METHOD FOR CULTIVATING SOWN CROPS AND APPARATUS FOR CARRYING OUT SAID METHOD (VARIANTS)
20200107484 ยท 2020-04-09
Inventors
Cpc classification
A01B79/02
HUMAN NECESSITIES
A01B76/00
HUMAN NECESSITIES
International classification
A01B79/02
HUMAN NECESSITIES
Abstract
A method for increasing the efficiency of farming operations used in the production of sown crops. In the proposed method for cultivating sown crops, all bar none of the technological operations which are carried out in the field, beginning from pre-sowing preparation and ending with the gathering of a harvest, make use of a self-propelled power-operated technological device capable of functioning on tires having a super-low pressure of 5-60 kPa and/or with a pressure on the ground of less than 60 kPa. The proposed method is realized with the aid of a transport and technological system primarily for farming purposes, that utilizes a self-propelled power-operated vehicle on tires of super-low pressure operating among others at a pressure of 5 to 60 kPa and/or exerting a pressure of less than 60 kPa on the soil. This vehicle is equipped with a discharging device and/or a lifting device.
Claims
1. Method for cultivating crops on a field, comprising: in a technological operation, preparing the field, in a technological operation subsequent to the preparing, sowing seeds for the crops using an agricultural sowing technology, and in a technological operation subsequent to the sowing, harvesting the crops using an agricultural harvesting technology, wherein all of the technological operations performed on the field beyond at most four per season use exclusively self-propelled, power-operated vehicles which operate on tires having an ultra-low pressure of 5-60 kPa with a pressure on the ground of the field of less than 60 kPa.
2. Method for cultivating crops, according to claim 1, wherein all of the technological operationswithout exceptionperformed on the field, starting with the preparing operation prior to the sowing step and ending with the harvesting operation, use exclusively the self-propelled, power-operated vehicles which operate on tires having an ultra-low pressure of 5-60 kPa with a pressure on the ground of the field of less than 60 kPa.
3. Method for cultivating crops according to claim 1, wherein any of the technological operations performed on the field use exclusively self-propelled, power-operated vehicles which operate on tires having an ultra-low pressure of 5-60 kPa with a pressure on the ground of the field of less than 60 kPa unless an absolute soil moisture of the ground is less than 26%.
4. Method for cultivating crops on a field, according to claim 1, wherein any of the technological operations performed on the field use exclusively self-propelled, power-operated vehicles which operate on tires having an ultra-low pressure of 5-60 kPa with a pressure on the ground of the field of less than 60 kPa unless an absolute soil moisture of the ground is less than 1% of physical maturity of the soil.
5. Method for cultivating crops according to claim 1, wherein all of the technological operations performed on the field other than the harvesting operation use exclusively self-propelled, power-operated vehicles which operate on tires having an ultra-low pressure of 5-60 kPa with a pressure on the ground of the field of less than 60 kPa.
6. Method for producing crops on a field, comprising: in a technological operation, sowing seeds for the crops using an agricultural sowing technology, in further technological operations using agricultural technologies, performing at least one of: spreading fertilizer on the field, spraying the crops, loosening the soil of the field, processing the soil of the field, cultivating the field, mowing the field, threshing the field, harvesting the crops, preparing the soil of the field, applying subsurface fertilizer to the field, mechanically eliminating at least one of weeds and pests from the field, mulching the field, performing transport operations on the field, slitting the soil of the field, leveling the field, rolling the field, hilling the field, ridging the field, and detaining moisture on the field, wherein the technological operations use self-propelled, power-operated vehicles which operate on tires having an ultra-low pressure of 5-60 kPa with a pressure on the ground of less than 60 kPa, at an absolute soil moisture of up to 70%.
7. Transport and technological agricultural assembly, configured to operate on soil and comprising: a self-propelled, power-operated vehicle outfitted with and operating on ultra-low-pressure tires at a pressure of between 5 and 60 kPa, wherein the tires exert a pressure of less than 60 kP on the soil, wherein the vehicle is additionally outfitted with aggregate equipment comprising at least one of a discharging device and a lifting device.
8. Transport and technological agricultural assembly according to claim 7, further comprising at least one discharging wheel realized on ultra-low pressure tires operating at a pressure of 5 to 60 kPa.
9. Transport and technological agricultural assembly according to claim 8, wherein the discharging wheels are equipped with an adjusting device for setting a processing width for the technological operation.
10. Transport and technological agricultural assembly according to claim 8, wherein the at least one discharging wheel is mounted on the aggregate equipment.
11. Transport and technological agricultural assembly according to claim 7, further comprising a system for lifting and lowering at least one of: the discharging device, discharging wheels of the discharging device, and the aggregate equipment.
12. Transport and technological agricultural assembly according to claim 7, further comprising a system for lifting and lowering at least one of the discharging device, the discharging wheels and the aggregate equipment, wherein the system is equipped with a hydraulic drive or a hydraulic cylinder.
13. Transport and technological agricultural assembly according to claim 7, wherein at least one of the discharging device, a universal lifting-hitching device and the aggregate equipment comprises a turning mechanism.
14. Transport and technological agricultural assembly according to claim 7, wherein the discharging device is configured as a semi-trailer on ultra-low pressure tires operating at a pressure of 5 to 60 kPa.
15. Transport and technological agricultural assembly according to claim 7, wherein the aggregate equipment comprises at least one of: a harrow, a cultivator, a sower, a fertilizer applicator, a binder, a mower, a thresher, and a plow.
Description
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
[0065] The proposed technical solutions are shown schematically in the figures, in which:
[0066]
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DETAILED DESCRIPTION
[0070] The following designations are used in the figures: [0071] 1 self-propelled, power-operated vehicle on ultra-low pressure tires, [0072] 2 ultra-low pressure tire, [0073] 3 universal lifting device, [0074] 4 hitching device, [0075] 5 discharging device, [0076] 6 discharging wheel, [0077] 7 aggregate equipment, [0078] 8 adjusting device for the processing width, [0079] 9 hydraulic cylinder, [0080] 10 turning device, [0081] 11 semi-trailer
[0082] The transport and technological assembly for agricultural purposes (
[0083] A variant is possible, wherein the discharging device is configured so that the aggregate equipment can be turned (see
[0084] A variant of the assembly, wherein the discharging device is configured in the form of a semi-trailer 11 on ultra-low pressure tires operating, inter alia, at a pressure of 5 to 60 kPa, is shown in
[0085] The technical solution fulfills the criterion of industrial applicability as shown by the examples given below of the specific use of the proposed invention.
[0086] The proposed method of agricultural activities was tested through the example of sunflower crops on the farm UNI LLC in the Olkhovatsky District of the Voronezh Region. To increase the reliability of the experiment, a field with a total area of 123 hectare (ha) was divided into two sections. In the first section of the field, sunflower cultivation was carried out in a traditional way, and in the second one according to the proposed invention.
[0087] Both according to the proposed and traditional method, the soil was to be prepared in autumn, including plowing and the elimination of weeds. However, in the spring period before sowing, no operations at all were to be carried out on the soil. Sowing was carried out on the soil prepared in autumn, immediately when weeds were sprouting, without prior cultivation. The sowing activities in the field section cultivated using the proposed method were completed 18 days earlier than with the traditional method (since the soil temperature at that time reached an optimum for the development of cold-resistant sunflower seeds), and immediately after the rain, at a soil moisture of 50%.
[0088] Within 5 days after sowing, using a universal transport and technological vehicle on ultra-low pressure tires Bars-271, chemical treatment with continuously acting herbicides was carried out. The wheeled propeller of said vehicle exerts a pressure of about 17 kPa on the soil, and therefore no tracks were formed; consequently, at a seed placement depth of about 5 cm the germinating sprouts of the seeds in the soil were not injured.
[0089] Chemical weeding before sprouting allowed to eliminate weeds and not to suppress the growth of cultivated plants. High efficiency of the chemical treatment was achieved by the use of a low volume sprayer with a flow rate of working fluid of 20-60 l/ha. Withered weeds created a parasol on top of the soil, which protects the space between the rows from direct sunlight, and consequently reduces the evaporation of moisture and soil cracking, and also prevents the growth of a second wave of weeds.
[0090] The sunflowers on the second section of the field ripened 10 days earlier than with the traditional method. The sunflowers ripened earlier since the seeds were placed in the soil having the optimal temperature; there was no direct contact of the cultivated plants with herbicide; withered weeds did not allow the soil to be heated up significantly and to crack, and therefore the moisture in the soil was preserved.
[0091] According to the traditional method, chemical treatment was carried out after sunflower sprouting, by a self-propelled sprayer, and the soil was not protected from sunlight. It is to be noted that it did not rain at all in the area of this field over the entire summer period. The soil was covered with deep cracks in this section.
[0092] The crop yield in the field section cultivated according to the proposed method amounted to 22.39 dt/ha (dt/ha=100 kilograms per hectare), and to 9.1 dt/ha in the section cultivated traditionally; thus, the difference in crop yield was 13.29 dt/ha.
[0093] In addition, the proposed method was tested in NPF [Nauchno-Proizvodstvennaja Firma/Research and Production Company] Belagrospetsmash, a developer and manufacturer of agricultural appliances on ultra-low pressure tires. NPF Belagrospetsmash is also seriously engaged in research, both of the appliances and the agricultural production technologies on which they are based.
[0094] In the agricultural season of 2017, the following tests were carried out on the experimental field of NPF.
[0095] The bean crop lupin was chosen as test crop. In spring, after snowmelt and after the weeds have begun to form root systems, at an absolute soil moisture of about 65%, the soil surface was loosened and weed germs were removed. For this activity, a self-propelled power-operated vehicle was used which is capable of operating on tires having an ultra-low pressure of 5-60 kPa and with a pressure on the ground of less than 60 kPa, UTES-271 Bars manufactured by NPF Belagrospetsmash, with a milling cutter as aggregate (also developed by NPF Belagrospetsmash), and equipped with discharging and lifting devices, and discharging wheels realized on ultra-low pressure tires operating, inter alia, at a pressure of 5 to 60 kPa with a possibility of adjusting the processing width (for choosing the appropriate track size and minimal pressure and minimal damage on the crops). The discharging device is configured so that it can be turned (which is important for reducing the length of the turning circle, and consequently for reducing soil compaction). It is connected with the lifting device by a hydraulic cylinder (when it is actuated and the milling cutter is transferred to the transport position, inter alia during turning, the pressure inside the tire changes from 5 to 55 kPa, the contact patch increases, and there is no increase in soil compaction).
[0096] As a result of the performed activities, all weeds having begun to grow were eliminated, and due to the use of the transport and technological assembly including a self-propelled power-operated vehicle on ultra-low pressure tires operating, inter alia, at a pressure of 5 to 60 kPa exerting a pressure of less than 60 kPa on the soil, aggregate equipment and the presence of discharging and lifting devices, at this stage, no significant soil compaction occurred despite the very high soil moisture.
[0097] The next activity for carrying out the proposed method was sowing which was performed when the soil temperature had warmed up to the minimum value for the respective crop. For sowing, a self-propelled power-operated vehicle was also used which is capable of operating on tires having an ultra-low pressure of 5-60 kPa and with a pressure on the ground of less than 60 kPa, and the sower Lyubava (developed and manufactured by NPF Belagrospetsmash) was used as a sowing machine. Soil moisture during sowing was very high, about 70%. In addition, it was raining heavily. However, due to the use of the proposed assembly and the possibility of operating at increased moisture with a minimal compacting effect on the soil, productivity was increased owing to higher speed (the moisture turned into a lubricant, soil density decreased, and the negative impact of friction on the coulters was reduced). Since there was practically no soil compaction (as compared to the traditional technology) and sowing took place in oversaturated soil, the lupin shoots were strong and grew rapidly (sow in the mud and your wealth will bud says a Russian proverb).
[0098] The next activity for carrying out the proposed method was harrowing on shoots, since after the lupin shoots second-generation weeds also started to grow. Also for this activity, the UTES-271 Bars manufactured by NPF Belagrospetsmash was used, with a harrow as aggregate (also developed by NPF Belagrospetsmash), and equipped with discharging and lifting devices, and discharging wheels realized on ultra-low pressure tires operating, inter alia, at a pressure of 5 to 60 kPa with a possibility of adjusting the processing width (for choosing the appropriate track size and minimal pressure and minimal damage on the crops).
[0099] This activity was performed two more times within the agricultural season so as to eliminate weeds of the third and fourth generations. Although it was performed on shoots, due to the low pressure on the soil, the plants were damaged to an insignificant extent and quickly recovered.
[0100] The final step for carrying out the proposed technology was harvesting. However, due to the fact that at present there are no mass-produced harvesting assemblies based on self-propelled power-operated vehicles on ultra-low pressure tires operating, inter alia, at a pressure of 5 to 60 kPa and exerting a pressure of less than 60 kPa on the soil, and prototypes are not able to work on the field with full load, the main part of the crop was harvested by traditional harvesting appliances with a pressure of more than 60 kPa on the soil. Harvesting was carried out at an absolute soil moisture of 22%, which allowed to minimize the detrimental effect on the soil, i.e. soil compaction, (since at such moisture the soil is quite hard and the increased pressure is less of an issue).
[0101] As a result of the performed activities when carrying out the proposed invention, a serious economic effect was achieved, namely the production costs on the experimental field were more than two times lower than on the neighboring field cultivated with the traditional method and traditional equipment.
[0102] The reasons for this lay in the same technical result that had been achieved by using the proposed method for cultivating crops and the device for its implementation, namely:
[0103] reducing loss of the spring soil moisture reserves (since the activities were carried out in the period when the absolute soil moisture is more than 2% higher than the upper moisture limit of physical maturity of the soil and most of it remains in the soil),
[0104] optimizing the periods of sowing activities, (since the activities were carried out in the period when the absolute soil moisture is more than 2% higher than the upper moisture limit of physical maturity of the soil, i.e. in the period when it is optimal according to agrotechnical parameters),
[0105] obtaining strong shoots (due to the optimal sowing period and sprouting of seeds at increased soil moisture),
[0106] shifting the periods of sowing activities forward to an earlier period (since the activities were carried out in the period when the absolute soil moisture is more than 2% higher than the upper moisture limit of physical maturity of the soil),
[0107] reducing the dependence of sowing activities on soil conditions (since the proposed agricultural assembly for soil processing allows the performance of agricultural activities inter alia in the period when the absolute soil moisture is more than 2% higher than the upper moisture limit of physical maturity of the soil),
[0108] increasing the environmental friendliness of agricultural production, and consequently of the produced sown crops (as a result of the overall reduction of the use of herbicides and mineral fertilizers for said method, but with an increased yield of sown crops. In this experiment, chemicals were not used at all).
[0109] reducing the negative impact (compaction) of the agricultural assembly on the soil and of the soil on parts of the assembly (due to the reduction of the total weight of the sowing assembly and the specific pressure on the soil, the soil is less compacted, and since the soil is moister it has a weaker impact on the parts of the assembly),
[0110] increasing the speed of sowing activities (which is facilitated since the soil offers less resistance to the operating parts of the assembly),
[0111] increasing the period of vegetative development of crops (which is facilitated since the agricultural activities are carried out earlier),
[0112] reducing the specific fuel consumption (due to the increased speed when agricultural activities are carried out and since the soil offers less resistance to the operating parts of the assembly),
[0113] reducing the mass and dimensions of the sowing assembly (this becomes possible due to reduced loads on the parts of the assembly),
[0114] expanding the functionalities of the agricultural assembly while performing activities with minimal pressure on the soil (since it is equipped with a power-operated vehicle on ultra-low pressure tires operating, inter alia, at a pressure of 5 to 60 kPa and/or exerting a pressure of less than 60 kPa on the soil, with a universal lifting-hitching device and/or a discharging device which allows the use of an entire range of agricultural technological equipment (sower, harrow, sprayer, harvesting assembly, etc.), and
[0115] increasing the saving of resources when cultivating crops, e.g.:
a) the fuel consumption of UTES-271 Bars is 0.2 l/ha [liters per hectare] and the cost of fuel used per shift is 1692 rubles, while the fuel consumption of the self-propelled sprayer John Deere 4930 is 1.2 l/ha and the cost of fuel used per shift is 5200 rubles);
b) savings when transporting water necessary for preparing the mixture: expenses for the transportation of water per shift are 302 rubles for UTES-271 Bars and 1646 rubles for the self-propelled sprayer John Deere 4930; and
c) saving of herbicides when processing using UTES-271 Bars is 20-30%.