Apparatus, method and system for providing AC line power to lighting devices

Abstract

An apparatus, method and system are disclosed for providing AC line power to lighting devices such as light emitting diodes (LEDs). A representative apparatus comprises: a plurality of LEDs coupled in series to form a plurality of segments of LEDs; first and second current regulators; a current sensor; and a controller to monitor a current level through a series LED current path, and to provide for first or second segments of LEDs to be in or out of the series LED current path at different current levels. A voltage regulator is also utilized to provide a voltage during a zero-crossing interval of the AC voltage. In a representative embodiment, first and second segments of LEDs are both in the series LED current path regulated at a lower current level compared to when only the first segment of LEDs is in the series LED current path.

Claims

1. An apparatus comprising: a plurality of light emitting diodes couplable to receive an alternating current (AC) voltage, wherein the plurality of light emitting diodes is further couplable to form a plurality of segments, each segment including one or more light emitting diodes; and a control circuit configured to control actuation of the plurality of light emitting diodes, wherein the control circuit is configured to: cause, during a first time interval, a first segment of the plurality of segments to be included in a light emitting diode current path; cause, during the first time interval, a second segment of the plurality of segments to be included in the light emitting diode current path, wherein the second segment is different from the first segment in at least one characteristic; and cause, during a second time interval different from the first time interval, one or both of the first or second segments to be removed from the light emitting diode current path.

2. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein a first light emission spectra associated with the first segment is different from a second light emission spectra associated with the second segment.

3. The apparatus of claim 2, wherein the first light emission spectra comprises one or more of a particular light emission wavelength, color, visible wavelength, and lighting effect.

4. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the one or more of the light emitting diodes included in the first segment comprises a different type of light emitting diode than the one or more light emitting diodes included in the second segment.

5. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the first and second time intervals comprise respective time periods of increasing and decreasing AC voltage.

6. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the first and second time intervals comprise respective first and second timing intervals associated with the light emitting diode current path.

7. An apparatus comprising: a plurality of light emitting diodes couplable to receive an alternating current (AC) voltage, wherein the plurality of light emitting diodes is further couplable to form a plurality of segments, each segment including one or more light emitting diodes; and a control circuit configured to control actuation of the plurality of light emitting diodes, wherein the control circuit is configured to: cause, during a first time interval, a first segment of the plurality of segments to be included in a light emitting diode current path; determine whether sufficient time remains in the first time interval for light emitting diode current to reach a predetermined peak level if a second segment of the plurality of segments is included in the light emitting diode current path; and based on the determination, cause, during the first time interval, a second segment of the plurality of segments to be included in the light emitting diode current path.

8. The apparatus of claim 7, wherein the second segment is different from the first segment in at least one characteristic.

9. The apparatus of claim 8, wherein a first light emission spectra associated with the first segment is different from a second light emission spectra associated with the second segment.

10. The apparatus of claim 9, wherein the first light emission spectra comprises one or more of a particular light emission wavelength, color, visible wavelength, and lighting effect.

11. The apparatus of claim 8, wherein the one or more of the light emitting diodes included in the first segment comprises a different type of light emitting diode than the one or more light emitting diodes included in the second segment.

12. A method comprising: causing, during a first time interval, a first segment of a plurality of segments to be included in a light emitting diode current path, wherein a plurality of light emitting diodes is couplable to receive an alternating current (AC) voltage, the plurality of light emitting diodes is further couplable to form the plurality of segments, wherein each segment includes one or more light emitting diodes; causing, during the first time interval, a second segment of the plurality of segments to be included in the light emitting diode current path, wherein the second segment is different from the first segment in at least one characteristic; and causing, during a second time interval different from the first time interval, one or both of the first or second segments to be removed from the light emitting diode current path.

13. The method of claim 12, wherein a first light emission spectra associated with the first segment is different from a second light emission spectra associated with the second segment.

14. The method of claim 13, wherein the first light emission spectra comprises one or more of a particular light emission wavelength, color, visible wavelength, and lighting effect.

15. The method of claim 12, wherein the one or more of the light emitting diodes included in the first segment comprises a different type of light emitting diode than the one or more light emitting diodes included in the second segment.

16. A method comprising: causing, during a first time interval, a first segment of a plurality of segments to be included in a light emitting diode current path, wherein a plurality of light emitting diodes is couplable to receive an alternating current (AC) voltage, the plurality of light emitting diodes is further couplable to form the plurality of segments, wherein each segment includes one or more light emitting diodes; determining whether sufficient time remains in the first time interval for light emitting diode current to reach a predetermined peak level if a second segment of the plurality of segments is included in the light emitting diode current path; and based on the determination, causing, during the first time interval, a second segment of the plurality of segments to be included in the light emitting diode current path.

17. The method of claim 16, wherein the second segment is different from the first segment in at least one characteristic.

18. The method of claim 17, wherein a first light emission spectra associated with the first segment is different from a second light emission spectra associated with the second segment.

19. The method of claim 18, wherein the first light emission spectra comprises one or more of a particular light emission wavelength, color, visible wavelength, and lighting effect.

20. The method of claim 17, wherein the one or more of the light emitting diodes included in the first segment comprises a different type of light emitting diode than the one or more light emitting diodes included in the second segment.

Description

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

(1) The features and advantages of the present disclosure will be more readily appreciated upon reference to the following description when considered in conjunction with the accompanying drawings, wherein like reference numerals are used to identify identical components in the various views, and wherein reference numerals with alphabetic characters are utilized to identify additional types, instantiations or variations of a selected component embodiment in the various views, in which:

(2) FIG. 1 is a circuit and block diagram illustrating a first representative system and a first representative apparatus in accordance with the teachings of the present disclosure;

(3) FIG. 2 is a graphical diagram illustrating a first representative load current waveform and input voltage levels in accordance with the teachings of the present disclosure;

(4) FIG. 3 is a graphical diagram illustrating a second representative load current waveform and input voltage levels in accordance with the teachings of the present disclosure;

(5) FIG. 4 is a block and circuit diagram illustrating a second representative system and a second representative apparatus in accordance with the teachings of the present disclosure;

(6) FIG. 5 is a block and circuit diagram illustrating a third representative system and a third representative apparatus in accordance with the teachings of the present disclosure;

(7) FIG. 6 is a block and circuit diagram illustrating a fourth representative system and a fourth representative apparatus in accordance with the teachings of the present disclosure;

(8) FIG. 7 is a block and circuit diagram illustrating a fifth representative system and a fifth representative apparatus in accordance with the teachings of the present disclosure;

(9) FIG. 8 is a block and circuit diagram illustrating a sixth representative system and a sixth representative apparatus in accordance with the teachings of the present disclosure;

(10) FIG. 9 is a block and circuit diagram illustrating a first representative current limiter in accordance with the teachings of the present disclosure;

(11) FIG. 10 is a circuit diagram illustrating a second representative current limiter in accordance with the teachings of the present disclosure;

(12) FIG. 11 is a circuit diagram illustrating a third representative current limiter and a temperature protection circuit in accordance with the teachings of the present disclosure;

(13) FIG. 12 is a circuit diagram illustrating a fourth representative current limiter in accordance with the teachings of the present disclosure;

(14) FIG. 13 is a block and circuit diagram illustrating a first representative interface circuit in accordance with the teachings of the present disclosure;

(15) FIG. 14 is a block and circuit diagram illustrating a second representative interface circuit in accordance with the teachings of the present disclosure;

(16) FIG. 15 is a block and circuit diagram illustrating a third representative interface circuit in accordance with the teachings of the present disclosure;

(17) FIG. 16 is a block and circuit diagram illustrating a fourth representative interface circuit in accordance with the teachings of the present disclosure;

(18) FIG. 17 is a block and circuit diagram illustrating a fifth representative interface circuit in accordance with the teachings of the present disclosure;

(19) FIG. 18 is a circuit diagram illustrating a first representative DC power source circuit in accordance with the teachings of the present disclosure;

(20) FIG. 19 is a circuit diagram illustrating a second representative DC power source circuit in accordance with the teachings of the present disclosure;

(21) FIG. 20 is a circuit diagram illustrating a third representative DC power source circuit in accordance with the teachings of the present disclosure;

(22) FIG. 21 is a block diagram illustrating a representative controller in accordance with the teachings of the present disclosure;

(23) FIG. 22 is a flow diagram illustrating a first representative method in accordance with the teachings of the present disclosure;

(24) FIGS. 23A, 23B, and 23C are flow diagrams illustrating a second representative method in accordance with the teachings of the present disclosure;

(25) FIG. 24 is a block and circuit diagram illustrating a seventh representative system and a seventh representative apparatus in accordance with the teachings of the present disclosure;

(26) FIG. 25 is a block and circuit diagram illustrating an eighth representative system and an eighth representative apparatus in accordance with the teachings of the present disclosure;

(27) FIG. 26 is a block and circuit diagram illustrating a ninth representative system and a ninth representative apparatus in accordance with the teachings of the present disclosure;

(28) FIG. 27 is a block and circuit diagram illustrating a tenth representative system and a tenth representative apparatus in accordance with the teachings of the present disclosure;

(29) FIG. 28 is a block and circuit diagram illustrating an eleventh representative system and an eleventh representative apparatus in accordance with the teachings of the present disclosure;

(30) FIG. 29 is a block and circuit diagram illustrating a twelfth representative system and a twelfth representative apparatus in accordance with the teachings of the present disclosure;

(31) FIG. 30 is a block and circuit diagram illustrating a thirteenth representative system and a thirteenth representative apparatus in accordance with the teachings of the present disclosure;

(32) FIGS. 31A and 31B are flow diagrams illustrating a third representative method in accordance with the teachings of the present disclosure;

(33) FIG. 32 is a block and circuit diagram illustrating a fourteenth representative system and a fourteenth representative apparatus in accordance with the teachings of the present disclosure;

(34) FIG. 33 is a graphical diagram illustrating representative voltage and current waveforms without additional voltage regulation;

(35) FIG. 34 is a graphical diagram illustrating representative voltage, current, and light output waveforms using a representative voltage regulator;

(36) FIG. 35 is a block and circuit diagram illustrating a fifteenth representative system and a fifteenth representative apparatus in accordance with the teachings of the present disclosure;

(37) FIG. 36 is a graphical diagram illustrating representative voltage, current, and light output waveforms with non-sequential current regulation and using a representative voltage regulator;

(38) FIG. 37 is a graphical diagram illustrating representative voltage, current, and light output waveforms with non-sequential current regulation and using a representative voltage regulator;

(39) FIG. 38 is a block and circuit diagram illustrating a sixteenth representative system and a sixteenth representative apparatus in accordance with the teachings of the present disclosure;

(40) FIG. 39 is a block and circuit diagram illustrating a seventeenth representative system and a seventeenth representative apparatus in accordance with the teachings of the present disclosure;

(41) FIG. 40 is a block and circuit diagram illustrating an eighteenth representative system and an eighteenth representative apparatus in accordance with the teachings of the present disclosure;

(42) FIG. 41 is a block and circuit diagram illustrating a nineteenth representative system and a nineteenth representative apparatus in accordance with the teachings of the present disclosure;

(43) FIG. 42 is a block and circuit diagram illustrating a twentieth representative system and a twentieth representative apparatus in accordance with the teachings of the present disclosure;

(44) FIG. 43 is a flow diagram illustrating a fourth representative method in accordance with the teachings of the present disclosure;

(45) FIG. 44 is a block and circuit diagram illustrating a first representative second current regulator or current source in accordance with the teachings of the present disclosure;

(46) FIG. 45 is a block and circuit diagram illustrating a second representative second current regulator or current source in accordance with the teachings of the present disclosure; and

(47) FIG. 46 is a block and circuit diagram illustrating a third representative second current regulator or current source in accordance with the teachings of the present disclosure.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

(48) While the present disclosure is susceptible of embodiment in many different forms, there are shown in the drawings and will be described herein in detail specific representative embodiments thereof, with the understanding that the present disclosure is to be considered as an exemplification of the principles of the disclosure and is not intended to limit the disclosure to the specific embodiments illustrated. In this respect, before explaining at least one embodiment consistent with the present disclosure in detail, it is to be understood that the disclosure is not limited in its application to the details of construction and to the arrangements of components set forth above and below, illustrated in the drawings, or as described in the examples. Methods and apparatuses consistent with the present disclosure are capable of other embodiments and of being practiced and carried out in various ways. Also, it is to be understood that the phraseology and terminology employed herein, as well as the abstract included below, are for the purposes of description and should not be regarded as limiting.

(49) FIG. 1 is a circuit and block diagram illustrating a first representative system 50 and a first representative apparatus 100 in accordance with the teachings of the present disclosure. First representative system 50 comprises the first representative apparatus 100 (also referred to equivalently as an off line AC LED driver) coupled to an alternating current (AC) line 102, also referred to herein equivalently as an AC power line or an AC power source, such as a household AC line or other AC main power source provided by an electrical utility. While representative embodiments are described with reference to such an AC voltage or current, it should be understood that the claimed disclosure is applicable to any time-varying voltage or current, as defined in greater detail below. The first representative apparatus 100 comprises a plurality of LEDs 140, a plurality of switches 110 (illustrated as MOSFETs, as an example), a controller 120, a (first) current sensor 115, a rectifier 105, and as options, a voltage sensor 195 and a DC power source (Vcc) for providing power to the controller 120 and other selected components. Representative DC power source circuits 125 may be implemented in a wide variety of configurations and may be provided in a wide variety of locations within the various representative apparatuses (100, 200, 300, 400, 500, 600, 700, 800, 900, 1000, 1100, 1200, 1300), with several representative DC power source circuits 125 illustrated and discussed with reference to FIGS. 18-20. Also for example, representative DC power sources 125 may be coupled into the representative apparatuses in a wide variety of ways, such as between nodes 131 and 117 or between nodes 131 and 134, for example and without limitation. Representative voltage sensors 195 also may be implemented in a wide variety of configurations and may be provided in a wide variety of locations within the various representative apparatuses (100, 200, 300, 400, 500, 600, 700, 800, 900, 1000, 1100, 1200, 1300), with a representative voltage sensor 195A implemented as a voltage divider circuit illustrated and discussed with reference to FIGS. 4 and 5. Also for example, representative voltage sensor 195 may be coupled into the representative apparatuses in a wide variety of ways, such as between nodes 131 and 117 or in other locations, for example and without limitation. Also optional, a memory 185 may be included, such as to store various time periods, current or voltage levels; in various representative embodiments, controller 120 may already include various types of memory 185 (e.g., registers), such that memory 185 may not be a separate component. A user interface 190 (for user input of various selections such as light output, for example) also may be included as an option in various representative embodiments, such as for input of desired or selected lighting effects. Not separately illustrated in the figures, equivalent implementations may also include isolation, such as through the use of isolation transformers, and are within the scope of the disclosure.

(50) It should be noted that any of the switches 110 of the plurality of switches 110 may be any type or kind of switch or transistor, in addition to the illustrated n-channel MOSFETs, including without limitation a bipolar junction transistor (BJT), a p-channel MOSFET, various enhancement or depletion mode FETs, etc., and that a plurality of other power switches of any type or kind also may be utilized in the circuitry, depending on the selected embodiment.

(51) The rectifier 105, illustrated as a bridge rectifier, is coupled to the AC line 102, to provide a full (or half) wave rectified input voltage (V.sub.IN) and current to a first light emitting diode 140.sub.1 of a plurality of series-coupled light emitting diodes (LEDs) 140, illustrated as LEDs 140.sub.1, 140.sub.2, 140.sub.3, through 140.sub.n, which are arranged or configured as a plurality of series-coupled segments (or strings) 175 (illustrated as LED segments 175.sub.1, 175.sub.2, 175.sub.3, through 175.sub.n). (Rectifier 105 may be a full-wave rectifier, a full-wave bridge, a half-wave rectifier, an electromechanical rectifier, or another type of rectifier.) While each LED segment 175 is illustrated in FIG. 1 as having only one corresponding LED 140 for ease of illustration, it should be understood that each such LED segment 175 typically comprises a corresponding plurality of series-coupled LEDs 140, from one to n LEDs 140 in each LED segment 175, which are successively coupled in series. It should also be understood that the various LED segments 175 may be comprised of the same (equal) number of LEDs 140 or differing (unequal) numbers of LEDs 140, and all such variations are considered equivalent and within the scope of the present disclosure. For example and without limitation, in a representative embodiment, as many as five to seven LEDs 140 are included in each of nine LED segments 175. The various LED segments 175, and the corresponding LEDs 140 which comprise them, are successively coupled in series to each other, with a first LED segment 175.sub.1 coupled in series to a second LED segment 175.sub.2, which in turn is coupled in series to a third LED segment 175.sub.3, and so on, with a penultimate LED segment 175.sub.n1 coupled in series to the last or ultimate LED segment 175.sub.n.

(52) As illustrated, rectifier 105 is directly coupled to an anode of a first LED 140.sub.1, although other coupling arrangements are also within the scope of the present disclosure, such as coupling through a resistance or other components, such as coupling to a current limiter circuit 280, or an interface circuit 240, or a DC power source 125, as illustrated and as discussed in greater detail below. Equivalent implementations are also available without use of a rectifier 105, and are discussed below. Current sensor 115 is illustrated and embodied as a current sense resistor 165, as a representative type of current sensor, and all current sensor variations are considered equivalent and within the scope of the disclosure. Such a current sensor 115 may also be provided in other locations within the apparatus 100, with all such configuration variations considered equivalent and within the scope of the disclosure as claimed. As current sensor 115 is illustrated as coupled to a ground potential 117, feedback of the level of current through the LED segments 175 and/or switches 110 (I.sub.S) can be provided using one input 160 of controller 120; in other embodiments, additional inputs may also be utilized, such as for input of two or more voltage levels utilized for current sensing, for example and without limitation. Other types of sensors may also be utilized, such as an optical brightness sensor (such as second sensor 225 in FIG. 7), in lieu of or in addition to current sensor 115 and/or voltage sensor 195, for example and without limitation. In addition, a current sense resistor 165 may also function as a current limiting resistor. A wide variety of DC power sources 125 for the controller 120 may be implemented, and all such variations are considered equivalent and within the scope of the disclosure.

(53) The controller 120 (and the other controllers 120A-120I discussed below) may be implemented using any type of circuitry, as discussed in greater detail below, and more generally may also be considered to be a control circuit. For example and without limitation, the controller 120 (and the other controllers 120A-120I) or an equivalent control circuit may be implemented using digital circuitry, analog circuitry, or a combination of both digital and analog circuitry, with or without a memory circuit. The controller 120 is utilized primarily to provide switching control, to monitor and respond to parameter variations (e.g., LED 140 current levels, voltage levels, optical brightness levels, etc.), and may also be utilized to implement any of various lighting effects, such as dimming or color temperature control.

(54) The switches 110, illustrated as switches 110.sub.1, 110.sub.2, 110.sub.3, through 110.sub.n1, may be any type of switch, such as the illustrated MOSFETs as a representative type of switch, with other equivalent types of switches 110 discussed in greater detail below, and all such variations are considered equivalent and within the scope of the claimed disclosure. The switches 110 are correspondingly coupled to a terminal of LED segments 175. As illustrated, corresponding switches 110 are coupled in a one-to-one correspondence to a cathode of an LED 140 at a terminal of each LED segment 175, with the exception of the last LED segment 175.sub.n. More particularly, in this representative embodiment, a first terminal of each switch 110 (e.g., a drain terminal) is coupled to a corresponding terminal (cathode in this illustration) of a corresponding LED 140 of each LED segment 175, and a second terminal of each switch 110 (e.g., a source terminal) is coupled to the current sensor 115 (or, for example, to a ground potential 117, or to another sensor, a current limiter (discussed below) or to another node (e.g., 132)). A gate of each switch 110 is coupled to a corresponding output 150 of (and is under the control of) the controller 120, illustrated as outputs 150.sub.1, 150.sub.2, 150.sub.3, through 150.sub.n1. In this first representative apparatus 100, each switch 110 performs a current bypass function, such that when a switch 110 is on and conducting, current flows through the corresponding switch and bypasses remaining (or corresponding) one or more LED segments 175. For example, when switch 110.sub.1 is on and conducting and the remaining switches 110 are off, current flows through LED segment 175.sub.1 and bypasses LED segments 175.sub.2 through 175.sub.n; when switch 110.sub.2 is on and conducting and the remaining switches 110 are off, current flows through LED segments 175.sub.1 and 175.sub.2, and bypasses LED segments 175.sub.3 through 175.sub.n; when switch 110.sub.3 is on and conducting and the remaining switches 110 are off, current flows through LED segments 175.sub.1, 175.sub.2, and 175.sub.3, and bypasses the remaining LED segments (through 175.sub.n); and when none of the switches 110 are on and conducting (all switches 110 are off), current flows through all of the LED segments 175.sub.1, 175.sub.2, 175.sub.3 through 175.sub.n.

(55) Accordingly, the plurality of LED segments 175.sub.1, 175.sub.2, 175.sub.3 through 175.sub.n are coupled in series, and are correspondingly coupled to the plurality of switches 110 (110.sub.1 through 110.sub.n1). Depending on the state of the various switches, selected LED segments 175 may be coupled to form a series LED 140 current path, also referred to herein equivalently as a series LED 140 path, such that electrical current flows through the selected LED segments 175 and bypasses the remaining (unselected) LED segments 175 (which, technically, are still physically coupled in series to the selected LED segments 175, but are no longer electrically coupled in series to the selected LED segments 175, as current flow to them has been bypassed or diverted). Depending on the circuit configuration, if all switches 110 are off, then all of the LED segments 175 of the plurality of LED segments 175 have been coupled to form the series LED 140 current path, i.e., no current flow to the LED segments 175 has been bypassed or diverted. For the illustrated circuit configuration, and depending on the circuit configuration (e.g., the location of various switches 110) at least one of the LED segments 175 of the plurality of LED segments 175 is coupled to form the series LED 140 current path, i.e., when there is current flow, it is going through at least one of the LED segments 175 for this configuration.

(56) Under the control of the controller 120, the plurality of switches 110 may then be considered to switch selected LED segments 175 in or out of the series LED 140 current path from the perspective of electrical current flow, namely, an LED segment 175 is switched into the series LED 140 current path when it is not being bypassed by a switch 110, and an LED segment 175 is switched out of the series LED 140 current path when it is being bypassed by or through a switch 110. Stated another way, an LED segment 175 is switched into the series LED 140 current path when the current it receives has not been bypassed or routed elsewhere by a switch 110, and an LED segment 175 is switched out of the series LED 140 current path when it does not receive current because the current is being routed elsewhere by a switch 110.

(57) Similarly, it is to be understood that the controller 120 generates corresponding control signals to the plurality of switches 110 to selectively switch corresponding LED segments 175 of the plurality of LED segments 175 into or out of the series LED 140 current path, such as a comparatively high voltage signal (binary logic one) to a corresponding gate or base of a switch 110 when embodied as a FET or BJT, and such as a comparatively low voltage signal (binary logic zero) to a corresponding gate or base of a switch 110 also when embodied as a FET or BJT. Accordingly, a reference to the controller 120 switching an LED segment 175 into or out of the series LED 140 current path is to be understood to implicitly mean and include the controller 120 generating corresponding control signals to the plurality of switches 110 and/or to any intervening driver or buffer circuits (illustrated in FIG. 21 as switch drivers 405) to switch the LED segment 175 into or out of the series LED 140 current path.

(58) An advantage of this switching configuration is that by default, in the event of an open-circuit switch failure, LED segments 175 are electrically coupled into the series LED 140 current path, rather than requiring current flow through a switch in order for an LED segment 175 to be in the series LED 140 current path, such that the lighting device continues to operate and provide output light.

(59) Various other representative embodiments, however, such as apparatus 400 discussed below with reference to FIG. 6, also provide for switching of LED segments 175 into and out of both parallel and series LED 140 current paths, such as one or more LED segments 175 switched into a first series LED 140 current path, one or more LED segments 175 switched into a second series LED 140 current path, which then may be switched to be in parallel with each other, for example and without limitation. Accordingly, to accommodate the various circuit structures and switching combinations of the representative embodiments, an LED 140 current path will mean and include either or both a series LED 140 current path or a parallel LED 140 current path, and/or any combinations thereof. Depending upon the various circuit structures, the LED 140 current paths may be a series LED 140 current path or may be a parallel LED 140 current path, or a combination of both.

(60) Given this switching configuration, a wide variety of switching schemes are possible, with corresponding current provided to one or more LED segments 175 in any number of corresponding patterns, amounts, durations, and times, with current provided to any number of LED segments 175, from one LED segment 175 to several LED segments 175 to all LED segments 175. For example, for a time period t.sub.1 (e.g., a selected starting time and a duration), switch 110.sub.1 is on and conducting and the remaining switches 110 are off, and current flows through LED segment 175.sub.1 and bypasses LED segments 175.sub.2 through 175.sub.n; for a time period t.sub.2, switch 110.sub.2 is on and conducting and the remaining switches 110 are off, and current flows through LED segments 175.sub.1 and 175.sub.2, and bypasses LED segments 175.sub.3 through 175.sub.n; for a time period t.sub.3, switch 110.sub.3 is on and conducting and the remaining switches 110 are off, and current flows through LED segments 175.sub.1, 175.sub.2, and 175.sub.3, and bypasses the remaining LED segments (through 175.sub.n); and for a time period t.sub.n, none of the switches 110 are on and conducting (all switches 110 are off), and current flows through all of the LED segments 175.sub.1, 175.sub.2, 175.sub.3, through 175.sub.n.

(61) In a first representative embodiment, a plurality of time periods t.sub.1 through t.sub.n and/or corresponding input voltage levels (V.sub.IN) (V.sub.IN1, V.sub.IN2, through V.sub.INn) and/or other parameter levels are determined for switching current (through switches 110), which substantially correspond to or otherwise track (within a predetermined variance or other tolerance or desired specification) the rectified AC voltage (provided by AC line 102 via rectifier 105) or more generally the AC voltage, such that current is provided through most or all LED segments 175 when the rectified AC voltage is comparatively high, and current is provided through fewer, one, or no LED segments 175 when the rectified AC voltage is comparatively low or close to zero. A wide variety of parameter levels may be utilized equivalently, such as time periods, peak current or voltage levels, average current or voltage levels, moving average current or voltage levels, instantaneous current or voltage levels, output (average, peak, or instantaneous) optical brightness levels, for example and without limitation, and that any and all such variations are within the scope of the claimed disclosure. In a second representative embodiment, a plurality of time periods t.sub.1 through t.sub.n and/or corresponding input voltage levels (V.sub.IN) (V.sub.IN1, V.sub.IN2, through V.sub.INn) and/or other parameter levels (e.g., output optical brightness levels) are determined for switching current (through switches 110) which correspond to a desired lighting effect such as dimming (selected or input into apparatus 100 via coupling to a dimmer switch or user input via (optional) user interface 190), such that current is provided through most or all LED segments 175 when the rectified AC voltage is comparatively high and a higher brightness is selected, and current is provided through fewer, one, or no LED segments 175 when a lower brightness is selected. For example, when a comparatively lower level of brightness is selected, current may be provided through comparatively fewer or no LED segments 175 during a given or selected time interval.

(62) In another representative embodiment, the plurality of LED segments 175 may be comprised of different types of LEDs 140 having different light emission spectra, such as light emission having wavelengths in the red, green, blue, amber, etc., visible ranges. For example, LED segment 175.sub.1 may be comprised of red LEDs 140, LED segment 175.sub.2 may be comprised of green LEDs 140, LED segment 175.sub.3 may be comprised of blue LEDs 140, another LED segment 175.sub.n1 may be comprised of amber or white LEDs 140, and so on. In such a representative embodiment, a plurality of time periods t.sub.1 through t.sub.n and/or corresponding input voltage levels (V.sub.IN) (V.sub.IN1, V.sub.IN2, through V.sub.INn) and/or other parameter levels are determined for switching current (through switches 110) which correspond to another desired, architectural lighting effect such as ambient or output color control, such that current is provided through corresponding LED segments 175 to provide corresponding light emissions at corresponding wavelengths, such as red, green, blue, amber, and corresponding combinations of such wavelengths (e.g., yellow as a combination of red and green). Innumerable switching patterns and types of LEDs 140 may be utilized to achieve any selected lighting effect, any and all of which are within the scope of the disclosure as claimed.

(63) In the first representative embodiment mentioned above, in which a plurality of time periods t.sub.1 through t.sub.n and/or corresponding input voltage levels (V.sub.IN) (V.sub.IN1, V.sub.IN2, through V.sub.INn) and/or other parameter levels are determined for switching current (through switches 110) which substantially correspond to or otherwise track (within a predetermined variance or other tolerance or desired specification) the rectified AC voltage (provided by AC source 102 via rectifier 105), the controller 120 periodically adjusts the number of serially coupled LED segments 175 to which current is provided, such that current is provided through most or all LED segments 175 when the rectified AC voltage is comparatively high, and current is provided through fewer, one, or no LED segments 175 when the rectified AC voltage is comparatively low or close to zero. For example, in a selected embodiment, peak current (I.sub.P) through the LED segments 175 is maintained substantially constant, such that as the rectified AC voltage level increases and as current increases to a predetermined or selected peak current level through the one or more LED segments 175 which are currently connected in the series path, additional LED segments 175 are switched into the serial path; conversely, as the rectified AC voltage level decreases, LED segments 175 which are currently connected in the series path are successively switched out of the series path and bypassed. Such current levels through LEDs 140 due to switching in of LED segments 175 (into the series LED 140 current path), followed by switching out of LED segments 175 (from the series LED 140 current path) is illustrated in FIGS. 2 and 3. More particularly, FIG. 2 is a graphical diagram illustrating a first representative load current waveform (e.g., full brightness levels) and input voltage levels in accordance with the teachings of the present disclosure, and FIG. 3 is a graphical diagram illustrating a second representative load current waveform (e.g., lower or dimmed brightness levels) and input voltage levels in accordance with the teachings of the present disclosure.

(64) Referring to FIGS. 2 and 3, current levels through selected LED segments 175 are illustrated during a first half of a rectified 60 Hz AC cycle (with input voltage V.sub.IN illustrated as dotted line 142), which is further divided into a first time period (referred to as time quadrant Q1 146) as a first part or portion of an AC (voltage) interval, during which the rectified AC line voltage increases from about zero volts to its peak level, and a second time period (referred to as time quadrant Q2 147), as a second part or portion of an AC (voltage) interval, during which the rectified AC line voltage decreases from its peak level to about zero volts. As the AC voltage is rectified, time quadrant Q1 146 and time quadrant Q2 147 and the corresponding voltage levels are repeated during a second half of a rectified 60 Hz AC cycle. (It should also be noted that the rectified AC voltage V.sub.IN is illustrated as an idealized, textbook example, and is likely to vary from this depiction during actual use.) Referring to FIG. 2, for each time quadrant Q1 146 and Q2 147, as an example and without limitation, seven time intervals are illustrated, corresponding to switching seven LED segments 175 into or out of the series LED 140 current path. During time interval 145.sub.1, at the beginning of the AC cycle, switch 110.sub.1 is on and conducting and the remaining switches 110 are off, current (I.sub.S) flows through LED segment 175.sub.1 and rises to a predetermined or selected peak current level I.sub.P. Using current sensor 115, when the current reaches I.sub.P, the controller 120 switches in a next LED segment 175.sub.2 by turning on switch 110.sub.2, turning off switch 110.sub.1, and keeping the remaining switches 110 off, thereby commencing time interval 145.sub.2. The controller 120 also measures or otherwise determines either the duration of the time interval 145.sub.1 or an equivalent parameter, such as the line voltage level at which I.sub.P was reached for this particular series combination LED segments 175.sub.1 (which, in this instance, is just the first LED segment 175.sub.1), such as by using a voltage sensor 195 illustrated in various representative embodiments, and stores the corresponding information in memory 185, or another register or memory. This interval information for the selected combination of LED segments 175, whether a time parameter, a voltage parameter, or another measurable parameter, is utilized during the second time quadrant Q2 147 for switching corresponding LED segments 175 out of the series LED 140 current path (generally in the reverse order).

(65) Continuing to refer to FIG. 2, during time interval 145.sub.2, which is slightly later in the AC cycle, switch 110.sub.2 is on and conducting and the remaining switches 110 are off, current (I.sub.S) flows through LED segments 175.sub.1 and 175.sub.2, and again rises to a predetermined or selected peak current level I.sub.P. Using current sensor 115, when the current reaches I.sub.P, the controller 120 switches in a next LED segment 175.sub.3 by turning on switch 110.sub.3, turning off switch 110.sub.2, and keeping the remaining switches 110 off, thereby commencing time interval 145.sub.3. The controller 120 also measures or otherwise determines either the duration of the time interval 145.sub.2 or an equivalent parameter, such as the line voltage level at which I.sub.P was reached for this particular series combination LED segments 175 (which, in this instance, is LED segments 175.sub.1 and 175.sub.2), and stores the corresponding information in memory 185, or another register or memory. This interval information for the selected combination of LED segments 175, whether a time parameter, a voltage parameter, or another measurable parameter, is also utilized during the second time quadrant Q2 147 for switching corresponding LED segments 175 out of the series LED 140 current path. As the rectified AC voltage level increases, this process continues until all LED segments 175 have been switched into the series LED 140 current path (i.e., all switches 110 are off and no LED segments 175 are bypassed), during time interval 145.sub.n, with all corresponding interval information stored in memory 185.

(66) Accordingly, as the rectified AC line voltage (V.sub.IN 142 in FIGS. 2 and 3) has increased, the number of LEDs 140 which are utilized has increased correspondingly, by the switching in of additional LED segments 175. In this way, LED 140 usage substantially tracks or corresponds to the AC line voltage, so that appropriate currents may be maintained through the LEDs 140 (e.g., within LED device specification), allowing full utilization of the rectified AC line voltage without complicated energy storage devices and without complicated power converter devices. This apparatus 100 configuration and switching methodology thereby provides a higher efficiency, increased LED 140 utilization, and allows use of many, generally smaller LEDs 140, which also provides higher efficiency for light output and better heat dissipation and management. In addition, due to the switching frequency, changes in output brightness through the switching of LED segments 175 in or out of the series LED 140 current path is generally not perceptible to the average human observer.

(67) When there are no balancing resistors, the jump in current from before switching to after switching, during time quadrant Q1 146 (with increasing rectified AC voltage), is (Equation 1):

(68) $I=\frac{N}{N+N}\left(\frac{V_{\mathrm{switch}}}{\mathrm{NRd}}\right),$
where Vswitch is the line voltage when switching occurs, Rd is the dynamic impedance of one LED 140, N is the number of LEDs 140 in the series LED 140 current path prior to the switching in of another LED segment 175, and AN is the number of additional LEDs 140 which are being switched in to the series LED 140 current path. A similar equation may be derived when voltage is decreasing during time quadrant Q2 147. (Of course, the current jump will not cause the current to become negative, as the diode current will just drop to zero in this case.) Equation 1 indicates that the current jump is decreased by making N small compared to the number of conducting LEDs 140 or by having LEDs 140 with comparatively higher dynamic impedance, or both.

(69) In a representative embodiment, during second time quadrant Q2 147, as the rectified AC line voltage decreases, the stored interval, voltage or other parameter information is utilized to sequentially switch corresponding LED segments 175 out of the series LED 140 current path in reverse order (e.g., mirrored), beginning with all LED segments 175 having been switched into the series LED 140 current path (at the end of Q1 146) and switching out a corresponding LED segment 175 until one (LED segment 175.sub.1) remains in the series LED 140 current path. Continuing to refer to FIG. 2, during time interval 148.sub.n, which is the interval following the peak or crest of the AC cycle, all LED segments 175 have been switched into the series LED 140 current path (all switches 110 are off and no LED segments 175 are bypassed), current (I.sub.S) flows through all LED segments 175, and decreases from its predetermined or selected peak current level I.sub.P. Using the stored interval, voltage or other parameter information, such as a corresponding time duration or a voltage level, when the corresponding amount of time has elapsed or the rectified AC input voltage has decreased to the stored voltage level, or other stored parameter level has been reached, the controller 120 switches out a next LED segment 175.sub.n by turning on switch 110.sub.n1, and keeping the remaining switches 110 off, thereby commencing time interval 148.sub.n1. During the time interval 148.sub.n1, all LED segments 175 other than LED segment 175.sub.n are still switched into the series LED 140 current path, current I.sub.S flows through these LED segments 175, and again decreases from its predetermined or selected peak current level I.sub.P. Using the stored interval information, also such as a corresponding time duration or a voltage level, when the corresponding amount of time has elapsed, voltage level has been reached, or other stored parameter level has been reached, the controller 120 switches out a next LED segment 175.sub.n1 by turning on switch 110.sub.n2, turning off switch 110.sub.n1, and keeping the remaining switches 110 off, thereby commencing time interval 148.sub.n2. As the rectified AC voltage level decreases, this process continues until one LED segment 175.sub.1 remains in the series LED 140 current path, time interval 148.sub.1, and the switching process may commence again, successively switching additional LED segments 175 into the series LED 140 current path during a next first time quadrant Q1 146.

(70) As mentioned above, a wide variety of parameters may be utilized to provide the interval information utilized for switching control in the second time quadrant Q2 147, such as time duration (which may be in units of time, or units of device clock cycle counts, etc.), voltage levels, current levels, and so on. In addition, the interval information used in time quadrant Q2 147 may be the information determined in the most recent preceding first time quadrant Q1 146 or, in accordance with other representative embodiments, may be adjusted or modified, as discussed in greater detail below with reference to FIG. 23, such as to provide increased power factor correction, changing thresholds as the temperature of the LEDs 140 may increase during use, digital filtering to reduce noise, asymmetry in the provided AC line voltage, unexpected voltage increases or decreases, other voltage variations in the usual course, and so on. In addition, various calculations may also be performed, such as time calculations and estimations, such as whether sufficient time remains in a given interval for the LED 140 current level to reach I.sub.P, for power factor correction purposes, for example. Various other processes may also occur, such as current limiting in the event I.sub.P may be or is becoming exceeded, or other current management, such as for drawing sufficient current for interfacing to various devices such as dimmer switches.

(71) Additional switching schemes may also be employed in representative embodiments, in addition to the sequential switching illustrated in FIG. 2. For example, based upon real time information, such as a measured increase in rectified AC voltage levels, additional LED segments 175 may be switched in, such as jumping from two LED segments 175 to five LED segments 175, for example and without limitation, with similar non-sequential switching available to voltage drops, etc., such that any type of switching, sequential, non-sequential, and so on, and for any type of lighting effect, such as full brightness, dimmed brightness, special effects, and color temperature, is within the scope of the claimed disclosure.

(72) Another switching variation is illustrated in FIG. 3, such as for a dimming application. As illustrated, sequential switching of additional LED segments 175 into the series LED 140 current path during a next first time quadrant Q1 146 is not performed, with various LED segment 175 combinations skipped. For such an application, the rectified AC input voltage may be phase modulated, e.g., no voltage provided during a first portion or part (e.g., 30-70 degrees) of each half of the AC cycle, with a more substantial jump in voltage then occurring at that phase (143 in FIG. 3). Instead, during time interval 145.sub.n1, all LED segments 175 other than LED segment 175.sub.n have been switched into the series LED 140 current path, with the current I.sub.S increasing to I.sub.P comparatively more slowly, thereby changing the average LED 140 current and reducing output brightness levels. While not separately illustrated, similar skipping of LED segments 175 may be performed in Q2 147, also resulting in decreased output brightness levels. Innumerable different switching combinations which may be implemented to achieve such brightness dimming, in addition to that illustrated, and all such variations are within the scope of the disclosure as claimed, including modifying the average current value during each interval, or pulse width modulation during each interval, in addition to the illustrated switching methodology.

(73) Innumerable different switching interval schemes and corresponding switching methods may be implemented within the scope of the disclosure. For example, a given switching interval may be predetermined or otherwise determined in advance for each LED segment 175 individually, and may be equal or unequal to other switching intervals; switching intervals may be selected or programmed to be equal for each LED segment 175; switching intervals may be determined dynamically for each LED segment 175, such as for a desirable or selected lighting effect; switching intervals may be determined dynamically for each LED segment 175 based upon feedback of a measured parameter, such as a voltage or current level; switching intervals may be determined dynamically or predetermined to provide an equal current for each LED segment 175; switching intervals may be determined dynamically or predetermined to provide an unequal current for each LED segment 175, such as for a desirable or selected lighting effect; etc.

(74) It should also be noted that the various representative apparatus embodiments are illustrated as including a rectifier 105, which is an option but is not required. The representative embodiments may be implemented using a non-rectified AC voltage or current. In addition, representative embodiments may also be constructed using one or more LED segments 175 connected in an opposite polarity (or opposite direction), or with one set of LED segments 175 connected in a first polarity (direction) and another set of LED segments 175 connected in a second polarity (an opposing or antiparallel direction), such that each may receive current during different halves of a non-rectified AC cycle, for example and without limitation. Continuing with the example, a first set of LED segments 175 may be switched (e.g., sequentially or in another order) to form a first LED 140 current path during a first half of a non-rectified AC cycle, and a second set of LED segments 175 arranged in an opposing direction or polarity may be switched (e.g., sequentially or in another order) to form a second LED 140 current path during a second half of a non-rectified AC cycle.

(75) Further continuing with the example, for a non-rectified AC input voltage, for a first half of the AC cycle, now divided into Q1 146 and Q2 147, during Q1 146 as a first part or portion of the AC voltage interval, various embodiments may provide for switching a first plurality of segments of light emitting diodes to form a first series light emitting diode current path, and during Q2 147, as a second part or portion of the AC voltage interval, switching the first plurality of segments of light emitting diodes out of the first series light emitting diode current path. Then, for the second half of the AC cycle, which may now be correspondingly divided into a Q3 part or portion and a Q4 part or portion (respectively identical to Q1 146 and Q2 147 but having the opposite polarity), during a third portion Q3 of the AC voltage interval, various embodiments may provide for switching a second plurality of segments of light emitting diodes to form a second series light emitting diode current path having a polarity opposite the series light emitting diode current path formed in the first portion of the AC voltage interval, and during a fourth portion Q4 of the AC voltage interval, switching the second plurality of segments of light emitting diodes out of the second series light emitting diode current path. All such variations are considered equivalent and within the scope of the disclosure.

(76) As mentioned above, representative embodiments may also provide substantial or significant power factor correction. Referring again to FIG. 2, representative embodiments may provide that the LED 140 current reaches a peak value 141 at substantially about the same time as the input voltage level V.sub.IN 149. In various embodiments, before switching in a next segment, such as LED segment 175.sub.n, which may cause a decrease in current, a determination may be made whether sufficient time remains in quadrant Q1 146 to reach I.sub.P if the next LED segment 175 were switched into the series LED 140 current path. If sufficient time remains in Q1 146, the next LED segment 175 is switched into the series LED 140 current path, and if not, no additional LED segment 175 is switched in. In the latter case, the LED 140 current may exceed the peak value I.sub.P (not separately illustrated in FIG. 2), provided the actual peak LED 140 current is maintained below a corresponding threshold or other specification level, such as to avoid potential harm to the LEDs 140, or other circuit components. Various current limiting circuits, to avoid such excess current levels, are discussed in greater detail below.

(77) FIG. 4 is a block and circuit diagram illustrating a second representative system 250, a second representative apparatus 200, and a first representative voltage sensor 195A, in accordance with the teachings of the present disclosure. Second representative system 250 comprises the second representative apparatus 200 (also referred to equivalently as an off line AC LED driver) coupled to an alternating current (AC) line 102. The second representative apparatus 200 also comprises a plurality of LEDs 140, a plurality of switches 110 (illustrated as MOSFETs, as an example), a controller 120A, a current sensor 115, a rectifier 105, first current regulators 180 (illustrated as being implemented by operational amplifiers, as a representative embodiment), complementary switches 111 and 112, and as an option, the first representative voltage sensor 195A (illustrated as a voltage divider, using resistors 130 and 135) for providing a sensed input voltage level to the controller 120A. Second current regulators 810, controlled current sources 815, and other representative implementations are also illustrated and discussed below with reference to FIGS. 32-42 and 44-46, which may be utilized equivalently. Also optional, a memory 185 and/or a user interface 190 also may be included as discussed above. For ease of illustration, a DC power source circuit 125 is not illustrated separately in FIG. 4, but may be included in any circuit location as discussed above and as discussed in greater detail below.

(78) The second representative system 250 and second representative apparatus 200 operate similarly to the first system 50 and first apparatus 100 discussed above as far as the switching of LED segments 175 in or out of the series LED 140 current path, but utilizes a different feedback mechanism and a different switching implementation, allowing separate control over peak current for each set of LED segments 175 (e.g., a first peak current for LED segment 175.sub.1; a second peak current for LED segments 175.sub.1 and 175.sub.2; a third peak current for LED segments 175.sub.1, 175.sub.2, and 175.sub.3; through an n.sup.th peak current level for all LED segments 175.sub.1 through 175.sub.n). More particularly, feedback of the measured or otherwise determined current level I.sub.S from current sensor 115 is provided to a corresponding inverting terminal of current regulators 180, illustrated as current regulators 180.sub.1, 180.sub.2, 180.sub.3, through 180.sub.n, implemented as operational amplifiers which provide current regulation. A desired or selected peak current level for each corresponding set of LED segments 175, illustrated as I.sub.P1, I.sub.P2, I.sub.P3 through I.sub.Pn, is provided by the controller 120A (via outputs 170.sub.1, 170.sub.2, 170.sub.3, through 170.sub.n) to the corresponding non-inverting terminal of current regulators 180. An output of each current regulator 180.sub.1, 180.sub.2, 180.sub.3, through 180.sub.n is coupled to a gate of a corresponding switch 110.sub.1, 110.sub.2, 110.sub.3, through 110.sub.n, and in addition, complementary switches 111 (111.sub.1, 111.sub.2, 111.sub.3, through 111.sub.n) and 112 (112.sub.1, 112.sub.2, 112.sub.3, through 112.sub.n) each have gates coupled to and controlled by the controller 120A (via outputs 172.sub.1, 172.sub.2, 172.sub.3, through 172.sub.n for switches 111 and via outputs 171.sub.1, 171.sub.2, 171.sub.3, through 171.sub.n for switches 112), thereby providing tri-state control and more fine-grained current regulation. A first, linear control mode is provided when none of the complementary switches 111 and 112 are on and a switch 110 is controlled by a corresponding current regulator 180, which compares the current I.sub.S fed back from the current sensor 115 to the set peak current level provided by the controller 120, thereby gating the current through the switch 110 and corresponding set of LED segments 175. A second, saturated control mode is provided when a complementary switch 111 is on and the corresponding switch 112 is off. A third, disabled control mode is provided when a complementary switch 112 is on and the corresponding switch 111 is off, such that current does not flow through the corresponding switch 110. The control provided by second representative system 250 and second representative apparatus 200 allows flexibility in driving corresponding sets of LED segments 175, with individualized settings for currents and conduction time, including without limitation skipping a set of LED segments 175 entirely.

(79) FIG. 5 is a block and circuit diagram illustrating a third representative system 350 and a third representative apparatus 300 in accordance with the teachings of the present disclosure. Third representative system 350 also comprises the third representative apparatus 300 (also referred to equivalently as an off-line AC LED driver) coupled to an alternating current (AC) line 102. The third representative apparatus 300 comprises a plurality of LEDs 140, a plurality of switches 110 (illustrated as MOSFETs, as an example), a controller 120B, a current sensor 115, a rectifier 105, and as an option, a voltage sensor 195 (illustrated as voltage sensor 195A, a voltage divider, using resistors 130 and 135) for providing a sensed input voltage level to the controller 120B. Also optional, a memory 185 and/or a user interface 190 may be included as discussed above. For ease of illustration, a DC power source circuit 125 is not illustrated separately in FIG. 5, but may be included in any circuit location as discussed above, and as discussed in greater detail below.

(80) Although illustrated with just three switches 110 and three LED segments 175, this apparatus 300 and system 350 configuration may be easily extended to additional LED segments 175 or reduced to a fewer number of LED segments 175. In addition, while illustrated with one, two, and four LEDs 140 in LED segments 175.sub.1, 175.sub.2, and 175.sub.3, respectively, the number of LEDs 140 in any given LED segment 175 may be higher, lower, equal, or unequal, and all such variations are within the scope of the disclosure. In this representative apparatus 300 and system 350, each switch 110 is coupled to each corresponding terminal of a corresponding LED segment 175, i.e., the drain of switch 110.sub.1 is coupled to a first terminal of LED segment 175.sub.1 (at the anode of LED 140.sub.1) and the source of switch 110.sub.1 is coupled to a second terminal of LED segment 175.sub.1 (at the cathode of LED 140.sub.1); the drain of switch 110.sub.2 is coupled to a first terminal of LED segment 175.sub.2 (at the anode of LED 140.sub.2) and the source of switch 110.sub.2 is coupled to a second terminal of LED segment 175.sub.2 (at the cathode of LED 140.sub.3); and the drain of switch 110.sub.3 is coupled to a first terminal of LED segment 175.sub.3 (at the anode of LED 140.sub.4) and the source of switch 110.sub.3 is coupled to a second terminal of LED segment 175.sub.3 (at the cathode of LED 140.sub.7). In this circuit configuration, the switches 110 allow for both bypassing a selected LED segment 175 and for blocking current flow, resulting in seven circuit states using just three switches 110, rather than seven switches. In addition, switching intervals may be selected in advance or determined dynamically to provide any selected usage or workload, such as a substantially balanced or equal workload for each LED segment 175, with each LED segment 175 coupled into the series LED 140 current path for the same duration during an AC half-cycle and with each LED segment 175 carrying substantially or approximately the same current.

(81) Table 1 summarizes the different circuit states for the representative apparatus 300 and system 350. In Table 1, as a more general case in which N is equal to some integer number of LEDs 140, LED segment 175.sub.1 has 1N number of LEDs 140, LED segment 175.sub.2 has 2N number of LEDs 140, and LED segment 175.sub.3 has 3N number of LEDs 140, with the last column providing the more specific case illustrated in FIG. 5 (N=1) in which LED segment 175.sub.1 has one LED 140, LED segment 175.sub.2 has two LEDs 140, and LED segment 175.sub.3 has four LEDs 140.

(82) TABLE-US-00001 TABLE 1 Total number of LEDs 140 Total on when number of N1 = N, LEDs 140 Switches Switches LED segment N2 = 2N, on for State On Off 175 on N3 = 4N FIG. 5 1 110.sub.2, 110.sub.3 110.sub.1 175.sub.1 N 1 2 110.sub.1, 110.sub.3 110.sub.2 175.sub.2 2N 2 3 110.sub.3 110.sub.1, 110.sub.2 175.sub.1 + 175.sub.2 3N 3 4 110.sub.1, 110.sub.2 110.sub.3 175.sub.3 4N 4 5 110.sub.2 110.sub.1, 110.sub.3 175.sub.1 + 175.sub.3 5N 5 6 110.sub.1 110.sub.2, 110.sub.3 175.sub.2 + 175.sub.3 6N 6 7 None 110.sub.1, 110.sub.2, 175.sub.1 + 175.sub.2 + 7N 7 110.sub.3 175.sub.3

(83) In state one, current flows through LED segment 175.sub.1 (as switch 110.sub.1 is off and current is blocked in that bypass path) and through switches 110.sub.2, 110.sub.3. In state two, current flows through switch 110.sub.1, LED segment 175.sub.2, and switch 110.sub.3. In state three, current flows through LED segment 175.sub.1, LED segment 175.sub.2, and switch 110.sub.3, and so on, as provided in Table 1. It should be noted that as described above with respect to FIGS. 1 and 2, switching intervals and switching states may be provided for representative apparatus 300 and system 350 such that as the rectified AC voltage increases, more LEDs 140 are coupled into the series LED 140 current path, and as the rectified AC voltage decreases, corresponding numbers of LEDs 140 are bypassed (switched out of the series LED 140 current path), with changes in current also capable of being modeled using Equation 1. It should also be noted that by varying the number of LED segments 175 and the number of LEDs 140 within each such LED segment 175 for representative apparatus 300 and system 350, virtually any combination and number of LEDs 140 may be switched on and off for any corresponding lighting effect, circuit parameter (e.g., voltage or current level), and so on. It should also be noted that for this representative configuration, all of the switches 110 should not be on and conducting at the same time.

(84) FIG. 6 is a block and circuit diagram illustrating a fourth representative system 450 and a fourth representative apparatus 400 in accordance with the teachings of the present disclosure. Fourth representative system 450 also comprises the fourth representative apparatus 400 (also referred to equivalently as an off line AC LED driver) coupled to an alternating current (AC) line 102. The fourth representative apparatus 400 also comprises a plurality of LEDs 140, a plurality of (first or high side) switches 110 (illustrated as MOSFETs, as an example), a controller 120C, a current sensor 115, a rectifier 105, a plurality of (second or low side) switches 210, a plurality of isolation (or blocking) diodes 205, and as an option, a voltage sensor 195 for providing a sensed input voltage level to the controller 120B. Also optional, a memory 185 and/or a user interface 190 may be included as discussed above.

(85) Fourth representative system 450 and fourth representative apparatus 400 provide for both series and parallel configurations of LED segments 175, in innumerable combinations. While illustrated in FIG. 6 with four LED segments 175 and two LEDs 140 in each LED segment 175 for ease of illustration and explanation, the configuration may be easily extended to additional LED segments 175 or reduced to a fewer number of LED segments 175 and that the number of LEDs 140 in any given LED segment 175 may be higher, lower, equal, or unequal, and all such variations are within the scope of the disclosure. For some combinations, however, it may be desirable to have an even number of LED segments 175.

(86) The (first) switches 110, illustrated as switches 110.sub.1, 110.sub.2, and 110.sub.3, are correspondingly coupled to a first LED 140 of a corresponding LED segment 175 and to an isolation diode 205, as illustrated. The (second) switches 210, illustrated as switches 210.sub.1, 210.sub.2, and 210.sub.3, are correspondingly coupled to a last LED 140 of a corresponding LED segment 175 and to the current sensor 115 (or, for example, to a ground potential 117, or to another sensor, or to another node). A gate of each switch 210 is coupled to a corresponding output 220 of (and is under the control of) the controller 120C, illustrated as outputs 220.sub.1, 220.sub.2, and 220.sub.3. In this fourth representative system 450 and fourth representative apparatus 400, each switch 110 and 210 performs a current bypass function, such that when a switch 110 and/or 210 is on and conducting, current flows through the corresponding switch and bypasses remaining (or corresponding) one or more LED segments 175.

(87) In the fourth representative system 450 and fourth representative apparatus 400, any of the LED segments 175 may be controlled individually or in conjunction with other LED segments 175. For example and without limitation, when switch 210.sub.1 is on and the remaining switches 110 and 210 are off, current is provided to LED segment 175.sub.1; when switches 110.sub.1 and 210.sub.2 are on and the remaining switches 110 and 210 are off, current is provided to LED segment 175.sub.2; when switches 110.sub.2 and 210.sub.3 are on and the remaining switches 110 and 210 are off, current is provided to LED segment 175.sub.3; and when switch 110.sub.3 is on and the remaining switches 110 and 210 are off, current is provided to LED segment 175.sub.4.

(88) Also for example and without limitation, any of the LED segments 175 may be configured in any series combination to form a series LED 140 current path, such as: when switch 210.sub.2 is on and the remaining switches 110 and 210 are off, current is provided to LED segment 175.sub.1 and LED segment 175.sub.2 in series; when switch 110.sub.2 is on and the remaining switches 110 and 210 are off, current is provided to LED segment 175.sub.3 and LED segment 175.sub.4 in series; when switches 110.sub.1 and 210.sub.3 are on and the remaining switches 110 and 210 are off, current is provided to LED segment 175.sub.2 and LED segment 175.sub.3 in series; and so on.

(89) In addition, a wide variety of parallel and series combinations of LED segments 175 are also available. For example and also without limitation, when all switches 110 and 210 are on, all LED segments 175 are configured in parallel, thereby providing a plurality of parallel LED 140 current paths; when switches 110.sub.2 and 210.sub.2 are on and the remaining switches 110 and 210 are off, LED segment 175.sub.1 and LED segment 175.sub.2 are in series with each other forming a first series LED 140 current path, LED segment 175.sub.3 and LED segment 175.sub.4 are in series with each other forming a second series LED 140 current path, and these two series combinations are further in parallel with each other (series combination of LED segment 175.sub.1 and LED segment 175.sub.2 is in parallel with series combination LED segment 175.sub.3 and LED segment 175.sub.4), forming a parallel LED 140 current path comprising a parallel combination of two series LED 140 current paths; and when all switches 110 and 210 are off, all LED segments 175 are configured to form one series LED 140 current path, as one string of LEDs 140 connected to the rectified AC voltage.

(90) It should also be noted that by varying the number of LED segments 175 and the number of LEDs 140 within each such LED segment 175 for representative apparatus 400 and system 450, virtually any combination and number of LEDs 140 may be switched on and off for any corresponding lighting effect, circuit parameter (e.g., voltage or current level), and so on, as discussed above, such as for substantially tracking the rectified AC voltage level by increasing the number of LEDs 140 coupled in series, parallel, or both, in any combination.

(91) FIG. 7 is a block and circuit diagram illustrating a fifth representative system 550 and a fifth representative apparatus 500 in accordance with the teachings of the present disclosure. Fifth representative system 550 and fifth representative apparatus 500 are structurally similar to and operate substantially similarly to the first representative system 50 and the first representative apparatus 100, and differ insofar as fifth representative system 550 and fifth representative apparatus 500 further comprise a (second) sensor 225 (in addition to current sensor 115), which provides selected feedback to controller 120D through a controller input 230, and also comprises a DC power source circuit 125C, to illustrate another representative circuit location for such a power source. FIG. 7 also illustrates, generally, an input voltage sensor 195. An input voltage sensor 195 may also be implemented as a voltage divider, using resistors 130 and 135. For this representative embodiment, a DC power source circuit 125C is implemented in series with the last LED segment 175.sub.n, and a representative third DC power source circuit 125C is discussed below with reference to FIG. 20.

(92) For example and without limitation, second sensor 225 may be an optical sensor or a thermal sensor. Continuing with the example, in a representative embodiment in which second sensor 225 is an optical sensor providing feedback to the controller 120D concerning light emitted from the LEDs 140, the plurality of LED segments 175 may be comprised of different types of LEDs 140 having different light emission spectra, such as light emission having wavelengths in the red, green, blue, amber, etc., visible ranges. For example, LED segment 175.sub.1 may be comprised of red LEDs 140, LED segment 175.sub.2 may be comprised of green LEDs 140, LED segment 175.sub.3 may be comprised of blue LEDs 140, another LED segment 175.sub.n1 may be comprised of amber or white LEDs 140, and so on. Also for example, LED segment 175.sub.2 may be comprised of amber or red LEDs 140 while the other LED segments 175 are comprised of white LEDs, and so on. As mentioned above, in such representative embodiments, using feedback from the optical second sensor 225, a plurality of time periods t.sub.1 through t.sub.n may be determined by the controller 120D for switching current (through switches 110) which correspond to a desired or selected architectural lighting effect such as ambient or output color control (i.e., control over color temperature), such that current is provided through corresponding LED segments 175 to provide corresponding light emissions at corresponding wavelengths, such as red, green, blue, amber, white, and corresponding combinations of such wavelengths (e.g., yellow as a combination of red and green). Innumerable switching patterns and types of LEDs 140 may be utilized to achieve any selected lighting effect, any and all of which are within the scope of the disclosure as claimed.

(93) FIG. 8 is a block and circuit diagram illustrating a sixth representative system 650 and a sixth representative apparatus 600 in accordance with the teachings of the present disclosure. Sixth representative system 650 comprises the sixth representative apparatus 600 (also referred to equivalently as an off line AC LED driver) coupled to an AC line 102. The sixth representative apparatus 600 also comprises a plurality of LEDs 140, a plurality of switches 110 (illustrated as MOSFETs, as an example), a controller 120E, a current sensor 115, a rectifier 105, and as an option, a voltage sensor 195 for providing a sensed input voltage level to the controller 120. Also optional, a memory 185 and/or a user interface 190 may be included as discussed above.

(94) As optional components, the sixth representative apparatus 600 further comprises a current limiter circuit 260, 270, or 280, and may also comprise an interface circuit 240, a voltage sensor 195, and a temperature protection circuit 290. The current limiter circuit 260, 270, or 280 is utilized to prevent a potentially large increase in LED 140 current, such as if the rectified AC voltage becomes unusually high while a plurality of LEDs 140 are switched into the series LED 140 current path. The current limiter circuit 260, 270, or 280 may be active, under the control of controller 120E and possibly having a bias or operational voltage, or may be passive and independent of the controller 120E and having any bias or operational voltage. While three locations and several different embodiments of current limiting circuits 260, 270, or 280 are illustrated, it should be understood that only one of the current limiter circuits 260, 270, or 280 is selected for any given device implementation. The current limiter circuit 260 is located on the low side of the sixth representative apparatus 600, between the current sensor 115 (node 134) and the sources of switches 110 (also a cathode of the last LED 140.sub.n) (node 132); equivalently, such a current limiter circuit 260 may also be located between the current sensor 115 and ground potential 117 (or the return path of the rectifier 105). As an alternative, the current limiter circuit 280 is located on the high side of the sixth representative apparatus 600, between node 131 and the anode of the first LED 140.sub.1 of the series LED 140 current path. As another alternative, the current limiter circuit 270 may be utilized between the high side and the low side of the sixth representative apparatus 600, coupled between the top rail (node 131) and the ground potential 117 (or the low or high (node 134) side of current sensor 115, or another circuit node, including node 131). The current limiter circuits 260, 270, and 280 may be implemented in a wide variety of configurations and may be provided in a wide variety of locations within the sixth representative apparatus 600 (or any of the other apparatuses 100, 200, 300, 400, 500, 700, 800, 900, 1000, 1100, 1200, 1300), with several representative current limiter circuits 260, 270, and 280 illustrated and discussed with reference to FIGS. 9-12.

(95) The interface circuit 240 is utilized to provide backwards (or retro-) compatibility with switches, such as a dimmer switch 285 which may provide a phase modulated dimming control and may include a minimum holding or latching current for proper operation. Under various circumstances and at different times during the AC cycle, one or more of the LEDs 140 may or may not be drawing such a minimum holding or latching current, which may result in improper operation of such a dimmer switch 285. Because a device manufacturer generally will not know in advance whether a lighting device such as sixth representative apparatus 600 will be utilized with a dimmer switch 285, an interface circuit 240 may be included in the lighting device. Representative interface circuits 240 will generally monitor the LED 140 current and, if less than a predetermined threshold (e.g., 50 mA), will draw more current through the sixth representative apparatus 600 (or any of the other apparatuses 100, 200, 300, 400, 500, 700, 800, 900, 1000, 1100, 1200, 1300). Representative interface circuits 240 may be implemented in a wide variety of configurations and may be provided in a wide variety of locations within the sixth representative apparatus 600 (or any of the other apparatuses 100, 200, 300, 400, 500, 700, 800, 900, 1000, 1100, 1200, 1300), with several representative interface circuits 240 illustrated and discussed with reference to FIGS. 13-17.

(96) The voltage sensor 195 is utilized to sense an input voltage level of the rectified AC voltage from the rectifier 105. The representative input voltage sensor 195 may also be implemented as a voltage divider, using resistors 130 and 135, as discussed above. The voltage sensor 195 may be implemented in a wide variety of configurations and may be provided in a wide variety of locations within the sixth representative apparatus 600 (or any of the other apparatuses 100, 200, 300, 400, 500, 700, 800, 900, 1000, 1100, 1200, 1300), in addition to the previously illustrated voltage divider, with all such configurations and locations considered equivalent and within the scope of the disclosure as claimed.

(97) The temperature protection circuit 290 is utilized to detect an increase in temperature over a predetermined threshold, and if such a temperature increase has occurred, to decrease the LED 140 current and thereby serves to provide some degree of protection of the representative apparatus 600 from potential temperature-related damage. Representative temperature protection circuits 290 may be implemented in a wide variety of configurations and may be provided in a wide variety of locations within the sixth representative apparatus 600 (or any of the other apparatuses 100, 200, 300, 400, 500, 700, 800, 900, 1000, 1100, 1200, 1300), with a representative temperature protection circuit 290A illustrated and discussed with reference to FIG. 11.

(98) FIG. 9 is a block and circuit diagram illustrating a first representative current limiter 260A in accordance with the teachings of the present disclosure. Representative current limiter 260A is implemented on the low side of the sixth representative apparatus 600 (or any of the other apparatuses 100, 200, 300, 400, 500, 700, 800, 900, 1000, 1100, 1200, 1300), between nodes 134 and 132, and is an active current limiting circuit. A predetermined or dynamically determined first threshold current level (I.sub.TH1) (e.g., a high or maximum current level for a selected specification) is provided by controller 120E (output 265) to a non-inverting terminal of error amplifier 181, which compares the threshold current I.sub.TH1 (as a corresponding voltage) to the current I.sub.S (also as a corresponding voltage) through the LEDs 140 (from current sensor 115). When current I.sub.S through the LEDs 140 is less than the threshold current I.sub.TH1, the output of the error amplifier 181 increases and is high enough to maintain the switch 114 (also referred to as a pass element) in an on state and allowing current I.sub.S to flow. When current I.sub.S through the LEDs 140 has increased to be greater than the threshold current I.sub.TH1, the output of the error amplifier 181 decreases in a linear mode, controlling (or gating) the switch 114 in a linear mode and providing for a reduced level of current I.sub.S to flow.

(99) FIG. 10 is a block and circuit diagram illustrating a second representative current limiter 270A in accordance with the teachings of the present disclosure. The representative current limiter 270A is implemented between the high side (node 131) and the low side of sixth representative apparatus 600 (or any of the other apparatuses 100, 200, 300, 400, 500, 700, 800, 900, 1000, 1100, 1200, 1300), at node 117 (the low side of current sensor 115) and at node 132 (the cathode of the last series-connected LED 140.sub.n), and is a passive current limiting circuit. First resistor 271 and second resistor 272 are coupled in series to form a bias network coupled between node 131 (e.g., the positive terminal of rectifier 105) and the gate of switch 116 (also referred to as a pass element), and during typical operation biases the switch 116 in a conduction mode. An NPN transistor 274 is coupled at its collector to second resistor 272 and coupled across its base-emitter junction to current sensor 115. In the event a voltage drop across the current sensor 115 (e.g., resistor 165) reaches a breakdown voltage of the base-emitter junction of transistor 274, the transistor 274 starts conducting, controlling (or gating) the switch 116 in a linear mode and providing for a reduced level of current I.sub.S to flow. It should be noted that this second representative current limiter 270A may not include any operational (bias) voltage for operation. Zener diode 273 serves to limit the gate-to-source voltage of transistor (FET) 116.

(100) FIG. 11 is a block and circuit diagram illustrating a third representative current limiter circuit 270B and a temperature protection circuit 290A in accordance with the teachings of the present disclosure. The representative current limiter 270B also is implemented between the high side (node 131) and the low side of sixth representative apparatus 600 (or any of the other apparatuses 100, 200, 300, 400, 500, 700, 800, 900, 1000, 1100, 1200, 1300), at node 117 (the low side of current sensor 115), at node 134 (the high side of current sensor 115), and at node 132 (the cathode of the last series-connected LED 140.sub.n), and is a passive current limiting circuit. The third representative current limiter 270B comprises resistor 283, zener diode 287, and two switches or transistors, illustrated as transistor (FET) 291 and NPN bipolar junction transistor (BJT) 293. In operation, transistor (FET) 291 is usually on and conducting LED 140 current (between nodes 132 and 134), with a bias provided by resistor 283 and zener diode 287. A voltage across current sensor 115 (between nodes 134 and 117) biases the base emitter junction of transistor 293, and in the event that LED 140 current exceeds the predetermined limit, this voltage will be high enough to turn on transistor 293, which will pull node 288 (and the gate of transistor (FET) 291) toward a ground potential, and decrease the conduction through transistor (FET) 291, thereby limiting the LED 140 current. Zener diode 287 serves to limit the gate-to-source voltage of transistor (FET) 291.

(101) The representative temperature protection circuit 290A comprises first resistor 281 and second, temperature-dependent resistor 282 configured as a voltage divider; zener diodes 289 and 287; and two switches or transistors, illustrated as FETs 292 and 291. As operating temperature increases, the resistance of resistor 282 increases, increasing the voltage applied to the gate of transistor (FET) 292, which also will pull node 288 (and the gate of transistor (FET) 291) toward a ground potential, and decrease the conduction through transistor (FET) 291, thereby limiting the LED 140 current. Zener diode 289 also serves to limit the gate-to-source voltage of transistor (FET) 292.

(102) FIG. 12 is a block and circuit diagram illustrating a fourth representative current limiter 280A in accordance with the teachings of the present disclosure. The current limiter circuit 280A is located on the high side of the sixth representative apparatus 600 (or any of the other apparatuses 100, 200, 300, 400, 500, 700, 800, 900, 1000, 1100, 1200, 1300), between node 131 and the anode of the first LED 140.sub.1 of the series LED 140 current path, and is further coupled to node 134 (the high side of current sensor 115). The fourth representative current limiter 280A comprises a second current sensor, implemented as a resistor 301; zener diode 306; and two switches or transistors, illustrated as transistor (P-type FET) 308 and transistor (PNP BJT) 309 (and optional second resistor 302, coupled to node 134 (the high side of current sensor 115)). A voltage across second current sensor 301 biases the emitter-base junction of transistor 309, and in the event that LED 140 current exceeds a predetermined limit, this voltage will be high enough to turn on transistor 309, which will pull node 307 (and the gate of transistor (FET) 308) toward a higher voltage, and decrease the conduction through transistor (FET) 308, thereby limiting the LED 140 current. Zener diode 306 serves to limit the gate-to-source voltage of transistor (FET) 308.

(103) As mentioned above, an interface circuit 240 is utilized to provide backwards (or retro-) compatibility with switches, such as a dimmer switch 285, which may provide a phase modulated dimming control and may include a minimum holding or latching current for proper operation. Representative interface circuits 240 may be implemented in a wide variety of configurations and may be provided in a wide variety of locations within the representative apparatuses 100, 200, 300, 400, 500, 600, 700, 800, 900, 1000, 1100, 1200, 1300, including those illustrated and discussed below.

(104) FIG. 13 is a block and circuit diagram illustrating a first representative interface circuit 240A in accordance with the teachings of the present disclosure. Representative interface circuit 240A is implemented between the high side (node 131) and the low side of sixth representative apparatus 600 (or any of the other apparatuses 100, 200, 300, 400, 500, 700, 800, 900, 1000, 1100, 1200, 1300), at node 134 (the high side of current sensor 115) or at another low side node 132. The first representative interface circuit 240A comprises first and second switches 118 and 119, and error amplifier (or comparator) 183. A pass element illustrated as the switch (FET) 119 is coupled to an additional one or more LEDs 140 (which are in parallel to the series LED 140 current path), illustrated as LEDs 140.sub.P1 through 140.sub.Pn, to provide useful light output and avoid ineffective power losses in the switch 119 when it is conducting. A predetermined or dynamically determined second threshold current level (I.sub.TH2) (e.g., a minimum holding or latching current level for a dimmer switch 285) is provided by controller 120E (output 275) to a non-inverting terminal of error amplifier (or comparator) 183, which compares the threshold current I.sub.TH2 (as a corresponding voltage) to the current level I.sub.S (also as a corresponding voltage) through the LEDs 140 (from current sensor 115). The controller 120E also receives information of the current level I.sub.S (e.g., as a voltage level) from current sensor 115. When current I.sub.S through the LEDs 140 is greater than the threshold current I.sub.TH2, such as a minimum holding or latching current, the controller 120E turns on switch 118 (connected to the gate of switch 119), effectively turning the switch 119 off and disabling the current sinking capability of the first representative interface circuit 240A, so that the first representative interface circuit 240A does not draw any additional current. When current I.sub.S through the LEDs 140 is less than the threshold current I.sub.TH2, such as being less than a minimum holding or latching current, the controller 120E turns off switch 118, and switch 119 is operated in a linear mode by the output of the error amplifier (or comparator) 183, which allows additional current I.sub.S to flow through LEDs 140.sub.P1 through 140.sub.Pn and switch 119.

(105) FIG. 14 is a circuit diagram illustrating a second representative interface circuit 240B in accordance with the teachings of the present disclosure. Representative interface circuit 240B is implemented between the high side (node 131) and the low side of sixth representative apparatus 600 (or any of the other apparatuses 100, 200, 300, 400, 500, 700, 800, 900, 1000, 1100, 1200, 1300), such as coupled across current sensor 115 (implemented as a resistor 165) at nodes 134 and 117. The second representative interface circuit 240B comprises first and second resistors 316, 317; zener diode 311 (to clamp the gate voltage of transistor 319); and two switches or transistors, illustrated as N-type FET 319 and transistor (NPN BJT) 314. When current I.sub.S through the LEDs 140 is greater than the threshold current I.sub.TH2, such as a minimum holding or latching current, a voltage is generated across current sensor 115 (implemented as a resistor 165), which biases the base-emitter junction of transistor 314, turning or maintaining the transistor 314 on and conducting, which pulls node 318 to the voltage of node 117, which in this case is a ground potential, effectively turning or maintaining transistor 319 off and not conducting, disabling the current sinking capability of the second representative interface circuit 240B, so that it does not draw any additional current. When current I.sub.S through the LEDs 140 is less than the threshold current I.sub.TH2, such as being less than a minimum holding or latching current, the voltage generated across current sensor 115 (implemented as a resistor 165) is insufficient to bias the base-emitter junction of transistor 314 and cannot turn or maintain the transistor 314 in an on and conducting state. A voltage generated across first resistor 316 pulls node 318 up to a high voltage, turning on transistor 319, which allows additional current I.sub.S to flow through second resistor 317 and transistor 319.

(106) FIG. 15 is a circuit diagram illustrating a third representative interface circuit 240C in accordance with the teachings of the present disclosure. Representative interface circuit 240C may be configured and located as described above for second representative interface circuit 240B, and comprises an additional resistor 333 and blocking diode 336, to prevent a potential discharge path through diode 311 and avoid allowing current paths which do not go through current sensor 115 (implemented as a resistor 165).

(107) FIG. 16 is a block and circuit diagram illustrating a fourth representative interface circuit 240D in accordance with the teachings of the present disclosure. Representative interface circuit 240D is also implemented between the high side (node 131) and the low side of sixth representative apparatus 600 (or any of the other apparatuses 100, 200, 300, 400, 500, 700, 800, 900, 1000, 1100, 1200, 1300), such as coupled across current sensor 115 (implemented as a resistor 165) at nodes 134 and 117. The fourth representative interface circuit 240D comprises first, second, and third resistors 321, 322, and 323; zener diode 324 (to clamp the gate voltage of transistor 328); blocking diode 326; operational amplifier (op amp) 325 and two switches or transistors, illustrated as N-type FET 328 and NPN BJT 329. Op amp 325 amplifies a voltage difference generated across current sensor 115 (implemented as the resistor 165), and allows use of the current sensor 115 which has a comparatively low impedance or resistance. When current I.sub.S through the LEDs 140 is greater than the threshold current I.sub.TH2, such as a minimum holding or latching current, this amplified voltage (which biases the base-emitter junction of transistor 329), turns or maintains the transistor 329 on and conducting, which pulls node 327 to the voltage of node 117, which in this case is a ground potential, effectively turning or maintaining transistor 328 off and not conducting, disabling the current sinking capability of the second representative interface circuit 240C, so that it does not draw any additional current. When current I.sub.S through the LEDs 140 is less than the threshold current I.sub.TH2, such as being less than a minimum holding or latching current, the amplified voltage is insufficient to bias the base-emitter junction of transistor 329 and cannot turn or maintain the transistor 329 in an on and conducting state. A voltage generated across resistor 321 pulls node 327 up to a high voltage, turning on transistor 328, which allows additional current I.sub.S to flow through resistor 322 and transistor 328.

(108) FIG. 17 is a block and circuit diagram illustrating a fifth representative interface circuit 240E in accordance with the teachings of the present disclosure. Representative interface circuit 240E may be configured and located as described above for fourth representative interface circuit 240D, and comprises an additional resistor 341 and a switch 351 (controlled by controller 120). For this fifth representative interface circuit 240E, the various LED segments 175 are also utilized to draw sufficient current, such that the current I.sub.S through the LEDs 140 is greater than or equal to the threshold current I.sub.TH2. In operation, the LED 140 peak current (I.sub.P) is greater than the threshold current I.sub.TH2 by a significant or reasonable margin, such as 2-3 times the threshold current I.sub.TH2. As LED segments 175 are switched into the series LED 140 current path, however, initially the LED 140 current may be less than the threshold current I.sub.TH2. Accordingly, when LED segment 175.sub.1 (without any of the remaining LED segments 175) is initially conducting and has a current less than the threshold current I.sub.TH2, the controller 120 closes switch 351, and allows transistor 328 to source additional current through resistor 322, until the LED 140 current is greater than threshold current I.sub.TH2 and transistor 329 pulls node 327 back to a low potential. Thereafter, the controller maintains the switch 351 in an open position, and LED segment 175.sub.1 provides for sufficient current to be maintained through the LED segments 175.

(109) Accordingly, to avoid the level of the LED 140 current falling below the threshold current I.sub.TH2 as a next LED segment 175 is switched into the series LED 140 current path, when such a next LED segment 175 is being switched into the series LED 140 current path, such as LED segment 175.sub.2, the controller 120 allows two switches 110 to be on and conducting, in this case both switches 110.sub.1 and 110.sub.2, allowing sufficient LED 140 current to continue to flow through LED segment 175.sub.1 while current increases in LED segment 175.sub.2. When sufficient current is also flowing through LED segment 175.sub.2, switch 110.sub.1 is turned off with only switch 110.sub.2 remaining on, and the process continues for each remaining LED segment 175. For example, when such a next LED segment 175 is being switched into the series LED 140 current path, such as LED segment 175.sub.3, the controller 120 also allows two switches 110 to be on and conducting, in this case both switches 110.sub.2 and 110.sub.3, allowing sufficient LED 140 current to continue to flow through LED segment 175.sub.2 while current increases in LED segment 175.sub.3.

(110) Not separately illustrated, another type of interface circuit 240 which may be utilized may be implemented as a constant current source, which draws a current which is greater than or equal to the threshold current I.sub.TH2, such as a minimum holding or latching current, regardless of the current I.sub.S through the LEDs 140.

(111) FIG. 18 is a circuit diagram illustrating a first representative DC power source circuit 125A in accordance with the teachings of the present disclosure. As mentioned above, representative DC power source circuits 125 may be utilized to provide DC power, such as Vcc, for use by other components within representative apparatuses 100, 200, 300, 400, 500, 600, 700, 800, 900, 1000, 1100, 1200, 1300. Representative DC power source circuits 125 may be implemented in a wide variety of configurations, and may be provided in a wide variety of locations within the sixth representative apparatus 600 (or any of the other apparatuses 100, 200, 300, 400, 500, 700, 800, 900, 1000, 1100, 1200, 1300), in addition to the various configurations illustrated and discussed herein, any and all of which are considered equivalent and within the scope of the disclosure as claimed.

(112) Representative DC power source circuit 125A is implemented between the high side (node 131) and the low side of sixth representative apparatus 600 (or any of the other apparatuses 100, 200, 300, 400, 500, 700, 800, 900, 1000, 1100, 1200, 1300), such as at node 134 (the high side of current sensor 115) or at another low side node 132 or 117. Representative DC power source circuit 125A comprises a plurality of LEDs 140, illustrated as LEDs 140.sub.v1, 140.sub.v2, through 140.sub.vz, a plurality of diodes 361, 362, and 363, one or more capacitors 364 and 365, and an optional switch 367 (controlled by controller 120). When the rectified AC voltage (from rectifier 105) is increasing, current is provided through diode 361, which charges capacitor 365, through LEDs 140.sub.vn through 140.sub.vz and through diode 362, which charges capacitor 364. The output voltage Vcc is provided at node 366 (i.e., at capacitor 364). LEDs 140.sub.vn through 140.sub.vz are selected to provide a substantially stable or predetermined voltage drop, such as 18V, and to provide another source of light emission. When the rectified AC voltage (from rectifier 105) is decreasing, capacitor 365 may have a comparatively higher voltage and may discharge through LEDs 140.sub.v1 through 140.sub.vm, also providing another source of light emission and utilizing energy for light emission which might otherwise be dissipated, serving to increase light output efficiency. In the event the output voltage Vcc becomes higher than a predetermined voltage level or threshold, overvoltage protection may be provided by the controller 120, which may close switch 367 to reduce the voltage level.

(113) FIG. 19 is a circuit diagram illustrating a second representative DC power source circuit 125B in accordance with the teachings of the present disclosure. Representative DC power source circuit 125B is also implemented between the high side (node 131) and the low side of sixth representative apparatus 600 (or any of the other apparatuses 100, 200, 300, 400, 500, 700, 800, 900, 1000, 1100, 1200, 1300), such as at node 134 (the high side of current sensor 115) or at another low side node 132 or 117. Representative DC power source circuit 125B comprises a switch or transistor (illustrated as an N-type MOSFET) 374, resistor 371, diode 373, zener diode 372, capacitor 376, and an optional switch 377 (controlled by controller 120). Switch or transistor (MOSFET) 374 is biased to be conductive by a voltage generated across resistor 371 (and clamped by zener diode 372), such that current is provided through diode 373, which charges capacitor 376. The output voltage Vcc is provided at node 378 (i.e., at capacitor 376). In the event the output voltage Vcc becomes higher than a predetermined voltage level or threshold, overvoltage protection also may be provided by the controller 120, which may close switch 377 to reduce the voltage level.

(114) FIG. 20 is a circuit diagram illustrating a third representative DC power source circuit 125C in accordance with the teachings of the present disclosure. Representative DC power source circuit 125C is implemented in series with the last LED segment 175.sub.n, as discussed above with reference to FIG. 5. Representative DC power source circuit 125C comprises a switch or transistor (illustrated as an N-type MOSFET) 381, comparator (or error amplifier) 382, isolation diode 386, capacitor 385, resistors 383 and 384 (configured as a voltage divider), and zener diode 387, and uses a reference voltage V.sub.REF provided by controller 120. During operation, current flows through isolation diode 386 and charges capacitor 385, with the output voltage Vcc provided at node 388 (capacitor 385), with zener diode 387 serving to damp transients and avoid overflow of capacitor 385 at start up, and should generally have a current rating to match the maximum LED 140 current. The resistors 383 and 384, configured as a voltage divider, are utilized to sense the output voltage Vcc for use by the comparator 382. When the output voltage Vcc is less than a predetermined level (corresponding to the reference voltage V.sub.REF provided by controller 120), the comparator 382 turns transistor (or switch) 381 off, such that most of the LED 140 current charges capacitor 385. When the output voltage Vcc reaches the predetermined level (corresponding to the reference voltage V.sub.REF), the comparator 382 will turn on transistor (or switch) 381, allowing the LED 140 current to bypass capacitor 385. As the capacitor 385 provides the energy for the bias source (output voltage Vcc), it is configured to discharge at a rate substantially less than the charging rate. In addition, as at various times the transistor (or switch) 381 is switched off to start a new cycle, comparator 382 is also configured with some hysteresis, to avoid high frequency switching, and the AC ripple across the capacitor 385 is diminished by the value of the capacitance and the hysteresis of the comparator 382.

(115) FIG. 21 is a block diagram illustrating a representative controller 120F in accordance with the teachings of the present disclosure. Representative controller 120F comprises a digital logic circuit 460, a plurality of switch driver circuits 405, analog-to-digital (A/D) converters 410 and 415, and optionally may also include a memory circuit 465 (e.g., in addition to or in lieu of a memory 185), a dimmer control circuit 420, a comparator 425, sync (synchronous) signal generator 430, a Vcc generator 435 (when another DC power circuit is not provided elsewhere), a power on reset circuit 445, an under-voltage detector 450, an over-voltage detector 455, and a clock 440 (which may also be provided off-chip or in other circuitry). Not separately illustrated, additional components (e.g., a charge pump) may be utilized to power the switch driver circuits 405, which may be implemented as buffer circuits, for example. The various optional components may be implemented, such as power on reset circuit 445, Vcc generator 435, under-voltage detector 450, and over-voltage detector 455, such as in addition to or in lieu of the other DC power generation, protection and limiting circuitry discussed above.

(116) A/D converter 410 is coupled to a current sensor 115 to receive a parameter measurement (e.g., a voltage level) corresponding to the LED 140 current, and converts it into a digital value, for use by the digital logic circuit 460 in determining, among other things, whether the LED 140 current has reached a predetermined peak value I.sub.P. A/D converter 415 is coupled to an input voltage sensor 195 to receive a parameter measurement (e.g., a voltage level) corresponding to the rectified AC input voltage V.sub.IN, and converts it into a digital value, also for use by the digital logic circuit 460 in determining, among other things, when to switch LED segments 175 in or out of the series LED 140 current path, as discussed above. The memory 465 (or memory 185) is utilized to store interval, voltage, or other parameter information used for determining the switching of the LED segments 175 during Q2 147. Using the digital input values for LED 140 current, the rectified AC input voltage V.sub.IN, and/or time interval information (via clock 440), digital logic circuit 460 provides control for the plurality of switch driver circuits 405 (illustrated as switch driver circuits 405.sub.1, 405.sub.2, 405.sub.3, through 405.sub.n, corresponding to each switch 110, 210, or any of the various other switches under the control of a controller 120F), to control the switching of the various LED segments 175 in or out of the series LED 140 current path (or in or out of the various parallel paths) as discussed above, such as to substantially track V.sub.IN or to provide a desired lighting effect (e.g., dimming or color temperature control), and as discussed below with reference to FIG. 23.

(117) For example, as mentioned above for a first methodology, the controller 120F (using comparator 425, sync signal generator 430, and digital logic circuit 460) may determine the commencement of quadrant Q1 146 and provide a corresponding sync signal (or sync pulse), when the rectified AC input voltage V.sub.IN is about or substantially close to zero (what might otherwise be a zero crossing from negative to positive or vice-versa for a non-rectified AC input voltage) (illustrated as 144 in FIGS. 2 and 3, which may be referred to herein equivalently as a substantially zero voltage or a zero crossing), and may store a corresponding clock cycle count or time value in memory 465 (or memory 185). During quadrant Q1 146, the controller 120F (using digital logic circuit 460) may store in memory 465 (or memory 185) a digital value for the rectified AC input voltage V.sub.IN occurring when the LED 140 current has reached a predetermined peak value I.sub.P for one or more LED segments 175 in the series LED 140 current path, and provide corresponding signals to the plurality of switch driver circuits 405 to control the switching in of a next LED segment 175, and repeating these measurements and information storage for the successive switching in of each LED segment 175. Accordingly, a voltage level is stored that corresponds to the highest voltage level for the current (or first) set of LED segments 175 prior to switching in the next LED segment 175 which is also substantially equal to the lowest voltage level for the set of LED segments 175 that includes the switched in next LED segment 175 (to form a second set of LED segments 175). During quadrant Q2 147, as the rectified AC input voltage V.sub.IN is decreasing, the LED 140 current is decreasing from the predetermined peak value I.sub.P for a given set of LED segments 175, followed by the LED 140 current rising back up to the predetermined peak value I.sub.P as each LED segment 175 is successively switched out of the series LED 140 current path. Accordingly, during quadrant Q2 147, the controller 120F (using digital logic circuit 460) may retrieve from memory 465 (or memory 185) a digital value for the rectified AC input voltage V.sub.IN which occurred when the LED 140 current previously reached a predetermined peak value I.sub.P for the first set of LED segments 175, which corresponds to the lowest voltage level for the second set of LED segments 175, and provide corresponding signals to the plurality of switch driver circuits 405 to control the switching out of an LED segment 175 from the second set of LED segments 175, such that the first set of LED segments 175 is now connected and the LED 140 current returns to the predetermined peak value I.sub.P at that voltage level, and repeating these measurements and information retrieval for the successive switching out of each LED segment 175.

(118) Also for example, as mentioned above for a second, time-based methodology, the controller 120F (using comparator 425, sync signal generator 430, and digital logic circuit 460) also may determine the commencement of quadrant Q1 146 and provide a corresponding sync signal, when the rectified AC input voltage V.sub.IN is about or substantially close to zero, and may store a corresponding clock cycle count or time value in memory 465 (or memory 185). During quadrant Q1 146, the controller 120F (using digital logic circuit 460) may store in memory 465 (or memory 185) a digital value for the time (e.g., clock cycle count) at which or when the LED 140 current has reached a predetermined peak value I.sub.P for one or more LED segments 175 in the series LED 140 current path, and provide corresponding signals to the plurality of switch driver circuits 405 to control the switching in of a next LED segment 175, and repeating these measurements, time counts, and information storage for the successive switching in of each LED segment 175. The controller 120F (using digital logic circuit 460) may further calculate and store corresponding interval information, such as the duration of time following switching (number of clock cycles or time interval) it has taken for a given set of LED segments 175 to reach I.sub.P, such as by subtracting a clock count at the switching from the clock count when I.sub.P has been reached. Accordingly, time and interval information is stored that corresponds to the switching time for a given (first) set of LED segments 175 and the time at which the given (first) set of LED segments 175 has reached I.sub.P, the latter of which corresponds to the switching time for the next (second) set of LED segments. During quadrant Q2 147, as the rectified AC input voltage V.sub.IN is decreasing, the LED 140 current is decreasing from the predetermined peak value I.sub.P for a given set of LED segments 175, followed by the LED 140 current rising back up to the predetermined peak value I.sub.P as each LED segment 175 is successively switched out of the series LED 140 current path. Accordingly, during quadrant Q2 147, the controller 120F (using digital logic circuit 460) may retrieve from memory 465 (or memory 185) corresponding interval information, calculate a time or clock cycle count at which a next LED segment 175 should be switched out of the series LED 140 current path, and provide corresponding signals to the plurality of switch driver circuits 405 to control the switching out of an LED segment 175 from the second set of LED segments 175, such that the first set of LED segments 175 is now connected and the LED 140 current returns to the predetermined peak value I.sub.P, and repeating these measurements, calculations, and information retrieval for the successive switching out of each LED segment 175.

(119) For both the representative voltage-based and time-based methodologies, the controller 120F (using digital logic circuit 460) may implement power factor correction. As mentioned above, with reference to FIGS. 2 and 3, when the rectified AC input voltage V.sub.IN reaches a peak value 149 at the end of Q1 146, it may be desirable for the LED 140 current to also reach a predetermined peak value I.sub.P substantially concurrently, for power efficiency. Accordingly, the controller 120F (using digital logic circuit 460) may determine, before switching in a next segment, such as LED segment 175.sub.n, which may cause a decrease in current, whether sufficient time remains in Q1 146 for a next set of LED segments 175 to reach I.sub.P if that segment (e.g., LED segment 175.sub.n) were switched in when the current set of LED segments 175 reach I.sub.P. If sufficient time remains in Q1 146 as calculated by the controller 120F (using digital logic circuit 460), the controller 120F will generate the corresponding signals to the plurality of switch driver circuits 405 such that the next LED segment 175 is switched into the series LED 140 current path, and if not, no additional LED segment 175 is switched in. In the latter case, the LED 140 current may exceed the peak value I.sub.P (not separately illustrated in FIG. 2), provided the actual peak LED 140 current is maintained below a corresponding threshold or other specification level, such as to avoid potential harm to the LEDs 140 or other circuit components, which also may be limited by the various current limiting circuits, to avoid such excess current levels, as discussed above.

(120) The controller 120F may also be implemented to be adaptive, with the time, interval, voltage, and other parameters utilized in Q2 147 generally based on the most recent set of measurements and determinations made in the previous Q1 146. Accordingly, as an LED segment 175 is switched out of the series LED 140 current path, in the event the LED 140 current increases too much, such as exceeding the predetermined peak value I.sub.P or exceeding it by a predetermined margin, that LED segment 175 is switched back into the series LED 140 current path, to return the LED 140 current back to a level below I.sub.P or below I.sub.P plus the predetermined margin. Substantially concurrently, the controller 120F (using digital logic circuit 460) will adjust the time, interval, voltage or other parameter information, such as to increase (increment) the time interval or decrease (decrement) the voltage level at which that LED segment 175 will be switched out of the series LED 140 current path for use in the next Q2 147.

(121) In a representative embodiment, then, the controller 120F may sense the rectified AC voltage V.sub.IN and create synchronization pulses corresponding to the rectified AC voltage V.sub.IN being substantially zero (or a zero crossing). The controller 120F (using digital logic circuit 460) may measure or calculate the time between two synchronization pulses (the rectified period, approximately or generally related to the inverse of twice the utility line frequency), and then divide the rectified period by two, to determine the duration of each quadrant Q1 146 and Q2 147, and the approximate point at which Q1 146 will end. For an embodiment which does not necessarily switch LED segments 175 when I.sub.P is reached, the quadrants may be divided into approximately or substantially equal intervals corresponding to the number n of LED segments 175, such that each switching interval is substantially the same. During Q1 146, the controller 120F will then generate the corresponding signals to the plurality of switch driver circuits 405 such that successive LED segments 175 are switched into the series LED 140 current path for the corresponding interval, and for Q2 147, the controller 120 will then generate the corresponding signals to the plurality of switch driver circuits 405 such that successive LED segments 175 are switched out of the series LED 140 current path for the corresponding interval, in the reverse (or mirror) order, as discussed above, with a new Q1 146 commencing at the next synchronization pulse.

(122) In addition to creating or assigning substantially equal intervals corresponding to the number n of LED segments 175, there are a wide variety of other ways to assign such intervals, any and all of which are within the scope of the disclosure as claimed, for example and without limitation, unequal interval periods for various LED segments 175 to achieve any desired lighting effect; dynamic assignment using current or voltage feedback, as described above; providing for substantially equal current for each LED segment 175, such that each segment is generally utilized about equally; or providing for unequal current for each LED segment 175 to achieve any desired lighting effect, or to improve AC line performance or efficiency.

(123) Other dimming methodologies are also within the scope of the disclosure as claimed. As may be apparent from FIG. 3, using the rectified AC voltage V.sub.IN being substantially zero (or a zero crossing) to determine the durations of the quadrants Q1 146 and Q2 147 will be different in a phase modulated dimming situation, which chops or eliminates a first portion of the rectified AC voltage V.sub.IN. Accordingly, the time between successive synchronization pulses (zero crossings) may be compared with values stored in memory 465 (or memory 185), such as 10 ms for a 50 Hz AC line or 8.36 ms for a 60 Hz AC line. When the time between successive synchronization pulses (zero crossings) is about or substantially the same as the relevant or selected values stored in memory 465 (or memory 185) (within a predetermined variance), a typical, non-dimming application is indicated, and operations may proceed as previously discussed. When the time between successive synchronization pulses (zero crossings) is less than the relevant or selected values stored in memory 465 (or memory 185) (plus or minus a predetermined variance or threshold), a dimming application is indicated. Based on this comparison or difference between the time between successive synchronization pulses (zero crossings) and the relevant or selected values stored in memory 465 (or memory 185), a corresponding switching sequence of the LED segments 175 may be determined or retrieved from memory 465 (or memory 185). For example, the comparison may indicate a 45 phase modulation, which then may indicate how many intervals should be skipped, as illustrated in and as discussed above with reference to FIG. 3. As another alternative, a complete set of LED segments 175 may be switched into the series LED 140 current path, with any dimming provided directly by the selected phase modulation.

(124) It should also be noted that various types of LEDs 140, such as high brightness LEDs, may be described rather insightfully for such dimming applications. More particularly, an LED may be selected to have the characteristic that its voltage changes more than 2:1 (if possible) as its LED current varies from zero to its allowable maximum current, allowing dimming of a lighting device by phase modulation of the AC line. Assuming that N LEDs are conducting, the rectified AC voltage V.sub.IN is rising, and that the next LED segment 175 is switched into the series LED 140 current path when the current reaches I.sub.P, then the voltage immediately before the switching is (Equation 2):
V.sub.LED=V.sub.IN=N(V.sub.FD+I.sub.P*R.sub.d)
where we use the fact that the LED is modeled as a voltage (V.sub.FD) plus resistor model. After the switching of AN more LEDs to turn on, the voltage becomes (Equation 3):
V.sub.IN=(N+N)(V.sub.FD+I.sub.afterR.sub.d)

(125) Setting the two line voltages V.sub.IN (of Equations 2 and 3) equal to each other leads to (Equation 4):

(126) $I_{\mathrm{after}}=\frac{\left({\mathrm{NI}}_P{R}_d-{\mathrm{NV}}_{\mathrm{FD}}\right)}{N+N}\left(\frac{1}{R_d}\right)$

(127) Therefore, in order for the current after the LEDs 140 of the next LED segment 175 are turned on to be positive, then NI.sub.pR.sub.d>NV.sub.FD and further, if we desire for the current to remain above the latching current (I.sub.LATCH) of a residential dimmer, then (Equation 5):

(128) $\frac{\left({\mathrm{NI}}_p{R}_d-{\mathrm{NV}}_{\mathrm{FD}}\right)}{N+N}\left(\frac{1}{R_d}\right)>I_{\mathrm{LATCH}}50\mathrm{mA}$

(129) From Equation 5 we can derive a value of I.sub.p, referred to as I.sub.max which provides a desired I.sub.LATCH current when the next LED segment 175 is switched (Equation 6):

(130) $I_{\max }=\frac{I_{\mathrm{LATCH}}{R}_d\left(N+N\right)+{\mathrm{NV}}_{\mathrm{FD}}}{{\mathrm{NR}}_d}$

(131) From Equation (1) we will then find the value of the I.sub.p=I.sub.max current at the segments switching (Equation 7):

(132) $I_{\max }=\frac{\frac{V_{\mathrm{IN}}}{V}-V_{\mathrm{FD}}}{R_d}$

(133) From setting Equations 6 and 7 equal to each other, we can then determine the value of a threshold input voltage V.sub.INT producing an I.sub.LATCH current in the LED segments 175 (Equation 8):
V.sub.INT=N(F.sub.FD+I.sub.maxR.sub.d)

(134) The Equations 2 through 8 present a theoretical background for a process of controlling a driver interface with a dimmer without additional bleeding resistors, which may be implemented within the various representative apparatuses (100, 200, 300, 400, 500, 600) under the control of a controller 120 (and its variations 120A-120E). To implement this control methodology, various one or more parameters or characteristics of the apparatuses (100, 200, 300, 400, 500, 600) are stored in the memory 185, such as by the device manufacturer, distributor, or end-user, including without limitation, as examples, the number of LEDs 140 comprising the various LED segments 175 in the segment, the forward voltage drop (either for each LED 140 or the total drop per selected LED segment 175), the dynamic resistance R.sub.d, and one or more operational parameters or characteristics of the apparatuses (100, 200, 300, 400, 500, 600), including without limitation, also as examples, operational parameters such as a dimmer switch 285 latch current I.sub.LATCH, a peak current of the segment I.sub.p, and a maximum current of the LED segment 175 which provides (following switching of a next LED segment 175) a minimum current equal to I.sub.LATCH. In addition, values of an input voltage V.sub.INT for each LED segment 175 and combinations of LED segments 175 (as they are switched into the LED 140 current path) may be calculated using Equation 8 and stored in memory 185, or may be determined dynamically during operation by the controller 120 and also stored in memory (as part of the first representative method discussed below). These various parameters and/or characteristics, such as the peak and maximum currents, may be the same for every LED segment 175 or specific for each LED segment 175.

(135) FIG. 22 is a flow diagram illustrating a first representative method in accordance with the teachings of the present disclosure, which implements this control methodology for maintaining a minimum current sufficient for proper operation of a dimmer switch 285 (to which one or more apparatuses (100, 200, 300, 400, 500, 600) may be coupled). The method begins, start step 601, with one or more of these various parameters being retrieved or otherwise obtained from memory 185, step 605, typically by a controller 120, such as a value for an input voltage V.sub.INT for the current, active LED segment 175. The controller 120 then switches the LED segment 175 into the LED 140 current path (except in the case of a first LED segment 175.sub.1, which, depending on the circuit configuration, may be in the LED 140 current path), step 610, and monitors the current through the LED 140 current path, step 615. When the current through the LED 140 current path reaches the peak current I.sub.P (determined using a current sensor 115), step 620, the input voltage V.sub.IN is measured or sensed (also determined using a voltage sensor 195), step 625, and the measured input voltage V.sub.IN is compared to the threshold input voltage V.sub.INT (one of the parameters previously stored in and retrieved from memory 185), step 630. Based on this comparison, when the measured input voltage V.sub.IN is greater than or equal to the threshold input voltage V.sub.INT, step 635, the controller 120 switches a next LED segment 175 into the LED 140 current path, step 640. When the measured input voltage V.sub.IN is not greater than or equal to the threshold input voltage V.sub.INT in step 635, the controller 120 does not switch a next LED segment 175 into the LED 140 current path (i.e., continues to operate the apparatus using the LED segments 175 which are currently in the LED 140 current path), and continues to monitor the input voltage V.sub.IN, returning to step 625, to switch a next LED segment 175, step 640, into the LED 140 current path when measured input voltage V.sub.IN becomes equal to or greater than the threshold input voltage V.sub.INT, step 635. Following step 640, and when the power has not been turned off, step 645, the method iterates for another LED segment 175, returning to step 615, and otherwise the method may end, return step 651.

(136) FIG. 23 is a flow diagram illustrating a second representative method in accordance with the teachings of the present disclosure, and provides a useful summary for the methodology which tracks the rectified AC voltage V.sub.IN or implements a desired lighting effect, such as dimming. The determination, calculation, and control steps of the methodology may be implemented, for example, as a state machine in the controller 120. Many of the steps also may occur concurrently and/or in any number of different orders, with a wide variety of different ways to commence the switching methodology, in addition to the sequence illustrated in FIG. 23, any and all of which are considered equivalent and within the scope of the disclosure.

(137) More particularly, for ease of explanation, the methodology illustrated in FIG. 23 begins with one or more zero crossings, i.e., one or more successive determinations that the rectified AC voltage V.sub.IN is substantially equal to zero. During this determination period, all, none, or one or more of the LED segments 175 may be switched in. There are innumerable other ways to commence, several of which are also discussed below.

(138) The method begins with start step 501, such as by powering on, and determines whether the rectified AC voltage V.sub.IN is substantially equal to zero (e.g., a zero crossing), step 505. If so, the method starts a time measurement (e.g., counting clock cycles) and/or provides a synchronization signal or pulse, step 510. When the rectified AC voltage V.sub.IN was not substantially equal to zero in step 505, the method waits for the next zero crossing. In a representative embodiment, steps 505 and 510 are repeated for a second (or more) zero crossing, when the rectified AC voltage V.sub.IN is substantially equal to zero, for ease of measurement determinations, step 515. The method then determines the rectified AC interval (period), step 520, and determines the duration of the first half of the rectified AC interval (period), i.e., the first quadrant Q1 146, and any switching intervals, such as when Q1 146 is divided into a number of equal time intervals corresponding to the number of LED segments 175, as discussed above, step 525. The method may also then determine whether brightness dimming is occurring, such as when indicated by the zero crossing information as discussed above, step 530. If dimming is to occur, the method may determine the starting set of LED segments 175, step 535, such as the number of sets of segments which may be skipped as discussed with reference to FIG. 3, and an interval (corresponding to the phase modulation) following the zero crossing for switching in the selected number of LED segments 175, step 540. Following step 540, or when dimming is not occurring, or if dimming is occurring but will track the rectified AC voltage V.sub.IN, the method proceeds to steps 545 and 551, which are generally performed substantially concurrently.

(139) In step 545, the method determines a time (e.g., a clock cycle count), a voltage or other measured parameter, and stores the corresponding values, e.g., in memory 465 (or memory 185). As mentioned above, these values may be utilized in Q2 147. In step 551, the method switches into the series LED 140 current path the number of LED segments 175 corresponding to the desired sequence or time interval, voltage level, other measured parameter, or desired lighting effect. The method then determines whether the time or time interval indicates that Q1 146 is ending (i.e., the time is sufficiently close or equal to the halftime of the rectified AC interval (period), such as being within a predetermined amount of time from the end of Q1 146), step 555, and whether there are remaining LED segments 175 which may be switched into the series LED 140 current path, step 560. When Q1 146 is not yet ending and when there are remaining LED segments 175, the method determines whether the LED 140 current has reached a predetermined peak value I.sub.P (or, using time-based control, whether the current interval has elapsed), step 565. When the LED 140 current has not reached the predetermined peak value I.sub.P (or when the current interval has not elapsed) in step 565, the method returns to step 555. When the LED 140 current has reached the predetermined peak value I.sub.P (or when the current interval has elapsed) in step 565, the method determines whether there is sufficient time remaining in Q1 146 to reach I.sub.P if a next LED segment 175 is switched into the series LED 140 current path, step 570. When there is sufficient time remaining in Q1 146 to reach I.sub.P, step 570, the method returns to steps 545 and 551 and iterates, determining a time (e.g., a clock cycle count), a voltage, or other measured parameter, and storing the corresponding values, step 545, and switching in the next LED segment 175, step 551.

(140) When the time or time interval indicates that Q1 146 is ending (i.e., the time is sufficiently close or equal to the halftime of the rectified AC interval (period)), step 555, or when there are no more remaining LED segments 175 to switch in, step 560, or when there is not sufficient time remaining in Q1 146 to switch in a next LED segment 175 and have the LED 140 current reach I.sub.P, step 570, the method commences Q2 147, the second half of the rectified AC interval (period). Following steps 555, 560, or 570, the method determines the voltage level, time interval, or other measured parameter, step 575. The method then determines whether the currently determined voltage level, time interval, or other measured parameter has reached a corresponding stored value for a corresponding set of LED segments 175, step 580, such as whether the rectified AC voltage V.sub.IN has decreased to the voltage level stored in memory which corresponded to switching in a last LED segment 175.sub.n, for example, and if so, the method switches the corresponding LED segment 175 out of the series LED 140 current path, step 585.

(141) The method then determines whether the LED 140 current has increased to a predetermined threshold greater than I.sub.P (i.e., I.sub.P plus a predetermined margin), step 590. If so, the method switches back into the series LED 140 current path the corresponding LED segment 175 which had been switched out most recently, step 595, and determines and stores new parameters for that LED segment 175 or time interval, step 602, such as a new value for the voltage level, time interval, or other measured parameter, as discussed above (e.g., a decremented value for the voltage level, or an incremented time value). The method may then wait a predetermined period of time, step 606, before switching out the LED segment 175 again (returning to step 585), or instead of step 606, may return to step 580, to determine whether the currently determined voltage level, time interval, or other measured parameter has reached a corresponding new stored value for the corresponding set of LED segments 175, and the method iterates. When the LED 140 current has not increased to a predetermined threshold greater than I.sub.P, in step 590, the method determines whether there are remaining LED segments 175 or remaining time intervals in Q2 147, step 611, and if so, the method returns to step 575 and iterates, continuing to switch out a next LED segment 175. When there are no remaining LED segments 175 to be switched out of the series LED 140 current path or there are no more remaining time intervals in Q2 147, the method determines whether there is a zero crossing, i.e., whether the rectified AC voltage V.sub.IN is substantially equal to zero, step 616. When the zero crossing has occurred, and when the power has not been turned off, step 621, the method iterates, starting a next Q1 146, returning to step 510 (or, alternatively, step 520 or steps 545 and 551), and otherwise the method may end, return step 626.

(142) As mentioned above, the methodology is not limited to commencing when a zero crossing has occurred. For example, the method may determine the level of the rectified AC voltage V.sub.IN and/or the time duration from the substantially zero rectified AC voltage V.sub.IN, time interval, other measured parameter, and switches in the number of LED segments 175 corresponding to that parameter. In addition, based upon successive voltage or time measurements, the method may determine whether it is in a Q1 146 (increasing voltage) or Q2 147 (decreasing voltage) portion of the rectified AC interval (period), and continue to respectively switch in or switch out corresponding LED segments 175. Alternatively, the method may start with substantially all LED segments 175 switched or coupled into the series LED 140 current path (e.g., via power on reset), and wait for a synchronization pulse indicating that the rectified AC voltage V.sub.IN is substantially equal to zero and Q1 146 is commencing, and then perform the various calculations and commence switching of the number of LED segments 175 corresponding to that voltage level, time interval, other measured parameter, or desired lighting effect, proceeding with step 520 of the methodology of FIG. 23.

(143) Not separately illustrated in FIG. 23, for dimming applications, steps 545 and 551 may involve additional features. There are dimming circumstances in which there is no Q1 146 time interval, such that the phase modulated dimming cuts or clips ninety degrees or more of the AC interval. Under such circumstances, the Q2 147 voltages or time intervals cannot be derived from corresponding information obtained in Q1 146. In various representative embodiments, the controller 120 obtains default values from memory 185, 465, such as time intervals corresponding to the number of LED segments 175, uses these default values initially in Q2 147, and modifies or trains these values during Q2 147 by monitoring the AC input voltage and the LED 140 current through the series LED 140 current path. For example, starting with default values stored in memory, the controller 120 increments these values until I.sub.P is reached during Q2 147, and then stores the corresponding new voltage value, for each switching out of an LED segment 175.

(144) FIG. 24 is a block and circuit diagram illustrating a seventh representative system 750 and a seventh representative apparatus 700 in accordance with the teachings of the present disclosure. Seventh representative system 750 comprises the seventh representative apparatus 700 (also referred to equivalently as an off line AC LED driver) coupled to an AC line 102. The seventh representative apparatus 700 also comprises a plurality of LEDs 140, a plurality of switches 310 (illustrated as n-channel enhancement FETs, as an example), a controller 120G, a (first) current sensor 115, and a rectifier 105. Also optionally and not separately illustrated in FIG. 24, a memory 185 and/or a user interface 190 also may be included as discussed above. The seventh representative apparatus 700 does not require additional voltage sensors (such as a sensor 195) or power supplies (V.sub.CC 125), although these components may be utilized as may be desired.

(145) The seventh representative apparatus 700 (and the other apparatuses 800, 900, 1000, 1100, 1200, 1300 discussed below) are utilized primarily to provide current regulation of the series LED 140 current path, and to utilize current parameters to switch each LED segment 175 in or out of the series LED 140 current path. The seventh representative apparatus 700 (and the other apparatuses 800, 900, 1000, 1100, 1200, 1300 discussed below) differs from the first apparatus 100 primarily with respect to the location of the controller 120G and the type of feedback provided to the controller 120G, and several of the apparatuses (1100, 1200, and 1300) utilize a different switching circuit arrangement. More particularly, the controller 120G has a different circuit location, receiving input of the input voltage V.sub.IN (input 162), receiving input (feedback) of each of the node voltages between LED segments 175 (inputs 320), in addition to receiving input from current sensor 115 (inputs 160, 161). In this representative embodiment, the controller 120G may be powered by or through any of these node voltages, for example. Using such voltage and current information, the controller 120G produces the gate (or base) voltage for the FET switches 310, which can be controlled in either linear or switch mode (or both) to produce any current waveform to maximize the power factor, light production brightness, efficiency, and interfacing to triac-based dimmer switches. For example, controller 120G may produce a gate voltage for the FET switches 310 to maintain substantially constant current levels for the various combinations of LED segments 175 during both Q1 146 and Q2 147. Continuing with the example, the controller 120G may produce a gate voltage for FET switch 310.sub.1 to provide a current of 50 mA in a series LED 140 current path consisting of LED segment 175.sub.1, followed by producing a gate voltage for FET switch 310.sub.2 to provide a current of 75 mA in a series LED 140 current path consisting of LED segment 175.sub.1 and LED segment 175.sub.2, followed by producing zero or no gate voltages for FET switches 310 to provide a current of 100 mA in a series LED 140 current path consisting of all of the LED segments 174. Parameters or comparison levels for such desired current levels may be stored in a memory 185, for example (not separately illustrated), or provided through analog circuitry, also for example. In this circuit topology, the controller 120G thereby controls the current level in the series LED 140 current path, and provides corresponding linear or switching control of the FET switches 310 to maintain any desired level of current during Q1 146 and Q2 147, such as directly tracking the input voltage/current levels, or step-wise tracking of the input voltage/current levels, or maintaining constant current levels, for example and without limitation. In addition, the various node voltages may also be utilized to provide such linear and/or switching control of the FET switches 310, in addition to feedback from current sensor 115. While illustrated using n-channel FETs, it should be noted that any other type or kind of switch, transistor (e.g., PFET, BJT (npn or pnp)), or combinations of switches or transistors (e.g., Darlington devices) may be utilized equivalently (including with respect to the other apparatuses 800, 900, 1000, 1100, 1200, 1300).

(146) FIG. 25 is a block and circuit diagram illustrating an eighth representative system 850 and an eighth representative apparatus 800 in accordance with the teachings of the present disclosure. The eighth representative apparatus 800 differs from the seventh representative apparatus 700 insofar as resistors 340 are connected in series with the FET switches 310, and corresponding voltage or current levels are provided as feedback to the controller 120H (inputs 330), thereby providing additional information to the controller 120H, such as the current level through each LED segment 175 and switch 310 as an LED segment 175 may be switched in or out of the series LED 140 current path. By measuring the current levels in each branch (LED segment 175), comparatively smaller resistances 340 may be utilized advantageously (such as in comparison to resistor 165), which may serve to decrease power dissipation. Depending on the selected embodiment, such a resistor 165 (as a current sensor 115) may therefore be omitted (not separately illustrated).

(147) FIG. 26 is a block and circuit diagram illustrating a ninth representative system 950 and a ninth representative apparatus 900 in accordance with the teachings of the present disclosure. The ninth representative apparatus 900 differs from the eighth representative apparatus 800 insofar as resistors 345 are connected on the high side in series with the FET switches 310, rather than on the low voltage side. In this representative embodiment, series resistors 345 (which have a resistance comparatively larger than low side resistors 340) are utilized to increase the impedance in their branch when the corresponding FET switch 310 is turned on, which may be utilized to improve electromagnetic interference (EMI) performance and eliminate the potential need for an additional EMI filter (not separately illustrated).

(148) FIG. 27 is a block and circuit diagram illustrating a tenth representative system 1050 and a tenth representative apparatus 1000 in accordance with the teachings of the present disclosure. The tenth representative apparatus 1000 differs from the eighth representative apparatus 800 insofar as additional current control is provided in the series LED 140 current path when all LED segments 175 are utilized (none are bypassed), utilizing switch 310.sub.n (also illustrated as an n-channel FET) and series resistor 340.sub.n, both coupled in series with the LED segments 175 in the series LED 140 current path. The switch 310.sub.n and series resistor 340.sub.n may be utilized to provide current limiting, with the controller 120I providing a corresponding gate voltage (generally in linear mode, although a switch mode may also be utilized) to the switch 310.sub.n to maintain the desired current level in the series LED 140 current path, in addition to the current limiting provided by series resistor 340.sub.n. This is particularly useful in the event the input voltage V.sub.IN becomes too high; with the input of V.sub.IN (input 162) and the feedback of the node voltage (from series resistor 340.sub.n at input 330.sub.n), by adjusting the gate voltage of the switch 310.sub.n, the controller 120I is able to prevent excess current flowing through the LED segments 175 in the series LED 140 current path. In addition, with this circuit topology, other resistors (such as 165, or resistors 340) may then be redundant or reduced in value, yet the controller 120I still has sufficient information to provide the desired performance, and depending on the selected embodiment, such a resistor 165 (as a current sensor 115) may therefore be omitted (not separately illustrated). It should also be noted that the switch 310.sub.n and series resistor 340.sub.n may also be located elsewhere in the tenth representative apparatus 1000, such as in between other LED segments 175, or at the top or beginning of the series LED 140 current path, or on the positive or negative voltage rails, and not just at the bottom or termination of the series LED 140 current path.

(149) FIG. 28 is a block and circuit diagram illustrating an eleventh representative system 1150 and an eleventh representative apparatus 1100 in accordance with the teachings of the present disclosure. The eleventh representative apparatus 1100 differs from the seventh representative apparatus 700 insofar as FET switches 310 are connected (at the corresponding anodes of the first LED 140 of an LED segment 175) such that the series LED 140 current path always includes the last LED segment 175.sub.n. Instead of being the last LED segment 175 to be turned on, the last LED segment 175.sub.n is the first LED segment 175 to be turned on and conducting in the series LED 140 current path. The circuit topology of the eleventh representative apparatus 1100 has additional advantages, namely, power for the controller 120G may be provided from the node voltage obtained at the last LED segment 175.sub.n, and various voltage and current levels may also be monitored at this node, potentially and optionally eliminating the feedback of voltage levels from other nodes in the series LED 140 current path, further simplifying the controller 120G design.

(150) FIG. 29 is a block and circuit diagram illustrating a twelfth representative system 1250 and a twelfth representative apparatus 1200 in accordance with the teachings of the present disclosure. As discussed previously with respect to the eighth representative apparatus 800, the twelfth representative apparatus 1200 differs from the eleventh representative apparatus 1100 insofar as resistors 340 are connected in series with the FET switches 310, and corresponding voltage or current levels are provided as feedback to the controller 120H (inputs 330), thereby providing additional information to the controller 120H, such as the current level through each LED segment 175 and switch 310 as an LED segment 175 may be switched in or out of the series LED 140 current path. By measuring the current levels in each branch (LED segment 175), comparatively smaller resistances 340 may be utilized advantageously (such as in comparison to resistor 165), which may serve to decrease power dissipation. In addition, with this circuit topology, other resistors (such as 165) may then be redundant or reduced in value, yet the controller 120H still has sufficient information to provide the desired performance, and depending on the selected embodiment, such a resistor 165 (as a current sensor 115) or other resistors 340 may therefore be omitted (not separately illustrated). Also not separately illustrated, but as discussed previously, resistors 345 may be utilized (instead of resistors 340) on the high side of the switches 310.

(151) FIG. 30 is a block and circuit diagram illustrating a thirteenth representative system 1350 and a thirteenth representative apparatus 1300 in accordance with the teachings of the present disclosure. As discussed previously with respect to the tenth representative apparatus 1000, the thirteenth representative apparatus 1300 differs from the twelfth representative apparatus 1200 insofar as additional current control is provided in the series LED 140 current path when all LED segments 175 are utilized (none are bypassed), utilizing switch 310.sub.n (also illustrated as an n-channel FET) and series resistor 340.sub.n, both coupled in series with the LED segments 175 in the series LED 140 current path. The switch 310.sub.n and series resistor 340.sub.n may be utilized to provide current limiting, with the controller 120I providing a corresponding gate voltage (generally in linear mode, although a switch mode may also be utilized) to the switch 310.sub.n to maintain the desired current level in the series LED 140 current path, in addition to the current limiting provided by series resistor 340.sub.n. This is also particularly useful in the event the input voltage V.sub.IN becomes too high; with the input of V.sub.IN (input 162) and the feedback of the node voltage (from series resistor 340.sub.n at input 330.sub.n), by adjusting the gate voltage of the switch 310.sub.n, the controller 120I is able to prevent excess current flowing through the LED segments 175 in the series LED 140 current path. In addition, with this circuit topology, other resistors (such as 165 or other resistors 340) may then be redundant or reduced in value, yet the controller 120I still has sufficient information to provide the desired performance, and depending on the selected embodiment, such a resistor 165 (as a current sensor 115) may therefore be omitted (not separately illustrated). It should also be noted that the switch 310.sub.n and series resistor 340.sub.n may also be located elsewhere in the thirteenth representative apparatus 1300, such as in between other LED segments 175, or at the top or beginning of the series LED 140 current path, or on the positive or negative voltage rails, and not just at the bottom or termination of the series LED 140 current path.

(152) It should also be noted that any of the various apparatus described herein may provide for a parallel combination of two or more series LED 140 current paths, with a first series LED 140 current path comprising one or more of LED segment 175.sub.1, LED segment 175.sub.2, through LED segment 715.sub.n, with a second series LED 140 current path comprising one or more of LED segment 175.sub.m+1, LED segment 175.sub.m+2, through LED segment 175.sub.n, and so on. As previously discussed with reference to FIG. 6, many different parallel combinations of LED segments 175 are available. Any of the LED segment 175 configurations may be easily extended to include additional parallel LED 140 strings and additional LED segments 175, or reduced to a fewer number of LED segments 175, and that the number of LEDs 140 in any given LED segment 175 may be higher, lower, equal, or unequal, and all such variations are within the scope of the claimed disclosure.

(153) Multiple strings of LEDs 140 arranged in parallel may also be used to provide higher power for a system, in addition to potentially increasing the power ratings of the LEDs 140 utilized in a single series LED 140 current path. Another advantage of such parallel combinations of switchable series LED 140 current paths circuit topologies is the capability of skewing the current wave shape of the parallel LED strings by configuring different numbers of LEDs 140 for each LED segment 175 and the various sense resistor values to achieve improved harmonic reduction in the AC line current waveform. In addition, any selected series LED 140 current path also may be turned off and shut down in the event of power de-rating, such as to reduce power when a maximum operating temperature is reached.

(154) In any of these various apparatus and system embodiments, it should be noted that light color compensation can be achieved by using various color LEDs 140, in addition to or in lieu of white LEDs 140. For example, one or more LEDs 140 within an LED segment 175 may be green, red, or amber, with color mixing and color control provided by the controller 120, which may be local or which may be remote or centrally located, through connecting the selected LED segment 175 into the series LED 140 current path or bypassing the selected LED segment 175.

(155) It should also be noted that the various apparatuses and systems described above are operable under a wide variety of conditions. For example, the various apparatuses and systems described above are also able to operate using three phase conditions, i.e., using a 360 Hz or 300 Hz rectifier output and not merely a 120 Hz or 100 Hz rectifier output from 60 Hz or 50 Hz lines, respectively. Similarly, the various apparatuses and systems described above also work in other systems, such as aircraft using 400 Hz input voltage sources. In addition, comparatively long decay type phosphors, on the order of substantially about a 2-3 msec decay time constant, may also be utilized in conjunction with the LEDs 140, such that the light emission from the energized phosphors average the LED 140 light output in multiple AC cycles, thereby serving to reduce the magnitude of any perceived ripple in the light output.

(156) In addition to the current control described above, the various apparatuses 700, 800, 900, 1000, 1100, 1200, and 1300 may also operate as described above with respect to apparatuses 100, 200, 300, 400, 500, and 600. For example, switching of LED segments 175 into or out of the series LED 140 current path may be based upon voltage levels, such as the various node voltages at controller inputs 320. Also for example, such as for power factor correction, switching of LED segments 175 into or out of the series LED 140 current path also may be based upon whether sufficient time remains in a time interval to reach a peak current level, as described above. In short, any of the various control methodologies described above for apparatuses 100, 200, 300, 400, 500, and 600 may also be utilized with any of the various apparatuses 700, 800, 900, 1000, 1100, 1200, and 1300.

(157) It should also be noted that any of the various controllers 120 described herein may be implemented using either or both digital logic and/or using automatic analog control circuitry. In addition, various controllers 120 may not require any type of memory 185 to store parameter values. Rather, the parameters used for comparison, to determine the switching of LED segments 175 in or out of the series LED 140 current path, may be embodied or determined by the values selected for the various components, such as the resistance values of resistors, for example and without limitation. Components such as transistors may also perform a comparison function, turning on when a corresponding voltage has been created at coupled resistors which, in turn, may perform a current sensing function.

(158) FIG. 31 is a flow diagram illustrating a third representative method in accordance with the teachings of the present disclosure, and provides a useful summary. The method begins, start step 705, with switching an LED segment 175 into the series LED 140 current path, step 710. Step 710 may also be omitted when at least one LED segment 175 is always in the series LED 140 current path. The current through the series LED 140 current path is monitored or sensed, step 715. When the measured or sensed current is not greater than or equal to a predetermined current level, step 720, the method iterates, returning to step 715. When the measured or sensed current is greater than or equal to a predetermined current level, step 720, a next LED segment 175 is switched into the series LED 140 current path, step 725. When all LED segments 175 have been switched into the series LED 140 current path, step 730, or when a maximum voltage or current level has been reached or the first half (Q1 146) of a rectified AC interval has elapsed (Q1 146 has ended), step 735, the method monitors the current level through the series LED 140 current path, step 740. When the measured or sensed current is not less than or equal to a predetermined current level, step 745, the method iterates, returning to step 740. When the measured or sensed current is less than or equal to a predetermined current level, step 745, a next LED segment 175 is switched out of the series LED 140 current path, step 755. When more than one LED segment 175 is remaining in the series LED 140 current path, the method iterates, returning to step 740. When all but one LED segments 175 have been switched out of the series LED 140 current path, step 760, and when the power is not off, step 765, the method iterates, returning to step 715, and otherwise the method may end, return step 770.

(159) Additional levels of control may also be implemented utilizing the various embodiments illustrated in FIGS. 1-31. For example, the sequencing of the switching of the various LED segments 175 into and out of the series LED 140 current path may be varied, such as in response to the detected current level in the series LED 140 current path. Continuing with the example, the various controllers 120-120I may be configured or programmed to switch the various LED segments 175 into and out of the series LED 140 current path in different orders, such as in response to the detected current level provided via current sensor 115, and may allow selected LED segments 175 to remain in the series LED 140 current path for selected or predetermined current levels, and may allow multiple series LED 140 current paths. Additional levels or kinds of voltage and current regulation may also be provided, as illustrated and discussed below with reference to FIGS. 32-46, which also may be implemented with the embodiments illustrated in FIGS. 1-31. For example, the various switches 110, 310 may be controlled and operated as current regulators 810 and/or controlled current sources 815, as discussed below and as illustrated in FIGS. 43-46, to provide regulation of the current levels through the series LED 140 current path, in addition to performing a switching function.

(160) FIG. 32 is a block and circuit diagram illustrating a fourteenth representative system 1450 and a fourteenth representative apparatus 1400 in accordance with the teachings of the present disclosure. Instead of utilizing the various switches (e.g., 110, 310) in an on or off (e.g., non-linear) mode only, one or more current regulators 810 (illustrated as current regulators 810.sub.1, 810.sub.2, through 810.sub.n) are utilized, to both (1) control or determine which LED segments 175 are in or out of the series LED 140 current path (or provide multiple series LED 140 current paths), and (2) control or determine the level of current through the series LED 140 current path and/or one or more LED segments 175 within the series LED 140 current path. In the representative embodiments illustrated in FIGS. 35 and 38-42, the one or more current regulators 810 are illustrated as controlled current sources 815, under the control of a controller 120. In addition, such current regulators 810 and/or controlled current sources 815 also may be implemented as illustrated in FIGS. 44-46, such as using various transistors (e.g., MOSFETs, bipolar transistors, for example and without limitation) or such transistors and operational amplifiers, and also as previously discussed (such as with reference to FIG. 4). Controller 120J (illustrated in FIGS. 35 and 38) differs from the previously discussed controllers 120 insofar as it provides additional control or regulation of current regulators 810 (rather than control of the on and off states of switches 110, 310), which may be implemented as current sources 815 in the other embodiments discussed below, for example. FIGS. 32, 35, and 38-42 also illustrate use of a fuse 103 in the system 1450 embodiment, which in addition to being placed or configured between the AC line or source 102 and the rectifier 105, may also be located between the rectifier 105 and any of the various apparatuses 1400, 1500, 1600, 1700, 1800, 1900, 2000.

(161) In addition, as discussed in greater detail below, one or more voltage regulators 805 may also be implemented to maintain a minimum, predetermined, or selected voltage level for the LED segments 175, for example, near the intervals of the zero crossing portions of a rectified voltage provided by rectifier 105, as illustrated by the representative voltage waveforms in FIGS. 33, 34, 36, and 37 discussed below. A wide variety of voltage regulators 805 are illustrated and discussed with reference to FIGS. 32, 35, and 38-42. In representative embodiments, the voltage regulator 805 is utilized to provide a voltage level sufficient for at least one LED 140 to be on and conducting (and emitting light) substantially or mostly at all times (provided the at least one LED 140 is in at least one series LED 140 current path), so that there is light output when the system 1450 is turned on, including during the intervals of the zero crossing portions of a rectified voltage.

(162) By regulating which LED segments 175 are in or out of the series LED 140 current path (or multiple series LED 140 current paths), regulating the level of current through the series LED 140 current path and/or one or more LED segments 175 within the series LED 140 current path(s), and by regulating the voltage level provided to the LED segments 175, a significant degree of control over corresponding light output is provided, including control over brightness (lumen output), duration of continuous light output (or flicker), and the power factor of the apparatuses and systems. For example, the various representative embodiments illustrated in FIGS. 32, 35, and 38-42 have a significantly reduced flicker index (defined as the amount of light above the average level divided by the total light output), in addition to providing a comparatively high power factor, at a selected or predetermined lumen output.

(163) Also for example, the various representative embodiments illustrated in FIGS. 32, 35, and 38-42 are also able to accommodate a wide range of input AC voltage levels (e.g., 220V for Asia and Europe and 120V for North America) and a wide range of tolerances for the LEDs 140 (e.g., variability of manufacture), which may have a wide range of forward voltage level drops, such as plus or minus 20%. Because of such variance in forward voltage drop, without the additional control provided by the representative embodiments illustrated in FIGS. 32, 35, and 38-42, various LED segments 175 may receive insufficient levels of current (and therefore would be dim or dark), while other LED segments 175 could receive excessive voltage or current levels and reduce system efficiency and lifespan.

(164) FIG. 33 is a graphical diagram illustrating representative voltage and current waveforms without the additional voltage regulation discussed above. As illustrated, a rectified voltage is provided, illustrated as waveform 901, with line current levels illustrated as waveform 903. In the vicinity of the zero crossing (illustrated as region 902, with the zero crossing referring to the interval surrounding the corresponding zero crossing of the non-rectified AC voltage (from AC source 102)), without the voltage regulator 805, the rectified voltage generally is not high enough to allow the LEDs 140 (or one or more LED segments 175) to be on and conducting within a series LED 140 current path, i.e., is not high enough to overcome the forward voltage required by one or more LEDs 140 and generate sufficient LED 140 current (region 904 of line current waveform 903). As a result, the LEDs 140 would not be providing light output during this zero crossing interval (region 902), with the potential for both perceived flicker and perceived variance in light output levels.

(165) FIG. 34 is a graphical diagram illustrating representative voltage, current, and light output waveforms using a representative voltage regulator 805. As illustrated, the voltage regulator 805 provides a higher voltage level (illustrated as waveform 906) during the zero crossing interval (filling the valley) of the rectified voltage (waveform 901), which is sufficient to allow at least one LED 140 (or more) to be on and conducting. For example, when implemented as voltage regulator 805A, discussed below with reference to FIG. 35, the capacitors 820, 821 are charged during the higher voltage (peak) portion or interval of the rectified voltage, and provide voltage and/or current to the one or more LED segments 175 at other times, such as during the zero crossing interval, and/or at other voltage levels (e.g., whenever the rectified voltage level drops below the voltage level provided by the voltage regulator 805A). FIG. 34 also illustrates line current (waveform 908) and light output (waveform 907), which also indicates varying light output levels. It should be noted that the LED 140 current in the series LED 140 current path (not separately illustrated in FIG. 34) generally will differ from the representative LED 140 current illustrated in FIG. 2, as the non-peak current levels in the series LED 140 current path will generally be higher than the levels shown in FIG. 2 during the zero crossing intervals, as determined by the voltage and/or current levels provided by the voltage regulator 805, for example and without limitation. In addition, it should be noted that the peak current levels in the series LED 140 current path may also be different than the levels illustrated in FIG. 2 (e.g., there may be multiple different peak current levels depending upon which LED segments 175 are in the series LED 140 current path(s), each of which also may be comparatively stable, flat or clamped at a particular current level, also for example and without limitation), as discussed in greater detail below.

(166) A wide variety of (switching) sequences of the current regulators 810, and corresponding current levels provided by the current regulators 810 (e.g., fixed, variable, programmable), are available and within the scope of the disclosure, for any and all of the various embodiments. For example, and as illustrated with the waveforms shown in FIG. 34, in a first representative current level and LED segment 175 switching sequence, the current levels are incremented sequentially from lower to higher as more LED segments 175 are included in the series LED 140 current path (first, lower current level for LED segment 175.sub.1 in the series LED 140 current path; followed by a second, mid-range current level for LED segment 175.sub.1 and LED segment 175.sub.2 in the series LED 140 current path, followed by a third, higher current level for LED segment 175.sub.1 through LED segment 175.sub.n in the series LED 140 current path), and sequentially decremented from higher back to lower as LED segments 175 are removed (or bypassed) from the series LED 140 current path (third, higher current level for LED segment 175.sub.1 through LED segment 175.sub.n in the series LED 140 current path, followed by a second, mid-range current level for LED segment 175.sub.1 and LED segment 175.sub.2 in the series LED 140 current path, followed by a first, lower current level for LED segment 175.sub.1 in the series LED 140 current path). For example: (1) in Q1 146, current regulator 810.sub.1 is on first and is set to 50 mA as a first, lower current level for LED segment 175.sub.1 in the series LED 140 current path, while the other current regulators 810 are off; current regulator 810.sub.1 is turned off, current regulator 810.sub.2 is on next and is set to 75 mA as a second, mid-range current level for LED segment 175.sub.1 and LED segment 175.sub.2 in the series LED 140 current path (also while the other current regulators 810 are off); current regulator 810.sub.2 is turned off, current regulator 810.sub.n is on last and is set to 100 mA as a third, higher current level for LED segment 175.sub.1 through LED segment 175.sub.n in the series LED 140 current path (also while the other current regulators 810 are off); and (2) in Q2 147, the sequence is reversed, such that current regulator 810.sub.n remains on and is set to 100 mA for LED segment 175.sub.1 through LED segment 175.sub.n in the series LED 140 current path (while the other current regulators 810 are off); current regulator 810.sub.n is turned off, current regulator 810.sub.2 is on next and is set to 75 mA for LED segment 175.sub.1 and LED segment 175.sub.2 in the series LED 140 current path (also while the other current regulators 810 are off); and lastly current regulator 810.sub.2 is turned off, current regulator 810.sub.1 is on next and is set to 50 mA for LED segment 175.sub.1 in the series LED 140 current path (also while the other current regulators 810 are off).

(167) In representative embodiments, and as discussed in greater detail below, a wide variety of non-sequential current regulation schemes also may be implemented and utilized to provide a significantly reduced flicker index, a more constant or stable level of light output, and a comparatively high power factor. For example, in various embodiments, the current levels are not incremented sequentially from lower to higher as additional LED segments 175 are included in the series LED 140 current path, and are not decremented sequentially from higher back to lower as LED segments 175 are removed (or bypassed) from the series LED 140 current path. Rather, for a system with three current regulators 810, for example, during a rectified voltage interval, as additional LED segments 175 are included in the series LED 140 current path in Q1 146, the current levels are sequenced from the second, mid-range current level, followed by the first, lower current level, then followed by the third, higher current level, and as LED segments 175 are removed (or bypassed) from the series LED 140 current path in Q2 147, the third, higher current level is then followed by the first, lower current level, and followed by the second, mid-range current level. Additional types or implementations of such non-sequential current regulation are discussed in greater detail below.

(168) FIG. 35 is a block and circuit diagram illustrating a fifteenth representative system 1550 and a fifteenth representative apparatus 1500 in accordance with the teachings of the present disclosure. As illustrated in FIG. 35, representative voltage regulator 805A comprises a first capacitor 820 coupled in series (through diode 831) to a second capacitor 821. The first and second capacitors 820, 821 may be implemented using any suitable type of capacitors, and are typically bulk capacitors, such as aluminum electrolytic capacitors, for example and without limitation. The first and second capacitors 820, 821 are charged in series (via diode 831) to a selected or predetermined voltage level during the higher voltage (e.g., peak) portion or interval of the rectified voltage (namely, whenever the rectified voltage level is higher than the voltage level provided by the voltage regulator 805A). Also during this higher voltage (peak) portion or interval of the rectified voltage, voltage and/or current generally are also being provided to the selected LED segments 175 of the series LED 140 current path(s), at predetermined or selected current levels. When the rectified voltage level is lower than the voltage level provided by the first and second capacitors 820, 821 (as part of the voltage regulator 805A), however, the first and second capacitors 820, 821 discharge in parallel (with the discharge path for the second capacitor 821 provided by diode 830, and diode 832 completing the circuit (return path) for capacitor 820), providing voltage and/or current to the LED segments 175 of the series LED 140 current path(s) during this lower, non-peak portion or interval of the rectified voltage. As a consequence, voltage and/or current sufficient for one or more LEDs 140 to be on and conducting (and emitting light) may be provided to the LED segments 175 of the series LED 140 current path(s) at all times or during any selected time interval.

(169) Continuing to refer to FIG. 35, additional control is provided by current sources 815 (illustrated as current sources 815.sub.1, 815.sub.2, through 815.sub.n), which are utilized to implement one or more current regulator(s) 810, and may be implemented as linear regulators, for example and without limitation, with several examples illustrated in FIGS. 44-46. The current sources 815 implement two functions in the representative system 1550 and representative apparatus 1500, and are under the control of a controller 120J. First, the current sources 815 effectively determine which LED segments 175 are in the series LED 140 current path(s) or are bypassed, functioning similarly to the various switches (110, 310) discussed previously. For example, when only current source 815.sub.2 is on, LED segments 175.sub.1 and 175.sub.2 are in the series LED 140 current path, and LED segment 175.sub.n is not in the series LED 140 current path; when only current source 815.sub.1 is on, LED segment 175.sub.1 is in the series LED 140 current path, and LED segments 175.sub.2 through 175.sub.n are not in the series LED 140 current path; and when only current source 815.sub.n is on, all LED segment 175.sub.1, 175.sub.2 through 175.sub.n are in the series LED 140 current path. Second, the current sources 815 determine the amount or maximum (peak) amount of current allowed through the LED segments 175 in the series LED 140 current path(s). The on or off status of the current sources 815 and/or the current levels of the current sources 815 may be determined dynamically by the controller 120J or other control logic, for example, using current level feedback provided by current sensor 115, implemented as illustrated using a current sense resistor 165; alternatively, the current levels and on/off status (switching on or off) of the current sources 815 may be predetermined or selected and provided as programmed input into the controller 120J; alternatively, the current levels and on/off status (switching on or off) of the current sources 815 may be predetermined or selected and provided as programmed input into the current sources 815 or other control logic.

(170) It should also be noted that the current levels for any of the current sources 815 may be fixed or variable, and may be predetermined, programmable, and/or under the control of the controller 120J (e.g., in response to the detected level of current in current sensor 115, such as to accommodate variations in line voltages). For example, a current source 815 may have a fixed current level, may have a variable level, may have a variable level up to a maximum level, and/or may have a current level determined by the controller 120J. For example, in the representative systems 1650, 1750 and representative apparatuses 1600, 1700 discussed below, the current levels of the current source 815.sub.3 and current source 815.sub.n are provided at levels to provide a comparatively or mostly constant light output overall (during successive rectified voltage intervals), rather than an increased light output due to more LED segments 175 being in the series LED 140 current path(s) or a reduced light output due to fewer LED segments 175 being in the series LED 140 current path(s).

(171) As mentioned above, a wide variety of (switching) sequences of the current sources 815, and corresponding current levels provided by the current sources 815 (e.g., fixed, variable, programmable), are available and within the scope of the disclosure, for any and all of the various embodiments. For example, in a first representative current sequence, the current levels are incremented sequentially from lower to higher as LED segments 175 are included in the series LED 140 current path (first, lower current level, followed by a second, mid-range current level, followed by a third, higher current level), and sequentially decremented from higher back to lower as LED segments 175 are removed (or bypassed) from the series LED 140 current path (third, higher current level, followed by a second, mid-range current level, followed by a first, lower current level): (1) in Q1 146, current source 815.sub.1 is on first and is set to 50 mA, while the other current sources 815 are off; current source 815.sub.1 is turned off, current source 815.sub.2 is on next and is set to 75 mA (also while the other current sources 815 are off); current source 815.sub.2 is turned off, current source 815.sub.n is on last and is set to 100 mA (also while the other current sources 815 are off); and (2) in Q2 147, current source 815.sub.n remains on and is set to 100 mA (while the other current sources 815 are off); current source 815.sub.n is turned off, current source 815.sub.2 is on next and is set to 75 mA (also while the other current sources 815 are off); and lastly current source 815.sub.2 is turned off, current source 815.sub.1 is on next and is set to 50 mA (also while the other current sources 815 are off).

(172) In another, second representative current sequence illustrated in FIG. 36, the current levels are not incremented sequentially from lower to higher as LED segments 175 are included in the series LED 140 current path, and are not decremented sequentially from higher back to lower as LED segments 175 are removed (or bypassed) from the series LED 140 current path. Rather, for a system with three current sources 815, the current levels are sequenced from the second, mid-range current level, followed by the first, lower current level, followed by the third, higher current level, followed by the first, lower current level, and followed by the second, mid-range current level, as follows: (1) in Q1 146, current source 815.sub.1 is on first and is set to 75 mA for LED segment 175.sub.1 in the series LED 140 current path, while the other current sources 815 are off; current source 815.sub.1 is turned off, current source 815.sub.2 is on next and is set to 50 mA for LED segment 175.sub.1 and LED segment 175.sub.2 in the series LED 140 current path (also while the other current sources 815 are off); current source 815.sub.2 is turned off, current source 815.sub.n is on last and is set to 100 mA for LED segment 175.sub.1 through LED segment 175.sub.n in the series LED 140 current path (also while the other current sources 815 are off); and (2) in Q2 147, current source 815.sub.n remains on and is set to 100 mA for LED segment 175.sub.1 through LED segment 175.sub.n in the series LED 140 current path (while the other current sources 815 are off); current source 815.sub.n is turned off, current source 815.sub.2 is on next and is set to 50 mA for LED segment 175.sub.1 and LED segment 175.sub.2 in the series LED 140 current path (also while the other current sources 815 are off); and lastly current source 815.sub.2 is turned off, current source 815.sub.1 is on next and is set to 75 mA for LED segment 175.sub.1 in the series LED 140 current path (also while the other current sources 815 are off).

(173) Using this non-sequential current regulation of the second example, when current source 815.sub.1 is on, the LED segment 175.sub.1 is driven at a second, mid-range current level (75 mA), which is higher than the current level used to drive both LED segment 175.sub.1 and LED segment 175.sub.2 when current source 815.sub.2 is on (50 mA). As a result, when current source 815.sub.1 is on, LED segment 175.sub.1 is operated at a brighter level during this interval, producing a greater light output than if driven at the first, lower current level. Similarly, when current source 815.sub.2 is on, LED segment 175.sub.1 and LED segment 175.sub.2 are operated at the first, lower current level; because multiple LED segments 175 are receiving this lower amount of current, however, the overall brightness and light output generated is substantially about the same (as LED segment 175.sub.1 being driven at the second, mid-range current level), resulting in a more stable, even or constant light output, without flicker, as illustrated in FIG. 36 (substantially stable light output with some increase in the vicinity of the peak of the rectified voltage level) and FIG. 37 (substantially constant light output throughout the rectified voltage interval).

(174) FIG. 36 is a graphical diagram illustrating representative voltage, line current, and light output waveforms for the fifteenth representative system 1550 and a fifteenth representative apparatus 1500, with the non-sequential current regulation (of the second representative current sequence discussed above) and also using a representative voltage regulator 805A. As illustrated, light output (waveform 911) is considerably more stable, without flicker, using this non-sequential current regulation: (1) in Q1 146, current source 815.sub.1 is on first and is set to 75 mA for LED segment 175.sub.1 in the series LED 140 current path, while the other current sources 815 are off; current source 815.sub.2 is on next and is set to 50 mA for LED segment 175.sub.1 and LED segment 175.sub.2 in the series LED 140 current path (also while the other current sources 815 are off); and current source 815.sub.n is on last and is set to 100 mA for LED segment 175.sub.1 through LED segment 175.sub.n in the series LED 140 current path (also while the other current sources 815 are off); and in Q2 147, current source 815.sub.n remains on and is set to 100 mA for LED segment 175.sub.1 through LED segment 175.sub.n in the series LED 140 current path (while the other current sources 815 are off); current source 815.sub.2 is on next and is set to 50 mA for LED segment 175.sub.1 and LED segment 175.sub.2 in the series LED 140 current path (also while the other current sources 815 are off); and lastly current source 815.sub.1 is on next and is set to 75 mA for LED segment 175.sub.1 in the series LED 140 current path (also while the other current sources 815 are off). The line current waveform 909 also reflects the switching of the current sources 815 and the voltage/current provided by voltage regulator 805A, with no current provided by the AC 102 line when the voltage regulator 805A is providing current to the LEDs 140 (the valley fill portion near the zero crossing interval), followed by higher line current levels as the various current sources 815 are switched on and off (and capacitors 820, 821 are charged) with their corresponding current levels for the for LED segment(s) 175 in the series LED 140 current path (LED 140 current not separately illustrated).

(175) In a third representative current sequence, only two current sources 815.sub.1 and 815.sub.2 are utilized with two LED segments 175.sub.1 and 175.sub.2 of the system and apparatus illustrated in FIG. 35. In this sequence, the current levels are not incremented sequentially from lower to higher and are not decremented sequentially from higher back to lower. Rather, for a system with two current sources 815, the current levels are sequenced from the higher to the lower level, followed by the lower current level to the higher current level, as follows: (1) in Q1 146, current source 815.sub.1 is on first and is set to 75 mA for LED segment 175.sub.1 in the series LED 140 current path, while the other current sources 815 are off; current source 815.sub.1 is turned off, current source 815.sub.2 is on next and is set to 50 mA for LED segment 175.sub.1 and LED segment 175.sub.2 in the series LED 140 current path (also while the other current sources 815 are off); and (2) in Q2 147, current source 815.sub.2 remains on and is set to 50 mA for LED segment 175.sub.1 and LED segment 175.sub.2 in the series LED 140 current path (while the other current sources 815 are off); and lastly current source 815.sub.2 is turned off, current source 815.sub.1 is on next and is set to 75 mA for LED segment 175.sub.1 in the series LED 140 current path (also while the other current sources 815 are off). It should be noted that this third sequence is similar to the second sequence, except that the third or n.sup.th LED segment 175.sub.n and the third or n.sup.th current source 815.sub.n are not utilized.

(176) FIG. 37 is a graphical diagram illustrating representative voltage, line current and light output waveforms for the fifteenth representative system 1550 and a fifteenth representative apparatus 1500, with the non-sequential current regulation (of the third representative current sequence discussed above) and also using a representative voltage regulator 805A. As illustrated, light output (waveform 912) is considerably more stable, effectively flat, and without flicker, using this third representative non-sequential current regulation described in the immediately preceding paragraph. The line current waveform 913 also reflects the switching of the current sources 815 and the voltage/current provided by voltage regulator 805A, with no current provided by the AC line when the voltage regulator 805A is providing current (the valley fill portion), followed by higher line current levels as the various current sources 815 are switched on and off with their corresponding current levels (LED 140 current also not separately illustrated).

(177) While three sequences have been discussed and illustrated using two and three LED segments 175, it should be noted that innumerable additional current regulation sequences and permutations are available, are within the scope of the disclosure, and are largely dependent upon the number of LED segments 175 and current sources 815 (current regulators 810 and/or switches 110, 310) with corresponding current levels which may be utilized in any selected embodiment. For example, the current sources 815 may be decremented sequentially from higher to lower in Q1 146 as LED segments 175 are included in the series LED 140 current path and incremented sequentially from lower to higher in Q2 147 as LED segments 175 are removed (or bypassed) from the series LED 140 current path. Also for example, a wide variety of non-sequential current regulation patterns are also available, e.g., a higher to a first mid-level to a second (higher) mid-level to a lowest current level in Q1 146 as LED segments 175 are included in the series LED 140 current path, etc. In addition, the sequencing for Q2 147 may also have a different order, not merely the reverse order of Q1 146. Also in addition, different sequences (sequential and non-sequential) may also be utilized for determining which LED segments 175 are included in or removed from the series LED 140 current path, and their corresponding current levels. All such current regulation sequencing combinations and permutations for LED 140 switching and current level regulation are within the scope of the disclosure, and are applicable to any and all of the various representative embodiments.

(178) FIG. 38 is a block and circuit diagram illustrating a sixteenth representative system 1650 and a sixteenth representative apparatus 1600 in accordance with the teachings of the present disclosure. As illustrated in FIG. 38, in contrast to the representative voltage regulator 805A, the representative voltage regulator 805B is not coupled directly to the rectifier 105, but is coupled through an LED segment 175.sub.1 to the rectifier 105, further illustrating the wide variety of circuit configurations within the scope of the disclosure. The representative voltage regulator 805B comprises a capacitor 840 and diode 841, with the capacitor 840 coupled in series to a current source 815.sub.1 (as an embodiment of a current regulator 810), and with the diode 841 coupled anti-parallel to the current source 815.sub.1 to provide a return current path when capacitor 840 discharges. The capacitor 840 also may be implemented using any suitable type of capacitor, and also is typically a bulk capacitor, for example and without limitation. The capacitor 840 is charged through LED segment 175.sub.1 to a selected or predetermined voltage level during the comparatively higher voltage (peak) portion or interval of the rectified voltage when current source 815.sub.1 is on and the voltage level at node 842 (the cathode of the last LED 140 of LED segment 175.sub.1) is higher than the voltage level provided by the voltage regulator 805B (capacitor 840). Also during this higher voltage (peak) portion or interval of the rectified voltage, voltage and/or current are also being provided to LED segment 175.sub.1 and, depending upon whether current source 815.sub.2 and/or current source 815.sub.n are on and conducting and depending upon their corresponding current level settings, to other selected LED segments 175 of the series LED 140 current path(s), at predetermined or selected current levels, providing multiple possible or available series LED 140 current paths (e.g., through LED segment 175.sub.1 only; through LED segment 175.sub.1 and LED segment 175.sub.2 only; and/or through LED segment 175.sub.1, LED segment 175.sub.2, and through LED segment 175.sub.n).

(179) For example, during this peak interval, to maintain a more constant light output, current source 815.sub.n (or current source 815.sub.2) may be adjusted accordingly (e.g., throttled back), such as set to a lower current level than current source 815.sub.1, so the majority of current charges capacitor 840 and a lower level of current flows through LED segment 175.sub.2 through LED segment 175.sub.n, with all current also flowing through LED segment 175.sub.1 in the series LED 140 current path. When the voltage level at node 842 is comparatively lower during other portions of the rectified AC voltage cycle, no current is provided to LED segment 175.sub.1, and the capacitor 840 discharges (with the completion of the discharge path or circuit provided by diode 841), providing voltage and/or current to the other LED segments 175.sub.2 and/or 175.sub.2 through 175.sub.n of the series LED 140 current path(s) during this lower, non-peak portion or interval of the rectified voltage. As a consequence, voltage and/or current sufficient for one or more LEDs 140 to be on and conducting (and emitting light) may be provided to the LED segments 175 of the series LED 140 current path(s) at all times or during any selected time interval, with the sixteenth representative system 1650 and sixteenth representative apparatus 1600 providing a flicker index that can be driven down to about or close to zero, depending upon the implementation and selected sequencing of current regulation.

(180) In addition, any of the various sequential and non-sequential types of current regulation discussed above may also be utilized with the sixteenth representative system 1650 and a sixteenth representative apparatus 1600, such as a fourth representative current sequence, for example. In this fourth sequence, assuming the capacitor 840 has been charged, during the zero crossing interval of Q1 146, current is typically sourced by the capacitor 840. During this zero crossing interval of Q1 146, either current source 815.sub.2 and/or current source 815.sub.n may be on and conducting, with LED segment 175.sub.2 in the series LED 140 current path and/or with LED segment 175.sub.2 through LED segment 175.sub.n in the series LED 140 current path, respectively, e.g., for lower or higher voltage levels, as discussed above. Subsequently in Q1 146, in the vicinity of the peak rectified AC current/voltage, current source 815.sub.1 then conducts, with LED segment 175.sub.1 in the series LED 140 current path, in any of several ways. If only current source 815.sub.1 is on and conducting, then only LED segment 175.sub.1 is in the series LED 140 current path (with capacitor 840). If either or both current source 815.sub.2 and/or current source 815.sub.n are also on and conducting with current source 815.sub.1, then LED segment 175.sub.1 with LED segment 175.sub.2 are in the series LED 140 current path, and/or LED segment 175.sub.1 with LED segment 175.sub.2 through LED segment 175.sub.n are in the series LED 140 current path, or both. This sequence may be reversed for Q2 147, or another sequence may be utilized. As previously discussed, the different current levels provided by the current sources 815 may also be sequential or non-sequential with the addition and/or removal of LED segments 175 respectively to or from the series LED 140 current path.

(181) FIG. 39 is a block and circuit diagram illustrating a seventeenth representative system 1750 and a seventeenth representative apparatus 1700 in accordance with the teachings of the present disclosure. As illustrated in FIG. 39, the representative voltage regulator 805B also is not coupled directly to the rectifier 105, but is coupled through an LED segment 175.sub.1 and diode 843 to the rectifier 105, also illustrating the wide variety of circuit configurations within the scope of the disclosure. The various current sources 815 are controlled by controller 120K, which differs from the previously discussed controllers 120 insofar as it provides control or regulation of current sources 815 (rather than switches 110, 310), and as illustrated, is also configured to receive additional feedback signals from the voltage and current levels developed across resistors 855, 856, which function as additional voltage and/or current sensors. The representative voltage regulator 805B also comprises a capacitor 840 and diode 841, but with the capacitor 840 coupled in series to a current source 815.sub.2 (as an embodiment of a current regulator 810), and with the diode 841 coupled anti-parallel to the current source 815.sub.2. The capacitor 840 also may be implemented using any suitable type of capacitor, and also is typically a bulk capacitor, for example and without limitation. The capacitor 840 is charged through LED segment 175.sub.1 and diode 843 to a selected or predetermined voltage level during the higher voltage (peak) portion or interval of the rectified voltage when current source 815.sub.2 is on and the voltage level at node 844 (the cathode of diode 843) is higher than the voltage level provided by the voltage regulator 805B. Also during this higher voltage (peak) portion or interval of the rectified voltage, voltage and/or current typically are also being provided to LED segment 175.sub.1 and, depending upon whether current source 815.sub.3 and current source 815.sub.n are on and conducting and depending upon their corresponding current level settings, to other selected LED segments 175 of the series LED 140 current path(s), at predetermined or selected current levels, providing multiple series LED 140 current paths (e.g., through LED segment 175.sub.1 only; through LED segment 175.sub.1 and LED segment 175.sub.2 only; and/or also through LED segment 175.sub.1, LED segment 175.sub.2, and through LED segment 175.sub.n). For example, during this peak interval, current source 815.sub.n may be set to a lower current level than current source 815.sub.2, so the majority of current charges capacitor 840 and a lower level of current flows through LED segment 175.sub.2 through LED segment 175.sub.n, with all current also flowing through LED segment 175.sub.1.

(182) When the voltage level at node 844 is or becomes lower, the capacitor 840 also discharges (with the completion of the discharge path or circuit provided by diode 841), providing voltage and/or current to the other LED segments 175.sub.2 and/or 175.sub.2 through 175.sub.n of the series LED 140 current path(s) during this lower, non-peak portion or interval of the rectified voltage. In addition, also during this portion of the rectified AC cycle, current source 815.sub.1 may also be on and conducting, with an additional series LED 140 current path provided for LED segment 175.sub.1, resulting in multiple and separate series LED 140 current paths. As a consequence, voltage and/or current sufficient for one or more LEDs 140 to be on and conducting (and emitting light) may be provided to the LED segments 175 of the series LED 140 current path(s) at all times or during any selected time interval. In addition, this seventeenth representative system 1750 and a seventeenth representative apparatus 1700 provides an even greater power factor (e.g., greater than 0.9) and an equal or even more reduced flicker index.

(183) In addition, any of the various sequential and non-sequential types of current regulation discussed above may also be utilized with the seventeenth representative system 1750 and a seventeenth representative apparatus 1700, such as a fifth representative current sequence, for example. In this fifth sequence, assuming the capacitor 840 has been charged, during the zero crossing interval of Q1 146, current is typically sourced by the capacitor 840. During this zero crossing interval of Q1 146, either current source 815.sub.3 and/or current source 815.sub.n may be on and conducting, with LED segment 175.sub.2 in the series LED 140 current path and/or with LED segment 175.sub.2 through LED segment 175.sub.n in the series LED 140 current path, respectively, e.g., for lower or higher voltage levels, as discussed above. In addition, at these lower rectified AC voltage levels in Q1 146, current source 815.sub.1 may also be on and conducting, with an additional series LED 140 current path provided for LED segment 175.sub.1. Subsequently in Q1 146, in the vicinity of the peak rectified AC current/voltage, current source 815.sub.2 then conducts, with LED segment 175.sub.1 in the series LED 140 current path, in either of several ways. If only current source 815.sub.2 is on and conducting, then only LED segment 175.sub.1 is in the series LED 140 current path (with diode 843 and capacitor 840). If either or both current source 815.sub.3 and/or current source 815.sub.n are also on and conducting with current source 815.sub.2, then LED segment 175.sub.1 with LED segment 175.sub.2 are in the series LED 140 current path, and/or LED segment 175.sub.1 with LED segment 175.sub.2 through LED segment 175.sub.n are in the series LED 140 current path, or both, at lower current levels and reduced brightness. Additionally, capacitor 840 is also being charged during this interval of the peak rectified AC current/voltage. This sequence may be reversed for Q2 147, or another sequence may be utilized. As previously discussed, the different current levels provided by the current sources 815 may also be sequential or non-sequential with the addition and/or removal of LED segments 175 respectively to or from the series LED 140 current path.

(184) FIG. 40 is a block and circuit diagram illustrating an eighteenth representative system 1850 and an eighteenth representative apparatus 1800 in accordance with the teachings of the present disclosure. As illustrated in FIG. 40, the representative voltage regulator 805C also is not coupled directly to the rectifier 105, but is coupled through an LED segment 175.sub.1 and diode 843 to the rectifier 105, also illustrating the wide variety of circuit configurations within the scope of the disclosure. The various current sources 815 are controlled by controller 120L, which differs from the previously discussed controllers 120 insofar as it provides control or regulation of current sources 815 (rather than switches 110, 310), and as illustrated, is configured to receive additional feedback signals from the voltage and current levels developed across resistor 857, which functions as an additional voltage and/or current sensor (in addition to resistor 165). The representative voltage regulator 805C comprises a controlled current source 815.sub.2, a capacitor 840, and diode 841, with the capacitor 840 coupled in series to current source 815.sub.2, and with the diode 841 coupled anti-parallel to the current source 815.sub.2. The capacitor 840 also may be implemented using any suitable type of capacitor, and also is typically a bulk capacitor, for example and without limitation. The capacitor 840 is charged through LED segment 175.sub.1 and diode 843 to a selected or predetermined voltage level during the higher voltage (peak) portion or interval of the rectified voltage when current source 815.sub.2 is on and the voltage level at node 845 (the cathode of diode 843) is higher than the voltage level provided by the voltage regulator 805C.

(185) In contrast to the embodiment illustrated in FIG. 39, this representative system 1850 and apparatus 1800 utilizes a discharge path for the capacitor 840 through LED segment 175.sub.2 and current source 815.sub.1. In addition, when current source 815.sub.1 is on and conducting, depending upon the voltage at node 845, LED segment 175.sub.2 or LED segment 175.sub.1 and LED segment 175.sub.2 may be in the series LED 140 current path(s). In a representative embodiment for sequencing of current regulation, generally current source 815.sub.1 remains on during all of Q1 146 and Q2 147, although other current regulation sequences may also be utilized, as there is virtually always some energy on capacitor 840 once it has been charged.

(186) Any of the various sequential and non-sequential types of current regulation discussed above may also be utilized with the representative system 1850 and apparatus 1800, such as a sixth representative current sequence, for example. In this sixth sequence, assuming the capacitor 840 has been charged, during the zero crossing interval of Q1 146, current is typically sourced by the capacitor 840. During this zero crossing interval of Q1 146, capacitor 840 is discharging, current source 815.sub.1 is on and conducting, and LED segment 175.sub.2 is in a first series LED 140 current path, with current source 815.sub.1 regulating the amount of current through this first series LED 140 current path. Also during this lower voltage portion of the rectified AC voltage, as the rectified AC voltage level becomes sufficient, either current source 815.sub.3 and/or current source 815.sub.n also may be on and conducting, with LED segment 175.sub.1 and LED segment 175.sub.3 in a second series LED 140 current path and/or with LED segment 175.sub.1, LED segment 175.sub.3 through LED segment 175.sub.n in the second series LED 140 current path, respectively, e.g., for lower or higher voltage levels, as discussed above. Subsequently in Q1 146, in the vicinity of the peak rectified AC current/voltage, current source 815.sub.2 then conducts, with LED segment 175.sub.1 in the series LED 140 current path(s), in either of several ways. If only current source 815.sub.2 is on and conducting, then only LED segment 175.sub.1 is in the series LED 140 current path (with diode 843 and capacitor 840). If current source 815.sub.1 is also on and conducting with current source 815.sub.2, then LED segment 175.sub.1 with LED segment 175.sub.2 are also in a series LED 140 current path. Additionally, capacitor 840 is also being charged during this interval of the peak rectified AC current/voltage. Generally, current source 815.sub.3 through current source 815.sub.n are off or are conducting at reduced levels during this peak portion of the rectified AC voltage, in order to keep the light output substantially constant and for higher efficiency. This sequence may be reversed for Q2 147, or another sequence may be utilized. As previously discussed, the different current levels provided by the current sources 815 may also be sequential or non-sequential with the addition and/or removal of LED segments 175 respectively to or from the series LED 140 current path.

(187) FIG. 41 is a block and circuit diagram illustrating a nineteenth representative system 1950 and a nineteenth representative apparatus 1900 in accordance with the teachings of the present disclosure, and illustrates additional switching of LED segments 175 to be in or out of the series LED 140 current path. Such additional switching capability is particularly useful for accommodating variances in the magnitude of the voltage levels provided on the AC line and improves efficiency, as more or fewer LED segments 175 may be switched in or out of the series LED 140 current path depending upon the currently available voltage levels, which may be highly variable. While not separately illustrated, such additional switching of the LED segments 175 also may be combined with any of the various embodiments and current regulation sequences disclosed herein. For example, the apparatus 1900 and system 1950 embodiments are illustrated with a voltage regulator 805B coupled (at node 873) to a cathode of the last LED 140 in LED segment 175.sub.2; alternatively, a voltage regulator 805 for these embodiments may be any of the voltage regulators 805, 805A, 805B, 805C in any of the various circuit locations described herein and/or their equivalents. Also alternatively, voltage regulator 805 may be omitted from the apparatus 1900 and system 1950 embodiments.

(188) Referring to FIG. 41, switches 860 (illustrated as switches 860.sub.1, 860.sub.2, through 860.sub.n) are under the control of controller 120M, and may be implemented or embodied as any of type of switch or transistor, such as the various types of switches (110, 310) described above. Controller 120M differs from the previously discussed controllers 120 insofar as it provides both control over switching of switches 860 and control or regulation of current sources 815, in addition to receiving feedback from a current sensor 115 implemented using resistor 165. When all of the switches 860 are closed (e.g., on and conducting), various LED segments 175 are in parallel in pairs (or tuples) 176 with each other (pairwise, as illustrated, as pairs or tuples 176.sub.1, 176.sub.2 through 176.sub.n), and are further in series with the other LED segments 175 (which are also pairwise in parallel, as illustrated), forming the series LED 140 current path. While illustrated with two LED segments 175 being in parallel in pairs 176 (as a two-member tuple), with each parallel strand 176 in series with each other, such a switching arrangement may be extended to additional parallel and series LED segments 175, such as forming a tuple of parallel LED segments 175 (e.g., triple, quadruple, pentuple, etc.). When all of the switches 860 are open (e.g., off and nonconducting), all of the LED segments 175 are in series with each other and in the series LED 140 current path, which also includes diodes 865 (illustrated as diodes 865.sub.1, 865.sub.2 through 865.sub.n).

(189) When one of the switches 860 is open and the other switch 860 is closed within the same pair or tuple 176 of LED segments 175, one of the LED segments 175 of that pair or tuple 176 is removed or out of the series LED 140 current path. With the opening of one of the switches 860.sub.1, 860.sub.3, and/or 860.sub.n1 while the other switches 860.sub.2, 860.sub.4, and/or 860.sub.n of the corresponding tuple 176 remain closed, a corresponding LED segment 175.sub.2, 175.sub.4, and/or 175.sub.n will no longer be conducting in the pair or tuple 176 and is no longer in the series LED 140 current path. With the opening of one of the switches 860.sub.2, 860.sub.4, and/or 860.sub.n while the other switches 860.sub.1, 860.sub.3, and/or 860.sub.n1 of the corresponding tuple 176 remain closed, a corresponding LED segment 175.sub.1, 175.sub.3, and/or 175.sub.n1 will no longer be conducting in the pair or tuple 176 and is no longer in the series LED 140 current path.

(190) Any of the types of sequential and non-sequential sequencing of current regulation (using current sources 815) may be utilized with the additional LED segment 175 switching provided in the representative system 1950 and apparatus 1900 embodiments. As previously discussed, the different current levels provided by the current sources 815 may also be sequential or non-sequential with the addition and/or removal of LED segments 175 (or LED segment 175 tuple 176), respectively to or from the series LED 140 current path. For example, when current source 815.sub.2 is on and conducting at its selected or programmed current level (e.g., a lower current level) while current source 815.sub.1 and current source 815.sub.3 are off and nonconducting, for example, LED tuple 176.sub.n is not in the series LED 140 current path, and depending upon the voltage at node 873 and whether voltage regulator 805B is being charged or is sourcing current, LED tuple 176.sub.2 or LED tuples 176.sub.1 and 176.sub.2 are in the series LED 140 current path.

(191) In the following example, the apparatus 1900 and system 1950 embodiments are presumed to not utilize or incorporate the optional voltage regulator 805B, and sequential current regulation is implemented. Initially in Q1 146, when the voltage is comparatively low during the vicinity of the zero crossing interval of the rectified AC voltage from rectifier 105, the controller 120M enables current source 815.sub.1 (while current source 815.sub.2 and current source 815.sub.n are off and nonconducting) and turns on (closes) both switches 860.sub.1 and 860.sub.2. This puts LED segments 175.sub.1 and 175.sub.2 in parallel (tuple 176.sub.1), allowing for conduction and light emission when the rectified AC voltage is comparatively lower, as the rectified AC voltage only needs to overcome one LED 140 forward voltage (depending upon the number of LEDs 140 in the LED segment 175). As the voltage continues to rise in Q1 146, the controller 120M turns on (closes) switches 860.sub.3 and 860.sub.4, putting LED segments 175.sub.3 and 175.sub.4 in parallel (tuple 176.sub.2) and in a series LED 140 current path with the parallel pair or tuple 176.sub.1 of LED segments 175.sub.1 and 175.sub.2, and enables current source 815.sub.2 while disabling current source 815.sub.1. As the voltage continues to rise in Q1 146, the controller 120M turns on (closes) switches 860.sub.n1 and 860.sub.n, putting LED segments 175.sub.n1 and 175.sub.n in parallel (tuple 176.sub.n) and in a series LED 140 current path with the parallel pair or tuple 176.sub.1 of LED segments 175.sub.1 and 175.sub.2 and with the parallel pair or tuple 176.sub.2 of LED segments 175.sub.3 and 175.sub.4, and enables current source 815.sub.n while disabling current source 815.sub.2. At this point, all switches 860 are on (closed) and conducting, and the current through each LED segment 175 within a pair or tuple 176 is about one-half of the current provided or allowed by the corresponding current source 815 (which, at this point, is current source 815.sub.n).

(192) As the rectified AC voltage continues to rise in Q1 146 (e.g., by at least one forward voltage level of an LED 140), the controller 120M begins to sequentially turn off (open) switches 860, beginning with turning off switches 860.sub.n1 and 860.sub.n, putting LED segments 175.sub.n1 and 175.sub.n in series through diode 865.sub.n (and in the series LED 140 current path with the parallel pair or tuple 176.sub.1 of LED segments 175.sub.1 and 175.sub.2 and with the parallel pair or tuple 176.sub.2 of LED segments 175.sub.3 and 175.sub.4), with voltage drops continuing to match the higher rectified AC voltage levels. As the rectified AC voltage continues to rise further in Q1 146 (e.g., by at least one forward voltage level of an LED 140), the controller 120M turns off switches 860.sub.3 and 860.sub.4, putting LED segments 175.sub.3 and 175.sub.4 in series through diode 865.sub.2 and in the series LED 140 current path with the LED segments 175.sub.n1 and 175.sub.n and the parallel pair or tuple 176.sub.1 of LED segments 175.sub.1 and 175.sub.2, followed by turning off switches 860.sub.1 and 860.sub.2, putting LED segments 175.sub.1 and 175.sub.2 in series through diode 865.sub.1 and in series with all of the other LED segments 175, with voltage drops across the LEDs 140 continuing to match the higher rectified AC voltage levels. It should be noted that the turning off of the various switches in this portion of Q1 146 may occur in any other order as well, with the same result, that all LED segments 175 are in series in the series LED 140 current path. This sequence may be reversed for Q2 147, or another sequence may be utilized.

(193) In the switching scheme discussed for the representative system 1950 and apparatus 1900, it is evident that at least one LED segment 175 is generally on, except potentially when the rectified AC voltage is close to zero, providing very little flicker and enabling higher system efficiency. If desired, a voltage regulator 805 may be utilized, to provide power during the zero crossing intervals, as discussed above, such as the illustrated voltage regulator 805B.

(194) The number of LEDs 140 which may be needed in series (N.sub.SERIES) to match the maximum rectified AC voltage level (V.sub.PEAK) for a given forward voltage drop (V.sub.FORWARD) may be calculated as: N.sub.SERIES=V.sub.PEAK/V.sub.FORWARD. Assuming that an LED 140 forward voltage drop is about 3.2 V, about fifty LEDs 140 are needed for 120V AC line application, while about ninety LEDs 140 are needed for 220V AC line application. The number of required LEDs 140 may be reduced significantly, e.g., by about one-half, utilizing the representative system 2050 and apparatus 2000 illustrated and discussed below with reference to FIG. 42.

(195) FIG. 42 is a block and circuit diagram illustrating a twentieth representative system 2050 and a twentieth representative apparatus 2000 in accordance with the teachings of the present disclosure. As illustrated in FIG. 42, an additional diode 871 is utilized to route current through the LED segment 175.sub.1 during a zero crossing interval of the rectified AC voltage cycle. In this seventh sequence, assuming the capacitor 840 has been charged, during the zero crossing interval of Q1 146, current is typically sourced by the capacitor 840. During this zero crossing interval of Q1 146, capacitor 840 is discharging through diode 871, current source 815.sub.1 is on and conducting, and LED segment 175.sub.1 is in a series LED 140 current path, with current source 815.sub.1 regulating the amount of current through this series LED 140 current path. Also during Q1 146, as the rectified AC voltage level becomes sufficient, current source 815.sub.1 remains on and conducting, with LED segment 175.sub.1 in the series LED 140 current path and receiving power from the rectified AC voltage. Subsequently in Q1 146, in the vicinity of about one-half of the peak rectified AC current/voltage, current source 815.sub.n then conducts (with current source 815.sub.1 being off), with LED segment 175.sub.1 in the series LED 140 current path with capacitor 840, and the capacitor 840 is also being charged during this interval. This sequence may be reversed for Q2 147, or another sequence may be utilized. While illustrated using one LED segment 175.sub.1, the concept of using one or more diodes 871 to route current through the same LED segments 175 during other parts of the AC cycle may be extended to additional LED segments 175 with corresponding current sources 815.

(196) FIG. 43 is a flow diagram illustrating a fourth representative method in accordance with the teachings of the present disclosure, and provides a useful summary. The method begins, start step 905, with providing a (sufficient) voltage during the zero crossing interval of the (rectified) AC voltage, step 910, and providing for an LED segment 175 to be in an LED 140 current path and regulating the current through the LED 140 current path, step 915. Generally, the LED 140 current path is a series LED 140 current path, although as described above with reference to FIG. 41, the LED 140 current path may be parallel initially and terminally (in the vicinity of the zero crossing interval of the rectified AC voltage), and in series at other times. While the first part of step 915 may also be omitted when at least one LED segment 175 is always in the LED 140 current path (e.g., in FIG. 38), the current through the LED 140 current path should still be regulated. The current through the series LED 140 current path is monitored or sensed, step 920. When the measured or sensed current has not reached or is not about equal to a predetermined current level, step 925, the method iterates, returning to step 920. As mentioned above, the regulated, predetermined current levels may be sequential or non-sequential. When the measured or sensed current has reached or is about equal to a predetermined current level, step 925, the method provides for a next LED segment 175 (if available) to be in or out of the LED 140 current path and the current through the LED 140 current path is regulated, step 930. When there is an additional LED segment(s) to be in or out of the LED 140 current path, step 935, the method iterates, returning to step 920. When there is a peak voltage or current level, step 940, a voltage regulator is charged, step 945. When the device is still on, i.e., the power has not been turned off, step 950, the method iterates, returning to step 910, and otherwise the method may end, return step 955. It should be noted that using the current regulation of the disclosure, the control methodology does not need to monitor whether the rectified AC voltage is in Q1 146 or Q2 147, and instead, the controller 120 (and 120A-120M) may make switching and regulation decisions based upon the sensed or measured current levels (and voltage levels, if desired), in any of the various LED 140 current paths. It should also be noted that the steps of the method of FIG. 43 may occur in a wide variety of orders, and depending on the implementation, various steps may be omitted or are optional.

(197) FIG. 44 is a block and circuit diagram illustrating a first representative first current regulator 810A and/or current source 815A in accordance with the teachings of the present disclosure. As illustrated, the first current regulator 810A or a current source 815A may be implemented using a switch or transistor, illustrated as a bipolar junction transistor 310A, having its base coupled to a controller 120-120M, and further being coupled in any of the various configurations illustrated for a second current regulator 810 and/or current source 815, such as having its collector coupled to a cathode of an LED of an LED segment 175 and its emitter coupled to a current sensor 115, such as a resistor 165.

(198) Such a first current regulator 810A and/or current source 815A is controlled by the controller 120-120M using any of the various types and sequences of current regulation discussed herein.

(199) FIG. 45 is a block and circuit diagram illustrating a second representative second current regulator 810B and/or current source 815B in accordance with the teachings of the present disclosure. As illustrated, the second current regulator 810B or a current source 815B may be implemented using a switch or transistor, illustrated as a field effect transistor 110, 310, coupled at its gate to an operational amplifier 180 which, in turn, is coupled through its non-inverting terminal to a controller 120-120M, and further being coupled in any of the various configurations illustrated for a current regulator 810 and/or current source 815, such as having the drain of the field effect transistor 110, 310 coupled to a cathode of an LED of an LED segment 175 and its source coupled to a current sensor 115, such as a resistor 165. Such a second current regulator 810B and/or current source 815B, coupled through the non-inverting terminal of the operational amplifier 180 to a controller 120-120M, is controlled by the controller 120-120M using any of the various types and sequences of current regulation discussed herein.

(200) FIG. 46 is a block and circuit diagram illustrating a third representative third current regulator 810C and/or current source 815C in accordance with the teachings of the present disclosure. As illustrated, the third current regulator 810C or a current source 815C may be implemented as previously discussed and illustrated in FIG. 4, using a plurality of switches or transistors, illustrated as field effect transistor 110, 310, coupled at its gate to an operational amplifier 180 which, in turn, is coupled through its non-inverting terminal to a controller 120-120M, and further being coupled in any of the various configurations illustrated for a current regulator 810 and/or current source 815, such as having the drain of the field effect transistor 110, 310 coupled to a cathode of an LED of an LED segment 175 and its source coupled to a current sensor 115, such as a resistor 165. The additional field effect transistors 111 and 112 may be utilized to provide additional or other controls, as previously discussed. Such a third current regulator 810C and/or current source 815C, coupled through the non-inverting terminal of the operational amplifier 180 to a controller 120-120M, is controlled by the controller 120-120M using any of the various types and sequences of current regulation discussed herein.

(201) As indicated above, the controller 120 (and 120A-120M) may be any type of controller or processor, and may be embodied as any type of digital logic adapted to perform the functionality discussed herein. As the term controller or processor is used herein, a controller or processor may include use of a single integrated circuit (IC), or may include use of a plurality of integrated circuits or other components connected, arranged, or grouped together, such as controllers, microprocessors, digital signal processors (DSPs), parallel processors, multiple core processors, custom ICs, application-specific integrated circuits (ASICs), field programmable gate arrays (FPGAs), adaptive computing ICs, associated memory (such as RAM, DRAM, and ROM), and other ICs and components. As a consequence, as used herein, the term controller or processor should be understood to equivalently mean and include a single IC, or arrangement of custom ICs, ASICs, processors, microprocessors, controllers, FPGAs, adaptive computing ICs, or some other grouping of integrated circuits which perform the functions discussed herein, with any associated memory, such as microprocessor memory or additional RAM, DRAM, SDRAM, SRAM, MRAM, ROM, FLASH, EPROM, or E.sup.2PROM. A controller or processor (such as controller 120 (and 120A-120I)), with its associated memory, may be adapted or configured (via programming, FPGA interconnection, or hard-wiring) to perform the methodology of the disclosure, as discussed above and below. For example, the methodology may be programmed and stored, in a controller 120 with its associated memory 465 (and/or memory 185) and other equivalent components, as a set of program instructions or other code (or equivalent configuration or other program) for subsequent execution when the controller or processor is operative (i.e., powered on and functioning). Equivalently, when the controller or processor may be implemented in whole or in part as FPGAs, custom ICs, and/or ASICs, the FPGAs, custom ICs, or ASICs also may be designed, configured, and/or hard-wired to implement the methodology of the disclosure. For example, the controller or processor may be implemented as an arrangement of controllers, microprocessors, DSPs and/or ASICs, which are respectively programmed, designed, adapted, or configured to implement the methodology of the disclosure, in conjunction with a memory 185.

(202) The memory 185, 465, which may include a data repository (or database), may be embodied in any number of forms, including within any computer or other machine-readable data storage medium, memory device or other storage or communication device for storage or communication of information, including, but not limited to, a memory integrated circuit (IC), or memory portion of an integrated circuit (such as the resident memory within a controller or processor IC), whether volatile or non-volatile, whether removable or non-removable, including without limitation, RAM, FLASH, DRAM, SDRAM, SRAM, MRAM, FeRAM, ROM, EPROM, or E.sup.2PROM, or any other form of memory device, such as a magnetic hard drive, an optical drive, a magnetic disk or tape drive, a hard disk drive, other machine-readable storage or memory media such as a floppy disk, a CDROM, a CD-RW, digital versatile disk (DVD) or other optical memory, or any other type of memory, storage medium, or data storage apparatus, or circuit, depending upon the selected embodiment. In addition, such computer-readable media includes any form of communication media which embodies computer-readable instructions, data structures, program modules, or other data in a data signal or modulated signal. The memory 185, 465 may be adapted to store various look up tables, parameters, coefficients, other information and data, programs, or instructions (of the software of the present disclosure), and other types of tables such as database tables.

(203) As indicated above, the controller or processor may be programmed, using software and data structures of the disclosure, for example, to perform the methodology of the present disclosure. As a consequence, the system and method of the present disclosure may be embodied as software which provides such programming or other instructions, such as a set of instructions and/or metadata embodied within a computer-readable medium, discussed above. In addition, metadata may also be utilized to define the various data structures of a look up table or a database. Such software may be in the form of source or object code, by way of example and without limitation. Source code further may be compiled into some form of instructions or object code (including assembly language instructions or configuration information). The software, source code, or metadata of the present disclosure may be embodied as any type of code, such as C, C++, SystemC, LISA, XML, Java, Brew, SQL and its variations (e.g., SQL 99 or proprietary versions of SQL), DB2, Oracle, or any other type of programming language which performs the functionality discussed herein, including various hardware definition or hardware modeling languages (e.g., Verilog, VHDL, RTL) and resulting database files (e.g., GDSII). As a consequence, a construct, program construct, software construct, or software, as used equivalently herein, means and refers to any programming language, of any kind, with any syntax or signatures, which provides or can be interpreted to provide the associated functionality or methodology specified (when instantiated or loaded into a processor or computer and executed, including the controller 120, for example).

(204) The software, metadata, or other source code of the present disclosure and any resulting bit file (object code, database, or look up table) may be embodied within any tangible storage medium, such as any of the computer or other machine-readable data storage media, as computer-readable instructions, data structures, program modules, or other data, such as discussed above with respect to the memory 185, 465, e.g., a floppy disk, a CD-ROM, a CD-RW, a DVD, a magnetic hard drive, an optical drive, or any other type of data storage apparatus or medium, as mentioned above.

(205) Numerous advantages of the representative embodiments of the present disclosure, for providing power to non-linear loads such as LEDs, are readily apparent. The various representative embodiments supply AC line power to one or more LEDs, including LEDs for high brightness applications, while simultaneously providing an overall reduction in the size and cost of the LED driver and increasing the efficiency and utilization of LEDs. Representative apparatus, method, and system embodiments adapt and function properly over a relatively wide AC input voltage range, while providing the desired output voltage or current, and without generating excessive internal voltages or placing components under high or excessive voltage stress. In addition, various representative apparatus, method, and system embodiments provide significant power factor correction when connected to an AC line for input power. Lastly, various representative apparatus, method and system embodiments provide the capability for controlling brightness, color temperature, and color of the lighting device.

(206) Although the disclosure has been described with respect to specific embodiments thereof, these embodiments are merely illustrative and not restrictive of the disclosure. In the description herein, numerous specific details are provided, such as examples of electronic components, electronic and structural connections, materials, and structural variations, to provide a thorough understanding of embodiments of the present disclosure. An embodiment of the disclosure can be practiced without one or more of the specific details, or with other apparatus, systems, assemblies, components, materials, parts, etc. In other instances, other structures, materials, or operations are not specifically shown or described in detail to avoid obscuring aspects of embodiments of the present disclosure. In addition, the various figures are not drawn to scale and should not be regarded as limiting.

(207) Reference throughout this specification to one embodiment, an embodiment, or a specific embodiment means that a particular feature, structure, or characteristic described in connection with the embodiment is included in at least one embodiment of the present disclosure and not necessarily in all embodiments, and further, are not necessarily referring to the same embodiment. Furthermore, the particular features, structures, or characteristics of any specific embodiment of the present disclosure may be combined in any suitable manner and in any suitable combination with one or more other embodiments, including the use of selected features without corresponding use of other features. In addition, many modifications may be made to adapt a particular application, situation, or material to the scope and spirit of the claimed subject matter. It is to be understood that other variations and modifications of the embodiments of the claimed subject matter described and illustrated herein are possible in light of the teachings herein and are to be considered part of the spirit and scope of the present disclosure.

(208) It will also be appreciated that one or more of the elements depicted in the figures can also be implemented in a more separate or integrated manner, or even removed or rendered inoperable in certain cases, as may be useful in accordance with a particular application. Integrally formed combinations of components are also within the scope of the disclosure, particularly for embodiments in which a separation or combination of discrete components is unclear or indiscernible. In addition, use of the term coupled herein, including in its various forms, such as coupling or couplable, means and includes any direct or indirect electrical, structural or magnetic coupling, connection or attachment, or adaptation or capability for such a direct or indirect electrical, structural or magnetic coupling, connection or attachment, including integrally formed components and components which are coupled via or through another component.

(209) As used herein for purposes of the present disclosure, the term LED and its plural form LEDs should be understood to include any electroluminescent diode or other type of carrier injection- or junction-based system which is capable of generating radiation in response to an electrical signal, including without limitation, various semiconductor- or carbon-based structures which emit light in response to a current or voltage, light emitting polymers, organic LEDs, and so on, including within the visible spectrum, or other spectra such as ultraviolet or infrared, of any bandwidth, or of any color or color temperature.

(210) As used herein, the term AC denotes any form of time-varying current or voltage, including without limitation, alternating current or corresponding alternating voltage level with any waveform (sinusoidal, sine squared, rectified, rectified sinusoidal, square, rectangular, triangular, sawtooth, irregular, etc.) and with any DC offset and may include any variation such as chopped or forward- or reverse-phase modulated alternating current or voltage, such as from a dimmer switch. As used herein, the term DC denotes both fluctuating DC (such as is obtained from rectified AC) and a substantially constant or constant voltage DC (such as is obtained from a battery, voltage regulator, or power filtered with a capacitor).

(211) In the foregoing description of illustrative embodiments and in attached figures where diodes are shown, it is to be understood that synchronous diodes or synchronous rectifiers (for example, relays or MOSFETs or other transistors switched off and on by a control signal) or other types of diodes may be used in place of standard diodes within the scope of the present disclosure. Representative embodiments presented here generally generate a positive output voltage with respect to ground; however, the teachings of the present disclosure apply also to power converters that generate a negative output voltage, where complementary topologies may be constructed by reversing the polarity of semiconductors and other polarized components.

(212) Furthermore, any signal arrows in the drawings/figures should be considered only representative, and not limiting, unless otherwise specifically noted. Combinations of components of steps will also be considered within the scope of the present disclosure, particularly where the ability to separate or combine is unclear or foreseeable. The disjunctive term or, as used herein and throughout the claims that follow, is generally intended to mean and/or, having both conjunctive and disjunctive meanings (and is not confined to an exclusive or meaning), unless otherwise indicated. As used in the description herein and throughout the claims that follow, a, an, and the include plural references unless the context clearly dictates otherwise. Also as used in the description herein and throughout the claims that follow, the meaning of in includes in and on unless the context clearly dictates otherwise.

(213) The foregoing description of illustrated embodiments of the present disclosure, including what is described in the summary or in the abstract, is not intended to be exhaustive or to limit the disclosure to the precise forms disclosed herein. From the foregoing, it will be observed that numerous variations, modifications, and substitutions are intended and may be effected without departing from the spirit and scope of the claimed subject matter. It is to be understood that no limitation with respect to the specific methods and apparatus illustrated herein is intended or should be inferred. It is, of course, intended to cover by the appended claims all such modifications as fall within the scope of the claims.