, 9H).

Step d

[0673] To a stirred solution of tert-butyl 2-[(cyclobutylcarbamoyl)methyl]-4-(2,3-dichloro-6-methoxyphenyl)piperidine-1-carboxylate cis isomer (0.36 g, 0.75 mmol) in DCM (5 mL) was added BBr.sub.3 (1.13 g, 4.52 mmol) at room temperature. The reaction was stirred at room temperature for 1 h. The reaction was quenched with water (1 mL). The mixture was neutralized to pH 9 with saturated aq. NaHCO.sub.3. The mixture was concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was purified by Prep-HPLC with the following conditions: SunFire Prep C.sub.18 OBD Column 19×150 mm 5 m 10 nm; Mobile Phase A: Water (plus 0.05% TFA), Mobile Phase B: ACN; Flow rate: 25 mL/min; Gradient: 15% B to 30% B in 20 min; Detector: UV 254/220 nm; Retention time: 18.33 min. The fractions containing the desired product were collected and concentrated under reduced pressure to afford Compound 111 (N-cyclobutyl-(2R,4S)-rel-2-[4-(2,3-dichloro-6-hydroxyphenyl)piperidin-2-yl]acetamide (cis isomer)) as an off-white solid (82 mg, 23%): LCMS (ESI) calc'd for C.sub.17H.sub.22Cl.sub.2N.sub.2O.sub.2 [M+H].sup.+: 357, 359 (3:2), found 357, 359 (3:2); .sup.1H NMR (400 MHz, CD.sub.3OD) δ 7.25 (d, J=8.8 Hz, 1H), 6.76 (d, J=8.8 Hz, 1H), 4.38-4.27 (m, 1H), 3.84-3.69 (m, 1H), 3.65-3.56 (m, 1H), 3.56-3.48 (m, 1H), 3.24-3.12 (m, 1H), 2.81-2.68 (1H), 2.68-2.58 (m, 1H), 2.58-2.48 (m, 2H), 2.34-2.23 (m, 2H), 2.03-1.89 (m 2H), 1.87-1.69 (m, 4H).

[0674] The Examples in Table 11 below were prepared in an analogous fashion to that described for Compound 111, starting from 2-[1-[(tert-butoxy)carbonyl]-4-(2,3-dichloro-6-methoxyphenyl)piperidin-2-yl]acetic acid (Example 76, step b) and the corresponding amines, which were available from commercial sources.

TABLE-US-00009 TABLE 1I Compound Number Structure Chemical Name MS: (M + H).sup.+ & .sup.1H MNR 113 [00196] embedded image (2R,4S)-rel-2-[4- (2,3-dichloro-6- hydroxyphenyl) piperidin-2-yl]-1- (morpholin-4- yl)ethan-1-one [M + H].sup.+: 373, 375 (3:2); 1H NMR (400 MHz, CD3OD) δ 7.26 (d, J = 8.8 Hz, 1H), 6.76 (d, J = 8.8 Hz, 1H), 3.92-3.71 (m, 1H), 3.71-3.58 (m, 7H), 3.58-3.48 (m, 3H), 3.27- 3.13 (m, 1H), 3.02-2.86 (m, 1H), 2.83-2.60 (m, 3H), 1.87 (t, J = 13.4 Hz, 2H). 115 [00197] embedded image (2R,4S)-rel-2-[4- (2,3-dichloro-6- hydroxyphenyl) piperidin-2-yl]-N- methylacetamide [M + H].sup.+: 317, 319 (3:2); .sup.1H NMR (400 MHz, CD.sub.3OD) δ 7.25 (d, J = 8.8 Hz, 1H), 6.76 (d, J = 8.8 Hz, 1H), 3.83-3.70 (m, 1H), 3.67-3.57 (m, 1H), 3.57-3.49 (m, 1H), 3.25- 3.12 (m, 1H), 2.83-2.66 (m, 4H), 2.66-2.50 (m, 3H), 1.88-1.79 (m, 2H). 114 [00198] embedded image (2R,4S)-rel-2-[4- (2,3-dichloro-6- hydroxyphenyl) piperidin-2-yl]-N-(1- methyl-1H- pyrazol-4- yl)acetamide [M + H].sup.+: 383, 385 (3:2); .sup.1H NMR (400 MHz, CD.sub.3OD) δ 8.53 (s, 1H), 7.91 (s, 1H), 7.52 (s, 1H), 7.25 (d, J = 8.8 Hz, 1H), 6.75 (d, J = 8.8 Hz, 1H), 3.87 (s, 3H), 3.84-3.74 (m, 1H), 3.74-3.63 (m, 1H), 3.58-3.47 (m, 1H), 3.26- 3.14 (m, 1H), 2.84-2.62 (m, 4H), 1.93-1.76 (m, 2H).

Example 77. Compound 112 (2-[[4-(2,3-dichloro-6-hydroxyphenyl)piperidin-2-yl]methyl]-1,2-thiazolidine-1,1-dione cis isomer)

[0675] ##STR00199##

Step a

[0676] To a stirred mixture of 4-(2,3-dichloro-6-methoxyphenyl)pyridine-2-carbonitrile (Example 51, step a) (2.20 g, 7.91 mmol) in MeOH (20 mL) and aq. HCl (12 M, 1 mL) was added PtO.sub.2 (0.50 g, 2.16 mmol) in portions at room temperature. The reaction mixture was stirred at 30° C. under hydrogen atmosphere (50 atm) for 24 h. The mixture was filtered and the filtrate was neutralized with saturated aq. NaHCO.sub.3 to pH 7. The mixture was diluted with EA (50 mL) and water (50 mL). The aqueous solution was extracted with EA (3×30 mL). The combined organic layers were washed with brine (3×30 mL) and dried over anhydrous Na.sub.2SO.sub.4. After filtration, the filtrate was concentrated under reduced pressure to afford 1-[4-(2,3-dichloro-6-methoxyphenyl)pyridin-2-yl]methanamine as a yellow oil (1.8 g, 81%): LCMS (ESI) calc'd for C.sub.13H.sub.12Cl.sub.2N.sub.2O [M+H].sup.+: 283, 285 (3:2), found 283, 285 (3:2);

Step b

[0677] To a stirred solution of 1-[4-(2,3-dichloro-6-methoxyphenyl)pyridin-2-yl]methanamine (0.40 g, 1.41 mmol) and 3-chloropropane-1-sulfonyl chloride (0.30 g, 1.70 mmol) in DCM (4 mL) was added Et.sub.3N (0.29 g, 2.83 mmol) at room temperature. The reaction solution was stirred at room temperature for 1 h. The reaction solution was concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was purified by silica gel column chromatography, eluted with PE/EA (1/1) to afford 3-chloro-N-[[4-(2,3-dichloro-6-methoxyphenyl)pyridin-2-yl]methyl]propane-1-sulfonamide as a light yellow solid (0.20 g, 33%): LCMS (ESI) calc'd for C.sub.16H.sub.17C.sub.13N.sub.2O.sub.3S [M+H].sup.+: 423, 425, 427 (3:3:1), found 423, 425, 427 (3:3:1); .sup.1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl.sub.3) δ 8.66 (d, J=5.1 Hz, 1H), 7.51 (d, J=9.0 Hz, 1H), 7.22 (s, 1H), 7.20 (dd, J=5.1, 1.6 Hz, 1H), 6.90 (d, J=9.0 Hz, 1H), 5.77 (t, J=5.4 Hz, 1H), 4.53 (d, J=5.2 Hz, 2H), 3.75 (s, 3H), 3.64 (t, J=6.2 Hz, 2H), 3.19 (dd, J=8.6, 6.4 Hz, 2H), 2.37-2.26 (m, 2H).

Step c

[0678] A solution of 3-chloro-N-[[4-(2,3-dichloro-6-methoxyphenyl)pyridin-2-yl]methyl]propane-1-sulfonamide (0.18 g, 0.43 mmol) and NaOMe (69 mg, 1.27 mmol, 30% in MeOH) in EtOH (10 mL) was stirred 80° C. for 3 h. After cooling to room temperature, the reaction mixture was concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was purified by silica gel column chromatography, eluted with PE/EA (3/7) to afford 2-[[4-(2,3-dichloro-6-methoxyphenyl)pyridin-2-yl]methyl]-1,2-thiazolidine-1,1-dione as a light yellow solid (0.13 g, 79%): LCMS (ESI) calc'd for C.sub.16H.sub.16Cl.sub.2N.sub.2O.sub.3S [M+H].sup.+: 387, 389 (3:2), found 387, 389 (3:2); .sup.1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl.sub.3) δ 8.66 (d, J=5.1 Hz, 1H), 7.50 (d, J=9.0 Hz, 1H), 7.46-7.40 (m, 1H), 7.21 (d, J=4.9 Hz, 1H), 6.89 (d, J=9.0 Hz, 1H), 4.48 (s, 2H), 3.76 (s, 3H), 3.37 (t, J=6.7 Hz, 2H), 3.29-3.18 (m, 2H), 2.46-2.35 (m, 2H).

Step d

[0679] A degassed mixture of 2-[[4-(2,3-dichloro-6-methoxyphenyl)pyridin-2-yl]methyl]-1,2-thiazolidine-1,1-dione (0.10 g, 0.26 mmol) and PtO.sub.2 (59 mg, 0.26 mmol) in MeOH (10 mL) and aq. HCl (6 N, 0.5 mL) was stirred at 30° C. under hydrogen atmosphere (50 atm) for 15 h. The reaction mixture was filtrated and the filtrate was concentered under reduced pressure to afford 2-[[4-(2,3-dichloro-6-methoxyphenyl)piperidin-2-yl]methyl]-12-thiazolidine-1,1-dione cis isomer hydrochloride as an white solid (80 mg, 72%): LCMS (ESI) calc'd for C.sub.16H.sub.22Cl.sub.2N.sub.2O.sub.3S [M+H].sup.+: 393, 395 (3:2), found 393, 395 (3:2); .sup.1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl.sub.3) δ 7.34 (d, J=8.9 Hz, 1H), 6.77 (d, J=8.9 Hz, 1H), 3.95 (s, 3H), 3.81-3.64 (m, 2H), 3.64-3.46 (m, 1H), 3.42-3.23 (m, 2H), 3.12-2.96 (m, 1H), 2.96-2.78 (m, 1H), 2.53 (s, 2H), 2.13-1.99 (m, 1H), 1.89-1.55 (m, 6H).

Step e

[0680] To a stirred solution of 2-[[4-(2,3-dichloro-6-methoxyphenyl)piperidin-2-yl]methyl]-1,2-thiazolidine-1,1-dione cis isomer (80 mg, 0.20 mmol) in DCM (5 mL) was added BBr.sub.3 (0.25 g, 1.02 mmol) at room temperature. The reaction was stirred at room temperature for 1 h. The reaction was quenched with water (1 mL). The mixture was neutralized to pH 9 with saturated aq. NaHCO.sub.3. The mixture was concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was purified by Prep-HPLC with the following conditions: Column: Sunfire Prep C.sub.18 OBD Column, 10 m, 19×250 mm; Mobile Phase A: Water (plus 0.1% TFA), Mobile Phase B: ACN; Flow rate: 25 mL/min; Gradient: 50% B to 85% B in 7 min; Detector: UV 254/220 nm; Retention time: 6.52 min. The fractions containing the desired product were collected and concentrated under reduced pressure to afford Compound 112 (2-[[4-(2,3-dichloro-6-hydroxyphenyl)piperidin-2-yl]methyl]-1,2-thiazolidine-1,1-dione cis isomer) as an off-white solid (28 mg, 27%): LCMS (ESI) calc'd for C.sub.15H.sub.20Cl.sub.2N.sub.2O.sub.3S [M+H].sup.+: 379, 381 (3:2), found 379, 381 (3:2); .sup.1H NMR (400 MHz, CD.sub.3OD) δ 7.26 (d, J=8.8 Hz, 1H), 6.76 (d, J=8.8 Hz, 1H), 3.84-3.71 (m, 1H), 3.58-3.48 (m, 3H), 3.30-3.23 (m, 3H), 3.23-3.13 (m, 3H), 2.87-2.71 (m, 1H), 2.65-2.51 (m, 1H), 2.46-2.37 (m, 2H), 1.97-1.79 (m, 2H).

Example 78. Compound 116 (3,4-dichloro-2-[2-(1H-pyrazol-4-yl)piperidin-4-yl]phenol)

[0681] ##STR00200##

Step a

[0682] To a stirred solution of Intermediate 1 (200 mg, 0.78 mmol, 1 equiv) in THE (3 mL) was added n-BuLi (0.09 mL, 1.379 mmol, 1.2 equiv) at −78° C. under nitrogen atmosphere. The resulting mixture was stirred for 30 min at −78° C. under nitrogen atmosphere. To the above mixture was added triethyl borate (136.9 mg, 0.94 mmol, 1.20 equiv) over 10 min at −78° C. The resulting mixture was stirred for an additional 2 h at room temperature. The reaction was quenched with water at room temperature. The resulting mixture was extracted with EtOAc (3×50 mL). The combined organic layers were washed with brine (2×10 mL) and dried over anhydrous Na.sub.2SO.sub.4. After filtration, the filtrate was concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was purified by reverse flash chromatography with the following conditions: column, C.sub.18 silica gel; mobile phase, CAN in water, 35% to 60% gradient in 15 min; detector, UV 254 nm to afford 2,3-dichloro-6-methoxyphenylboronic acid (70 mg, 40.56%) as an off-white solid. .sup.1H NMR (400 MHz, CD.sub.3OD) δ 7.46 (d, J=8.8 Hz, 1H), 6.93 (d, J=8.8 Hz, 1H), 3.82 (s, 3H).

Step b

[0683] To a stirred mixture of 2,3-dichloro-6-methoxyphenylboronic acid (0.60 g, 2.72 mmol), 2-bromo-4-iodopyridine (0.93 g, 3.26 mmol) and K.sub.2CO.sub.3 (1.13 g, 8.15 mmol) in toluene (6 mL), EtOH (3 mL) and H.sub.2O (3 mL) was added Pd(dppf)Cl.sub.2 (0.20 g, 0.27 mmol) at room temperature under nitrogen atmosphere. The resulting mixture was stirred for 12 h at 80° C. under nitrogen atmosphere. The mixture was allowed to cool to room temperature. The reaction was diluted with water at room temperature. The resulting mixture was extracted with EA (3×25 mL). The combined organic layers were washed with brine (3×20 mL) and dried over anhydrous Na.sub.2SO.sub.4. After filtration, the filtrate was concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was purified by Prep-TLC, eluted with PE/EA (1/1) to afford 2-bromo-4-(2,3-dichloro-6-methoxyphenyl)pyridine as a yellow oil (0.47 g, 47%): LCMS (ESI) calc'd for C.sub.12H.sub.8BrCl.sub.2NO [M+H].sup.+: 332, 334, 336 (3:3:2), found 332, 334, 336 (3:3:2);

Step c

[0684] To a stirred mixture of 2-bromo-4-(2,3-dichloro-6-methoxyphenyl)pyridine (0.58 g, 1.74 mmol), 4-(4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-1,3,2-dioxaborolan-2-yl)-1H-pyrazole (0.41 g, 2.09 mmol) and Na.sub.2CO.sub.3 (0.55 g, 5.23 mmol) in 1,4-dioxane (8 mL) and H.sub.2O (2 mL) was added Pd(PPh.sub.3).sub.4 (0.20 g, 0.17 mmol) at room temperature under nitrogen atmosphere. The resulting mixture was stirred for 12 h at 80° C. under nitrogen atmosphere. The mixture was allowed to cool down to room temperature. The reaction was diluted with water at room temperature. The resulting mixture was extracted with EA (3×25 mL). The combined organic layers were washed with brine (3×20 mL) and dried over anhydrous Na.sub.2SO.sub.4. After filtration, the filtrate was concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was purified by Prep-TLC, eluted with PE/EA (1/1) to afford 4-(2,3-dichloro-6-methoxyphenyl)-2-(1H-pyrazol-4-yl)pyridine as a light yellow solid (0.30 g, 48%): LCMS (ESI) calc'd for C.sub.15H.sub.11Cl.sub.2N.sub.3O [M+H].sup.+: 320, 322 (3:2), found 320, 322 (3:2); .sup.1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl.sub.3) δ 8.72-8.60 (m, 1H), 8.23 (s, 2H), 7.56-7.40 (m, 2H), 7.15-7.04 (m, 1H), 6.91 (d, J=8.9 Hz, 1H), 3.77 (s, 3H).

Step d

[0685] To a stirred solution of 4-(2,3-dichloro-6-methoxyphenyl)-2-(1H-pyrazol-4-yl)pyridine (0.11 g, 0.34 mmol) in MeOH (5 mL) and aq. HCl (6 N, 0.5 mL) was added PtO.sub.2 (78 mg, 0.34 mmol) at room temperature. The mixture was stirred at room temperature for 48 h under hydrogen atmosphere (1.5 atm). The reaction mixture was filtered through a Celite and the filtrate was concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was purified by Prep-HPLC with the following conditions: Column: Xselect CSH OBD Column 30×150 mm 5 m; Mobile Phase A: Water (plus 0.05% TFA), Mobile Phase B: ACN; Flow rate: 60 mL/min; Gradient: 10% B to 33% B in 9 min; Detector: UV 254/220 nm; Retention time: 8.73 min. The fractions containing the desired product were collected and concentrated under reduced pressure to afford 4-(2,3-dichloro-6-methoxyphenyl)-2-(1H-pyrazol-4-yl)piperidine as an off-white solid (25 mg, 17%): LCMS (ESI) calc'd for C.sub.15H.sub.17Cl.sub.2N.sub.3O [M+H].sup.+: 326, 328 (3:2), found 326, 328 (3:2); .sup.1H 1H NMR (400 MHz, CD.sub.3OD) δ 7.80 (s, 2H), 7.45 (d, J=8.9 Hz, 1H), 7.04 (d, J=9.0 Hz, 1H), 4.56-4.46 (m, 1H), 3.99-3.90 (m, 4H), 3.59-3.46 (m, 1H), 3.46-3.35 (m, 1H), 3.01-2.82 (m, 1H), 2.79-2.60 (m, 1H), 2.11 (d, J=14.1 Hz, 1H), 1.89 (d, J=14.3 Hz, 1H).

Step e

[0686] To a stirred solution of 4-(2,3-dichloro-6-methoxyphenyl)-2-(1H-pyrazol-4-yl)piperidine (25 mg, 0.06 mmol) in DCM (1 mL) was added BBr.sub.3 (0.14 g, 0.57 mmol) at 0° C. The resulting solution was stirred for 1 h at room temperature. The reaction was quenched with MeOH (1 mL). The mixture was concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was purified by Prep-HPLC with the following conditions: Column: Xselect CSH OBD Column 30×150 mm 5 m; Mobile Phase A: Water (plus 0.05% TFA), Mobile Phase B: ACN; Flow rate: 60 mL/min; Gradient: 8% B to 34% B in 7 min; Detector: UV 254/220 nm; Retention time: 6.77 min. The fractions containing the desired product were collected and concentrated under reduced pressure to afford Compound 116 (3,4-dichloro-2-[2-(1H-pyrazol-4-yl)piperidin-4-yl]phenol) as an off-white solid (13.5 mg, 53%): LCMS (ESI) calc'd for C.sub.14H.sub.15Cl.sub.2N.sub.3O [M+H].sup.+: 312, 314 (3:2), found 312, 314 (3:2); .sup.1H NMR (400 MHz, CD.sub.3OD) δ 7.79 (s, 2H), 7.27 (d, J=8.7 Hz, 1H), 6.79 (d, J=8.8 Hz, 1H), 4.58-4.45 (m, 1H), 3.96-3.77 (m, 1H), 3.59-3.47 (m, 1H), 3.31-3.27 (m, 1H), 3.17-2.99 (m, 1H), 2.95-2.78 (m, 1H), 2.10 (d, J=14.2 Hz, 1H), 1.89 (d, J=14.2 Hz, 1H).

Example 79. Compound 117 ((2R)—N-(azetidin-3-yl)-5-(2,3-dichloro-6-hydroxyphenyl)pyrrolidine-2-carboxamide isomer 1) and Compound 118 ((2R)—N-(azetidin-3-yl)-5-(2,3-dichloro-6-hydroxyphenyl)pyrrolidine-2-carboxamide isomer 2)

[0687] ##STR00201##

Step a

[0688] To a stirred mixture of ethyl (2R)-2-[(tert-butoxycarbonyl)amino]-5-(2,3-dichloro-6-[[2-(trimethylsilyl)ethoxy]methoxy]phenyl)-5-oxopentanoate (Intermediate 7, Example 6) (0.220 g, 0.40 mmol) in MeOH (3 mL) and H.sub.2O (0.50 mL) was added LiOH.H.sub.2O (50.0 mg, 1.20 mmol) at room temperature. The reaction mixture was stirred for 1 h and concentrated under reduced pressure. To the resulting crude in DMF (3.00 mL) were added HATU (0.230 g, 0.60 mmol), tert-butyl 3-aminoazetidine-1-carboxylate (0.100 g, 0.60 mmol), and TEA (0.120 g, 1.20 mmol). The reaction mixture was stirred for 1 h, diluted with water (20 mL), and extracted with EA (3×20 mL). The combined organic layers were washed with brine (2×20 mL) and dried over anhydrous Na.sub.2SO.sub.4. After filtration, the filtrate was concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was purified by reverse phase chromatography, eluting with 65% ACN in water (plus 0.05% TFA) to afford tert-butyl 3-[(2R)-2-[(tert-butoxycarbonyl)amino]-5-(2,3-dichloro-6-[[2-(trimethylsilyl)ethoxy]methoxy]phenyl)-5-oxopentanamido]azetidine-1-carboxylate as light-yellow oil (0.190 g, 70%): LCMS (ESI) calc'd for C.sub.30H.sub.47Cl.sub.2N.sub.3O.sub.8Si [M+H].sup.+: 676, 678 (3:2) found 676, 678 (3:2); .sup.1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl.sub.3) δ 7.41 (d, J=8.9 Hz, 1H), 7.10 (d, J=9.0 Hz, 1H), 6.90 (s, 1H), 5.21 (s, 2H), 4.68-4.57 (m, 1H), 4.27 (t, J=8.5 Hz, 2H), 4.20-4.11 (m, 1H), 3.81-3.69 (m, 4H), 3.05 (dt, J=19.0, 6.9 Hz, 1H), 2.86 (dt, J=19.1, 6.4 Hz, 1H), 2.33-2.21 (m, 1H), 2.12-2.00 (m, 1H), 1.47 (d, J=2.2 Hz, 18H), 0.97-0.89 (m, 2H), 0.02 (d, J=1.3 Hz, 9H).

Step b

[0689] To a stirred solution of tert-butyl 3-[2-[(tert-butoxycarbonyl)amino]-5-(2,3-dichloro-6-[[2-(trimethylsilyl)ethoxy]methoxy]phenyl)-5-oxopentanamido]azetidine-1-carboxylate (0.190 g, 0.28 mmol) in DCM (2 mL) was added TFA (2 mL) at room temperature. The reaction mixture was stirred for 1 h and concentrated under reduced pressure. Then, to the resulting crude in EA (3 mL) was added PtO.sub.2 (64.0 mg, 0.28 mmol). The reaction mixture was stirred for 1 h under hydrogen atmosphere (1.5 atm), filtered, and the filtrate concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was purified by Prep-HPLC with the following conditions: Column: Sun Fire Prep C.sub.18 OBD Column, 19×150 mm 5 μm 10 nm; Mobile Phase A: Water (plus 0.05% TFA), Mobile Phase B: ACN; Flow rate: 20 mL/min; Gradient: 25% B to 35% B in 4.3 min; Detector: UV 254/210 nm; Retention Time: 4.23 min. The fractions containing the desired product were collected and concentrated under reduced pressure to afford the desired product as TFA salt (100 mg). The product was separated by Prep Chiral HPLC with the following conditions: Column: CHIRALPAK IG, 3×25 cm, 5 μm; Mobile Phase A: MTBE (plus 0.2% IPA)-HPLC, Mobile Phase B: EtOH-HPLC; Flow rate: 40 mL/min; Gradient: 30% B to 30% B in 22 min; Detector: UV 220/254 nm; Retention Time 1:10.10 min; Retention Time 2: 20.70 min. The faster-eluting isomer at 10.10 min was obtained as Compound 117 ((2R)—N-(azetidin-3-yl)-5-(2,3-dichloro-6-hydroxyphenyl)pyrrolidine-2-carboxamide isomer 1) as a brown solid (2.80 mg, 2.24%): LCMS (ESI) calc'd C.sub.14H.sub.17Cl.sub.2N.sub.3O.sub.2 for [M+H].sup.+: 330, 332 (3:2) found 330, 332 (3:2); .sup.1H NMR (400 MHz, CD.sub.3OD) δ 7.35 (d, J=8.8 Hz, 1H), 6.82 (d, J=8.9 Hz, 1H), 5.36-5.31 (m, 1H), 4.72-4.62 (m, 1H), 4.55 (dd, J=10.1, 7.1 Hz, 1H), 4.29-4.18 (m, 2H), 4.18-4.08 (m, 2H), 2.65-2.54 (m, 1H), 2.40-2.25 (m, 2H), 2.08 (dt, J=12.0, 9.1 Hz, 1H). The slower-eluting isomer at 20.70 min was obtained as Compound 118 ((2R)—N-(azetidin-3-yl)-5-(2,3-dichloro-6-hydroxyphenyl)pyrrolidine-2-carboxamide isomer 2) as an off-white solid (22.7 mg, 18.2%): LCMS (ESI) calc'd C.sub.14H.sub.17Cl.sub.2N.sub.3O.sub.2 for [M+H].sup.+: 330, 332 (3:2) found 330, 332 (3:2); .sup.1H NMR (400 MHz, CD.sub.3OD) δ 7.36 (d, J=8.9 Hz, 1H), 6.81 (d, J=8.9 Hz, 1H), 5.28-5.16 (m, 1H), 4.71-4.64 (m, 1H), 4.49-4.31 (m, 1H), 4.31-4.06 (m, 4H), 2.69-2.47 (m, 1H), 2.40-2.28 (m, 1H), 2.28-2.13 (m, 2H).

[0690] The Examples in Table 1J below were prepared in an analogous fashion to that described for Compound 117, starting from substituted ethyl (2S)-2-[(tert-butoxycarbonyl)amino]-5-(2,3-dichloro-6-[[2-(trimethylsilyl)ethoxy]methoxy]phenyl)-5-oxopentanoate and tert-butyl 3-aminoazetidine-1-carboxylate, which was available from commercial sources.

TABLE-US-00010 TABLE 1J Compound Number Structure Chemical Name MS: (M + H).sup.+ & .sup.1H MNR 119 [00202] embedded image (2S)-N-(azetidin-3-yl)-5- (2,3-dichloro-6- hydroxyphenyl)pyrrolidine- 2-carboxamide isomer 1 [M + H].sup.+: 330, 332 (3:2); .sup.1H NMR (400 MHz, CD.sub.3OD) δ 7.34 (d, J = 8.9 Hz, 1H), 6.80 (d, J = 8.9 Hz, 1H), 5.36-5.28 (m, 1H), 4.71-4.60 (m, 1H), 4.49 (dd, J = 10.0, 7.3 Hz, 1H), 4.27- 4.19 (m, 2H), 4.18-4.09 (m, 2H), 2.63-2.53 (m, 1H), 2.39-2.25 (m, 2H), 2.13-1.99 (m, 1H). 120 [00203] embedded image (2S)-N-(azetidin-3-yl)-5- (2,3-dichloro-6- hydroxyphenyl)pyrrolidine- 2-carboxamide isomer 2 [M + H].sup.+: 330, 332 (3:2); .sup.1H NMR (400 MHz, CD.sub.3OD) δ 7.36 (d, J = 8.9 Hz, 1H), 6.80 (d, J = 8.9 Hz, 1H), 5.22 (dd, J = 10.3, 7.1 Hz, 1H), 4.73-4.64 (m, 1H), 4.38 (dd, J = 10.4, 5.4 Hz, 1H), 4.27-4.19 (m, 2H), 4.18-4.09 (m, 2H), 2.62-2.49 (m, 1H), 2.38-2.27 (m, 1H), 2.25-2.11 (m, 2H).

Example 80. Compound 121 ((5R)—N-(azetidin-3-yl)-6-(2,3-dichloro-6-hydroxyphenyl)piperidine-3-carboxamide isomer 1)

[0691] ##STR00204##

Step a

[0692] To a stirred mixture of ethyl (5R)-5-[2,3-dichloro-6-(methoxymethoxy)phenyl]-1-(4-methylbenzenesulfonyl)pyrrolidine-3-carboxylate isomer 1 (Intermediate 10, Example 8) (0.150 g, 0.30 mmol) in MeOH (1 mL) and H.sub.2O (0.5 mL) was added LiOH.H.sub.2O (25.0 mg, 0.60 mmol) at room temperature. The reaction mixture was stirred for 1 h and concentrated under reduced pressure. Then, to the crude in DMF (2 mL) were added tert-butyl 3-aminoazetidine-1-carboxylate (78.0 mg, 0.45 mmol), HATU (0.170 g, 0.45 mmol), and TEA (61.0 mg, 0.60 mmol). The reaction mixture was stirred for 2 h, diluted with water (20 mL), and extracted with EA (3×20 mL). The combined organic layers were washed with brine (2×20 mL) and dried over anhydrous Na.sub.2SO.sub.4. After filtration, the filtrate was concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was purified by reverse phase chromatography, eluting with 60% ACN in water (plus 0.05% TFA) to afford tert-butyl 3-[(5R)-5-[2,3-dichloro-6-(methoxymethoxy)phenyl]-1-(4-methylbenzenesulfonyl)pyrrolidine-3-amido]azetidine-1-carboxylate isomer 1 as a light-yellow oil (0.190 g, 89%): LCMS (ESI) calc'd for C.sub.28H.sub.35Cl.sub.2N.sub.3O.sub.7S [M+Na].sup.+: 650, 652 (3:2) found 650, 652 (3:2); .sup.1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl.sub.3) δ 7.57 (d, J=7.9 Hz, 2H), 7.30 (d, J=8.6 Hz, 1H), 7.23 (d, J=7.9 Hz, 2H), 6.91 (d, J=9.0 Hz, 1H), 6.24 (d, J=7.4 Hz, 1H), 5.51 (d, J=9.1 Hz, 1H), 5.13-4.97 (m, 2H), 4.65-4.58 (m, 1H), 4.24 (q, J=8.3 Hz, 2H), 4.10-3.98 (m, 1H), 3.82-3.67 (m, 4H), 3.48 (s, 3H), 2.69-2.49 (m, 1H), 2.42 (s, 3H), 2.40-2.28 (m, 1H), 1.45 (s, 9H).

Step b

[0693] A solution of tert-butyl 3-[(5R)-5-[2,3-dichloro-6-(methoxymethoxy)phenyl]-1-(4-methylbenzenesulfonyl)pyrrolidine-3-amido]azetidine-1-carboxylate isomer 1 (0.190 g, 0.30 mmol) in HBr (2.00 mL, 33% in AcOH) was stirred at room temperature for 2 h. The resulting mixture was concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was purified by Prep-HPLC with the following conditions: Column: Sun Fire Prep C.sub.18 OBD Column, 19×150 mm, 5 m, 10 nm; Mobile Phase A: water (plus 0.05% TFA), Mobile Phase B: ACN; Flow rate: 20 mL/min; Gradient: 5% B to 30% B in 4.30 min. Detector: UV 254/210 nm; Retention time: 4.20 min. The fractions containing the desired product were collected and concentrated under reduced pressure to afford the desired product. The product (40.0 mg) was purified by Prep Chiral HPLC with the following conditions: Column: CHIRALPAK IG, 2×25 cm, 5 μm; Mobile Phase A: Hex (plus 0.3% IPA)-HPLC, Mobile Phase B: EtOH-HPLC; Flow rate: 20 mL/min; Gradient: 40% B to 40% B in 27 min; Detector: UV 220/254 nm; Retention time: 9.24 min. The fractions containing the desired product were collected and concentrated under reduced pressure to afford the desired product. Then, the product (15 mg) was purified by Prep-HPLC with the following conditions: Column: Sun Fire Prep C.sub.18 OBD Column, 19×150 mm, 5 m, 10 nm; Mobile Phase A: water (plus 0.05% TFA), Mobile Phase B: ACN; Flow rate: 20 mL/min; Gradient: 25% B to 50% B in 4.30 min; Detector: UV 254/210 nm; Retention time: 4.20 min. The fractions containing the desired product were collected and concentrated under reduced pressure to afford Compound 121 ((5R)—N-(azetidin-3-yl)-5-(2,3-dichloro-6-hydroxyphenyl)pyrrolidine-3-carboxamide isomer 1) as a purple solid (8.20 mg, 8%): LCMS (ESI) calc'd for C.sub.14H.sub.17Cl.sub.2N.sub.3O.sub.2 [M+H].sup.+: 330, 332 (3:2) found 330, 332 (3:2); .sup.1H NMR (300 MHz, CD.sub.3OD) δ 7.47 (d, J=8.9 Hz, 1H), 6.92 (d, J=8.9 Hz, 1H), 5.33 (dd, J=11.4, 7.3 Hz, 1H), 4.75-4.61 (m, 1H), 4.31 (dd, J=11.2, 8.4 Hz, 2H), 4.20 (dd, J=11.3, 7.4 Hz, 2H), 3.90 (dd, J=11.5, 8.4 Hz, 1H), 3.62 (dd, J=11.5, 8.2 Hz, 1H), 3.51-3.37 (m, 1H), 2.73-2.46 (m, 2H).

[0694] The Examples in Table 1K below were prepared in an analogous fashion to that described for Compound 121, starting from the corresponding ethyl 5-(2,3-dichloro-6-(methoxymethoxy)phenyl)-1-tosylpyrrolidine-3-carboxylate and tert-butyl 3-aminoazetidine-1-carboxylate, which was available from commercial sources.

TABLE-US-00011 TABLE 1K Compound Number Structure Chemical Name MS: (M + H).sup.+ & .sup.1H MNR 122 [00205] embedded image (5R)-N-(azetidin-3-yl)-5- (2,3-dichloro-6- hydroxyphenyl)pyrrolidine- 3-carboxamide isomer 2 [M + H].sup.+: 330, 332 (3:2); .sup.1H NMR (300 MHz, CD.sub.3OD) δ 7.48 (d, J = 8.9 Hz, 1H), 6.94 (d, J = 8.9 Hz, 1H), 5.49 (dd, J = 10.8, 7.8 Hz, 1H), 4.79-4.66 (m, 1H), 4.34 (dd, J = 11.1, 8.2 Hz, 2H), 4.28-4.16 (m, 2H), 3.81 (dd, J = 11.7, 7.1 Hz, 1H), 3.68 (dd, J = 11.6, 3.7 Hz, 1H), 3.53-3.43 (m, 1H), 2.78-2.61 (m, 1H), 2.52-2.39 (m, 1H). 123 [00206] embedded image (5S)-N-(azetidin-3-yl)-5- (2,3-dichloro-6- hydroxyphenyl)pyrrolidine- 3-carboxamide isomer 1 [M + H].sup.+: 330, 332 (3:2); .sup.1H NMR (400 MHz, CD.sub.3OD) δ 7.47 (d, J = 8.9 Hz, 1H), 6.93 (d, J = 8.9 Hz, 1H), 5.34 (dd, J = 11.5, 7.2 Hz, 1H), 4.76-4.64 (m, 1H), 4.36-4.27 (m, 2H), 4.24-4.16 (m, 2H), 3.90 (dd, J = 11.5, 8.5 Hz, 1H), 3.63 (dd, J = 11.5, 8.3 Hz, 1H), 3.47-3.39 (m, 1H), 2.68-2.50 (m, 2H). 124 [00207] embedded image (5S)-N-(azetidin-3-yl)-5- (2,3-dichloro-6- hydroxyphenyl)pyrrolidine- 3-carboxamide isomer 2 [M + H].sup.+: 330, 332 (3:1); .sup.1H NMR (400 MHz, CD.sub.3OD) δ 7.47 (d, J = 8.9 Hz, 1H), 6.95 (d, J = 8.9 Hz, 1H), 5.50 (dd, J = 10.7, 7.8 Hz, 1H), 4.79-4.66 (m, 1H), 4.39-4.29 (m, 2H), 4.27-4.18 (m, 2H), 3.82 (dd, J = 11.7, 7.1 Hz, 1H), 3.68 (dd, J = 11.7, 3.9 Hz, 1H), 3.55-3.45 (m, 1H), 2.75-2.64 (m, 1H), 2.53-2.43 (m, 1H).

Example 81. Compound 125 (N-[2-amino-2-(5-chloro-2-hydroxy-4-methylphenyl)ethyl]azetidine-3-carboxamide)

[0695] ##STR00208##

Step a

[0696] To a stirred solution of 1-tert-butyl 3-ethyl 6-(2,3-dichloro-6-methoxyphenyl)piperidine-1,3-dicarboxylate (Intermediate 12, Example 9) (0.260 g, 0.60 mmol) in MeOH (2 mL) was added LiOH.H.sub.2O (51.0 mg, 1.20 mmol) at room temperature. The reaction mixture was stirred for 1 h and concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was purified by reverse phase chromatography, eluting with 48% ACN in water (plus 0.05% TFA) to afford 1-(tert-butoxycarbonyl)-6-(2,3-dichloro-6-methoxyphenyl)piperidine-3-carboxylic acid as a yellow oil (0.120 g, 49%): LCMS (ESI) calc'd for C.sub.18H.sub.23Cl.sub.2NO.sub.5 [M+H].sup.+: 404, 406 (3:2) found 404, 406 (3:2): .sup.1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl.sub.3) δ 7.33 (d, J=8.9 Hz, 1H), 6.79 (d, J=8.9 Hz, 1H), 5.27 (dd, J=11.9, 5.2 Hz, 1H), 4.36 (dd, J=13.7, 6.7 Hz, 1H), 3.86-3.83 (m, 1H), 3.61-3.55 (m, 1H), 3.56-3.51 (m, 2H), 3.10-2.99 (m, 1H), 2.23-2.08 (m, 1H), 2.08-1.98 (m, 1H), 1.98-1.85 (m, 1H), 1.85-1.72 (m, 1H), 1.21 (s, 9H).

Step b

[0697] To a stirred solution of 1-(tert-butoxycarbonyl)-6-(2,3-dichloro-6-methoxyphenyl)piperidine-3-carboxylic acid (0.120 g, 0.28 mmol) and HATU (0.170 g, 0.45 mmol) in DMF (1.50 mL) were added TEA (90.0 mg, 0.89 mmol) and tert-butyl 3-aminoazetidine-1-carboxylate (77.0 mg, 0.45 mmol) at room temperature. The reaction solution was stirred for 1 h, diluted with water (30 mL), and extracted with EA (3×30 mL). The combined organic layers were washed with brine (3×5 mL) and dried over anhydrous Na.sub.2SO.sub.4. After filtration, the filtrate was concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was purified by reverse phase chromatography, eluting with 60% ACN in water (plus 0.05% TFA) to afford tert-butyl 5-[[1-(tert-butoxycarbonyl)azetidin-3-yl]carbamoyl]-2-(2,3-dichloro-6-methoxyphenyl)piperidine-1-carboxylate) as a yellow oil (0.120 g, 72%): LCMS (ESI) calc'd for C.sub.26H.sub.37Cl.sub.2N.sub.3O.sub.6 [M+H].sup.+: 558, 560 (3:2) found 558, 560 (3:2); .sup.1H NMR (300 MHz, CDCl.sub.3) δ 7.35 (d, J=8.9 Hz, 1H), 6.80 (d, J=9.0 Hz, 1H), 5.23 (dd, J=12.1, 4.9 Hz, 1H), 4.72-4.55 (m, 1H), 4.33-4.16 (m, 3H), 3.89-3.71 (m, 5H), 3.61-3.48 (m, 1H), 2.86-2.74 (m, 1H), 2.31-2.05 (m, 2H), 1.92-1.68 (m, 2H), 1.47 (s, 9H), 1.19 (s, 9H).

Step c

[0698] To a stirred solution of tert-butyl 5-[[1-(tert-butoxycarbonyl)azetidin-3-yl]carbamoyl]-2-(2,3-dichloro-6-methoxyphenyl)piperidine-1-carboxylate (0.100 g, 0.03 mmol) in DCM (2 mL) was added BBr.sub.3 (90.0 mg, 0.36 mmol) at room temperature. The reaction mixture was stirred for 16 h, quenched with MeOH (2 mL), and concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was purified by Prep-HPLC with the following conditions: Column: Atlantis Prep T3 OBD Column, 19×250 mm 10 μm; Mobile Phase A: Water (plus 0.05% TFA), Mobile Phase B: ACN; Flow rate: 20 mL/min; Gradient: 20% to 30% in 6.5 min; Detector: UV 254/220 nm; Retention time: 6.20 min. The fractions containing the desired product were collected and concentrated under reduced pressure to afford Compound 125 (N-(azetidin-3-yl)-6-(2,3-dichloro-6-hydroxyphenyl)piperidine-3-carboxamide) as a purple solid (16.0 mg, 19%): LCMS (ESI) calc'd for C.sub.15H.sub.19Cl.sub.2N.sub.3O.sub.2 [M+H].sup.+: 344, 346 (3:2) found 344, 346 (3:2); .sup.1H NMR (300 MHz, CD.sub.3OD) δ 7.44 (d, J=8.9 Hz, 1H), 6.90 (d, J=8.9 Hz, 1H), 4.85-4.68 (m, 2H), 4.40-4.27 (m, 2H), 4.26-4.16 (m, 2H), 3.75 (d, J=12.8 Hz, 1H), 3.38 (d, J=3.4 Hz, 1H), 3.01-2.95 (m, 1H), 2.44-2.17 (m, 3H), 1.97-1.82 (m, 1H).

[0699] The Examples in Table 1L below were prepared in an analogous fashion to that described for Compound 125, starting from the corresponding N-boc-ethyl-substituted phenyl-piperidine carboxylate, prepared in an analogous fashion to that described for Intermediate 12 (Example 9) and tert-butyl 3-aminoazetidine-1-carboxylate, which was available from commercial sources.

TABLE-US-00012 TABLE 1L Compound Number Structure Chemical Name MS: (M + H).sup.+ & .sup.1H MNR 126 [00209] embedded image N-(azetidin-3-yl)-2-(2,3- dichloro-6- hydroxyphenyl)piperidine- 4-carboxamide [M + H].sup.+: 344, 346 (3:2); .sup.1H NMR (400 MHz, CD.sub.3OD) δ 7.47 (dd, J = 8.9, 5.1 Hz, 1H), 6.94 (dd, J = 8.9, 2.9 Hz, 1H), 4.96-4.90 (m, 1H), 4.75-4.63 (m, 1H), 4.38-4.23 (m, 2H), 4.23-4.14 (m, 2H), 3.63-3.52 (m, 1H), 3.27 (dd, J = 12.9, 3.2 Hz, 1H), 2.89-2.79 (m, 1H), 2.55-2.41 (m, 1H), 2.22-1.94 (m, 3H). 127 [00210] embedded image N-(azetidin-3-yl)-6-(2,3- dichloro-6- hydroxyphenyl)piperidine- 2-carboxamide [M + H].sup.+: 344, 346 (3:2); .sup.1H NMR (300 MHz, CD.sub.3OD) δ 7.48 (d, J = 8.9 Hz, 1H), 6.95 (d, J = 8.9 Hz, 1H), 5.00 (dd, J = 12.0, 3.5 Hz, 1H), 4.80-4.69 (m, 1H), 4.42-4.12 (m, 5H), 2.37-2.25 (m, 1H), 2.23-1.98 (m, 3H), 1.97-1.77 (m, 2H).

Example 82. Evaluation of Kv1.3 potassium channel blocker activities

[0700] This assay is used to evaluate the disclosed compounds' activities as Kv1.3 potassium channel blockers.

Cell Culture

[0701] CHO-K.sub.1 cells stably expressing Kv1.3 were grown in DMEM containing 10% heat-inactivated FBS, 1 mM sodium pyruvate, 2 mM L-glutamine, and G418 (500 μg/ml). Cells were grown in culture flasks at 37° C. in a 5% CO.sub.2-humidified incubator.

Solutions

[0702] The cells were bathed in an extracellular solution containing 140 mM NaCl, 4 mM KCl, 2 mM CaCl.sub.2), 1 mM MgCl.sub.2, 5 mM glucose, 10 mM HEPES; pH adjusted to 7.4 with NaOH; 295-305 mOsm. The internal solution contained 50 mM KCl, 10 mM NaCl, 60 mM KF, 20 mM EGTA, 10 mM HEPES; pH adjusted to 7.2 with KOH; 285 mOsm. All compounds were dissolved in DMSO at 30 mM. Compound stock solutions were freshly diluted with external solution to concentrations of 30 nM, 100 nM, 300 nM, 1 μM, 3 μM, 10 μM, 30 μM and 100 μM. The highest content of DMSO (0.3%) was present in 100 μM.

Voltage Protocol

[0703] The currents were evoked by applying 100 ms depolarizing pulses from −90 mV (holding potential) to +40 mV were applied with 0.1 Hz frequency. Control (compound-free) and compound pulse trains for each compound concentration applied contained 20 pulses. 10-second breaks were used between pulse trains (see Table A below).

Patch Clamp Recordings and Compound Application

[0704] Whole-cell current recordings and compound application were enabled by means of an automated patch clamp platform Patchliner (Nanion Technologies GmbH). EPC 10 patch clamp amplifier (HEKA Elektronik Dr. Schulze GmbH) along with Patchmaster software (HEKA Elektronik Dr. Schulze GmbH) was used for data acquisition. Data were sampled at 10 kHz without filtering. Passive leak currents were subtracted online using a P/4 procedure (HEKA Elektronik Dr. Schulze GmbH). Increasing compound concentrations were applied consecutively to the same cell without washouts in between. Total compound incubation time before the next pulse train was not longer than 10 seconds. Peak current inhibition was observed during compound equilibration.

Data Analysis

[0705] AUC and peak values were obtained with Patchmaster (HEKA Elektronik Dr. Schulze GmbH). To determine IC.sub.50, the last single pulse in the pulse train corresponding to a given compound concentration was used. Obtained AUC and peak values in the presence of compound were normalized to control values in the absence of compound. Using Origin (OridinLab), IC.sub.50 was derived from data fit to Hill equation: I.sub.compound/control=(100−A)/(1+([compound]/IC.sub.50)nH)+A, where IC.sub.50 value is the concentration at which current inhibition is half-maximal, [compound] is the applied compound concentration, A is the fraction of current that is not blocked and nH is the Hill coefficient.

Example 83. Evaluation of hERG Activities

[0706] This assay is used to evaluate the disclosed compounds's inhibition activities against the hERG channel.

hERG Electrophysiology

[0707] This assay is used to evaluate the disclosed compounds' inhibition activities against the hERG channel.

Cell Culture

[0708] CHO-K.sub.1 cells stably expressing hERG were grown in Ham's F-12 Medium with glutamine containing 10% heat-inactivated FBS, 1% penicillin/streptomycin, hygromycin (100 μg/ml) and G418 (100 μg/ml). Cells were grown in culture flasks at 37° C. in a 5% CO.sub.2-humidified incubator.

Solutions

[0709] The cells were bathed in an extracellular solution containing 140 mM NaCl, 4 mM KCl, 2 mM CaCl.sub.2), 1 mM MgCl.sub.2, 5 mM Glucose, 10 mM HEPES; pH adjusted to 7.4 with NaOH; 295-305 mOsm. The internal solution contained 50 mM KCl, 10 mM NaCl, 60 mM KF, 20 mM EGTA, 10 mM HEPES; pH adjusted to 7.2 with KOH; 285 mOsm. All compounds were dissolved in DMSO at 30 mM. Compound stock solutions were freshly diluted with external solution to concentrations of 30 nM, 100 nM, 300 nM, 1 μM, 3 μM, 10 μM, 30 μM and 100 μM. The highest content of DMSO (0.3%) was present in 100 μM.

Voltage Protocol

[0710] The voltage protocol (see Table B) was designed to simulate voltage changes during a cardiac action potential with a 300 ms depolarization to +20 mV (analogous to the plateau phase of the cardiac action potential), a repolarization for 300 ms to −50 mV (inducing a tail current) and a final step to the holding potential of −80 mV. The pulse frequency was 0.3 Hz. Control (compound-free) and compound pulse trains for each compound concentration applied contained 70 pulses.

Patch Clamp Recordings and Compound Application

[0711] Whole-cell current recordings and compound application were enabled by means of an automated patch clamp platform Patchliner (Nanion). EPC 10 patch clamp amplifier (HEKA) along with Patchmaster software (HEKA Elektronik Dr. Schulze GmbH) was used for data acquisition. Data were sampled at 10 kHz without filtering. Increasing compound concentrations were applied consecutively to the same cell without washouts in between.

Data Analysis

[0712] AUC and PEAK values were obtained with Patchmaster (HEKA Elektronik Dr. Schulze GmbH). To determine IC.sub.50 the last single pulse in the pulse train corresponding to a given compound concentration was used. Obtained AUC and PEAK values in the presence of compound were normalized to control values in the absence of compound. Using Origin (OridinLab), IC.sub.50 was derived from data fit to Hill equation: I.sub.compound/control=(100−A)/(1+([compound]/IC.sub.50)nH)+A, where IC.sub.50 is the concentration at which current inhibition is half-maximal, [compound] is the applied compound concentration, A is the fraction of current that is not blocked and nH is the Hill coefficient.

[0713] Table 1 provides a summary of the inhibition activities of certain selected compounds of the instant invention against Kv1.3 potassium channel and hERG channel.

TABLE-US-00013 TABLE 1 IC.sub.50 (μM) values of certain exemplified compounds of the instant invention against Kv1.3 potassium channel and hERG channel Compound hERG Number Structure Kv1.3 IC.sub.50 IC.sub.50 1 [00211] embedded image <10 * 2 [00212] <1 >30 3 [00213] <1 <30 4 [00214] <1 <30 5 [00215] <10 <30 6 [00216] <1 >30 7 [00217] <10 * 8 [00218] <1 <30 9 [00219] <1 <30 10 [00220] <10 * 11 [00221] <10 * 12 [00222] <10 <30 13 [00223] <10 * 14 [00224] <1 >30 15 [00225] <10 * 16 [00226] <1 <30 17 [00227] <10 * 18 [00228] embedded image <1 <30 19 [00229] <10 * 20 [00230] <10 * 21 [00231] <1 <30 22 [00232] <10 * 23 [00233] <1 <30 24 [00234] <1 <30 25 [00235] <1 <30 26 [00236] <10 * 27 [00237] <10 >30 28 [00238] <1 <30 29 [00239] <10 * 30 [00240] <1 >30 31 [00241] <1 <30 32 [00242] <1 >30 33 [00243] <10 * 34 [00244] <10 * 35 [00245] embedded image <10 * 36 [00246] <10 <30 37 [00247] <10 * 38 [00248] <1 <30 39 [00249] <1 <30 40 [00250] <10 <30 41 [00251] <10 * 42 [00252] <1 >30 43 [00253] <1 <30 44 [00254] <1 <30 45 [00255] <10 * 46 [00256] <10 * 47 [00257] <30 * 48 [00258] <10 * 49 [00259] <10 * 50 [00260] <10 * 51 [00261] <10 * 52 [00262] embedded image <10 * 53 [00263] <10 * 54 [00264] <10 <30 55 [00265] <1 <30 56 [00266] <10 * 57 [00267] <1 <30 58 [00268] <1 * 59 [00269] <10 * 60 [00270] <1 <30 61 [00271] <1 <30 62 [00272] <10 * 63 [00273] <1 <30 64 [00274] <10 * 65 [00275] <1 <30 66 [00276] <10 * 67 [00277] <1 >30 68 [00278] <10 * 69 [00279] embedded image <30 * 70 [00280] <1 >30 71 [00281] <30 * 72 [00282] <1 >30 73 [00283] <1 >30 74 [00284] <1 >30 75 [00285] <10 * 76 [00286] <10 * 77 [00287] <10 * 78 [00288] <10 * 79 [00289] <1 >30 80 [00290] <10 * 81 [00291] <1 * 82 [00292] <10 * 83 [00293] <10 * 84 [00294] <10 * 85 [00295] <1 >30 86 [00296] embedded image <1 >30 87 [00297] <10 * 88 [00298] <10 * 89 [00299] <1 >30 90 [00300] <10 * 91 [00301] <1 <30 92 [00302] <10 * 93 [00303] <1 <30 94 [00304] <1 <30 95 [00305] <10 * 96 [00306] <1 * 97 [00307] <1 >30 98 [00308] <1 <30 99 [00309] <1 >30 100 [00310] <1 >30 101 [00311] <1 >30 102 [00312] <1 >30 103 [00313] embedded image <10 * 104 [00314] <1 >30 105 [00315] <1 >30 106 [00316] <1 >30 107 [00317] <1 >30 108 [00318] <1 >30 109 [00319] <1 >30 110 [00320] <1 >30 111 [00321] <1 <30 112 [00322] <1 <30 113 [00323] <1 >30 114 [00324] <1 >30 115 [00325] <1 >30 116 [00326] <1 >30 117 [00327] <30 * 118 [00328] <1 >100 119 [00329] embedded image <10 * 120 [00330] <10 * 121 [00331] <1 * 122 [00332] <1 >100 123 [00333] <10 * 124 [00334] <1 * 125 [00335] <10 >100 126 [00336] <10 >30 127 [00337] <10 >30 *Not Tested.

ARYL HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS AS Kv1.3 POTASSIUM SHAKER CHANNEL BLOCKERS

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