MEMS TUNABLE VCSEL POWERED SWEPT SOURCE OCT FOR 3D METROLOGY APPLICATIONS

Abstract

Disclosed is an optical probe system that is capable of high speed, high precision, and high resolution 3D digitalization of engineered objects. The 3D dimensional data of the engineered object is measured using a swept source optical coherence tomography system with improved speed, spatial resolutions, and depth range. Also disclosed is a type of coordinate measurement machine (CMM) that is capable of performing high speed, high resolution, and non-contact measurement of engineered objects. The mechanic stylus in the touch-trigger probe of a conventional CMM is replaced with an optical stylus with reconfigurable diameter and length. The distance from the center of the optical stylus to the measurement probe is optically adjusted to match the height of the object to be measured quickly, which eliminates one dimensional movement of the probe and greatly improves the productivity.

Claims

1. A coordinate measurement machine comprising: a surface configured to hold an object to be measured; a measurement probe configured to move to a known spatial coordinates near the object by a moving mechanism, the measurement probe having re-configurable optics inside; an optical stylus generated by the reconfigurable optics inside the measurement probe, wherein the optical stylus: has an adjustable diameter and length; has an adjustable distance from the optical stylus center to the probe; and is in optical contact with the object; an optical coherence tomography (OCT) system configured to measure an optical delay difference between the light from the object and a reference light from a reference position using an optical interference method, to determine a height of the object; a first control loop configured to control the distance from the optical stylus center to the probe using the object height measured by the OCT system, causing the optical stylus in optical contact with the object; and a second control loop configured to control the reference position of the reference light, using the object height measured by the OCT system, to change an electronic frequency of the optical interference signals to be within an optimal detection range of the OCT system, and for the OCT system to process the optimized interference fringe signals to determine the height of the object with improved accuracy.

2. The coordinate measurement machine of claim 1, wherein the surface to hold the object to be measured is a working table, a mechanic fixture, a moving stage, or an articulated robot arm, the measurement probe moving mechanism is a gantry or an articulated robot arm.

3. The coordinate measurement machine of claim 1, wherein the re-configurable optics inside the measurement probe is a deformable mirror, a deformable lens, a few moving lenses or a moving fiber.

4. The coordinate measurement machine of claim 1, wherein the optical stylus achieves adjustable diameter and length by changing the diameter of the optical beam on the focusing optics inside the measurement probe.

5. The coordinate measurement machine of claim 1, wherein the optical stylus achieves adjustable distance from the optical stylus center to the probe by changing the focal length of the focusing optics inside the measurement probe.

6. The coordinate measurement machine of claim 1, wherein the optical stylus achieves adjustable diameter and length, and adjustable distance from the optical stylus center to the probe all at the same time by changing the focal length of the focusing optics or the distance from the input fiber to the focusing optics.

7. The coordinate measurement machine of claim 1, wherein the optical coherence tomography system has a reference light generator to generate a reference light from a reference position, the optical delay in the reference light generator can be adjusted to change the reference position.

8. The coordinate measurement machine of claim 1, wherein the optical interference method used to measure height of the object comprising: directing the light from a light source to the measurement probe; delivering a beam of light to an object to be measured, and collecting the light returned from the object; directing the light from the light source to a reference light generator to generate a reference light from a reference position; generating interference fringe signals between the light returned from the object and the reference light from the reference position using an optical interferometer; recording the interference fringe signals by a detection system; and processing the interference fringe signals to calculate the optical delay difference between the light form the object and the reference light from the reference position to determine the height of the object.

Description

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0052] FIG. 1 shows an OCT enhanced coordinate measuring machine according to an embodiment.

[0053] FIG. 2 shows a close-loop control of beam focusing in the measurement probe according to an embodiment.

[0054] FIG. 3 shows beam focusing control mechanisms in the measurement probe according to an embodiment.

[0055] FIG. 4 shows beam focusing control mechanisms in the measurement probe according to an embodiment.

[0056] FIG. 5 shows beam focusing control mechanisms in the measurement probe according to an embodiment.

[0057] FIG. 6 shows a miniature measurement probe with front viewing and side viewing capabilities according to an embodiment.

[0058] FIG. 7 shows a measurement probe with single fiber for beam delivery and multiple fibers for signal collection according to an embodiment.

[0059] FIG. 8 shows an OCT system supporting one delivery fiber and multiple collection fibers according to an embodiment.

[0060] FIG. 9 shows a reference light generator for the OCT system supporting one delivery fiber and multiple collection fibers according to an embodiment.

[0061] FIG. 10 shows a measurement probe with reference light generator according to an embodiment.

[0062] FIG. 11 shows a close-loop control of the optical delay in the reference light generator according to an embodiment.

[0063] FIG. 12 shows a close-loop control of the optical delay in the reference light generator according to an embodiment.

[0064] FIG. 13 shows a reference light generator with reconfigurable optical delay according to an embodiment.

[0065] FIG. 14 shows a reference light generator with reconfigurable optical delay according to an embodiment.

[0066] FIG. 15 shows a reference light generator with reconfigurable optical delay according to an embodiment.

[0067] FIG. 16 shows dual operation modes with dynamic optical delay adjustment in the reference light generator according to an embodiment.

[0068] FIG. 17 shows multiple measurement probes to reduce the total measurement time according to an embodiment.

[0069] FIG. 18 shows an OCT stylus diameter reconfigured by changing the input beam diameter according to an embodiment.

[0070] FIG. 19 shows an OCT stylus diameter reconfigured by changing the input beam diameter according to an embodiment.

[0071] FIG. 20 shows an OCT stylus diameter reconfigured by changing the input beam diameter according to an embodiment.

[0072] FIG. 21 shows an OCT stylus diameter reconfigured by changing the focal length of collimating lens according to an embodiment.

[0073] FIG. 22 shows an OCT stylus diameter reconfigured by changing the focal length of collimation lens according to an embodiment.

[0074] FIG. 23 shows OCT stylus diameter, length and center position are all adjustable according to an embodiment.

[0075] FIG. 24 shows OCT stylus diameter, length and center position are all adjustable according to an embodiment.

[0076] FIG. 25 shows the basic parameters defined in Gaussian beam optics.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS

[0077] This disclosure describes the best mode or modes of practicing the invention as presently contemplated. This description is not intended to be understood in a limiting sense, but provides an example of the invention presented solely for illustrative purposes by reference to the accompanying drawings to advise one of ordinary skill in the art of the advantages and construction of the invention. In the various views of the drawings, like reference characters designate like or similar parts.

[0078] 1: Swept Source CMM with Improved Resolution and Depth Range

[0079] In this section, an optical instrument for measuring Reflective Objects dimensional features is disclosed. The Instrument uses optical coherence tomography (OCT) and is capable of both sparse and dense sampling. The OCT system can measure object height information at high speed. The measured object height is used for close-loop control of two important parameters: the optical beam focusing condition in the measurement probe, and the optical delay in the reference light generator. By close-loop controlling the beam focusing on the object, the transverse resolution of the measurement is preserved. By close-loop controlling the optical delay in the reference light generator, the required detection bandwidth can be reduced; alternatively the total depth measured range can be extended. When measuring object height information, the depth resolution is improved by finding the centroid of the peak in the depth profile and determining the unwrapped phase of the interference fringe signals. When measuring very large object or an object with height variations larger than the depth measurement range of the OCT system, a dual resolution modes measurement method is invented.

[0080] FIG. 1 shows the block diagram of the OCT enhanced coordinate measuring machine (CMM) 100. An object 102 to be measured is placed on a working table 104. The working table provides reference coordinates 106 to facilitate the measurements. A measurement probe 108 can be moved in X and Y directions to known coordinate positions to scan the object by existing motion mechanisms installed on the CMM, such as XY gantry stages or an articulated robot arm. The measurement probe is connected to an OCT system 110 and can measure a depth profile of the object at the scan rate of the OCT system, without moving the probe in the Z direction, significantly improve the speed to scan the object. The object height is determined as the first or the strongest peak in a depth profile. A signal processor 112 processes the interference fringe signals generated from the optical interference of the light from the measurement probe and the light from the reference light generator 114, to obtain the object height information. The measured object height 116 is used to generate two control signals. Control signal 1 is connected to a deformable mirror driver 118, to control the curvature of a deformable mirror installed inside the measurement probe, to control the beam focusing condition to keep the beam focused at object height. Control signal 2 is used to configure the optical delay inside the reference light generator, and select an optical delay that mostly matches the measured object height. The measured object height is adjusted by the change in optical delay which has been previously calibrated.

[0081] The following sections describe a few important specifications of the system, and improvement methods applicable to the invented instrument.

[0082] Depth Resolution Improvement Method: Determining the Unwrapped Phase

[0083] When the light enters an optical interferometer with two different optical paths and optical delay difference d between the two paths, the intensity of the interference fringe signals of the light from the object and the reference light is:

I=I.sub.1+I.sub.2+2{square root over (I.sub.1I.sub.2)} cos(.sub.1.sub.2)=I.sub.1+I.sub.2+2{square root over (I.sub.1I.sub.2)} cos()(Eq. 7)

where I.sub.1 and I.sub.2 are the intensities of light from the object and the reference light respectively, and =(.sub.1.sub.2) is the phase difference between them. is also the phase of the interference fringe signals. The relationship between the phase and the optical delay is:

[00006]$\begin{array}{cc}.Math..Math.=\left(\frac{2.Math..Math.}{{}_0}\right).Math.d.Math..Math.\mathrm{or}& \left(\mathrm{Eq}..Math.8\right)\\ d=.Math..Math..Math.\frac{{}_0}{2.Math..Math.}& \left(\mathrm{Eq}..Math.9\right)\end{array}$

[0084] Therefore, if the center wavelength of the source .sub.0 is known, and the phase of the interference fringe signals can be accurately measured, the optical delay difference between the light from the object and the reference light can be calculated above equation.

[0085] The challenge is the ambiguity in the measurement of unwrapped phase , because the measured phase is ambiguous by an integer number of N when the unwrapped phase is written as:

=N.Math.2+, <(Eq. 10)

where is the wrapped phase which is measurable in any interference fringe signal. N is the integer number in the unwrapped phase of the interference fringe cycles and is very often lost. To recover this integer number N is an important task if it is desired to accurately measure the optical delay d beyond the depth resolution of the OCT system.

[0086] An OCT system can determine the integer number of N in the unwrapped phase , assuming a single optical delay d between the light from the object and the reference light is to be measured. This is done by performing frequency analysis of the acquired interference fringe signals, calculating a depth profile based on intensity output of the frequency analysis, and measuring the peak location in the depth profile using appropriate algorithms.

[0087] The free spectral range (FSR) f in the interference fringe signals of an optical interferometer with optical delay d is:

[00007]$\begin{array}{cc}.Math..Math.f_{\mathrm{FSR}}=\frac{c}{d}& \left(\mathrm{Eq}..Math.11\right)\end{array}$

where c is the speed of light.

[0088] Since

[00008]$\begin{array}{cc}f=\frac{c}{}& \left(\mathrm{Eq}..Math.12\right)\end{array}$

the total optical frequency span of the laser sweep is:

[00009]$\begin{array}{cc}.Math..Math.f_{\mathrm{sweep}}=-\frac{c}{{}_0^2}.Math..Math..Math.& \left(\mathrm{Eq}..Math.13\right)\end{array}$

where .sub.0 is the center wavelength and is the wavelength sweep range of the swept source.

[0089] The electronic frequency of the interference fringe signals from optical delay d is:

[00010]$\begin{array}{cc}{f}_{\mathrm{electronic}}=\frac{R_{\mathrm{Ascan}}.Math..Math..Math.f_{\mathrm{sweep}}}{.Math..Math.f_{\mathrm{FSR}}}=\frac{R_{\mathrm{Ascan}}.Math..Math..Math..Math.d}{{}_2^0}& \left(\mathrm{Eq}..Math.14\right)\end{array}$

where R.sub.Ascan is the swept rate of the swept source.

[0090] The optical delay d can be estimated from measuring a peak position in the intensity spectrum of the interference fringe signals, after performing electronic frequency analysis of the signals, such as using an electronic frequency analyzer, or applying fast Fourier transform (FFT) of the digitized interference fringe signals.

[00011]$\begin{array}{cc}d=\frac{f_{\mathrm{electronic}}.Math.{}_2^0}{R_{\mathrm{Ascan}}.Math..Math..Math.}& \left(\mathrm{Eq}..Math.15\right)\end{array}$

[0091] The electronic frequency analyzing process usually has a finite frequency resolution window, and the frequency spectrum data is organized into discrete frequency bins. The full-width-half-maximum (FWHM) value of a peak in the frequency spectrum is the actual depth resolution of the OCT system. One peak usually occupies a few frequency bins in the spectrum. Applying a center-of-mass algorithm to calculate the centroid position of the peak can help improve the accuracy of the peak position measurement. The centroid position is then used to calculate the optical delay difference between the light from the object and the reference light. The optical delay calculated using peak centroid detection can achieve better resolution than the depth resolution of an OCT system, without using the phase information of the interference fringe signals.

[0092] It is possible to determine the integer number N in the unwrapped phase , using the optical delay d calculated using Eq. 15 with peak centroid detection of an OCT depth profile.

[00012]$\begin{array}{cc}N=\mathrm{floor}.Math..Math.\left(\frac{d}{{}_0}\right)& \left(\mathrm{Eq}..Math.16\right)\end{array}$

where the floor( ) function returns the largest previous integer number of a input real number. It is required that the measurement accuracy in d from peak centroid detection of an OCT depth profile is higher than the center wavelength of OCT system, in order to get the most accurate number of N. An error in d that is smaller than .sub.0 is discarded by the floor( ) function.

[0093] The wrapped phase can be measured from the phase analysis of the interference fringe signals, such as calculating phase versus frequency from the FFT output.

[00013]$\begin{array}{cc}.Math..Math.=\mathrm{Phase}\left[\mathrm{FFT}\left(A\right)\right]=\arctan \left(\frac{\mathrm{imag}[\mathrm{FFT}\left(A\right)}{\mathrm{real}[\mathrm{FFT}\left(A\right)}\right)& \left(\mathrm{Eq}..Math.17\right)\end{array}$

After knowing N using Eq. 16 and knowing using Eq. 17, the value of the original unwrapped phase can be determined using Eq. 10, and the optical delay of light from the object and the reference light can be calculated using Eq. 9. It is now possible to achieve sub-wavelength resolution in the nanometer range which is orders of magnitude better than the micron level depth resolution of the OCT system.

[0094] One task of this invention is for an OCT system to be able to measure the dimension of an object using the unit of optical wavelength. There will be a large real number if an object dimension is divided by optical wavelength. The integer part of this large real number is determined using Eq.16 and the fractional part of this large real number is determined using Eq.17. The final measurement accuracy in d eventually depends on the measurement accuracy in wrapped phase p. It is important to design an OCT system with minimized intrinsic phase noises, such as wavelength triggering error and optical frequency clocking errors for the data acquisition system, for this measurement. Environmental phase noises introduced by mechanic vibrations and temperature fluctuations play significant roles in the measured phase stabilities. The optical delay in the reference light generator and the free space optical delay between the measurement probe and the object need to be protected and isolated from the aforementioned environmental phase noise sources.

[0095] Transverse Resolution Improvement Method: Close-Loop Control of Beam Focusing in Object Probe

[0096] The transverse resolution of the OCT system is the beam spot size on the object. Because the object under measurement may have varying surface height, and the optical beam cannot penetrate the object very deep beyond the first a few strong reflections in depth, it is important to keep the optical beam focusing length adjustable near the first or the strongest reflection surface in depth. This task can be accomplished by implementing a close loop control of the beam focusing mechanism in the probe based on the object height measured by the OCT system.

[0097] FIG. 2 shows the block diagram of the close-loop control of beam focusing in the probe. The light source inside the OCT system 110 delivers light to the probe 108. The light is converted into a collimated beam by a collimator 202. The collimated beam is reflected by a reflector 204 onto a deformable mirror 206. The deformable mirror acts as a concave lens with adjustable focusing length to focus the beam at a certain distance. The light back reflected from the object is collected by the same optics inside the probe and detected by the OCT system. The signal processor 112 processes the interference fringe signals of the OCT system to obtain the object depth profile and determine the object height 116. Usually the first or the strongest peak in the OCT depth profile is identified as object height. The measured object height is converted into a control signal for the deformable mirror driver by a control signal generator 208. The deformable mirror driver controls the curvature of the deformable mirror and changes beam focusing distance from the probe, to have the beam always focused near the object surface. In the OCT system, the depth scan is performed at very high speed from kHz to MHz, the transverse scan is performed at slower speed than the depth scan. Because the object surface is continuous, the required speed of the close loop control is typically slower than the depth scan rate.

[0098] FIG. 3 shows another beam focusing control mechanism. The optical beam delivered to the probe is converted to a point source such as using an optical fiber 302. A moving optical lens 304 is mounted on a translation stage 306 inside the probe and focuses the beam from the point source to a focusing spot outside of the probe. By translating the lens in z direction it is possible to change the distance from the beam focusing to the probe. Alternatively the fiber can be moved to change this distance too, and the optical path length change due to fiber position move needs to be compensated. When the distance between the point source and moving lens is f where f is the focal length of the lens, it requires increasing the distance by f to reduce the beam focusing point from infinity to 2f. The beam focusing control changes the z-position of the optical lens based on the software measured object height positions. In this design, because the optical beam is always along the optical axis of the lens, it is possible to achieve diffraction limited spot size of the focused beam.

[0099] FIG. 4 shows another beam focusing control mechanism. The optical beam delivered to the probe is converted to a point source. A deformable optical lens 402 is mounted in front of the point source to focus the beam into a spot outside of the probe. A lens deforming mechanism 404, such as pressing the soft lens to change is shape, is used to adjust the beam focusing position outside of the probe. The deforming mechanism is controlled by the beam focusing control based on the software measured object height positions.

[0100] FIG. 5 shows another design of the measurement probe with beam scanning capabilities. The design is similar to that in FIG. 3 except that reflectors 504 and scanning mirrors 502 are inserted into the beam path between the point source and the moving lens 506. The scanning mirrors 502 steer the optical beam into different angle going through the moving lens 506, causing the shift of the focused spot in the horizontal (X and Y) planes. Using fast scanning mirrors such as galvanometer scanners, MEMS scanners or a fast steering mirror, the beam scanning speed can be faster than the X and Y moving speeds of the probe, this scanning measurement probe can achieve faster measurement speed than non-scanning types. In this design, the total optical distance between the point source and the moving lens is changed between f to 2f to change the distance between the beam focus and the moving lens from infinity to 2f A f-theta lens is usually using in the probe when the beam scanning is required. The residual optical aberrations such as field curvature caused by the f-theta lens need to be corrected.

[0101] The benefits of using close-loop control of beam focusing are: [0102] 1) Although the object height changes during measurement, the optical beam remain focused on the object with diffraction limited spot size to ensure highest possible transverse resolution of the measurement; [0103] 2) There is no need to mechanic moving the probe in Z direction and the depth scan is performed at the scan rate of the OCT system, which eliminates one dimensional moving of the measurement probe. [0104] 3) The probe has lighter weight than conventional CMM touch probe with Z direction moving mechanism so the X and Y direction scans of the object can be made at faster speed.

[0105] FIG. 6 shows a miniature measurement probe for swept source CMM with both front viewing and side viewing capabilities. The measurement probe consists of a fiber 602, a lens 604 and a beam splitter 606 assembled together with total probe diameter similar to the diameter of the fiber. The fiber is a single mode fiber either polarization maintaining type or non-polarization maintaining type. The fiber delivers the light from the OCT system to the probe. The lens is used to focus the light exiting the fiber at a certain distance from the fiber. The lens is a miniature GRIN (gradient refractive index) lens or a ball lens, or other micro-optic lenses. The beam splitter splits the optical beam into two beam paths, one path for front viewing and the other path for side viewing. The beam splitter splits the input beam based on input intensity, wavelength, or polarization. When the beam splitter is an intensity beam splitter, the probe knows which direction the light is coming back from the object, based on previous knowledge about the object. When the beam splitter is a wavelength beam splitter, one portion of the swept source wavelength is used to measure the front objects and the other portion is used to measure the side objects. The signal processor in the OCT system can differentiate these two channels because the interference fringe signals are wavelength encoded. When the beam splitter is a polarization type, the polarization of the light exiting the fiber can be externally controlled to be a linearly polarized, either totally going into the front viewing path or totally going into the side viewing path. A polarization maintaining type fiber is preferred when using a polarization beam splitter in this miniature measurement probe, with the optical axis of the polarization maintaining fiber aligned with one direction of the polarization beam splitter. It is possible to select the probe to be front viewing type or side viewing type by controlling the light polarization in the fiber.

[0106] FIG. 7 shows a measurement probe with single fiber for beam delivery and multiple fibers for signal collection. In this design, fiber 1 is used to deliver the light from an OCT light source to the object. The light exit fiber 1 is focused by a lens 702 onto the object. The light is back-reflected and back-scattered by the object into different collection angles. Fiber 2 and fiber 3 are arranged in close vicinity of fiber 1 in a fiber ferrule 704 that can hold multiple fibers, with distance between fibers in the same scale as the fiber core size. All three fibers are signal collection fibers to collect the back-scattered light from various scattering angles, using the same lens as collection optics. All fibers are preferably single mode fibers, because light entering multi-mode fibers have multiple optical paths resulting in multiple delays detected by an OCT system. The multiple collection fibers design is especially useful for detecting weak reflections from an object that is being measured. Because all fibers are arranged with distance as the fiber core size, the ferrule is equivalent to a multi-core single mode fiber which can be designed in a fiber manufacturing process. Another method to obtain this multi-core single mode fiber ferrule is through the fiber fusion process, where multiple parallel fibers with buffer layers removed are twisted, stretched and fused together so their cores are very close to each other. The fused multiple fibers are cured by epoxy and protected inside a ferrule to be permanently fixed. The ferrule is cut at where the fiber cores are closest and the cut end surface is polished. Because all fibers are close to each other, any fiber can be used for beam delivery and all fibers can be used for signal collection.

[0107] FIG. 8 shows an OCT system supporting multiple fibers for signals collection. The light from a swept source is directed to interferometer 1. Fiber 1 is the beam delivery fiber inside the measurement probe that is connected to interferometer 1. The light back scattered from the object is collected by fiber 1, fiber 2 and fiber 3 that are connected to interferometer 1, interferometer 2, and interferometer 3, respectively. The light from interferometer 1 is also connected to a reference light generator which provides three reference light optical delays, each matching the optical delay of the light from the probe for each interferometer. Each interferometer generates one set of the interference fringe signals recorded by a detector and then processed by a signal processor. One signal processor processes the interference fringe signals to measure the intensity and depth location of the signals back-scattered from the object collected by one fiber. The signals from all three fibers can are processed by three signal processors respectively to obtain three depth profiles. The three depth profiles are sent to a signal combiner which is a mathematical processor for additional processing including depth alignment, adding and averaging, to obtain the final depth profile of the object. In this design, each signal processor has an A/D converter to convert the analog signals from the detector into digital data, processes the digital data using Fast Fourier transform (FFT) to obtain the intensity and phase of the interference fringe signals as a function of measurement depth, to be one depth profile. The processed depth profiles from all interferometers are added together in the signal combiner which is also a digital signal processor to obtain a low-noise, high sensitive depth profile of the object. The high sensitivity comes from the signal-to-noise improvement of the system, because more signal photons are collected in this design than using only one fiber for photons collection.

[0108] FIG. 9 shows a reference light generator for the OCT system supporting multiple fibers for signals collection as shown in FIG. 8. The light from interferometer 1 is distributed into three variable delay sections. Variable delay 1 is a reflection type having a reflector reflects the light back into the incoming fiber from interferometer 1, to serve as the reference delay for that interferometer. Variable delay 2 and variable delay 3 are transmission type and transmit the light into two fibers connected to interferometer 2 and interferometer 3 respectively, to serve as the reference delay for these interferometers. All variable delays consist of a collimated optical beam in free space between two lenses. Moving the lens and the fiber at focal point of the lens together changes the optical delay values. This reference light generator has one input fiber from interferometer 1 and generates three independently adjustable optical delays as three outputs, one for each interferometer.

[0109] FIG. 10 shows a reference light generator located inside the measurement probe. A single mode fiber is used to deliver the light from the light source to the probe. The light exiting the fiber is collimated by lens 1 and split by a beam splitter. One part of the light after the beam splitter is focused by lens 2 to the object to be measured. Moving lens 2 along the beam path changes the beam focusing condition on the object. The other part of the light after the beam splitter goes into a reference light generator located inside the measurement probe. Lens 3 and reflector 2 in the reference light generator can be moved along the beam path to change its optical delay in the reference reflector 2.

[0110] Depth Measurement Range Improvement Method: Close-Loop Control of Optical Delay in Reference Light Generator

[0111] In a spectral domain OCT system which uses a broadband light source, an interferometer, and a detector consisting of spectrometer with line-scan camera, the depth measurement range is limited by the spatial spectral resolution of the detector. In a swept source OCT system which uses a swept light source, an interferometer and a fast detector, the depth measurement range is limited by the dynamic coherence length of the swept source and the bandwidth of the detector. In both type of OCT systems, when the optical delay to be measured is out of the depth measurement range, the contrast of the interference fringe signals degrades and eventually become not measurable.

[0112] For OCT systems use point measurement scheme, where single point on the object is illuminated and measured at a time, when the object has a varying height that is out of depth measurement range of an OCT system, the optical delay in the reference light generator can be changed to shift the object into the measurable region. The measured optical delay value needs to be adjusted by the change of the optical delay in the reference light generator as the accurate height information of the object.

[0113] FIG. 11 shows the diagram of the close-loop control of the optical delay in the reference light generator of an OCT system. Light from a VCSEL swept laser 1110 is directed to an optical interferometer 1120. The optical interferometer splits the light to a measurement probe 1130 and a reference light generator 1140. The reconfigurable reference light generator has an optical path consists of polarization control 1142, intensity control 1144 and reconfigurable optical delay 1146. The light from the measurement probe and the light from the reference light generator interfere in the optical interferometer 1120 and a detector 1150 records the interference fringe signals. The interference fringe signals is filtered by an anti-aliasing filter 1160, which is usually a low pass filter, to fulfill the sampling theorem. A signal processor 1170 processes the filtered interference fringe signals to obtain the depth profile of the object. If no object height is detected from the depth profile, the signal processor generates a control signal 1190 to change the optical delay in the reference light generator, and check the depth profile if an object height 1180 is detected and measured. The measured object height is offset by the amount of optical delay changes as the accurate height information of the object.

[0114] FIG. 12 shows another diagram of the close-loop control of the optical delay in the reference light generator of an OCT system. The measurement probe 1210 is actuated by its moving mechanism to scan the object and the XY coordinate positions 1220 of the probe can be provided by its moving mechanism. The coordinate positions are used to search a previously saved data file 1240 to generate a control signal 1260. The previously save data file contains information about the geometric information of the object, that is obtained from a previous measurement or previous knowledge about the object such as its design information. The control signal is used to change the optical delay in the reference light generator 1280. The measured object height is offset by the amount of optical delay changes as the accurate height information of the object.

[0115] FIG. 13 shows one reference light generator with reconfigurable optical delay. The light passes the polarization control 1310 and intensity control 1320 to a 1N optical switch 1330. There are total N number of optical paths after the 1N optical switch, and each optical path has a different optical delay with a reflector at the end of the optical path. The control signal 1340 is applied to 1N optical switch to select one of the N optical paths for the light to enter, and reflected back by a reflector at the end of the optical path. Therefore, the optical delay in the reference light generator can be reconfigured into total N discrete numbers. Because an optical switch can perform fast switching of the optical signals with switching time less than 1 microsecond, it is ideal for fast reconfiguration of the optical delay in the reference light generator, to compensate for object height changes.

[0116] FIG. 14 shows another reference light generator with reconfigurable optical delay. The light passes the polarization control and intensity control to a collimator. The beam is collimated after the collimator 1410, propagates a distance, and is reflected by a reflector 1420. The reflector is mounted on a motorized stage 1430 that can change its position along the beam path. The control signal 1440 is applied to the motorized stage and changes the optical delay in the reference light generator. This mechanism is relatively slow because it needs to move a reflector over a long distance along the beam path.

[0117] FIG. 15 shows another reference light generator with reconfigurable optical delay. The light passes the polarization control and intensity control to a collimator. The beam is collimated after the collimator, propagates a distance, and is reflected by one of a series of reflectors 1510, 1520, 1530 arranged along the beam path. The control signal 1540 is applied to all the reflectors. Any reflector can be moved in and out of the beam path, to allow the light to be reflected from one reflector or any of its following reflectors along the beam path.

[0118] Depth Measurement Range Improvement Method: Duel Operation Modes with Dynamic Reference Delay Adjustment

[0119] MEMS tunable VCSELs are manufactured using wafer scale fabrication techniques, so the greatly improved speed and resolution of the measurement, compared to conventional CMM with touch-trigger probe, do not come at high cost. The gain material is optically pumped or electric pump. The laser cavity is formed by the gain material located between two end mirrors. One end mirror is stationary. The other end mirror is suspended by a flexible structure and is called the MEMS mirror. The total cavity length of the MEMS tunable VCSEL is about a few microns, which is on the order of the output wavelength that the laser cavity can generate. Applying voltage across actuators creates an electrostatic attractive force to change the position of the MEMS mirror, thereby altering the cavity length and tuning the laser output wavelength. Because of the MEMS mirror is responsive to a voltage driving signals, it is possible to design various driving waveforms for different speed and spectral tuning range for the same MEMS tunable VCSELs to operate at. The MEMS tunable VCSEL is a highly reconfigurable swept source whose speed and spectral tuning range are both reconfigurable.

[0120] With the flexibility in the MEMS tunable VCSEL, a swept source OCT system can be quickly reconfigured to work in different modes in time. The measurement results obtained in different operation modes can be utilized and combined to achieve the speed, resolution and depth range performances that are not possible to achieve in only one operation mode:

[0121] The two operation modes of the MEMS tunable VCSEL are: [0122] 1. A low resolution mode using reduced depth resolution to measure the object height information over a large depth range. This is a pre-scan of the object to generate an approximate object height within the full depth measurement range that can be supported by the detection system. This pre-scan can be done at fast sweep rate of the swept source to save time. [0123] 2. A high resolution mode using full spectral bandwidth of the laser and the best depth resolution. The optical delay in the reference light generator is adjusted using the approximate object height to reduce the required detection bandwidth.

[0124] FIG. 16 shows the two operation modes of the swept source that are combined to achieve high depth resolution over extended depth measurement range. Fiber 1 located in the measurement probe delivers the light to an object. Fiber 2 in the reference light generator delivers the light to a reflector that is at the beginning position (reflector 1) 1610 of a series of reflectors 1610, 1620, 1630. The swept source output wavelength range is reduced to find the object height information with low depth resolution. This is the low resolution mode and an approximate object height is obtained. The system then operates in the high resolution mode for the swept source to output its full wavelength tuning range, and a reflector 1630 which provides an optical delay most close to the approximate object height is selected in the reference light generator. The interference fringe signals generated by the object reflection and the selected reflector now have the lowest frequency bandwidth requirement for the detection system.

[0125] To measure the object height at different coordinate locations, the system performs a low depth resolution scan of the object, and save the approximate object height at each coordination location into a memory device. When the system performs the high resolution scan of the object, at each coordinate location, the approximate object height is read from the memory device and the optical delay that mostly matches the object height in the reference light generator is selected. This close-loop control of optical delay is depicted in FIG. 12. The object height is the measured object height in high depth resolution mode adjusted by the changes made to the optical delay in the reference light generator.

[0126] Major benefits for a swept source system to have dual operation modes with dynamic reference delay adjustment are: [0127] 1. To allow a detection system with limited detection bandwidth to measure extended depth range, without scarifying the depth resolution of the measurement. [0128] 2. After a quick low resolution scan, the user can select a region-of-interest to perform a high resolution scan of the object, without measuring other regions that is not interesting to the measurement. This can save considerable measurement time.

[0129] In a spectral domain OCT system, the dual operation modes can be realized by designing two spectrometers optimized for different source bandwidth configurations. One spectrometer is designed to measure a reduced spectral bandwidth of the broadband source, using a highly dispersive diffraction grating to achieve very fine spectral resolution for the reduced spectral bandwidth, to measure the spatial encoded interferogram. The OCT system uses this spectrometer in its low depth resolution mode. The other spectrometer is designed to measure the full spectral bandwidth of the broadband source, using a less dispersive diffraction grating to measure the full bandwidth of the interferogram with less spectral resolution. The OCT system uses this spectrometer in its high depth resolution mode. The object height is the measured object height in high depth resolution mode offset by the changes made to the optical delay in the reference light generator.

[0130] Speed Improvement Method: Swept Source CMM with Multiple Measurement Probes

[0131] FIG. 17 shows a swept source CMM system equipped with multiple measurement probes 1710. This system is capable of measuring object height at multiple locations simultaneously. The light from one swept laser source 1720 is amplified by an optical amplifier 1730 to boost the output optical power. The amplified optical power is split by a power splitter 1740 and is sent to various OCT systems 1750, 1760, 1770. Each OCT system includes an optical interferometer 1752 connected to a reference light generator 1758 and a measurement probe, a detector 1754 and a signal processor 1756. The signal processor processes the interference fringe signals generated from the optical interference of the light from the measurement probe and the light from the reference light generator, to obtain the object height information. The object height information is used to generate a control signal 1 to control the beam focusing condition in the measurement probe, to improve the transverse resolution of the measurement. The object height information is used to generate another control signal 2, to control the optical delay in the reference light generator to reduce the signal bandwidth in the detection and to extend the depth measurement range.

[0132] Swept Source CMM with Adaptable Virtual Optical Stylus

[0133] A scanning optical probe is one of many possible configurations, for example an Atomic Force Microscope (AFM) is a well-known member of the Scanning Probe Microscope (SPM) family. In the first example configuration the system is designed for the optical beam to operate like a virtual stylus on a coordinate measurement machine (CMM). The optical beam of the swept source can be shaped by some optical elements (i.e. lenses) to form a waist of different diameters and length. The Engineering Object of interest is scanned using a certain scanning scheme. Before proceeding with this example a brief review of Gaussian beam optics as shown in FIG. 25 is provided.

[0134] For Gaussian beams, the beam waist w is the radius at which the light intensity has decreased to 1/e.sup.2 (0.135) of its peak value. The beam waist w.sub.0 is the beam size at the focal point given by:

[00014]$\begin{array}{cc}{w}_0=\frac{4.Math..Math.}{}.Math.\frac{f}{D}& \left(\mathrm{Eq}..Math.18\right)\end{array}$

where f is the focal length of the lens and D is the input beam diameter on the lens.

[0135] The Rayleigh length Z.sub.R is defined as the distance from the waist to the point at which the laser diverges to a diameter of {square root over (2)}w.sub.0, and Z.sub.R is determined by the waist radius w.sub.0 and the wavelength of the laser:

[00015]$\begin{array}{cc}{Z}_R=\frac{.Math..Math.w_0^2}{}& \left(\mathrm{Eq}..Math.19\right)\end{array}$

[0136] To achieve a 300 m focused beam diameter as the transverse resolution for a =1.0 m laser with bandwidth of =60 nm, a beam waist radius of w.sub.0=106 m is required. The 300 m focused beam diameter is maintained over a depth range of 2Z.sub.R=70.6 mm as calculated below:

[00016]$\begin{array}{c}2.Math.\sqrt{2}.Math.w_0=300.Math..Math.m,w_0=10.Math..Math.m\\ 2.Math.Z_R=\frac{2.Math..Math..Math..Math.w_0^2}{}=\frac{2.Math.3.14.Math.{\left(106{10}^{-6}\right)}^2}{1.0{10}^{-6}}=70.6.Math..Math.\mathrm{mm}\end{array}$

[0137] If the incoming beam diameter is D=1.0 mm, the focusing length of the lens is calculated using Eq. 1:

[00017]$f=\frac{\sqrt{2}.Math.w_0.Math.D}{1.22.Math.{}_0}=123.Math..Math.\mathrm{mm}$

[0138] Here an example where the laser beam is shaped to provide 300 m transverse resolution over an approximately 31.4 mm depth range is provided. The transverse resolution can be understood as the diameter of the focused beam to measure a reflective surface. The depth resolution is about 8 um given by Eq. 3 does not change with beam focusing conditions.

[0139] Returning to this example it is assumed that the laser beam has been shaped to provide the beam just described. The focused OCT beam functions as a virtual optical stylus for the new swept source CMM (SS-CMM) instrument, providing 0.2 mm measurement diameter over 31.4 mm depth range, with 8 um depth resolution. A series of non-contact probes equivalent to those currently provided by many CMM probe manufacturers can be designed.

TABLE-US-00002 TABLE 2 Conventional contact type stylus vs. Non-contact optical stylus (with focusing) Non-contact Optical stylus (with focusing) Lens Input Conventional contact type stylus Beam Rayleigh Stylus focusing beam Manufacturer Diameter Diameter waist length length length diameter (Model) (mm) Material Shape (mm) (m) (mm) (mm) (mm) (mm) Shape Renishaw 0.3 Ruby Ball 0.3 106 35.3 70.6 123 1.0 Rod (A-5000- 7800) Renishaw 0.1 Tungsten Cone 0.1 35 3.9 7.8 123 3.0 Rod (A-5000- carbide 7813) Fowler 1.0 Ruby Ball 1.0 354 392.7 785.4 2460 6.0 Rod (54-772-301) Hexagon 2.0 Ruby Ball 2.0 707 1570.8 3141.6 2460 3.0 Rod (03969402) Not Available 0.05 Not Not 0.05 18 1.0 2.0 123 6.0 Rod Available Available

[0140] Above table shows the same design method as shown in the example can be used to design an OCT virtual optical stylus. The design results are: [0141] 1) Stylus diameter from 0.1 mm to 2.0 mm can be achieved for an optical stylus, matching the diameters of some conventional contact type styli on the market today. [0142] 2) An optical stylus can achieve 0.05 mm diameter currently not available on any conventional contact type stylus on the market. [0143] 3) Using the same lens with focusing length of 123 mm, the diameter of an optical stylus can be varied from 0.3 mm to 0.05 mm, by changing the input beam diameter, so the optical stylus can be dynamically re-configured during the measurement, saving the time of switching multiple mechanic probes.

[0144] The length of an optical stylus is the length over which the diameter of the optical beam is within its specification. Mathematically this length equals two times the Rayleigh length of the focused beam. A conventional stylus uses a ball shape tip attached to a probe and the length of the stylus is the diameter of the ball without moving the probe. An optical stylus has a rod type tip whose length is determined by the beam focusing condition. When the optical stylus has an optical contact with the object to be measured, a portion of the light energy is reflected and the reflection location is measured by the OCT system. Because the working distance of the optical stylus is defined as the distance between last optics and the first surface of the object, the minimum working distance for above optical stylus is the lens focusing length minus the Rayleigh length of the focusing beam. A long length optical stylus allows the probe to measure deep holes.

[0145] To generate a virtual optical stylus with diameter less than about 0.5 mm, one method is to use a single mode fiber to deliver the light as from a point source, and use one lens or a lens system formed by multiple lenses to convert the light from the point source into a collimated beam, by positioning the point source near the front focus point of the lens or the lens system, then use another lens or another lens system to focus the beam into the desired beam diameter.

[0146] For stylus diameter larger than about 1 mm, the required lens focusing length increases significantly. The lens focusing length is typically the working distance of an optical probe. For applications requiring shorter working distance and large stylus diameter, an alternative design method is to use a collimated beam to measure the object without focusing the beam. The collimated beam is also a Gaussian shape beam with various parameters. The working distance of the stylus can be reduced to be shorter than the Rayleigh length of the Gaussian beam.

TABLE-US-00003 TABLE 3 Conventional contact type stylus vs. Non-contact optical stylus (without focusing) Non-contact optical stylus (without focusing) Conventional contact type stylus Stylus Diameter Diameter Beam waist Rayleigh length Manufacturer Model (mm) Material Shape (mm) (m) length (mm) (mm) Material Shape Fowler 54-772- 1.0 Ruby Ball 1.0 354 392.7 785.4 Virtual Rod 301 Hexagon 03969402 2.0 Ruby Ball 2.0 707 1570.8 3141.6 Virtual Rod Renishaw A-5004- 3.0 Ruby Ball 3.0 1061 3534.3 7068.6 Rod 0422 Renishaw A-5003- 5.0 Ruby Ball 5.0 1768 9817.5 19634.9 Virtual Rod 0049 Renishaw A-5003- 10.0 Ruby Ball 10.0 3536 39269.9 78539.8 Virtual Rod 5239

[0147] Renishaw Technical Specifications H-1000-3200-16-A titled Styli and accessories recommends: Keep styli short and The more that a stylus bends or deflects, the lower the accuracy. Probing with the minimum stylus length for your application is the best option. When using OCT virtual stylus to measure an object is also recommended to keep the working distance as short as possible to minimize phase noise in OCT fringe signals caused by environmental changes such as mechanic vibrations and temperature fluctuations.

[0148] In above examples the stylus of the CMM touch probe is replaced with the virtual OCT non-contact optical stylus while maintaining the major features of the touch probe. Thus allowing the same work flow as existing CMM machines on the market.

[0149] The CMM Robot will position the laser delivery measurement probe such that the beam waist is placed near the surface of the Engineering Object. The advantage of the SS-CMM is in the ability to respond to large variations in the geometry of the Engineering Object. The SS-CMM would also provide a means to reconfigure the shape of the laser beam so as to provide an on-the-fly change of the optical stylus.

[0150] Currently if a deep hole or a recess too small to access is encountered, a stylus change would likely be required, as operating with a very long stylus isn't recommended. Therefore, conventional CMM machines have mechanisms for physically changing the stylus in this system either manually or automatically. The SS-CMM does not change the stylus physically but changes the shape of the stylus by reconfiguring the optics that controls the focused beam.

[0151] With this optical solution the effect shape of the stylus can be automatically reconfigured with the OCT enabled non-contact probe. It is anticipated that within the SS-CMM probe there would be support for automatic reconfiguration of the shape of the laser beam being used. This reconfiguration would allow trading off a high NA, short Rayleigh length, small 2{square root over (2)}w.sub.0 waist for a larger 2{square root over (2)}w.sub.0 waist that offers a more slowly diverging laser beam that can access deep holes and voids that require special contacting stylus. The benefits are both greater high speed adaptability and improved accuracy and precision of the measurements.

[0152] For optical stylus diameter less than about 0.5 mm, a focused beam scheme can be used. For optical stylus diameter larger than about 1.0 mm, a collimated beam scheme can be used.

[0153] FIG. 18 shows a method to reconfigure the shape of an optical stylus by changing the diameter of the input beam on the focusing lens, using focused beam scheme. The diameter Ds.sub.stylus and length L.sub.stylus of the optical stylus are:

[00018]$\begin{array}{cc}{D}_{\mathrm{stylus}}=\sqrt{2}.Math.w_0=\frac{8.Math.\sqrt{2}.Math.}{}.Math.\frac{f}{D}& \left(\mathrm{Eq}..Math.20\right)\\ {I.Math.}_{\mathrm{stylus}}=2.Math.Z_R=\frac{2.Math..Math..Math..Math.w_0^2}{}=\frac{32.Math..Math..Math..Math.f^2}{.Math..Math.D^2}& \left(\mathrm{Eq}..Math.21\right)\end{array}$

Changing input beam diameter D is the preferred method to change the optical stylus shape, because it does not change the center position of the stylus, which is the beam waist position, relative to the lens. The distance from the optical stylus center to the lens is the focal length f.

[0154] When the optical stylus is used to measure an object, the object is placed near the optical stylus center and the optical stylus is in optical contact with the object. The term optical contact means a portion of the light inside the optical stylus interacts with the object and changes the propagation directions. The reflected and scattered light propagates in the opposite direction and some of the light is collected by the beam delivering optics. The object does not need to be placed exactly at the optical stylus center and only needs to be covered within the length of the optical stylus. If the OCT system detects that the object is outside of the optical stylus region, the optics inside the measurement probe will be reconfigured to change the optical stylus center to match the object height.

[0155] FIG. 19 shows a method to change the diameter of the input beam to reconfigure the shape of an optical stylus, using focused beam scheme. When D is the original input beam diameter, a three lens system (L1, L2 and L3) performs as a variable beam expander to change the final beam diameter D on the focusing lens L4. In this design, lens L1 and L4 positions are fixed. Lens L1 convert the input beam into a point source, lens L2 and L3 can be moved along the beam path to form a two lens system with adjustable focal length. When the point source is at the front focal point of the two lens system formed by L2 and L3, the beam on lens L4 is collimated with beam diameter Dvariable depending on lens L2 and L3 positions. In this design, it only requires changing two lens (L2 and L3) positions. Lens L1 and lens L4 positions do not need to be changed to reconfigure the shape of the stylus whose center distance from the last lens L4 also remains unchanged. The Engineering Object to be measured is usually positioned near the center of the optical stylus.

[0156] FIG. 20 shows a method to reconfigure the shape of an optical stylus using focused beam scheme, when the optical input to the probe is a point source (S), such as a fiber. Lenses L1 and L2 have moveable positions along the beam path and changes the diameter of the beam on the last focusing lens L3. As the results the diameter and length of the optical stylus can be changed. In this design, it only requires changing two lens (L1 and L2) positions. Point source S and lens L3 positions do not need to be changed to reconfigure the shape of the stylus whose center distance from the last lens L3 also remains unchanged.

[0157] FIG. 21 shows a method to reconfigure the shape of an optical stylus using collimated beam scheme, when the optical input to the probe is a point source (S), such as a fiber. By changing the focal length of the collimation lens L1, and changing the distance between the point source S and collimation lens L1 such that the point source is near the front focus point of the collimation lens L1, the diameter of the collimated beam after the collimation lens L1 can be changed. The beam waist of the collimated Gaussian beam is also changed. Because the optical stylus is defined as a section near the beam waist of the Gaussian beam, the optical stylus diameter and stylus length can be reconfigured. In order to keep the distance between the point source S and the optical stylus center nearly the same, the distance between the point source and collimation lens L1 is slightly longer than the front focal length of the collimation lens L1. Changing the focal length of a single fixed lens is not possible unless the lens has a deformable shape. It is possible to use multiple lenses to form a lens system with adjustable focal length.

[0158] FIG. 22 shows a method to reconfigure the shape of an optical stylus using collimated beam scheme, without changing the distance between the point source S, such as an input fiber, to the center position of the optical stylus where the object is nearly located. Lens L1 and lens L2 form a two-lens system. By changing the distance between the lens L1 and lens L2 the effective focal length of the two-lens system can be changed. The center position of the two-lens system is also changed so the point source is always near the front focal length of the two-lens system. As the results the diameter of the collimated beam after the two-lens system can be changed, and the diameter and the length of the optical stylus are also changed. By slightly varying the distance between the point source and the center of the two-lens system d.sub.1, the distance between the center of the two-lens system and the center of the optical stylus d.sub.2 changes very fast. It is possible to keep the total distance d.sub.1+d.sub.2 between the point source and the center of the optical stylus nearly a constant when changing the shape of the optical stylus. As one feature of this design the location of the object being measured does not need to be changed relative to the input fiber, when reconfiguring the shape of the optical stylus.

[0159] FIG. 23 shows a method to reconfigure the shape of an optical stylus, and changing the distance from the stylus center to one of the fixed lens inside the measurement probe. In this design, point source S is the input fiber to the probe, Lens L1 and L2 forms a collimation lens system with variable focal length. Changing Lens L1 and L2 positions together changes the diameter of the collimated beam on lens L3 which is a fixed lens inside the probe, and the diameter and the length of the stylus, if lens L4 position is not changed. Lens 4 is another moveable lens inside the probe. Changing L4 position only changes the effective focal lens of the lens system formed by L3 and L4, causing the stylus center position to change, as well as the stylus diameter and length.

[0160] FIG. 24 shows a simplified design to change the shape and position of an optical stylus using only one moveable lens inside the measurement probe. Point source S is the input fiber to the probe. Lens L1 can be moved along the beam propagation path. The optical stylus is located at the image location of the point source after the lens. The simple lens equation applies here.

[00019]$\begin{array}{cc}\frac{1}{o}+\frac{1}{i}=\frac{1}{\mathrm{f`}}& \left(\mathrm{Eq}..Math.22\right)\end{array}$

where o and i are the object and image distance from the lens, and f is the focal length of the lens. When the lens's distance from the source is moved from near f to near 2f, the optical stylus center moves from near infinity to near 2f. This property of the lens can be used to fast adjust the position of the stylus center to compensate for the large height change of the object to be measured. The diameter and length change of the optical stylus can be calculated using Gaussian optics.

[0161] Potential Applications

[0162] The SS-CMM system can be used for a wide range of industrial applications. It is one type of machine vision that senses the distance of an object from the measurement probe. Enabled by the high spatial resolution and high measurement speed of OCT, a SS-CMM probe could be used in real-time monitoring the product manufacturing processes, such as parts assembly processes requiring close tolerances. The real-time feedback from the probe could be used to correct for unwanted displacement during the production processes such as epoxying, brazing, welding and machining. For example, a simple OCT probe capable of one dimensional measurement can be installed near the cutter in a lathe to monitor the 3D profile of an object that is being machined as the machine moves the object through the cutter, and generate real-time production data. The production data can be checked with the part model or the process model to verify the processing results are acceptable, establishing a close-loop production scheme. A SS-CMM probe can also be used to monitor and compensate for imperfection in the tool work surface, or compensate for dynamic conditions like thermally driven distortions of the work surface or other elements of the machine. The MHz A-Scan rate offered by VCSEL provides sufficient speed for real time monitoring and correction.

[0163] The SS-CMM probe can be installed on a robotic arm. The robotic arm would allow the probe to be oriented nearly perpendicular to the object. The robot can be any number of electrically driven, electronically controlled mechanisms that can act on its environment. Adding OCT enabled depth measurement capability to a robot allows quantitative 3D visualization for a robot, which allows the robot to better quantify the environment in which it is operating. The MEMS tunable VCSEL has enabled a swept source OCT system to measure depth range orders of magnitude longer than traditional OCT systems, with un-compromised spatial resolution and measurement speed. The various methods disclosed here to improve an OCT system's performances may be valuable in its future applications.

REFERENCES

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[0181] While the present invention has been described at some length and with some particularity with respect to the several described embodiments, it is not intended that it should be limited to any such particulars or embodiments or any particular embodiment, but it is to be construed with references to the appended claims so as to provide the broadest possible interpretation of such claims in view of the prior art and, therefore, to effectively encompass the intended scope of the invention. Furthermore, the foregoing describes the invention in terms of embodiments foreseen by the inventor for which an enabling description was available, notwithstanding that insubstantial modifications of the invention, not presently foreseen, may nonetheless represent equivalents thereto.