CONDENSED CYCLIC COMPOUND, LIGHT-EMITTING DEVICE INCLUDING THE SAME, AND ELECTRONIC APPARATUS INCLUDING THE LIGHT-EMITTING DEVICE

Abstract

Embodiments provide a novel condensed cyclic compound, a light-emitting device including the condensed cyclic compound, and an electronic apparatus including the light-emitting device. The light-emitting device includes a first electrode, a second electrode facing the first electrode, and an interlayer between the first electrode and the second electrode, wherein the interlayer includes an emission layer, and at least one of the condensed cyclic compound. The condensed cyclic compound is represented by Formula 1, which is explained in the specification:

##STR00001##

Claims

1. A light-emitting device comprising: a first electrode, a second electrode facing the first electrode, and an interlayer between the first electrode and the second electrode, wherein the interlayer comprises: an emission layer; and at least one condensed cyclic compound represented by Formula 1: ##STR00192## wherein in Formula 1, X.sub.1 is O, S, Se, C(R.sub.4)(R.sub.5), Si(R.sub.4)(R.sub.5), or N(R.sub.4), X.sub.2 is O, S, Se, C(R.sub.6)(R.sub.7), Si(R.sub.6)(R.sub.7), or N(R.sub.6), X.sub.3 is O, S, Se, C(R.sub.8)(R.sub.9), Si(R.sub.8)(R.sub.9), or N(R.sub.8), Y.sub.1 is N, B, P(═O), or P(═S), Ar.sub.1 to Ar.sub.3 are each independently a C.sub.5-C.sub.30 carbocyclic group or a C.sub.1-C.sub.30 heterocyclic group, E.sub.1 is *-(L.sub.1).sub.a1-(R.sub.1).sub.b1, E.sub.2 is *-(L.sub.2).sub.a2-(R.sub.2).sub.b2, E.sub.3 is *-(L.sub.3).sub.a3-(R.sub.3).sub.b3, d1 to d3 are each independently an integer from 0 to 10, L.sub.1 to L.sub.3 are each independently a single bond, a C.sub.5-C.sub.30 carbocyclic group, or a C.sub.2-C.sub.30 heterocyclic group, a1 to a3 are each independently an integer from 1 to 3, R.sub.1 to R.sub.9 are each independently hydrogen, deuterium, —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, a hydroxyl group, a cyano group, a nitro group, an amidino group, a hydrazine group, a hydrazone group, a C.sub.1-C.sub.60 alkyl group unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R.sub.10a, a C.sub.2-C.sub.60 alkenyl group unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R.sub.10a, a C.sub.2-C.sub.60 alkynyl group unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R.sub.10a, a C.sub.1-C.sub.60 alkoxy group unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R.sub.10a, a C.sub.3-C.sub.60 carbocyclic group unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R.sub.10a, a C.sub.1-C.sub.60 heterocyclic group unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R.sub.10a, a C.sub.6-C.sub.60 aryloxy group unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R.sub.10a, a C.sub.6-C.sub.60 arylthio group unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R.sub.10a, —Si(Q.sub.1)(Q.sub.2)(Q.sub.3), —B(Q.sub.1)(Q.sub.2), —C(═O)(Q.sub.1), —S(═O).sub.2(Q.sub.1), or —P(═O)(Q.sub.1)(Q.sub.2), b1 to b3 are each independently an integer from 0 to 10, * indicates a binding site to a neighboring atom. two or more groups of R.sub.1 to R.sub.9 are optionally linked to each other to form a C.sub.5-C.sub.30 carbocyclic group that is unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R.sub.10a or a C.sub.2-C.sub.30 heterocyclic group unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R.sub.10a, the condensed cyclic compound satisfies at least one of Condition 1 to Condition 4: [Condition 1] At least one of Ar.sub.1 to Ar.sub.3 is a π electron-deficient nitrogen-containing C.sub.1-C.sub.60 cyclic group [Condition 2] At least one of E.sub.1(s) in the number of d1, E.sub.2(s) in the number of d2, and E.sub.3(s) in the number of d3 is a π electron-deficient nitrogen-containing C.sub.1-C.sub.60 cyclic group [Condition 3] X.sub.1 is Si(R.sub.4)(R.sub.5) [Condition 4] X.sub.1 is C(R.sub.4)(R.sub.5); and X.sub.2 is O, S, Se, Si(R.sub.6)(R.sub.7), or N(R.sub.6) R.sub.10a is: deuterium, —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, a hydroxyl group, a cyano group, a nitro group, an amidino group, a hydrazine group, or a hydrazone group; a C.sub.1-C.sub.60 alkyl group, a C.sub.2-C.sub.60 alkenyl group, a C.sub.2-C.sub.60 alkynyl group, or a C.sub.1-C.sub.60 alkoxy group, each unsubstituted or substituted with deuterium, —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, a hydroxyl group, a cyano group, a nitro group, a C.sub.3-C.sub.60 carbocyclic group, a C.sub.1-C.sub.60 heterocyclic group, a C.sub.6-C.sub.60 aryloxy group, a C.sub.6-C.sub.60 arylthio group, —Si(Q.sub.11)(Q.sub.12)(Q.sub.13), —N(Q.sub.11)(Q.sub.12), —B(Q.sub.11)(Q.sub.12), —C(═O)(Q.sub.11), —S(═O).sub.2(Q.sub.11), —P(═O)(Q.sub.11)(Q.sub.12), or a combination thereof; a C.sub.3-C.sub.60 carbocyclic group, a C.sub.1-C.sub.60 heterocyclic group, a C.sub.6-C.sub.60 aryloxy group, a C.sub.6-C.sub.60 arylthio group, a C.sub.7-C.sub.60 aryl alkyl group, or a C.sub.2-C.sub.60 heteroaryl alkyl group, each unsubstituted or substituted with deuterium, —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, a hydroxyl group, a cyano group, a nitro group, a C.sub.1-C.sub.60 alkyl group, a C.sub.2-C.sub.60 alkenyl group, a C.sub.2-C.sub.60 alkynyl group, a C.sub.1-C.sub.60 alkoxy group, a C.sub.3-C.sub.60 carbocyclic group, a C.sub.1-C.sub.60 heterocyclic group, a C.sub.6-C.sub.60 aryloxy group, a C.sub.6-C.sub.60 arylthio group, a C.sub.7-C.sub.60 aryl alkyl group, a C.sub.2-C.sub.60 heteroaryl alkyl group, —Si(Q.sub.21)(Q.sub.22)(Q.sub.23), —N(Q.sub.21)(Q.sub.22), —B(Q.sub.21)(Q.sub.22), —C(═O)(Q.sub.21), —S(═O).sub.2(Q.sub.21), —P(═O)(Q.sub.21)(Q.sub.22), or any combination thereof; or —Si(Q.sub.31)(Q.sub.32)(Q.sub.33), —N(Q.sub.31)(Q.sub.32), —B(Q.sub.31)(Q.sub.32), —C(═O)(Q.sub.31), —S(═O).sub.2(Q.sub.31), or —P(═O)(Q.sub.31)(Q.sub.32), wherein Q.sub.1 to Q.sub.3, Q.sub.11 to Q.sub.13, Q.sub.21 to Q.sub.23, and Q.sub.31 to Q.sub.33 are each independently: hydrogen; deuterium; —F; —CI; —Br; —I; a hydroxyl group; a cyano group; a nitro group; or a C.sub.1-C.sub.60 alkyl group, a C.sub.2-C.sub.60 alkenyl group, a C.sub.2-C.sub.60 alkynyl group, a C.sub.1-C.sub.60 alkoxy group, a C.sub.3-C.sub.60 carbocyclic group, or a C.sub.1-C.sub.60 heterocyclic group, each unsubstituted or substituted with deuterium, —F, a cyano group, a C.sub.1-C.sub.60 alkyl group, a C.sub.1-C.sub.60 alkoxy group, a phenyl group, a biphenyl group, a C.sub.3-C.sub.60 carbocyclic group, a C.sub.1-C.sub.60 heterocyclic group, or any combination thereof; a C.sub.7-C.sub.60 aryl alkyl group; or a C.sub.2-C.sub.60 heteroaryl alkyl group.

2. The light-emitting device of claim 1, wherein the emission layer comprises the at least one condensed cyclic compound.

3. The light-emitting device of claim 2, wherein the at least one condensed cyclic compound emits light.

4. The light-emitting device of claim 2, wherein an amount of the condensed cyclic compound is in a range of about 0 parts by weight to about 50 parts by weight, based on a total of 100 parts by weight of the emission layer.

5. The light-emitting device of claim 2, further comprising: a first compound that is a hole-transporting compound; and a second compound that is an electron-transporting compound.

6. The light-emitting device of claim 5, wherein the first compound is represented by Formula a: ##STR00193## wherein in Formula a, X.sub.11 is O, S, N(R.sub.19), or C(R.sub.19)(R.sub.20), R.sub.11 to R.sub.20 are each independently *-(L.sub.11).sub.a11-(A.sub.11).sub.b11, hydrogen, deuterium, —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, a hydroxyl group, a cyano group, a nitro group, a C.sub.1-C.sub.60 alkyl group unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R.sub.10a, a C.sub.2-C.sub.60 alkenyl group unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R.sub.10a, a C.sub.2-C.sub.60 alkynyl group unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R.sub.10a, a C.sub.1-C.sub.60 alkoxy group unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R.sub.10a, a C.sub.3-C.sub.60 carbocyclic group unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R.sub.10a, a C.sub.1-C.sub.60 heterocyclic group unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R.sub.10a, a C.sub.6-C.sub.60 aryloxy group unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R.sub.10a, a C.sub.6-C.sub.60 arylthio group unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R.sub.10a, —Si(Q.sub.1)(Q.sub.2)(Q.sub.3), —N(Q.sub.1)(Q.sub.2), —B(Q.sub.1)(Q.sub.2), —C(═O)(Q.sub.1), —S(═O).sub.2(Q.sub.1), or —P(═O)(Q.sub.1)(Q.sub.2), L.sub.11 is a single bond, a π electron-rich C.sub.3-C.sub.60 cyclic group which is unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R.sub.10a,*—C(Q.sub.1)(Q.sub.2)-*′, *—Si(Q.sub.1)(Q.sub.2)-*′, *—B(Q.sub.1)-*′, or *—N(Q.sub.1)-*′, a11 is an integer from 1 to 5, A.sub.11 is a C.sub.1-C.sub.60 alkyl group unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R.sub.10a, a π electron-rich C.sub.3-C.sub.60 cyclic group unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R.sub.10a, —C(Q.sub.1)(Q.sub.2)(Q.sub.3), —Si(Q.sub.1)(Q.sub.2)(Q.sub.3), —N(Q.sub.1)(Q.sub.2), or —B(Q.sub.1)(Q.sub.2), and b11 is an integer from 1 to 10, * and *′ each indicate a binding site to a neighboring atom, and Q.sub.1 to Q.sub.3 and R.sub.10a are each the same as described in Formula 1.

7. The light-emitting device of claim 5, wherein the second compound is represented by Formula b: ##STR00194## wherein in Formula b, X.sub.21 is C(R.sub.21) or N, X.sub.22 is C(R.sub.22) or N, X.sub.23 is C(R.sub.23) or N, at least one of X.sub.21 to X.sub.23 is N, L.sub.21 to L.sub.23 are each independently a single bond, a C.sub.3-C.sub.60 carbocyclic group unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R.sub.10a, or a C.sub.1-C.sub.60 heterocyclic group unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R.sub.10a, a21 to a23 are each independently an integer from 1 to 5, A.sub.21 to A.sub.23 and R.sub.21 to R.sub.23 are each independently hydrogen, deuterium, —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, a hydroxyl group, a cyano group, a nitro group, a C.sub.1-C.sub.60 alkyl group unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R.sub.10a, a C.sub.2-C.sub.60 alkenyl group unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R.sub.10a, a C.sub.2-C.sub.60 alkynyl group unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R.sub.10a, a C.sub.1-C.sub.60 alkoxy group unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R.sub.10a, a C.sub.3-C.sub.60 carbocyclic group unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R.sub.10a, a C.sub.1-C.sub.60 heterocyclic group unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R.sub.10a, a C.sub.6-C.sub.60 aryloxy group unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R.sub.10a, a C.sub.6-C.sub.60 arylthio group unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R.sub.10a, —Si(Q.sub.1)(Q.sub.2)(Q.sub.3), —C(Q.sub.1)(Q.sub.2)(Q.sub.3), —N(Q.sub.1)(Q.sub.2), or —B(Q.sub.1)(Q.sub.2), b21 to b23 are each independently an integer from 1 to 10, and Q.sub.1 to Q.sub.3 and R.sub.10a are each the same as described in Formula 1.

8. The light-emitting device of claim 5, wherein the emission layer further comprises a third compound, and the third compound is a transition metal-containing compound.

9. The light-emitting device of claim 8, wherein the third compound is represented by Formula c:
M.sub.31(L.sub.31).sub.n31(L.sub.32).sub.n32  [Formula c] ##STR00195## wherein in Formulae c and c-1 to c-4, M.sub.31 is a first-row transition metal of the Periodic Table of Elements, a second-row transition metal of the Periodic Table of Elements, or a third-row transition metal of the Periodic Table of Elements, L.sub.31 is a ligand represented by one of Formulae c-1 to c-4, L.sub.32 is a monodentate ligand, a bidentate ligand, or a tridentate ligand, n31 is 1 or 2, n32 is 0, 1, 2, 3, or 4, A.sub.31 to A.sub.34 are each independently a C.sub.5-C.sub.30 carbocyclic group or a C.sub.1-C.sub.30 heterocyclic group, T.sub.31 to T.sub.34 are each independently a single bond, a double bond, *—O—*′, *—S—*′, *—C(=Q)-*′, *—S(═O)—*′, *—C(R.sub.35)(R.sub.36)—*′, *—C(R.sub.35)═C(R.sub.36)—*′, *—C(R.sub.35)=*′, *—Si(R.sub.35)(R.sub.36)—*, *—B(R.sub.35)-*′, *—N(R.sub.35)—*′, or *—P(R.sub.35)—*′, k31 to k34 are each independently 1, 2, or 3, Y.sub.31 toY.sub.34 are each independently a single bond, *—O—*′, *—S—*′, *—C(R.sub.37)(R.sub.38)—*′, *—Si(R.sub.37)(R.sub.38)—*′, *—B(R.sub.37)—*′, *—N(R.sub.37)—*′, or *—P(R.sub.37)—*, *.sub.1, *.sub.2, *.sub.3, and *.sub.4 each indicate a binding site to M.sub.31, R.sub.31 to R.sub.38 are each independently hydrogen, deuterium, —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, a hydroxyl group, a cyano group, a nitro group, a C.sub.1-C.sub.60 alkyl group unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R.sub.10a, a C.sub.2-C.sub.60 alkenyl group unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R.sub.10a, a C.sub.2-C.sub.60 alkynyl group unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R.sub.10a, a C.sub.1-C.sub.60 alkoxy group unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R.sub.10a, a C.sub.3-C.sub.60 carbocyclic group unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R.sub.10a, a C.sub.1-C.sub.60 heterocyclic group unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R.sub.10a, a C.sub.6-C.sub.60 aryloxy group unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R.sub.10a, a C.sub.6-C.sub.60 arylthio group unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R.sub.10a, —Si(Q.sub.1)(Q.sub.2)(Q.sub.3), —N(Q.sub.1)(Q.sub.2), —B(Q.sub.1)(Q.sub.2), —C(═O)(Q.sub.1), —S(═O).sub.2(Q.sub.1), or —P(═O)(Q.sub.1)(Q.sub.2), two or more groups of R.sub.31 to R.sub.38 are optionally bonded to each other to form a C.sub.5-C.sub.60 carbocyclic group unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R.sub.10a or a C.sub.1-C.sub.60 heterocyclic group unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R.sub.10a, b.sub.31 to b.sub.34 are each independently an integer from 0 to 10, * and *′ each indicate a binding site to a neighboring atom, and Q.sub.1 to Q.sub.3 and R.sub.10a are the same as described in Formula 1.

10. The light-emitting device of claim 2, wherein the emission layer emits blue light or blue-green light.

11. An electronic apparatus comprising: the light-emitting device of claim 1; and a thin-film transistor, wherein the thin-film transistor includes a source electrode and a drain electrode, and the first electrode of the light-emitting device is electrically connected to the source electrode or the drain electrode.

12. The electronic apparatus of claim 11, further comprising: a color filter, a color conversion layer, a touch screen layer, a polarizing layer, or a combination thereof.

13. A condensed cyclic compound represented by Formula 1: ##STR00196## wherein in Formula 1, X.sub.1 is O, S, Se, C(R.sub.4)(R.sub.5), Si(R.sub.4)(R.sub.5), or N(R.sub.4), X.sub.2 is O, S, Se, C(R.sub.6)(R.sub.7), Si(R.sub.6)(R.sub.7), or N(R.sub.6), X.sub.3 is O, S, Se, C(R.sub.8)(R.sub.9), Si(R.sub.8)(R.sub.9), or N(R.sub.8), Y.sub.1 is N, B, P(═O), or P(═S), Ar.sub.1 to Ar.sub.3 are each independently a C.sub.5-C.sub.30 carbocyclic group or a C.sub.1-C.sub.30 heterocyclic group, E.sub.1 is *-(L.sub.1).sub.a1-(R.sub.1).sub.b1, E.sub.2 is *-(L.sub.2).sub.a2-(R.sub.2).sub.b2, E.sub.3 is *-(L.sub.3).sub.a3-(R.sub.3).sub.b3, d1 to d3 are each independently an integer from 0 to 10, L.sub.1 to L.sub.3 are each independently a single bond, a C.sub.5-C.sub.30 carbocyclic group, or a C.sub.2-C.sub.30 heterocyclic group, a1 to a3 are each independently an integer from 1 to 3, R.sub.1 to R.sub.9 are each independently hydrogen, deuterium, —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, a hydroxyl group, a cyano group, a nitro group, an amidino group, a hydrazine group, a hydrazone group, a C.sub.1-C.sub.60 alkyl group unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R.sub.10a, a C.sub.2-C.sub.60 alkenyl group unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R.sub.10a, a C.sub.2-C.sub.60 alkynyl group unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R.sub.10a, a C.sub.1-C.sub.60 alkoxy group unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R.sub.10a, a C.sub.3-C.sub.60 carbocyclic group unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R.sub.10a, a C.sub.1-C.sub.60 heterocyclic group unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R.sub.10a, a C.sub.6-C.sub.60 aryloxy group unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R.sub.10a, a C.sub.6-C.sub.60 arylthio group unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R.sub.10a, —Si(Q.sub.1)(Q.sub.2)(Q.sub.3), —B(Q.sub.1)(Q.sub.2), —C(═O)(Q.sub.1), —S(═O).sub.2(Q.sub.1), or —P(═O)(Q.sub.1)(Q.sub.2), b1 to b3 are each independently an integer from 0 to 10, * indicates a binding site to a neighboring atom. two or more groups of R.sub.1 to R.sub.9 are optionally linked to each other to form a C.sub.5-C.sub.30 carbocyclic group that is unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R.sub.10a or a C.sub.2-C.sub.30 heterocyclic group unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R.sub.10a, the condensed cyclic compound satisfies at least one of Condition 1 to Condition 4: [Condition 1] At least one of Ar.sub.1 to Ar.sub.3 is a π electron-deficient nitrogen-containing C.sub.1-C.sub.60 cyclic group [Condition 2] At least one of E.sub.1(s) in the number of d1, E.sub.2(s) in the number of d2, and E.sub.3(s) in the number of d3 is a π electron-deficient nitrogen-containing C.sub.1-C.sub.60 cyclic group [Condition 3] X.sub.1 is Si(R.sub.4)(R.sub.5) [Condition 4] X.sub.1 is C(R.sub.4)(R.sub.5); and X.sub.2 is O, S, Se, Si(R.sub.6)(R.sub.7), or N(R.sub.6) R.sub.10a is: deuterium, —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, a hydroxyl group, a cyano group, a nitro group, an amidino group, a hydrazine group, or a hydrazone group; a C.sub.1-C.sub.6 alkyl group, a C.sub.2-C.sub.60 alkenyl group, a C.sub.2-C.sub.60 alkynyl group, or a C.sub.1-C.sub.60 alkoxy group, each unsubstituted or substituted with deuterium, —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, a hydroxyl group, a cyano group, a nitro group, a C.sub.3-C.sub.60 carbocyclic group, a C.sub.1-C.sub.60 heterocyclic group, a C.sub.6-C.sub.60 aryloxy group, a C.sub.6-C.sub.60 arylthio group, —Si(Q.sub.11)(Q.sub.12)(Q.sub.13), —N(Q.sub.11)(Q.sub.12), —B(Q.sub.11)(Q.sub.12), —C(═O)(Q.sub.11), —S(═O).sub.2(Q.sub.11), —P(═O)(Q.sub.11)(Q.sub.12), or a combination thereof; a C.sub.3-C.sub.60 carbocyclic group, a C.sub.1-C.sub.60 heterocyclic group, a C.sub.6-C.sub.60 aryloxy group, a C.sub.6-C.sub.60 arylthio group, a C.sub.7-C.sub.60 aryl alkyl group, or a C.sub.2-C.sub.60 heteroaryl alkyl group, each unsubstituted or substituted with deuterium, —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, a hydroxyl group, a cyano group, a nitro group, a C.sub.1-C.sub.60 alkyl group, a C.sub.2-C.sub.60 alkenyl group, a C.sub.2-C.sub.60 alkynyl group, a C.sub.1-C.sub.60 alkoxy group, a C.sub.3-C.sub.60 carbocyclic group, a C.sub.1-C.sub.60 heterocyclic group, a C.sub.6-C.sub.60 aryloxy group, a C.sub.6-C.sub.60 arylthio group, a C.sub.7-C.sub.60 aryl alkyl group, a C.sub.2-C.sub.60 heteroaryl alkyl group, —Si(Q.sub.21)(Q.sub.22)(Q.sub.23), —N(Q.sub.21)(Q.sub.22), —B(Q.sub.21)(Q.sub.22), —C(═O)(Q.sub.21), —S(═O).sub.2(Q.sub.21), —P(═O)(Q.sub.21)(Q.sub.22), or any combination thereof; or —Si(Q.sub.31)(Q.sub.32)(Q.sub.33), —N(Q.sub.31)(Q.sub.32), —B(Q.sub.31)(Q.sub.32), —C(═O)(Q.sub.31), —S(═O).sub.2(Q.sub.31), or —P(═O)(Q.sub.31)(Q.sub.32), wherein Q.sub.1 to Q.sub.3, Q.sub.11 to Q.sub.13, Q.sub.21 to Q.sub.23, and Q.sub.31 to Q.sub.33 are each independently: hydrogen; deuterium; —F; —CI; —Br; —I; a hydroxyl group; a cyano group; a nitro group; or a C.sub.1-C.sub.60 alkyl group, a C.sub.2-C.sub.60 alkenyl group, a C.sub.2-C.sub.60 alkynyl group, a C.sub.1-C.sub.6 alkoxy group, a C.sub.3-C.sub.60 carbocyclic group, or a C.sub.1-C.sub.60 heterocyclic group, each unsubstituted or substituted with deuterium, —F, a cyano group, a C.sub.1-C.sub.60 alkyl group, a C.sub.1-C.sub.6 alkoxy group, a phenyl group, a biphenyl group, a C.sub.3-C.sub.60 carbocyclic group, a C.sub.1-C.sub.60 heterocyclic group, or any combination thereof; a C.sub.7-C.sub.60 aryl alkyl group; or a C.sub.2-C.sub.60 heteroaryl alkyl group.

14. The condensed cyclic compound of claim 13, wherein X.sub.1 is C(R.sub.4)(R.sub.5), X.sub.2 is C(R.sub.6)(R.sub.7), and X.sub.3 is C(R.sub.8)(R.sub.9); X.sub.1 is C(R.sub.4)(R.sub.5), X.sub.2 is O, S, Se, Si(R.sub.6)(R.sub.7), or N(R.sub.6), and X.sub.3 is O, S, Se, C(R.sub.8)(R.sub.9), Si(R.sub.8)(R.sub.9), or N(R.sub.8); or X.sub.1 is Si(R.sub.4)(R.sub.5), X.sub.2 is C(R.sub.6)(R.sub.7) or Si(R.sub.6)(R.sub.7), and X.sub.3 is C(R.sub.8)(R.sub.9) or Si(R.sub.8)(R.sub.9).

15. The condensed cyclic compound of claim 13, wherein X.sub.1 is C(R.sub.4)(R.sub.5), X.sub.2 is C(R.sub.6)(R.sub.7), X.sub.3 is C(R.sub.8)(R.sub.9), and the condensed cyclic compound represented by Formula 1 satisfies at least one of Condition 1 and Condition 2.

16. The condensed cyclic compound of claim 13, wherein the condensed cyclic compound represented by Formula 1 is represented by Formula 1-1: ##STR00197## wherein in Formula 1-1, Z.sub.11 is C(E.sub.11) or N, Z.sub.12 is C(E.sub.12) or N, Z.sub.13 is C(E.sub.13) or N, Z.sub.21 is C(E.sub.21) or N, Z.sub.22 is C(E.sub.22) or N, Z.sub.23 is C(E.sub.23) or N, Z.sub.31 is C(E.sub.31) or N, Z.sub.32 is C(E.sub.32) or N, Z.sub.33 is C(E.sub.33) or N, E.sub.11 to E.sub.13 are each independently the same as described in connection with E.sub.1 in Formula 1, E.sub.21 to E.sub.23 are each independently the same as described in connection with E.sub.2 in Formula 1, E.sub.31 to E.sub.33 are each independently the same as described in connection with E.sub.3 in Formula 1, X.sub.1 to X.sub.3 and Y.sub.1 are each the same as described in Formula 1, and the condensed cyclic compound satisfies at least one of Condition 1A to Condition 4A: [Condition 1A] At least one of Z.sub.11 to Z.sub.13, Z.sub.21 to Z.sub.23, and Z.sub.31 to Z.sub.33 is N [Condition 2A] At least one of E.sub.11 to E.sub.13, E.sub.21 to E.sub.23, and E.sub.31 to E.sub.33 includes a π electron-deficient nitrogen-containing C.sub.1-C.sub.60 cyclic group [Condition 3A] X.sub.1 is Si(R.sub.4)(R.sub.5) [Condition 4A] X.sub.1 is C(R.sub.4)(R.sub.5); and X.sub.2 is O, S, Se, Si(R.sub.6)(R.sub.7), or N(R.sub.6).

17. The condensed cyclic compound of claim 16, wherein the condensed cyclic compound represented by Formula 1-1 is represented by Formula 1-2: ##STR00198## wherein in Formula 1-2, X.sub.1 to X.sub.3 and Y.sub.1 are each the same as described in Formula 1, and E.sub.12, E.sub.22, E.sub.32, Z.sub.11, Z.sub.13, Z.sub.21, Z.sub.23, Z.sub.31, and Z.sub.33 are each the same as described in Formula 1-1.

18. The condensed cyclic compound of claim 13, wherein in Formula 1, a moiety represented by ##STR00199##  is a moiety represented by Formula 2: ##STR00200## wherein in Formula 2, X.sub.1a is C or Si, X.sub.1b is a single bond or not a bond, Ar.sub.11 and Ar.sub.12 are each independently a C.sub.1-C.sub.60 alkyl group unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R.sub.10a, a C.sub.2-C.sub.60 alkenyl group unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R.sub.10a, a C.sub.2-C.sub.60 alkynyl group unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R.sub.10a, a C.sub.3-C.sub.60 carbocyclic group unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R.sub.10a or a C.sub.1-C.sub.60 heterocyclic group unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R.sub.10a, wherein when X.sub.1b is a single bond, Ar.sub.11 and Ar.sub.12 are each independently a C.sub.3-C.sub.60 carbocyclic group unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R.sub.10a or a C.sub.1-C.sub.60 heterocyclic group unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R.sub.10a, * indicates a binding site to Ar.sub.1 in Formula 1, *′ indicates a binding site to Ar.sub.2 in Formula 1, and R.sub.10a is the same as describe in Formula 1.

19. The condensed cyclic compound of claim 13, wherein the condensed cyclic compound satisfies Equation 1:
2.4 eV≤T1(D1)≤2.6 eV  [Equation 1] wherein in Equation 1, T1(D1) is a lowest excitation triplet energy level of the condensed cyclic compound.

20. The condensed cyclic compound of claim 13, wherein the condensed cyclic compound is one of Compounds 1 to 24: ##STR00201## ##STR00202## ##STR00203## ##STR00204## ##STR00205## ##STR00206## ##STR00207##

Description

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0060] The above and other aspects and features of the disclosure will be more apparent by describing in detail embodiments thereof with reference to the accompanying drawings, in which:

[0061] FIG. 1 is a schematic cross-sectional view showing a structure of a light-emitting device according to an embodiment;

[0062] FIG. 2 is a schematic cross-sectional view of an electronic apparatus according to an embodiment;

[0063] FIG. 3 is a schematic cross-sectional view of an electronic apparatus according to another embodiment; and

[0064] FIGS. 4 to 9 are each a graph showing .sup.1H NMR of the compounds synthesized according to embodiments.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE EMBODIMENTS

[0065] The disclosure will now be described more fully hereinafter with reference to the accompanying drawings, in which embodiments are shown. This disclosure may, however, be embodied in different forms and should not be construed as limited to the embodiments set forth herein. Rather, these embodiments are provided so that this disclosure will be thorough and complete, and will fully convey the scope of the disclosure to those skilled in the art.

[0066] In the drawings, the sizes, thicknesses, ratios, and dimensions of the elements may be exaggerated for ease of description and for clarity. Like numbers refer to like elements throughout.

[0067] In the description, it will be understood that when an element (or region, layer, part, etc.) is referred to as being “on”, “connected to”, or “coupled to” another element, it can be directly on, connected to, or coupled to the other element, or one or more intervening elements may be present therebetween. In a similar sense, when an element (or region, layer, part, etc.) is described as “covering” another element, it can directly cover the other element, or one or more intervening elements may be present therebetween.

[0068] In the description, when an element is “directly on,” “directly connected to,” or “directly coupled to” another element, there are no intervening elements present. For example, “directly on” may mean that two layers or two elements are disposed without an additional element such as an adhesion element therebetween.

[0069] As used herein, the expressions used in the singular such as “a,” “an,” and “the,” are intended to include the plural forms as well, unless the context clearly indicates otherwise.

[0070] As used herein, the term “and/or” includes any and all combinations of one or more of the associated listed items. For example, “A and/or B” may be understood to mean “A, B, or A and B.” The terms “and” and “or” may be used in the conjunctive or disjunctive sense and may be understood to be equivalent to “and/or”.

[0071] In the specification and the claims, the term “at least one of” is intended to include the meaning of “at least one selected from the group of” for the purpose of its meaning and interpretation. For example, “at least one of A and B” may be understood to mean “A, B, or A and B.” When preceding a list of elements, the term, “at least one of,” modifies the entire list of elements and does not modify the individual elements of the list.

[0072] It will be understood that, although the terms first, second, etc. may be used herein to describe various elements, these elements should not be limited by these terms. These terms are only used to distinguish one element from another element.

[0073] Thus, a first element could be termed a second element without departing from the teachings of the disclosure. Similarly, a second element could be termed a first element, without departing from the scope of the disclosure.

[0074] The spatially relative terms “below”, “beneath”, “lower”, “above”, “upper”, or the like, may be used herein for ease of description to describe the relations between one element or component and another element or component as illustrated in the drawings. It will be understood that the spatially relative terms are intended to encompass different orientations of the device in use or operation, in addition to the orientation depicted in the drawings. For example, in the case where a device illustrated in the drawing is turned over, the device positioned “below” or “beneath” another device may be placed “above” another device. Accordingly, the illustrative term “below” may include both the lower and upper positions. The device may also be oriented in other directions and thus the spatially relative terms may be interpreted differently depending on the orientations.

[0075] The terms “about” or “approximately” as used herein is inclusive of the stated value and means within an acceptable range of deviation for the recited value as determined by one of ordinary skill in the art, considering the measurement in question and the error associated with measurement of the recited quantity (i.e., the limitations of the measurement system). For example, “about” may mean within one or more standard deviations, or within +20%, 10%, or ±5% of the stated value.

[0076] It should be understood that the terms “comprises,” “comprising,” “includes,” “including,” “have,” “having,” “contains,” “containing,” and the like are intended to specify the presence of stated features, integers, steps, operations, elements, components, or combinations thereof in the disclosure, but do not preclude the presence or addition of one or more other features, integers, steps, operations, elements, components, or combinations thereof.

[0077] Unless otherwise defined or implied herein, all terms (including technical and scientific terms) used have the same meaning as commonly understood by those skilled in the art to which this disclosure pertains. It will be further understood that terms, such as those defined in commonly used dictionaries, should be interpreted as having a meaning that is consistent with their meaning in the context of the relevant art and should not be interpreted in an ideal or excessively formal sense unless clearly defined in the specification.

[0078] An aspect provides a condensed cyclic compound which may be represented by Formula 1:

##STR00004##

[0079] In Formula 1,

[0080] X.sub.1 may be O, S, Se, C(R.sub.4)(R.sub.5), Si(R.sub.4)(R.sub.5), or N(R.sub.4),

[0081] X.sub.2 may be O, S, Se, C(R.sub.6)(R.sub.7), Si(R.sub.6)(R.sub.7), or N(R.sub.6), and

[0082] X.sub.3 may be O, S, Se, C(R.sub.8)(R.sub.9), Si(R.sub.8)(R.sub.9), or N(R.sub.8).

[0083] In an embodiment, X.sub.1 may be C(R.sub.4)(R.sub.5), X.sub.2 may be C(R.sub.6)(R.sub.7), and X.sub.3 may be C(R.sub.8)(R.sub.9). In an embodiment, X.sub.1 may be C(R.sub.4)(R.sub.5), X.sub.2 may be O, S, Se, Si(R.sub.6)(R.sub.7) or N(R.sub.6), and X.sub.3 may be O, S, Se, C(R.sub.8)(R.sub.9), Si(R.sub.8)(R.sub.9) or N(R.sub.8). In an embodiment, X.sub.1 may be Si(R.sub.4)(R.sub.5), X.sub.2 may be C(R.sub.6)(R.sub.7) or Si(R.sub.6)(R.sub.7), and X.sub.3 may be C(R.sub.8)(R.sub.9) or Si(R.sub.8)(R.sub.9).

[0084] In Formula 1, Y.sub.1 may be N, B, P(═O), or P(═S).

[0085] In Formula 1, Ar.sub.1 to Ar.sub.3 may each independently be a C.sub.5-C.sub.30 carbocyclic group or a C.sub.1-C.sub.30 heterocyclic group.

[0086] In Formula 1, E.sub.1 may be *-(L.sub.1).sub.a1-(R.sub.1).sub.b1, E.sub.2 may be *-(L.sub.2).sub.a2-(R.sub.2).sub.b2, E.sub.3 may be *-(L.sub.3).sub.a3-(R.sub.3).sub.b3, and * indicates a binding site to a neighboring atom.

[0087] In Formula 1, d1 to d3 may each independently be an integer from 0 to 10.

[0088] In Formula 1, L.sub.1 to L.sub.3 may each independently be a single bond, a C.sub.5-C.sub.30 carbocyclic group, or a C.sub.2-C.sub.30 heterocyclic group.

[0089] In Formula 1, a1 to a3 may each independently an integer from 1 to 3.

[0090] In Formula 1, R.sub.1 to R.sub.9 may each independently be hydrogen, deuterium, —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, a hydroxyl group, a cyano group, a nitro group, an amidino group, a hydrazine group, a hydrazone group, a C.sub.1-C.sub.60 alkyl group unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R.sub.10a, a C.sub.2-C.sub.60 alkenyl group unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R.sub.10a, a C.sub.2-C.sub.60 alkynyl group unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R.sub.10a, a C.sub.1-C.sub.60 alkoxy group unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R.sub.10a, a C.sub.3-C.sub.60 carbocyclic group unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R.sub.10a, a C.sub.1-C.sub.60 heterocyclic group unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R.sub.10a, a C.sub.6-C.sub.60 aryloxy group unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R.sub.10a, a C.sub.6-C.sub.60 arylthio group unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R.sub.10a, —Si(Q.sub.1)(Q.sub.2)(Q.sub.3), —B(Q.sub.1)(Q.sub.2), —C(═O)(Q.sub.1), —S(═O).sub.2(Q.sub.1), or —P(═O)(Q.sub.1)(Q.sub.2).

[0091] In Formula 1, b1 to b3 may each independently be an integer from 0 to 10.

[0092] In Formula 1, two or more groups of R.sub.1 to R.sub.9 may optionally be linked to each other to form a C.sub.5-C.sub.30 carbocyclic group that is unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R.sub.10a or a C.sub.2-C.sub.30 heterocyclic group unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R.sub.10a.

[0093] In an embodiment, in Formula 1, a moiety represented by

##STR00005##

may be a moiety represented by Formula 2:

##STR00006##

[0094] In Formula 2,

[0095] X.sub.1a may be C or Si,

[0096] X.sub.1b may be a single bond or not a bond,

[0097] Ar.sub.11 and Ar.sub.12 may each independently be a C.sub.1-C.sub.60 alkyl group unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R.sub.10a, a C.sub.2-C.sub.60 alkenyl group unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R.sub.10a, a C.sub.2-C.sub.60 alkynyl group unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R.sub.10a, a C.sub.3-C.sub.60 carbocyclic group unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R.sub.10a or a C.sub.1-C.sub.60 heterocyclic group unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R.sub.10a,

[0098] wherein when X.sub.1b is a single bond, Ar.sub.11 and Ar.sub.12 may each independently be a C.sub.3-C.sub.60 carbocyclic group unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R.sub.10a or a C.sub.1-C.sub.60 heterocyclic group unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R.sub.10a,

[0099] * indicates a binding site to Ar.sub.1 in Formula 1, and *′ indicates a binding site to Ar.sub.2 in Formula 1, and

[0100] R.sub.10a is the same as described herein.

[0101] In Formula 1, the condensed cyclic compound may satisfy at least one of Condition 1 to Condition 4:

[0102] [Condition 1]

[0103] At least one of Ar.sub.1 to Ar.sub.3 is a π electron-deficient nitrogen-containing C.sub.1-C.sub.60 cyclic group

[0104] [Condition 2]

[0105] At least one of E.sub.1(s) in the number of d1, E.sub.2(s) in the number of d2, and E.sub.3(s) in the number of d3 is a π electron-deficient nitrogen-containing C.sub.1-C.sub.60 cyclic group

[0106] [Condition 3]

[0107] X.sub.1 is Si(R.sub.4)(R.sub.5)

[0108] [Condition 4]

[0109] X.sub.1 is C(R.sub.4)(R.sub.5); and X.sub.2 is O, S, Se, Si(R.sub.6)(R.sub.7), or N(R.sub.6)

[0110] For example, the condensed cyclic compound may satisfy: Condition 1; Condition 2; Condition 3; Condition 4; Condition 1 and Condition 2; Condition 1 and Condition 3; Condition 1 and Condition 4; Condition 2 and Condition 3; Condition 2 and Condition 4; or Condition 1, Condition 2, and Condition 3; or Condition 1, Condition 2, and Condition 4.

[0111] In an embodiment, in Formula 1, X.sub.1 may be C(R.sub.4)(R.sub.5), X.sub.2 may be C(R.sub.6)(R.sub.7), X.sub.3 may be C(R.sub.8)(R.sub.9), and the condensed cyclic compound may satisfy at least one of Condition 1 and Condition 2.

[0112] In an embodiment, the condensed cyclic compound represented by Formula 1 may be represented by Formula 1-1:

##STR00007##

[0113] In Formula 1-1,

[0114] Z.sub.11 may be C(E.sub.11) or N,

[0115] Z.sub.12 may be C(E.sub.12) or N,

[0116] Z.sub.13 may be C(E.sub.13) or N,

[0117] Z.sub.21 may be C(E.sub.21) or N,

[0118] Z.sub.22 may be C(E.sub.22) or N,

[0119] Z.sub.23 may be C(E.sub.23) or N,

[0120] Z.sub.31 may be C(E.sub.31) or N,

[0121] Z.sub.32 may be C(E.sub.32) or N,

[0122] Z.sub.33 may be C(E.sub.33) or N,

[0123] E.sub.11 to E.sub.13 are each independently the same as described in connection with E.sub.1 in Formula 1,

[0124] E.sub.21 to E.sub.23 are each independently the same as described in connection with E.sub.2 in Formula 1,

[0125] E.sub.31 to E.sub.33 are each independently the same as described in connection with E.sub.3 in Formula 1,

[0126] X.sub.1 to X.sub.3 and Y.sub.1 are each the same as described in Formula 1, and

[0127] the condensed cyclic compound represented by Formula 1-1 may satisfy at least one of Condition 1A to Condition 4A:

[0128] [Condition 1A]

[0129] At least one of Z.sub.11 to Z.sub.13, Z.sub.21 to Z.sub.23, and Z.sub.31 to Z.sub.33 is N

[0130] [Condition 2A]

[0131] At least one of E.sub.11 to E.sub.13, E.sub.21 to E.sub.23, and E.sub.31 to E.sub.33 includes a π electron-deficient nitrogen-containing C.sub.1-C.sub.60 cyclic group

[0132] [Condition 3A]

[0133] X.sub.1 is Si(R.sub.4)(R.sub.5),

[0134] [Condition 4A]

[0135] X.sub.1 is C(R.sub.4)(R.sub.5); and X.sub.2 is O, S, Se, Si(R.sub.6)(R.sub.7), or N(R.sub.6).

[0136] In an embodiment, the condensed cyclic compound represented by Formula 1-1 may be represented by Formula 1-2:

##STR00008##

[0137] In Formula 1-2,

[0138] X.sub.1 to X.sub.3 and Y.sub.1 are each the same as described in Formula 1, and

[0139] E.sub.12, E.sub.22, E.sub.32, Z.sub.11, Z.sub.13, Z.sub.21, Z.sub.23, Z.sub.31, and Z.sub.33 are each the same as described in Formula 1-1.

[0140] In embodiments, R.sub.1 to R.sub.9 may each independently be:

[0141] hydrogen, deuterium, —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, a hydroxyl group, a cyano group, a nitro group, an amidino group, a hydrazine group, a hydrazone group, a C.sub.1-C.sub.20 alkyl group, or a C.sub.1-C.sub.20 alkoxy group;

[0142] a C.sub.1-C.sub.20 alkyl group or a C.sub.1-C.sub.20 alkoxy group, each substituted with deuterium, —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, —CD.sub.3, —CD.sub.2H, —CDH.sub.2, —CF.sub.3, —CF.sub.2H, —CFH.sub.2, a hydroxyl group, a cyano group, a nitro group, an amidino group, a hydrazine group, a hydrazone group, a C.sub.1-C.sub.10 alkyl group, a cyclopentyl group, a cyclohexyl group, a cycloheptyl group, a cyclooctyl group, an adamantanyl group, a norbornanyl group, a norbornenyl group, a cyclopentenyl group, a cyclohexenyl group, a cycloheptenyl group, a phenyl group, a biphenyl group, a naphthyl group, a pyridinyl group, a pyrimidinyl group, or any combination thereof;

[0143] a cyclopentyl group, a cyclohexyl group, a cycloheptyl group, a cyclooctyl group, an adamantanyl group, a norbornanyl group, a norbornenyl group, a cyclopentenyl group, a cyclohexenyl group, a cycloheptenyl group, a phenyl group, a biphenyl group, a C.sub.1-C.sub.10 alkylphenyl group, a naphthyl group, a tetrahydronaphthyl group, a fluorenyl group, a phenanthrenyl group, an anthracenyl group, a fluoranthenyl group, a triphenylenyl group, a pyrenyl group, a chrysenyl group, a pyrrolyl group, a thiophenyl group, a furanyl group, an imidazolyl group, a pyrazolyl group, a thiazolyl group, an isothiazolyl group, an oxazolyl group, an isoxazolyl group, a pyridinyl group, a pyrazinyl group, a pyrimidinyl group, a pyridazinyl group, an isoindolyl group, an indolyl group, an indazolyl group, a purinyl group, a quinolinyl group, an isoquinolinyl group, a benzoquinolinyl group, a benzoisoquinolinyl group, a phthalazinyl group, a naphthylidinyl group, a quinoxalinyl group, a benzoquinoxalinyl group, a quinazolinyl group, a cinnolinyl group, a carbazolyl group, a phenanthridinyl group, an acridinyl group, a phenanthrolinyl group, a phenazinyl group, a benzoimidazolyl group, a benzofuranyl group, a benzothiophenyl group, a benzoisothiazolyl group, a benzoxazolyl group, an isobenzoxazolyl group, a triazolyl group, a tetrazolyl group, an oxadiazolyl group, a triazinyl group, a thiadiazolyl group, a dibenzofuranyl group, a dibenzothiophenyl group, a benzocarbazolyl group, a dibenzocarbazolyl group, an imidazopyridinyl group, an imidazopyrimidinyl group, an azacarbazolyl group, an azadibenzofuranyl group, an azadibenzothiophenyl group, an azafluorenyl group, or an azadibenzosilolyl group, each unsubstituted or substituted with deuterium, —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, —CD.sub.3, —CD.sub.2H, —CDH.sub.2, —CF.sub.3, —CF.sub.2H, —CFH.sub.2, a hydroxyl group, a cyano group, a nitro group, an amidino group, a hydrazine group, a hydrazone group, a C.sub.1-C.sub.20 alkyl group, a C.sub.1-C.sub.20 alkoxy group, a cyclopentyl group, a cyclohexyl group, a cycloheptyl group, a cyclooctyl group, an adamantanyl group, a norbornanyl group, a norbornenyl group, a cyclopentenyl group, a cyclohexenyl group, a cycloheptenyl group, a phenyl group, a biphenyl group, a C.sub.1-C.sub.10 alkylphenyl group, a naphthyl group, a tetrahydronaphthyl group, a fluorenyl group, a phenanthrenyl group, an anthracenyl group, a fluoranthenyl group, a triphenylenyl group, a pyrenyl group, a chrysenyl group, a pyrrolyl group, a thiophenyl group, a furanyl group, an imidazolyl group, a pyrazolyl group, a thiazolyl group, an isothiazolyl group, an oxazolyl group, an isoxazolyl group, a pyridinyl group, a pyrazinyl group, a pyrimidinyl group, a pyridazinyl group, an isoindolyl group, an indolyl group, an indazolyl group, a purinyl group, a quinolinyl group, an isoquinolinyl group, a benzoquinolinyl group, a benzoisoquinolinyl group, a phthalazinyl group, a naphthylidinyl group, a quinoxalinyl group, a benzoquinoxalinyl group, a quinazolinyl group, a cinnolinyl group, a carbazolyl group, a phenanthridinyl group, an acridinyl group, a phenanthrolinyl group, a phenazinyl group, a benzoimidazolyl group, a benzofuranyl group, a benzothiophenyl group, a benzoisothiazolyl group, a benzoxazolyl group, an isobenzoxazolyl group, a triazolyl group, a tetrazolyl group, an oxadiazolyl group, a triazinyl group, a thiadiazolyl group, a dibenzofuranyl group, a dibenzothiophenyl group, a benzocarbazolyl group, a dibenzocarbazolyl group, an imidazopyridinyl group, an imidazopyrimidinyl group, an azacarbazolyl group, an azadibenzofuranyl group, an azadibenzothiophenyl group, an azafluorenyl group, an azadibenzosilolyl group, —Si(Q.sub.31)(Q.sub.32)(Q.sub.33), —B(Q.sub.31)(Q.sub.32), —P(Q.sub.31)(Q.sub.32), —C(═O)(Q.sub.31), —S(═O).sub.2(Q.sub.31), —P(═O)(Q.sub.31)(Q.sub.32), or any combination thereof, or

[0144] —Si(Q.sub.1)(Q.sub.2)(Q.sub.3), —B(Q.sub.1)(Q.sub.2), —C(═O)(Q.sub.1), —S(═O).sub.2(Q.sub.1), or —P(═O)(Q.sub.1)(Q.sub.2),

[0145] wherein Q.sub.1 to Q.sub.3 and Q.sub.31 to Q.sub.33 may each independently be:

[0146] —CH.sub.3, —CD.sub.3, —CD.sub.2H, —CDH.sub.2, —CH.sub.2CH.sub.3, —CH.sub.2CD.sub.3, —CH.sub.2CD.sub.2H, —CH.sub.2CDH.sub.2, —CHDCH.sub.3, —CHDCD.sub.2H, —CHDCDH.sub.2, —CHDCD.sub.3, —CD.sub.2CD.sub.3, —CD.sub.2CD.sub.2H, or —CD.sub.2CDH.sub.2, or

[0147] an n-propyl group, an isopropyl group, an n-butyl group, an isobutyl group, a sec-butyl group, a tert-butyl group, an n-pentyl group, an isopentyl group, a sec-pentyl group, a tert-pentyl group, a phenyl group, a naphthyl group, a pyridinyl group, a pyrimidinyl group, a pyridazinyl group, a pyrazinyl group, a triazinyl group, a carbazolyl group, a dibenzofuranyl group, or a dibenzothiophenyl group, each unsubstituted or substituted with deuterium, a C.sub.1-C.sub.10 alkyl group, a phenyl group, a biphenyl group, a pyridinyl group, a pyrimidinyl group, pyridazinyl group, a pyrazinyl group, a triazinyl group, a carbazolyl group, a dibenzofuranyl group, a dibenzothiophenyl group, or any combination thereof.

[0148] In an embodiment, the condensed cyclic compound represented by Formula 1 may satisfy Equation 1:

2.4 eV≤T1(D1)≤2.6 eV  [Equation 1]

[0149] In Equation 1, T1(D1) is a lowest excitation triplet energy level of the condensed cyclic compound.

[0150] In this regard, T1 of the condensed cyclic compound is measured from a photoluminescence spectrum in a solution state. The photoluminescence spectrum is measured using LS-55 of Perkin Elmer Inc., and the emission spectrum at an excitation wavelength of 300 nm may be in a range of about 400 nm to about 700 nm.

[0151] In an embodiment, T1 of the condensed cyclic compound is the lowest excitation triplet energy level at the onset wavelength of the low-temperature photoluminescence (PL) spectrum of the condensed cyclic compound.

[0152] The wording “lowest excitation triplet energy level at the onset wavelength” as used herein may be a triplet energy at the beginning of the low-temperature PL spectrum, and may be calculated from the triplet energy at the point (for example, an x-intercept) where the curve of the function obtained by plotting the PL spectrum as a quadratic function meets the axis of wavelength.

[0153] In an embodiment, the condensed cyclic compound represented by Formula 1 may satisfy Equation 2:

ΔE.sub.ST=S1(D1)−T1(D1)≤0.3 eV  [Equation 2]

[0154] In Equation 2, S1(D1) is a lowest excitation singlet energy level (eV) of the condensed cyclic compound, and T1 (D1) is a lowest excitation triplet energy level (eV) of the condensed cyclic compound.

[0155] In an embodiment, T1(D1) represents a lowest excitation triplet energy level at the onset wavelength of the low-temperature photoluminescence spectrum (PL) of the condensed cyclic compound, and may be measured in the same manner as the measurement method described above, S1 (D1) represents a lowest excitation singlet energy level at the onset wavelength of the room temperature PL spectrum of the condensed cyclic compound, and the wording “lowest excitation singlet energy level at the onset wavelength” as used herein may be a singlet energy at which the room temperature PL spectrum begins, and may be calculated from the singlet energy at a point (for example, the x intercept) where the curve of the function obtained by plotting the PL spectrum as a quadratic function meets the wavelength axis.

[0156] In an embodiment, the condensed cyclic compound represented by Formula 1 may be a delayed fluorescence material:

[0157] In an embodiment, the condensed cyclic compound represented by Formula 1 may be one of Compounds 1 to 24, but is not limited thereto:

##STR00009## ##STR00010## ##STR00011## ##STR00012## ##STR00013## ##STR00014## ##STR00015## ##STR00016## ##STR00017##

[0158] The condensed cyclic compound represented by Formula 1 may have a core of a condensed ring in which three cyclic groups (Ar.sub.1, Ar.sub.2, and Ar.sub.3) are linked via X.sub.1, X.sub.2, or X.sub.3, respectively. The core may include at least one π electron-deficient nitrogen-containing C.sub.1-C.sub.60 cyclic group (Condition 1); or the core may include the same as a substituent (Condition 2); or the cyclic group of the core is linked via at least one heteroatom (for example, Si) (Condition 3); or X.sub.1 is C(R.sub.4)(R.sub.5) and X.sub.2 is O, S, Se, Si(R.sub.6)(R.sub.7), or N(R.sub.6) (Condition 4).

[0159] The condensed cyclic compound represented by Formula 1 contains a π electron deficient nitrogen-containing C.sub.1-C.sub.60 cyclic group, and through the electron-withdrawing property, the electron density in the multi-resonance core is increased, and thus, multi-resonance in the core of the condensed cyclic compound may be further enhanced. The efficiency and lifespan of a light-emitting device can be improved by improving material electrical/thermal stability through carbon-carbon bonding.

[0160] As the cyclic group of the condensed cyclic compound core represented by Formula 1 is linked through at least one heteroatom, multiple resonance is further activated, delocalization of electrons in the molecule is expanded, and polarizability can be increased to further increase the f-value.

[0161] When the condensed cyclic compound represented by Formula 1 satisfies Condition 4, an asymmetric structure may be formed around Y.sub.1 and a higher f-value and lower ΔE.sub.ST may be obtained, so that the condensed cyclic compound can be used as a high efficiency delayed fluorescence luminescent material.

[0162] Therefore, an electronic device, for example, an organic light-emitting device, using the condensed cyclic compound represented by Formula 1 may have a low driving voltage, high luminance, high efficiency, and a long lifespan.

[0163] Synthesis methods of the condensed cyclic compound represented by Formula 1 may be recognizable by one of ordinary skill in the art by referring to the Examples provided below.

[0164] At least one condensed cyclic compound represented by Formula 1 may be included in a light-emitting device (for example, an organic light-emitting device).

[0165] According to embodiments, provided is a light-emitting device which may include a first electrode, a second electrode facing the first electrode, an interlayer between the first electrode and the second electrode, wherein the interlayer may include an emission layer and at least one condensed cyclic compound as described herein.

[0166] In an embodiment, the first electrode may be an anode; the second electrode may be a cathode; the interlayer may further include a hole transport region between the emission layer and the first electrode and an electron transport region between the emission layer and the second electrode; the hole transport region may include a hole injection layer, a hole transport layer, an emission auxiliary layer, an electron blocking layer, or any combination thereof; and the electron transport region may include a buffer layer, a hole blocking layer, an electron control layer, an electron transport layer, an electron injection layer, or any combination thereof.

[0167] In an embodiment, the emission layer may include the at least one condensed cyclic compound.

[0168] In an embodiment, the at least one condensed cyclic compound may emit light.

[0169] In an embodiment, the condensed cyclic compound may emit light having a maximum emission wavelength in a range of about 400 nm to about 500 nm.

[0170] In an embodiment, an amount of the condensed cyclic compound may be in a range of about 0 parts by weight to about 50 parts by weight, based on a total of 100 parts by weight of the emission layer. In an embodiment, an amount of the condensed cyclic compound may be in a range of about 0 parts by weight to about 1 part by weight, based on a total of 100 parts by weight of the emission layer.

[0171] In an embodiment, the emission layer may include a dopant, and the dopant may include a condensed cyclic compound represented by Formula 1.

[0172] In an embodiment, the condensed cyclic compound represented by Formula 1 may serve as a delayed fluorescence dopant.

[0173] In an embodiment, the light-emitting device may further include a first compound that is a hole-transporting compound and a second compound that is an electron-transporting compound. For example, the emission layer may further include the first compound and the second compound.

[0174] In an embodiment, the emission layer may further include a third compound, and the third compound may be a transition metal-containing compound.

[0175] In an embodiment, the emission layer may include a host, and the host may include the first compound and the second compound.

[0176] In an embodiment, the first compound and the second compound may serve as an exciplex host.

[0177] In an embodiment, the third compound may serve as a phosphorescent sensitizer.

[0178] In an embodiment, the third compound may not emit light.

[0179] The light emission path of the light-emitting device according to an embodiment of the invention may be as follows: the first compound and the second compound form an exciton (first step), the energy of the exciton is transferred to the third compound (second step), and energy is delivered from the third compound to the condensed cyclic compound represented by Formula 1 according to embodiments (third step).

[0180] In an embodiment, an amount of the third compound may be in a range of about 0 parts by weight to about 50 parts by weight, based on a total of 100 parts by weight of the emission layer.

[0181] In an embodiment, the first compound may be represented by Formula a:

##STR00018##

[0182] In Formula a,

[0183] X.sub.11 may be O, S, N(R.sub.19), or C(R.sub.19)(R.sub.20),

[0184] R.sub.11 to R.sub.20 may each independently be *-(L.sub.11).sub.a11-(A.sub.11).sub.b11, hydrogen, deuterium, —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, a hydroxyl group, a cyano group, a nitro group, a C.sub.1-C.sub.60 alkyl group unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R.sub.10a, a C.sub.2-C.sub.60 alkenyl group unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R.sub.10a, a C.sub.2-C.sub.60 alkynyl group unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R.sub.10a, a C.sub.1-C.sub.60 alkoxy group unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R.sub.10a, a C.sub.3-C.sub.60 carbocyclic group unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R.sub.10a, a C.sub.1-C.sub.60 heterocyclic group unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R.sub.10a, a C.sub.6-C.sub.60 aryloxy group unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R.sub.10a, a C.sub.6-C.sub.60 arylthio group unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R.sub.10a, —Si(Q.sub.1)(Q.sub.2)(Q.sub.3), —N(Q.sub.1)(Q.sub.2), —B(Q.sub.1)(Q.sub.2), —C(═O)(Q.sub.1), —S(═O).sub.2(Q.sub.1), or —P(═O)(Q.sub.1)(Q.sub.2),

[0185] L.sub.11 may be a single bond, a π electron-rich C.sub.3-C.sub.60 cyclic group which is unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R.sub.10a, *—C(Q.sub.1)(Q.sub.2)-*′, *—Si(Q.sub.1)(Q.sub.2)-*′, *—B(Q.sub.1)-*′, or *—N(Q.sub.1)-*′,

[0186] a11 may be an integer from 1 to 5,

[0187] A.sub.11 may be a C.sub.1-C.sub.60 alkyl group which is unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R.sub.10a, a π electron-rich C.sub.3-C.sub.60 cyclic group which is unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R.sub.10a, —C(Q.sub.1)(Q.sub.2)(Q.sub.3), —Si(Q.sub.1)(Q.sub.2)(Q.sub.3), —N(Q.sub.1)(Q.sub.2), or —B(Q.sub.1)(Q.sub.2),

[0188] b11 may be an integer from 1 to 10,

[0189] * and *′ each indicate a binding site to a neighboring atom, and

[0190] Q.sub.1 to Q.sub.3 and R.sub.10a are each the same as described herein.

[0191] In an embodiment, the second compound may be represented by Formula b:

##STR00019##

[0192] In Formula b,

[0193] X.sub.21 may be C(R.sub.21) or N,

[0194] X.sub.22 may be C(R.sub.22) or N,

[0195] X.sub.23 may be C(R.sub.23) or N,

[0196] at least one of X.sub.21 to X.sub.23 may be N,

[0197] L.sub.21 to L.sub.23 may each independently be a single bond, a C.sub.5-C.sub.60 carbocyclic group unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R.sub.10a, or a C.sub.1-C.sub.60 heterocyclic group unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R.sub.10a,

[0198] a21 to a23 may each independently be an integer from 1 to 5,

[0199] A.sub.21 to A.sub.23 and R.sub.21 to R.sub.23 may each independently be hydrogen, deuterium, —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, a hydroxyl group, a cyano group, a nitro group, a C.sub.1-C.sub.60 alkyl group unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R.sub.10a, a C.sub.2-C.sub.60 alkenyl group unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R.sub.10a, a C.sub.2-C.sub.60 alkynyl group unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R.sub.10a, a C.sub.1-C.sub.60 alkoxy group unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R.sub.10a, a C.sub.3-C.sub.60 carbocyclic group unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R.sub.10a, a C.sub.1-C.sub.60 heterocyclic group unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R.sub.10a, a C.sub.6-C.sub.60 aryloxy group unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R.sub.10a, a C.sub.6-C.sub.60 arylthio group unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R.sub.10a, —Si(Q.sub.1)(Q.sub.2)(Q.sub.3), —C(Q.sub.1)(Q.sub.2)(Q.sub.3), —N(Q.sub.1)(Q.sub.2), or —B(Q.sub.1)(Q.sub.2),

[0200] b21 to b23 may each independently be an integer from 1 to 10, and

[0201] Q.sub.1 to Q.sub.3 and R.sub.10a are each the same as described herein.

[0202] In an embodiment, the third compound may be represented by Formula c:

M.sub.31(L.sub.31).sub.n31(L.sub.32).sub.n32  [Formula c]

##STR00020##

[0203] In Formulae c and c-1 to c-4,

[0204] M.sub.31 may be a first-row transition metal of the Periodic Table of Elements, a second-row transition metal of the Periodic Table of Elements, or a third-row transition metal of the Periodic Table of Elements,

[0205] L.sub.31 may be a ligand represented by one of Formulae c-1 to c-4,

[0206] L.sub.32 may be a monodentate ligand, a bidentate ligand, or a tridentate ligand,

[0207] n31 may be 1 or 2,

[0208] n32 may be 0, 1, 2, 3, or 4,

[0209] A.sub.31 to A.sub.34 may each independently be a C.sub.5-C.sub.30 carbocyclic group or a C.sub.1-C.sub.30 heterocyclic group,

[0210] T.sub.31 to T.sub.34 may each independently be a single bond, a double bond, *—O—*′, *—S—*′, *—C(═O)—*′, *—S(═O)—*′, *—C(R.sub.35)(R.sub.36)—*′, *—C(R.sub.35)═C(R.sub.36)—*′, *—C(R.sub.35)=*′, *—Si(R.sub.35)(R.sub.36)—*′, *—B(R.sub.35)—*′, *—N(R.sub.35)—*′, or *—P(R.sub.35)—*′,

[0211] k31 to k34 may each independently be 1, 2, or 3,

[0212] Y.sub.31 to Y.sub.34 may each independently be a single bond, *—O—*′, *—S—*′, *—C(R.sub.37)(R.sub.38)—*′, *—Si(R.sub.37)(R.sub.38)—*′, *—B(R.sub.37)—*′, *—N(R.sub.37)—*′, or *—P(R.sub.37)—*,

[0213] *.sub.1, *.sub.2, *.sub.3, and *.sub.4 each indicate a binding site to M.sub.31,

[0214] R.sub.31 to R.sub.38 may each independently be hydrogen, deuterium, —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, a hydroxyl group, a cyano group, a nitro group, a C.sub.1-C.sub.60 alkyl group unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R.sub.10a, a C.sub.2-C.sub.60 alkenyl group unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R.sub.10a, a C.sub.2-C.sub.60 alkynyl group unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R.sub.10a, a C.sub.1-C.sub.60 alkoxy group unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R.sub.10a, a C.sub.3-C.sub.60 carbocyclic group unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R.sub.10a, a C.sub.1-C.sub.60 heterocyclic group unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R.sub.10a, a C.sub.6-C.sub.60 aryloxy group unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R.sub.10a, a C.sub.6-C.sub.60 arylthio group unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R.sub.10a, —Si(Q.sub.1)(Q.sub.2)(Q.sub.3), —N(Q.sub.1)(Q.sub.2), —B(Q.sub.1)(Q.sub.2), —C(═O)(Q.sub.1), —S(═O).sub.2(Q.sub.1), or —P(═O)(Q.sub.1)(Q.sub.2),

[0215] two or more groups of R.sub.31 to R.sub.38 may optionally be bonded to each other to form a C.sub.5-C.sub.60 carbocyclic group unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R.sub.10a or a C.sub.1-C.sub.60 heterocyclic group unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R.sub.10a, and

[0216] b31 to b34 may each independently be an integer from 0 to 10,

[0217] * and *′ each indicate a binding site to a neighboring atom, and

[0218] Q.sub.1 to Q.sub.3 and R.sub.10a are each the same as described herein.

[0219] In an embodiment, the first compound may be selected from Group 1; the second compound may be selected from Group 2; and the third compound may be selected from Group 3:

##STR00021## ##STR00022## ##STR00023## ##STR00024## ##STR00025## ##STR00026## ##STR00027## ##STR00028## ##STR00029## ##STR00030## ##STR00031## ##STR00032## ##STR00033## ##STR00034## ##STR00035## ##STR00036## ##STR00037## ##STR00038## ##STR00039##

[0220] In an embodiment, the emission layer may emit blue light or blue-green light.

[0221] In an embodiment, the emission layer may emit light having a maximum emission wavelength in a range of about 400 nm to about 500 nm.

[0222] The expression “(the interlayer) includes a condensed cyclic compound” as used herein may be construed as the meaning that “(the interlayer) may include one condensed cyclic compound belonging to the category of Formula 1” or “(the interlayer) may include at least two different condensed cyclic compounds belonging to the category of Formula 1.”

[0223] For example, the interlayer may include, as the condensed cyclic compound, only Compound 1. In this regard, Compound 1 may be included in the interlayer of the light-emitting device. In embodiments, the interlayer may include, as the condensed cyclic compound, Compound 1 and Compound 2. In this regard, Compound 1 and Compound 2 may exist in a same layer (for example, Compound 1 and Compound 2 may all exist in an electron transport layer), or in different layers (for example, Compound 1 may exist in an electron transport layer and Compound 2 may exist in a buffer layer).

[0224] The term “interlayer” as used herein may be a single layer and/or multiple layers located between the first electrode and the second electrode of the light-emitting device.

[0225] Another aspect provides an electronic apparatus which may include the light-emitting device.

[0226] In an embodiment, the electronic apparatus may further include a thin-film transistor. For example, in an embodiment, the electronic apparatus may further include a thin-film transistor including a source electrode and a drain electrode, wherein the first electrode of the light-emitting device may be electrically connected to the source electrode or the drain electrode.

[0227] In an embodiment, the electronic apparatus may further include a color filter, a color conversion layer, a touch screen layer, a polarizing layer, or any combination thereof. For example, the electronic apparatus may be a flat panel display apparatus, but embodiments are not limited thereto.

[0228] The electronic apparatus may be the same as described herein.

[0229] [Description of FIG. 1]

[0230] FIG. 1 is a schematic cross-sectional view of a light-emitting device 10 according to an embodiment. The light-emitting device 10 includes a first electrode 110, an interlayer 130, and a second electrode 150.

[0231] Hereinafter, the structure of the light-emitting device 10 according to an embodiment and a method of manufacturing the light-emitting device 10 will be described with reference to FIG. 1.

[0232] [First Electrode 110]

[0233] In FIG. 1, a substrate may be further included under the first electrode 110 or on the second electrode 150. The substrate may be a glass substrate or a plastic substrate. In embodiments, the substrate may be a flexible substrate, and may include plastics with excellent heat resistance and durability, such as polyimide, polyethylene terephthalate (PET), polycarbonate, polyethylene naphthalate, polyarylate (PAR), polyetherimide, or any combination thereof.

[0234] The first electrode 110 may be formed by, for example, depositing or sputtering a material for forming the first electrode 110 on the substrate. When the first electrode 110 is an anode, a material for forming the first electrode 110 may be a high-work function material that facilitates injection of holes.

[0235] The first electrode 110 may be a reflective electrode, a semi-transmissive electrode, or a transmissive electrode. When the first electrode 110 is a transmissive electrode, a material for forming the first electrode 110 may include indium tin oxide (ITO), indium zinc oxide (IZO), tin oxide (SnO.sub.2), zinc oxide (ZnO), or any combination thereof. In embodiments, when the first electrode 110 is a semi-transmissive electrode or a reflective electrode, a material for forming the first electrode 110 may include magnesium (Mg), silver (Ag), aluminum (Al), aluminum-lithium (Al—Li), calcium (Ca), magnesium-indium (Mg—In), magnesium-silver (Mg—Ag), or any combination thereof.

[0236] The first electrode 110 may have a structure consisting of a single layer or a structure including multiple layers. For example, the first electrode 110 may have a three-layered structure of ITO/Ag/ITO.

[0237] [Interlayer 130]

[0238] The interlayer 130 may be located on the first electrode 110. The interlayer 130 may include an emission layer.

[0239] The interlayer 130 may further include a hole transport region between the first electrode 110 and the emission layer, and an electron transport region between the emission layer and the second electrode 150.

[0240] The interlayer 130 may further include, in addition to various organic materials, a metal-containing compound such as an organometallic compound, an inorganic material such as quantum dots, or the like.

[0241] In embodiments, the interlayer 130 may include two or more emitting units stacked between the first electrode 110 and the second electrode 150, and at least one charge generation layer located between the two or more emitting units. When the interlayer 130 includes two or more emitting units and the at least one charge generation layer as described above, the light-emitting device 10 may be a tandem light-emitting device.

[0242] [Hole Transport Region in Interlayer 130]

[0243] The hole transport region may have a structure consisting of a layer consisting of a single material, a structure consisting of a layer consisting of a different materials, or a structure including multiple layers including different materials.

[0244] The hole transport region may include a hole injection layer, a hole transport layer, an emission auxiliary layer, an electron-blocking layer, or any combination thereof.

[0245] For example, the hole transport region may have a multi-layered structure including a hole injection layer/hole transport layer structure, a hole injection layer/hole transport layer/emission auxiliary layer structure, a hole injection layer/emission auxiliary layer structure, a hole transport layer/emission auxiliary layer structure, or a hole injection layer/hole transport layer/electron-blocking layer structure, wherein the layers of each structure may be stacked from the first electrode 110 in its respective stated order, but the structure of the hole transport region is not limited thereto.

[0246] The hole transport region may include a compound represented by Formula 201, a compound represented by Formula 202, or any combination thereof:

##STR00040##

[0247] In Formulae 201 and 202,

[0248] L.sub.201 to L.sub.204 may each independently be a C.sub.3-C.sub.60 carbocyclic group unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R.sub.10a or a C.sub.1-C.sub.60 heterocyclic group unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R.sub.10a,

[0249] L.sub.205 may be *—O—*′, *—S—*′, *—N(Q.sub.201)-*′, a C.sub.1-C.sub.20 alkylene group unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R.sub.10a, a C.sub.2-C.sub.20 alkenylene group unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R.sub.10a, a C.sub.3-C.sub.60 carbocyclic group unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R.sub.10a, or a C.sub.1-C.sub.60 heterocyclic group unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R.sub.10a,

[0250] xa1 to xa4 may each independently be an integer from 0 to 5,

[0251] xa5 may be an integer from 1 to 10,

[0252] R.sub.201 to R.sub.204 and Q.sub.201 may each independently be a C.sub.3-C.sub.60 carbocyclic group unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R.sub.10a, or a C.sub.1-C.sub.60 heterocyclic group unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R.sub.10a,

[0253] R.sub.201 and R.sub.202 may optionally be linked to each other via a single bond, a C.sub.1-C.sub.5 alkylene group unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R.sub.10a, or a C.sub.2-C.sub.5 alkenylene group unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R.sub.10a, to form a C.sub.8-C.sub.60 polycyclic group (for example, a carbazole group or the like) unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R.sub.10a (for example, Compound HT16),

[0254] R.sub.203 and R.sub.204 may optionally be linked to each other via a single bond, a C.sub.1-C.sub.5 alkylene group unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R.sub.10a, or a C.sub.2-C.sub.5 alkenylene group unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R.sub.10a, to form a C.sub.8-C.sub.60 polycyclic group unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R.sub.10a, and

[0255] na1 may be an integer from 1 to 4.

[0256] In embodiments, each of Formulae 201 and 202 may include at least one of groups represented by Formulae CY201 to CY217.

##STR00041##

[0257] In Formulae CY201 to CY217, R.sub.10b and R.sub.10c may each independently be the same as described with respect to R.sub.10a, ring CY.sub.201 to ring CY.sub.204 may each independently be a C.sub.3-C.sub.20 carbocyclic group or a C.sub.1-C.sub.20 heterocyclic group, and at least one hydrogen in Formulae CY201 to CY217 may be unsubstituted or substituted with R.sub.10a as described herein.

[0258] In an embodiment, in Formulae CY201 to CY217, ring CY.sub.201 to ring CY.sub.204 may each independently be a benzene group, a naphthalene group, a phenanthrene group, or an anthracene group.

[0259] In embodiments, each of Formulae 201 and 202 may include at least one of groups represented by Formulae CY201 to CY203.

[0260] In embodiments, a compound represented by Formula 201 may include at least one of groups represented by Formulae CY201 to CY203 and at least one of groups represented by Formulae CY204 to CY217.

[0261] In embodiments, in Formula 201, xa1 may be 1, R.sub.201 may be a group represented by one of Formulae CY201 to CY203, xa2 may be 0, and R.sub.202 may be a group represented by one of Formulae CY204 to CY207.

[0262] In embodiments, each of Formulae 201 and 202 may not include a group represented by one of Formulae CY201 to CY203.

[0263] In embodiments, each of Formulae 201 and 202 may not include a group represented by one of Formulae CY201 to CY203, and may include at least one of groups represented by Formulae CY204 to CY217.

[0264] In embodiments, each of Formulae 201 and 202 may not include a group represented by one of Formulae CY201 to CY217.

[0265] In an embodiment, the hole transport region may include one of Compounds HT1 to HT46, m-MTDATA, TDATA, 2-TNATA, NPB(NPD), β-NPB, TPD, Spiro-TPD, Spiro-NPB, methylated NPB, TAPC, HMTPD, 4,4′,4″-tris(N-carbazolyl)triphenylamine (TCTA), polyaniline/dodecylbenzenesulfonic acid (PANI/DBSA), poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene)/poly(4-styrenesulfonate) (PEDOT/PSS), polyaniline/camphor sulfonic acid (PANI/CSA), polyaniline/poly(4-styrenesulfonate) (PANI/PSS), CzSi, or any combination thereof:

##STR00042## ##STR00043## ##STR00044## ##STR00045## ##STR00046## ##STR00047## ##STR00048## ##STR00049## ##STR00050## ##STR00051## ##STR00052## ##STR00053## ##STR00054## ##STR00055## ##STR00056## ##STR00057## ##STR00058## ##STR00059## ##STR00060## ##STR00061## ##STR00062##

[0266] A thickness of the hole transport region may be in a range of about 50 Å to about 10,000 Å. For example, the thickness of the hole transport region may be in a range of about 100 Å to about 4,000 Å. When the hole transport region includes a hole injection layer, a hole transport layer, or any combination thereof, a thickness of the hole injection layer may be in a range of about 100 Å to about 9,000 Å, and a thickness of the hole transport layer may be in a range of about 50 Å to about 2,000 Å. For example, the thickness of the hole injection layer may be in a range of about 100 Å to about 1,000 Å. For example, the thickness of the hole transport layer may be in a range of about 100 Å to about 1,500 Å. When the thicknesses of the hole transport region, the hole injection layer, and the hole transport layer are within these ranges, satisfactory hole-transporting characteristics may be obtained without a substantial increase in driving voltage.

[0267] The emission auxiliary layer may increase light-emission efficiency by compensating for an optical resonance distance according to a wavelength of light emitted by an emission layer, and the electron-blocking layer may block the leakage of electrons from an emission layer to a hole transport region. Materials that may be included in the hole transport region may be included in the emission auxiliary layer and the electron-blocking layer.

[0268] [p-Dopant]

[0269] The hole transport region may further include, in addition to these materials, a charge-generation material for the improvement of conductive properties. The charge-generation material may be uniformly or non-uniformly dispersed in the hole transport region (for example, in the form of a single layer consisting of a charge-generation material).

[0270] The charge-generation material may be, for example, a p-dopant.

[0271] For example, a lowest unoccupied molecular orbital (LUMO) energy level of the p-dopant may be equal to or less than about −3.5 eV.

[0272] In embodiments, the p-dopant may include a quinone derivative, a cyano group-containing compound, a compound including element EL1 and element EL2, or any combination thereof.

[0273] Examples of the quinone derivative may include TCNQ, F4-TCNQ, etc.

[0274] Examples of the cyano group-containing compound may include HAT-CN, and a compound represented by Formula 221.

##STR00063##

[0275] In Formula 221,

[0276] R.sub.221 to R.sub.223 may each independently be a C.sub.3-C.sub.60 carbocyclic group unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R.sub.10a or a C.sub.1-C.sub.60 heterocyclic group unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R.sub.10a, and

[0277] at least one of R.sub.221 to R.sub.223 may each independently be a C.sub.3-C.sub.60 carbocyclic group or a C.sub.1-C.sub.60 heterocyclic group, each substituted with a cyano group; —F; —CI; —Br; —I; a C.sub.1-C.sub.20 alkyl group substituted with a cyano group, —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, or any combination thereof; or any combination thereof.

[0278] In the compound including element EL1 and element EL2, element EL1 may be a metal, a metalloid, or any combination thereof, and element EL2 may be a non-metal, a metalloid, or any combination thereof.

[0279] Examples of the metal may include: an alkali metal (for example, lithium (Li), sodium (Na), potassium (K), rubidium (Rb), cesium (Cs), etc.); an alkaline earth metal (for example, beryllium (Be), magnesium (Mg), calcium (Ca), strontium (Sr), barium (Ba), etc.); a transition metal (for example, titanium (Ti), zirconium (Zr), hafnium (Hf), vanadium (V), niobium (Nb), tantalum (Ta), chromium (Cr), molybdenum (Mo), tungsten (W), manganese (Mn), technetium (Tc), rhenium (Re), iron (Fe), ruthenium (Ru), osmium (Os), cobalt (Co), rhodium (Rh), iridium (Ir), nickel (Ni), palladium (Pd), platinum (Pt), copper (Cu), silver (Ag), gold (Au), etc.); a post-transition metal (for example, zinc (Zn), indium (In), tin (Sn), etc.); and a lanthanide metal (for example, lanthanum (La), cerium (Ce), praseodymium (Pr), neodymium (Nd), promethium (Pm), samarium (Sm), europium (Eu), gadolinium (Gd), terbium (Tb), dysprosium (Dy), holmium (Ho), erbium (Er), thulium (Tm), ytterbium (Yb), lutetium (Lu), etc.).

[0280] Examples of the metalloid may include silicon (Si), antimony (Sb), and tellurium (Te).

[0281] Examples of the non-metal may include oxygen (O) and a halogen (for example, F, Cl, Br, I, etc.).

[0282] Examples of the compound including element EL1 and element EL2 may include a metal oxide, a metal halide (for example, a metal fluoride, a metal chloride, a metal bromide, or a metal iodide), a metalloid halide (for example, a metalloid fluoride, a metalloid chloride, a metalloid bromide, or a metalloid iodide), a metal telluride, or any combination thereof.

[0283] Examples of the metal oxide may include tungsten oxide (for example, WO, W.sub.2O.sub.3, WO.sub.2, WO.sub.3, W.sub.2O.sub.5, etc.), vanadium oxide (for example, VO, V.sub.2O.sub.3, VO.sub.2, V.sub.2O.sub.5, etc.), molybdenum oxide (MoO, Mo.sub.2O.sub.3, MoO.sub.2, MoO.sub.3, Mo.sub.2O.sub.5, etc.), and rhenium oxide (for example, ReO.sub.3, etc.).

[0284] Examples of the metal halide may include an alkali metal halide, an alkaline earth metal halide, a transition metal halide, a post-transition metal halide, and a lanthanide metal halide.

[0285] Examples of the alkali metal halide may include LiF, NaF, KF, RbF, CsF, LiCl, NaCl, KCl, RbCl, CsCl, LiBr, NaBr, KBr, RbBr, CsBr, LiI, NaI, KI, RbI, and CsI.

[0286] Examples of the alkaline earth metal halide may include BeF.sub.2, MgF.sub.2, CaF.sub.2, SrF.sub.2, BaF.sub.2, BeCl.sub.2, MgCl.sub.2, CaCl.sub.2, SrCl.sub.2, BaCl.sub.2, BeBr.sub.2, MgBr.sub.2, CaBr.sub.2, SrBr.sub.2, BaBr.sub.2, BeI.sub.2, MgI.sub.2, CaI.sub.2, SrI.sub.2, and BaI.sub.2.

[0287] Examples of the transition metal halide may include a titanium halide (for example, TiF.sub.4, TiCl.sub.4, TiBr.sub.4, TiI.sub.4, etc.), a zirconium halide (for example, ZrF.sub.4, ZrCl.sub.4, ZrBr.sub.4, ZrI.sub.4, etc.), a hafnium halide (for example, HfF.sub.4, HfCl.sub.4, HfBr.sub.4, HfI.sub.4, etc.), a vanadium halide (for example, VF.sub.3, VCl.sub.3, VBr.sub.3, VI.sub.3, etc.), a niobium halide (for example, NbF.sub.3, NbCl.sub.3, NbBr.sub.3, NbI.sub.3, etc.), a tantalum halide (for example, TaF.sub.3, TaCl.sub.3, TaBr.sub.3, TaI.sub.3, etc.), a chromium halide (for example, CrF.sub.3, CrCl.sub.3, CrBr.sub.3, CrI.sub.3, etc.), a molybdenum halide (for example, MoF.sub.3, MoCl.sub.3, MoBr.sub.3, MoI.sub.3, etc.), a tungsten halide (for example, WF.sub.3, WCl.sub.3, WBr.sub.3, WI.sub.3, etc.), a manganese halide (for example, MnF.sub.2, MnCl.sub.2, MnBr.sub.2, MnI.sub.2, etc.), a technetium halide (for example, TcF.sub.2, TcCl.sub.2, TcBr.sub.2, TcI.sub.2, etc.), a rhenium halide (for example, ReF.sub.2, ReCl.sub.2, ReBr.sub.2, ReI.sub.2, etc.), an iron halide (for example, FeF.sub.2, FeCl.sub.2, FeBr.sub.2, FeI.sub.2, etc.), a ruthenium halide (for example, RuF.sub.2, RuCl.sub.2, RuBr.sub.2, RuI.sub.2, etc.), an osmium halide (for example, OsF.sub.2, OsCl.sub.2, OsBr.sub.2, OsI.sub.2, etc.), a cobalt halide (for example, CoF.sub.2, CoCl.sub.2, CoBr.sub.2, CoI.sub.2, etc.), a rhodium halide (for example, RhF.sub.2, RhCl.sub.2, RhBr.sub.2, RhI.sub.2, etc.), an iridium halide (for example, IrF.sub.2, IrCl.sub.2, IrBr.sub.2, IrI.sub.2, etc.), a nickel halide (for example, NiF.sub.2, NiCl.sub.2, NiBr.sub.2, NiI.sub.2, etc.), a palladium halide (for example, PdF.sub.2, PdCl.sub.2, PdBr.sub.2, PdI.sub.2, etc.), a platinum halide (for example, PtF.sub.2, PtCl.sub.2, PtBr.sub.2, PtI.sub.2, etc.), a copper halide (for example, CuF, CuCl, CuBr, CuI, etc.), a silver halide (for example, AgF, AgCl, AgBr, AgI, etc.), and a gold halide (for example, AuF, AuCl, AuBr, AuI, etc.).

[0288] Examples of the post-transition metal halide may include a zinc halide (for example, ZnF.sub.2, ZnCl.sub.2, ZnBr.sub.2, ZnI.sub.2, etc.), an indium halide (for example, InI.sub.3, etc.), and a tin halide (for example, SnI.sub.2, etc.).

[0289] Examples of the lanthanide metal halide may include YbF, YbF.sub.2, YbF.sub.3, SmF.sub.3, YbCl, YbCl.sub.2, YbCl.sub.3 SmCl.sub.3, YbBr, YbBr.sub.2, YbBr.sub.3 SmBr.sub.3, YbI, YbI.sub.2, YbI.sub.3, and SmI.sub.3.

[0290] Examples of the metalloid halide may include an antimony halide (for example, SbCl.sub.5, etc.).

[0291] Examples of the metal telluride may include an alkali metal telluride (for example, Li.sub.2Te, Na.sub.2Te, K.sub.2Te, Rb.sub.2Te, Cs.sub.2Te, etc.), an alkaline earth metal telluride (for example, BeTe, MgTe, CaTe, SrTe, BaTe, etc.), a transition metal telluride (for example, TiTe.sub.2, ZrTe.sub.2, HfTe.sub.2, V.sub.2Te.sub.3, Nb.sub.2Te.sub.3, Ta.sub.2Te.sub.3, Cr.sub.2Te.sub.3, Mo.sub.2Te.sub.3, W.sub.2Te.sub.3, MnTe, TcTe, ReTe, FeTe, RuTe, OsTe, CoTe, RhTe, IrTe, NiTe, PdTe, PtTe, Cu.sub.2Te, CuTe, Ag.sub.2Te, AgTe, Au.sub.2Te, etc.), a post-transition metal telluride (for example, ZnTe, etc.), and a lanthanide metal telluride (for example, LaTe, CeTe, PrTe, NdTe, PmTe, EuTe, GdTe, TbTe, DyTe, HoTe, ErTe, TmTe, YbTe, LuTe, etc.).

[0292] [Emission Layer in Interlayer 130]

[0293] When the light-emitting device 10 is a full-color light-emitting device, the emission layer may be patterned into a red emission layer, a green emission layer, and/or a blue emission layer, according to a subpixel. In embodiments, the emission layer may have a stacked structure of two or more layers of a red emission layer, a green emission layer, and a blue emission layer, in which the two or more layers may contact each other or may be separated from each other to emit white light. In embodiments, the emission layer may include two or more materials of a red light-emitting material, a green light-emitting material, and a blue light-emitting material, in which the two or more materials are mixed with each other in a single layer to emit white light.

[0294] The emission layer may include a host and a dopant. The dopant may include a phosphorescent dopant, a fluorescent dopant, or any combination thereof.

[0295] An amount of the dopant in the emission layer may be in a range of about 0.01 parts by weight to about 15 parts by weight, based on 100 parts by weight of the host.

[0296] In embodiments, the emission layer may include a quantum dot.

[0297] The emission layer may include a transition metal-containing material. The transition metal-containing material may serve as a sensitizer or as a dopant.

[0298] The transition metal-containing material may include the third compound.

[0299] In embodiments, the emission layer may include a delayed fluorescence material. The delayed fluorescence material may serve as a dopant for the emission layer.

[0300] The delayed fluorescence material may be the condensed cyclic compound represented by Formula 1 as described herein.

[0301] A thickness of the emission layer may be in a range of about 100 Å to about 1,000 Å. For example, the thickness of the emission layer may be in a range of about 200 Å to about 600 Å. When the thickness of the emission layer is within these ranges, excellent light-emission characteristics may be obtained without a substantial increase in driving voltage.

[0302] [Host]

[0303] The host may include the first compound and/or the second compound.

[0304] In embodiments, the host may further include a compound represented by Formula 301:

[Ar.sub.301].sub.xb11-[(L.sub.301).sub.xb1-R.sub.301].sub.xb21  [Formula 301]

[0305] In Formula 301,

[0306] Ar.sub.301 and L.sub.301 may each independently be a C.sub.3-C.sub.60 carbocyclic group unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R.sub.10a or a C.sub.1-C.sub.60 heterocyclic group unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R.sub.10a,

[0307] xb11 may be 1, 2, or 3,

[0308] xb1 may be an integer from 0 to 5,

[0309] R.sub.301 may be hydrogen, deuterium, —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, a hydroxyl group, a cyano group, a nitro group, a C.sub.1-C.sub.60 alkyl group unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R.sub.10a, a C.sub.2-C.sub.60 alkenyl group unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R.sub.10a, a C.sub.2-C.sub.60 alkynyl group unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R.sub.10a, a C.sub.1-C.sub.60 alkoxy group unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R.sub.10a, a C.sub.3-C.sub.60 carbocyclic group unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R.sub.10a, a C.sub.1-C.sub.60 heterocyclic group unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R.sub.10a, —Si(Q.sub.301)(Q.sub.302)(Q.sub.303), —N(Q.sub.301)(Q.sub.302), —B(Q.sub.301)(Q.sub.302), —C(═O)(Q.sub.301), —S(═O).sub.2(Q.sub.301), or —P(═O)(Q.sub.301)(Q.sub.302),

[0310] xb21 may be an integer from 1 to 5, and

[0311] Q.sub.301 to Q.sub.303 are each independently the same as described herein with respect to Q.sub.1.

[0312] In an embodiment, in Formula 301, when xb11 is 2 or more, two or more of Ar.sub.301(s) may be linked to each other via a single bond.

[0313] In embodiments, the host may include a compound represented by Formula 301-1, a compound represented by Formula 301-2, or any combination thereof:

##STR00064##

[0314] In Formulae 301-1 and 301-2,

[0315] ring A.sub.301 to ring A.sub.304 may each independently be a C.sub.3-C.sub.60 carbocyclic group unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R.sub.10a or a C.sub.1-C.sub.60 heterocyclic group unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R.sub.10a,

[0316] X.sub.301 may be O, S, N-[(L.sub.304).sub.xb4-R.sub.304], C(R.sub.304)(R.sub.305), or Si(R.sub.304)(R.sub.305),

[0317] xb22 and xb23 may each independently be 0, 1, or 2,

[0318] L.sub.301, xb1, and R.sub.301 may each be the same as described herein,

[0319] L.sub.302 to L.sub.304 may each independently be the same as described herein with respect to with L.sub.301,

[0320] xb2 to xb4 may each independently be the same as described herein with respect to xb1, and

[0321] R.sub.302 to R.sub.305 and R.sub.311 to R.sub.314 may each independently be the same as described herein with respect to R.sub.301.

[0322] In embodiments, the host may include an alkali earth metal complex, a post-transition metal complex, or any combination thereof. For example, the host may include a Be complex (for example, Compound H55), an Mg complex, a Zn complex, or any combination thereof.

[0323] In an embodiment, the host may include one of Compounds H1 to H131, one of Compounds HT-1 to HT-17, one of Compounds ET01 to ET015, 9,10-di(2-naphthyl)anthracene (ADN), 2-methyl-9,10-bis(naphthalen-2-yl)anthracene (MADN), 9,10-di-(2-naphthyl)-2-t-butyl-anthracene (TBADN), 4,4′-bis(N-carbazolyl)-1,1′-biphenyl (CBP), 1,3-di-9-carbazolylbenzene (mCP), 1,3,5-tri(carbazol-9-yl)benzene (TCP), or any combination thereof:

##STR00065## ##STR00066## ##STR00067## ##STR00068## ##STR00069## ##STR00070## ##STR00071## ##STR00072## ##STR00073## ##STR00074## ##STR00075## ##STR00076## ##STR00077## ##STR00078## ##STR00079## ##STR00080## ##STR00081## ##STR00082## ##STR00083## ##STR00084## ##STR00085## ##STR00086## ##STR00087## ##STR00088## ##STR00089## ##STR00090## ##STR00091## ##STR00092## ##STR00093## ##STR00094## ##STR00095## ##STR00096## ##STR00097## ##STR00098## ##STR00099## ##STR00100## ##STR00101## ##STR00102## ##STR00103## ##STR00104## ##STR00105## ##STR00106## ##STR00107## ##STR00108## ##STR00109## ##STR00110## ##STR00111##

[0324] [Phosphorescent Dopant]

[0325] In embodiments, the phosphorescent dopant may include at least one transition metal as a central metal.

[0326] The phosphorescent dopant may serve as a sensitizer, without direct emission of light, depending on the type of other materials included in the emission layer.

[0327] The phosphorescent dopant may include a monodentate ligand, a bidentate ligand, a tridentate ligand, a tetradentate ligand, a pentadentate ligand, a hexadentate ligand, or any combination thereof.

[0328] The phosphorescent dopant may be electrically neutral.

[0329] In embodiments, the phosphorescent dopant may include an organometallic compound represented by Formula 401:

M(L.sub.401).sub.xc1(L.sub.402).sub.xc2  [Formula 401]

##STR00112##

[0330] In Formulae 401 and 402,

[0331] M may be a transition metal (for example, iridium (Ir), platinum (Pt), palladium (Pd), osmium (Os), titanium (Ti), gold (Au), hafnium (Hf), europium (Eu), terbium (Tb), rhodium (Rh), rhenium (Re), or thulium (Tm)),

[0332] L.sub.401 may be a ligand represented by Formula 402, and xc1 may be 1, 2, or 3, wherein when xc1 is two or more, two or more of L.sub.401(s) may be identical to or different from each other,

[0333] L.sub.402 may be an organic ligand, and xc2 may be 0, 1, 2, 3, or 4, wherein when xc2 is 2 or more, two or more of L.sub.402(s) may be identical to or different from each other,

[0334] X.sub.401 and X.sub.402 may each independently be nitrogen or carbon,

[0335] ring A.sub.401 and ring A.sub.402 may each independently be a C.sub.3-C.sub.60 carbocyclic group or a C.sub.1-C.sub.60 heterocyclic group,

[0336] T.sub.401 may be a single bond, *—O—*′, *—S—*′, *—C(═O)—*′, *—N(Q.sub.411)-*′, *—C(Q.sub.411)(Q.sub.412)-*′, *—C(Q.sub.411)═C(Q.sub.412)-*′, *—C(Q.sub.411)=*′, or *=C=*′,

[0337] X.sub.403 and X.sub.404 may each independently be a chemical bond (for example, a covalent bond or a coordination bond), O, S, N(Q.sub.413), B(Q.sub.413), P(Q.sub.413), C(Q.sub.413)(Q.sub.414), or Si(Q.sub.413)(Q.sub.414),

[0338] Q.sub.411 to Q.sub.414 may each independently be the same as described herein with respect to Q.sub.1,

[0339] R.sub.401 and R.sub.402 may each independently be hydrogen, deuterium, —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, a hydroxyl group, a cyano group, a nitro group, a C.sub.1-C.sub.20 alkyl group unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R.sub.10a, a C.sub.1-C.sub.20 alkoxy group unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R.sub.10a, a C.sub.3-C.sub.60 carbocyclic group unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R.sub.10a, a C.sub.1-C.sub.60 heterocyclic group unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R.sub.10a, —Si(Q.sub.401)(Q.sub.402)(Q.sub.403), —N(Q.sub.401)(Q.sub.402), —B(Q.sub.401)(Q.sub.402), —C(═O)(Q.sub.401), —S(═O).sub.2(Q.sub.401), or —P(═O)(Q.sub.401)(Q.sub.402),

[0340] Q.sub.401 to Q.sub.403 may each independently be the same as described herein with respect to Q.sub.1,

[0341] xc11 and xc12 may each independently be an integer from 0 to 10, and

[0342] * and *′ in Formula 402 each indicate a binding site to M in Formula 401.

[0343] For example, in Formula 402, X.sub.401 may be nitrogen and X.sub.402 may be carbon, or each of X.sub.401 and X.sub.402 may be nitrogen.

[0344] In embodiments, in Formula 401, when xc1 is 2 or more, two ring A.sub.401(s) in two or more of L.sub.401(s) may be optionally linked to each other via T.sub.402, which is a linking group, or two ring A.sub.402(s) may be optionally linked to each other via T.sub.403, which is a linking group (see Compounds PD1 to PD4 and PD7). T.sub.402 and T.sub.403 may each independently be the same as described herein with respect to T.sub.401.

[0345] In Formula 401, L.sub.402 may be an organic ligand. For example, L.sub.402 may include a halogen group, a diketone group (for example, an acetylacetonate group), a carboxylic acid group (for example, a picolinate group), —C(═O), an isonitrile group, —CN group, a phosphorus group (for example, a phosphine group, a phosphite group, etc.), or any combination thereof.

[0346] The phosphorescent dopant may include, for example, one of Compounds PD1 to PD41, one of Compounds PD-1 to PD-36, or any combination thereof:

##STR00113## ##STR00114## ##STR00115## ##STR00116## ##STR00117## ##STR00118## ##STR00119## ##STR00120## ##STR00121## ##STR00122## ##STR00123## ##STR00124## ##STR00125## ##STR00126## ##STR00127## ##STR00128## ##STR00129##

[0347] [Fluorescent Dopant]

[0348] The fluorescent dopant may include an amine group-containing compound, a styryl group-containing compound, or any combination thereof.

[0349] In embodiments, the fluorescent dopant may include a compound represented by Formula 501:

##STR00130##

[0350] In Formula 501,

[0351] Ar.sub.501, L.sub.501 to L.sub.503, R.sub.501, and R.sub.502 may each independently be a C.sub.3-C.sub.60 carbocyclic group unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R.sub.10a or a C.sub.1-C.sub.60 heterocyclic group unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R.sub.10a,

[0352] xd1 to xd3 may each independently be 0, 1, 2, or 3, and

[0353] xd4 may be 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, or 6.

[0354] In an embodiment, in Formula 501, Ar.sub.501 may be a condensed cyclic group (for example, an anthracene group, a chrysene group, or a pyrene group) in which three or more monocyclic groups are condensed together.

[0355] In embodiments, in Formula 501, xd4 may be 2.

[0356] In embodiments, the fluorescent dopant may include one of Compounds FD1 to FD36, DPVBi, DPAVBi, or any combination thereof:

##STR00131## ##STR00132## ##STR00133## ##STR00134## ##STR00135##

[0357] [Delayed Fluorescence Material]

[0358] The emission layer may include a delayed fluorescence material.

[0359] In an embodiment, the delayed fluorescence material may include the condensed cyclic compound represented by Formula 1 as described herein.

[0360] In the specification, the delayed fluorescence material may be selected from compounds capable of emitting delayed fluorescent light based on a delayed fluorescence emission mechanism.

[0361] The delayed fluorescence material included in the emission layer may serve as a host or as a dopant, depending on the type of other materials included in the emission layer.

[0362] In embodiments, a difference between a triplet energy level (eV) of the delayed fluorescence material and a singlet energy level (eV) of the delayed fluorescence material may be greater than or equal to about 0 eV and less than or equal to about 0.5 eV. When the difference between the triplet energy level (eV) of the delayed fluorescence material and the singlet energy level (eV) of the delayed fluorescence material satisfies the above-described range, up-conversion from the triplet state to the singlet state of the delayed fluorescence materials may effectively occur, and thus, the luminescence efficiency of the light-emitting device 10 may be improved.

[0363] In embodiments, the delayed fluorescence material may include: a material including at least one electron donor (for example, a π electron-rich C.sub.3-C.sub.60 cyclic group, such as a carbazole group) and at least one electron acceptor (for example, a sulfoxide group, a cyano group, or a π electron-deficient nitrogen-containing C.sub.1-C.sub.60 cyclic group); or a material including a C.sub.8-C.sub.60 polycyclic group in which two or more cyclic groups are condensed while sharing boron (B).

[0364] Examples of the delayed fluorescence material may include at least one of Compounds DF1 to DF9:

##STR00136## ##STR00137## ##STR00138##

[0365] [Quantum Dot]

[0366] The emission layer may include a quantum dot.

[0367] In the specification, a quantum dot may be a crystal of a semiconductor compound, and may include any material capable of emitting light of various emission wavelengths according to a size of the crystal.

[0368] A diameter of the quantum dot may be, for example, in a range of about 1 nm to about 10 nm.

[0369] The quantum dot may be synthesized by a wet chemical process, a metal organic chemical vapor deposition process, a molecular beam epitaxy process, or any process similar thereto.

[0370] The wet chemical process is a method including mixing a precursor material with an organic solvent and growing a quantum dot particle crystal. When the crystal grows, the organic solvent naturally acts as a dispersant coordinated on the surface of the quantum dot crystal and controls the growth of the crystal so that the growth of quantum dot particles can be controlled through a process which costs lower, and may be more readily performed than vapor deposition methods, such as metal organic chemical vapor deposition (MOCVD) or molecular beam epitaxy (MBE),

[0371] The quantum dot may include Group II-VI semiconductor compounds, Group III-V semiconductor compounds, Group III-VI semiconductor compounds, Group I-III-VI semiconductor compounds, Group IV-VI semiconductor compounds, a Group IV element or compound, or any combination thereof.

[0372] Examples of the Group II-VI semiconductor compound may include: a binary compound, such as CdS, CdSe, CdTe, ZnS, ZnSe, ZnTe, ZnO, HgS, HgSe, HgTe, MgSe, or MgS; a ternary compound, such as CdSeS, CdSeTe, CdSTe, ZnSeS, ZnSeTe, ZnSTe, HgSeS, HgSeTe, HgSTe, CdZnS, CdZnSe, CdZnTe, CdHgS, CdHgSe, CdHgTe, HgZnS, HgZnSe, HgZnTe, MgZnSe, or MgZnS; a quaternary compound, such as CdZnSeS, CdZnSeTe, CdZnSTe, CdHgSeS, CdHgSeTe, CdHgSTe, HgZnSeS, HgZnSeTe, or HgZnSTe; or any combination thereof.

[0373] Examples of the Group III-V semiconductor compound may include: a binary compound, such as GaN, GaP, GaAs, GaSb, AlN, AlP, AlAs, AlSb, InN, InP, InAs, or InSb; a ternary compound, such as GaNP, GaNAs, GaNSb, GaPAs, GaPSb, AlNP, AlNAs, AlNSb, AlPAs, AlPSb, InGaP, InNP, InAlP, InNAs, InNSb, InPAs, or InPSb; a quaternary compound, such as GaAlNP, GaAlNAs, GaAlNSb, GaAlPAs, GaAlPSb, GaInNP, GaInNAs, GaInNSb, GaInPAs, GaInPSb, InAlNP, InAlNAs, InAlNSb, InAlPAs, or InAlPSb; or any combination thereof. In an embodiment, the Group III-V semiconductor compound may further include a Group II element. Examples of the Group III-V semiconductor compound further including a Group II element may include InZnP, InGaZnP, InAlZnP, etc.

[0374] Examples of the Group III-VI semiconductor compound may include: a binary compound, such as GaS, GaSe, Ga.sub.2Se.sub.3, GaTe, InS, InSe, In.sub.2S3, In.sub.2Se.sub.3, or InTe; a ternary compound, such as InGaS.sub.3, or InGaSe.sub.3; or any combination thereof.

[0375] Examples of the Group I-III-VI semiconductor compound may include: a ternary compound, such as AgInS, AgInS.sub.2, CuInS, CuInS.sub.2, CuGaO.sub.2, AgGaO.sub.2, or AgAlO.sub.2; or any combination thereof.

[0376] Examples of the Group IV-VI semiconductor compound may include: a binary compound, such as SnS, SnSe, SnTe, PbS, PbSe, or PbTe; a ternary compound, such as SnSeS, SnSeTe, SnSTe, PbSeS, PbSeTe, PbSTe, SnPbS, SnPbSe, or SnPbTe; a quaternary compound, such as SnPbSSe, SnPbSeTe, or SnPbSTe; or any combination thereof.

[0377] Examples of the Group IV element or compound may include: a single element material, such as Si or Ge; a binary compound, such as SiC or SiGe; or any combination thereof.

[0378] Each element included in a multi-element compound such as a binary compound, a ternary compound, or a quaternary compound may be present in a particle at a uniform concentration or at a non-uniform concentration.

[0379] In embodiments, the quantum dot may have a single structure in which the concentration of each element in the quantum dot may be uniform, or the quantum dot may have a core-shell structure. For example, when the quantum dot has a core-shell structure, a material included in the core and a material included in the shell may be different from each other.

[0380] The shell of the quantum dot may serve as a protective layer that prevents chemical degeneration of the core to maintain semiconductor characteristics, and/or may serve as a charging layer that imparts electrophoretic characteristics to the quantum dot. The shell may be a single layer or a multi-layer. An interface between the core and the shell may have a concentration gradient in which the concentration of a material that is present in the shell decreases toward the core.

[0381] Examples of the shell of the quantum dot may include a metal oxide, a metalloid oxide, a non-metal oxide, a semiconductor compound, or any combination thereof. Examples of the metal oxide, the metalloid oxide, or the non-metal oxide may include: a binary compound, such as SiO.sub.2, Al.sub.2O.sub.3, TiO.sub.2, ZnO, MnO, Mn.sub.2O.sub.3, Mn.sub.304, CuO, FeO, Fe.sub.2O.sub.3, Fe.sub.3O.sub.4, CoO, Co.sub.3O.sub.4, or NiO; a ternary compound, such as MgAl.sub.2O.sub.4, CoFe.sub.2O.sub.4, NiFe.sub.2O.sub.4, or CoMn.sub.2O.sub.4; or any combination thereof. Examples of the semiconductor compound may include, as described herein, a Group II-VI semiconductor compound, a Group III-V semiconductor compound, a Group III-VI semiconductor compound, a Group I-III-VI semiconductor compound, a Group IV-VI semiconductor compound, or any combination thereof. For example, the semiconductor compound may include CdS, CdSe, CdTe, ZnS, ZnSe, ZnTe, ZnSeS, ZnTeS, GaAs, GaP, GaSb, HgS, HgSe, HgTe, InAs, InP, InGaP, InSb, AlAs, AlP, AlSb, or any combination thereof.

[0382] A full width at half maximum (FWHM) of an emission wavelength spectrum of the quantum dot may be equal to or less than about 45 nm. For example, a FWHM of an emission wavelength spectrum of the quantum dot may be equal to or less than about 40 nm. For example, a FWHM of an emission wavelength spectrum of the quantum dot may be equal to or less than about 30 nm. Within these ranges, color purity or color reproducibility may be increased. Light emitted through the quantum dot may be emitted in all directions, so that a wide viewing angle may be improved.

[0383] The quantum dot may be in the form of a spherical particle, a pyramidal particle, a multi-arm particle, a cubic nanoparticle, a nanotube particle, a nanowire particle, a nanofiber particle, or a nanoplate particle.

[0384] Since the energy band gap may be adjusted by controlling the size of the quantum dot, light having various wavelength bands may be obtained from the quantum dot emission layer. Accordingly, by using quantum dots of different sizes, a light-emitting device that emits light of various wavelengths may be implemented. In embodiments, the size of the quantum dot may be selected to emit red, green, and/or blue light. For example, the size of the quantum dot may be configured to emit white light by combination of light of various colors.

[0385] [Electron Transport Region in Interlayer 130]

[0386] The electron transport region may have a structure consisting of a layer consisting of a single material, a structure consisting of a layer consisting of different materials, or a structure including multiple layers including different materials.

[0387] The electron transport region may include a buffer layer, a hole-blocking layer, an electron control layer, an electron transport layer, an electron injection layer, or any combination thereof.

[0388] For example, the electron transport region may have an electron transport layer/electron injection layer structure, a hole-blocking layer/electron transport layer/electron injection layer structure, an electron control layer/electron transport layer/electron injection layer structure, or a buffer layer/electron transport layer/electron injection layer structure, wherein the layers of each structure may be stacked from an emission layer in its respective stated order, but the structure of the electron transport region is not limited thereto.

[0389] In an embodiment, the electron transport region (for example, the buffer layer, the hole-blocking layer, the electron control layer, or the electron transport layer in the electron transport region) may include a metal-free compound including at least one π electron-deficient nitrogen-containing C.sub.1-C.sub.60 cyclic group.

[0390] For example, the electron transport region may include a compound represented by Formula 601:

[Ar.sub.601].sub.xe11-[(L.sub.601).sub.xe1-R.sub.601].sub.xe21  [Formula 601]

[0391] In Formula 601,

[0392] Ar.sub.601 and L.sub.601 may each independently be a C.sub.3-C.sub.60 carbocyclic group unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R.sub.10a or a C.sub.1-C.sub.60 heterocyclic group unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R.sub.10a,

[0393] xe11 may be 1, 2, or 3,

[0394] xe1 may be 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5,

[0395] R.sub.601 may be a C.sub.3-C.sub.60 carbocyclic group unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R.sub.10a, a C.sub.1-C.sub.60 heterocyclic group unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R.sub.10a, —Si(Q.sub.601)(Q.sub.602)(Q.sub.603), —C(═O)(Q.sub.601), —S(═O).sub.2(Q.sub.601), or —P(═O)(Q.sub.601)(Q.sub.602),

[0396] Q.sub.601 to Q.sub.603 may each independently be the same as described herein with respect to Q.sub.1,

[0397] xe21 may be 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5, and

[0398] at least one of Ar.sub.601, L.sub.601, and R.sub.601 may each independently be a π electron-deficient nitrogen-containing C.sub.1-C.sub.60 cyclic group unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R.sub.10a.

[0399] In an embodiment, in Formula 601, when xe11 is 2 or more, two or more of Ar.sub.601(s) may be linked to each other via a single bond.

[0400] In embodiments, in Formula 601, Ar.sub.601 may be a substituted or unsubstituted anthracene group.

[0401] In embodiments, the electron transport region may include a compound represented by Formula 601-1:

##STR00139##

[0402] In Formula 601-1,

[0403] X.sub.614 may be N or C(R.sub.614), X.sub.615 may be N or C(R.sub.615), X.sub.616 may be N or C(R.sub.616), and at least one of X.sub.614 to X.sub.616 may be N,

[0404] L.sub.611 to L.sub.613 may each independently be the same as described herein with respect to L.sub.601,

[0405] xe611 to xe613 may each independently be the same as described herein with respect to xe1,

[0406] R.sub.611 to R.sub.613 may each independently be the same as described herein with respect to R.sub.601, and

[0407] R.sub.614 to R.sub.616 may each independently be hydrogen, deuterium, —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, a hydroxyl group, a cyano group, a nitro group, a C.sub.1-C.sub.20 alkyl group, a C.sub.1-C.sub.20 alkoxy group, a C.sub.3-C.sub.60 carbocyclic group unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R.sub.10a, or a C.sub.1-C.sub.60 heterocyclic group unsubstituted or substituted with at least one R.sub.10a.

[0408] In an embodiment, in Formulae 601 and 601-1, xe1 and xe611 to xe613 may each independently be 0, 1, or 2.

[0409] The electron transport region may include one of Compounds ET1 to ET45, 2,9-dimethyl-4,7-diphenyl-1,10-phenanthroline (BCP), 4,7-diphenyl-1,10-phenanthroline (Bphen), Alq3, BAlq, TAZ, NTAZ, TSPO1, TPBI, or any combination thereof:

##STR00140## ##STR00141## ##STR00142## ##STR00143## ##STR00144## ##STR00145## ##STR00146## ##STR00147## ##STR00148## ##STR00149## ##STR00150## ##STR00151## ##STR00152## ##STR00153## ##STR00154##

[0410] A thickness of the electron transport region may be in a range of about 100 Å to about 5,000 Å. For example, the thickness of the electron transport region may be in a range of about 160 Å to about 4,000 Å. When the electron transport region includes a buffer layer, a hole-blocking layer, an electron control layer, an electron transport layer, or any combination thereof, a thickness of the buffer layer, the hole-blocking layer, or the electron control layer may each independently be in a range of about 20 Å to about 1,000 Å, and a thickness of the electron transport layer may be from about 100 Å to about 1,000 Å. For example, the thickness of the buffer layer, the hole-blocking layer, or the electron control layer may each independently be in a range of about 30 Å to about 300 Å. For example, the thickness of the electron transport layer may be in a range of about 150 Å to about 500 Å. When the thicknesses of the buffer layer, the hole-blocking layer, the electron control layer, the electron transport layer, and/or the electron transport region are within these ranges, satisfactory electron transporting characteristics may be obtained without a substantial increase in driving voltage.

[0411] The electron transport region (for example, the electron transport layer in the electron transport region) may further include, in addition to the materials described above, a metal-containing material.

[0412] The metal-containing material may include an alkali metal complex, an alkaline earth metal complex, or any combination thereof. A metal ion of an alkali metal complex may be a Li ion, a Na ion, a K ion, a Rb ion, or a Cs ion, and a metal ion of an alkaline earth metal complex may be a Be ion, a Mg ion, a Ca ion, a Sr ion, or a Ba ion. A ligand coordinated with the metal ion of the alkali metal complex or with the metal ion of the alkaline earth-metal complex may each independently include a hydroxyquinoline, a hydroxyisoquinoline, a hydroxybenzoquinoline, a hydroxyacridine, a hydroxyphenanthridine, a hydroxyphenyloxazole, a hydroxyphenylthiazole, a hydroxyphenyloxadiazole, a hydroxyphenylthiadiazole, a hydroxyphenylpyridine, a hydroxyphenylbenzimidazole, a hydroxyphenylbenzothiazole, a bipyridine, a phenanthroline, a cyclopentadiene, or any combination thereof.

[0413] In an embodiment, the metal-containing material may include a Li complex. The Li complex may include, for example, Compound ET-D1 (LiQ) or Compound ET-D2:

##STR00155##

[0414] The electron transport region may include an electron injection layer that facilitates the injection of electrons from the second electrode 150. The electron injection layer may directly contact the second electrode 150.

[0415] The electron injection layer may have a structure consisting of a layer consisting of a single material, a structure consisting of a layer consisting of different materials, or a structure including multiple layers including different materials.

[0416] The electron injection layer may include an alkali metal, an alkaline earth metal, a rare earth metal, an alkali metal-containing compound, an alkaline earth metal-containing compound, a rare earth metal-containing compound, an alkali metal complex, an alkaline earth metal complex, a rare earth metal complex, or any combination thereof.

[0417] The alkali metal may include Li, Na, K, Rb, Cs, or any combination thereof. The alkaline earth metal may include Mg, Ca, Sr, Ba, or any combination thereof. The rare earth metal may include Sc, Y, Ce, Tb, Yb, Gd, or any combination thereof.

[0418] The alkali metal-containing compound, the alkaline earth metal-containing compound, and the rare earth metal-containing compound may include oxides, halides (for example, fluorides, chlorides, bromides, or iodides), or tellurides of the alkali metal, the alkaline earth metal, and the rare earth metal, or any combination thereof.

[0419] The alkali metal-containing compound may include: alkali metal oxides, such as Li.sub.2O, Cs.sub.2O, or K.sub.2O; alkali metal halides, such as LiF, NaF, CsF, KF, LiI, NaI, CsI, or KI; or any combination thereof. The alkaline earth metal-containing compound may include an alkaline earth metal compound, such as BaO, SrO, CaO, Ba.sub.xSr.sub.1-xO (wherein x is a real number satisfying the condition of 0<x<1), Ba.sub.xCa.sub.1-xO (wherein x is a real number satisfying the condition of 0<x<1), or the like. The rare earth metal-containing compound may include YbF.sub.3, ScF.sub.3, Sc.sub.2O.sub.3, Y.sub.2O.sub.3, Ce.sub.2O.sub.3, GdF.sub.3, TbF.sub.3, YbI.sub.3, ScI.sub.3, TbI.sub.3, or any combination thereof. In embodiments, the rare earth metal-containing compound may include a lanthanide metal telluride. Examples of the lanthanide metal telluride may include LaTe, CeTe, PrTe, NdTe, PmTe, SmTe, EuTe, GdTe, TbTe, DyTe, HoTe, ErTe, TmTe, YbTe, LuTe, La.sub.2Te.sub.3, Ce.sub.2Te.sub.3, Pr.sub.2Te.sub.3, Nd.sub.2Te.sub.3, Pm.sub.2Te.sub.3, Sm.sub.2Te.sub.3, Eu.sub.2Te.sub.3, Gd.sub.2Te.sub.3, Tb.sub.2Te.sub.3, Dy.sub.2Te.sub.3, Ho.sub.2Te.sub.3, Er.sub.2Te.sub.3, Tm.sub.2Te.sub.3, Yb.sub.2Te.sub.3, or Lu.sub.2Te.sub.3.

[0420] The alkali metal complex, the alkaline earth-metal complex, and the rare earth metal complex may include one of ions of the alkali metal, ions of the alkaline earth metal, and ions of the rare earth metal, and a ligand bonded to the metal ion (for example, hydroxyquinoline, hydroxyisoquinoline, hydroxybenzoquinoline, hydroxyacridine, hydroxyphenanthridine, hydroxyphenyloxazole, hydroxyphenylthiazole, hydroxyphenyloxadiazole, hydroxyphenylthiadiazole, hydroxyphenylpyridine, hydroxyphenyl benzimidazole, hydroxyphenylbenzothiazole, bipyridine, phenanthroline, cyclopentadiene, or any combination thereof).

[0421] The electron injection layer may consist of an alkali metal, an alkaline earth metal, a rare earth metal, an alkali metal-containing compound, an alkaline earth metal-containing compound, a rare earth metal-containing compound, an alkali metal complex, an alkaline earth metal complex, a rare earth metal complex, or any combination thereof, as described herein. In embodiments, the electron injection layer may further include an organic material (for example, a compound represented by Formula 601).

[0422] In embodiments, the electron injection layer may consist of an alkali metal-containing compound (for example, an alkali metal halide); or the electron injection layer may consist of an alkali metal-containing compound (for example, an alkali metal halide), and an alkali metal, an alkaline earth metal, a rare earth metal, or any combination thereof. For example, the electron injection layer may be a KI:Yb co-deposited layer, an RbI:Yb co-deposited layer, or the like.

[0423] When the electron injection layer further includes an organic material, an alkali metal, an alkaline earth metal, a rare earth metal, an alkali metal-containing compound, an alkaline earth metal-containing compound, a rare earth metal-containing compound, an alkali metal complex, an alkaline earth-metal complex, a rare earth metal complex, or any combination thereof may be uniformly or non-uniformly dispersed in a matrix including the organic material.

[0424] A thickness of the electron injection layer may be in a range of about 1 Å to about 100 Å. For example, the thickness of the electron injection layer may be in a range of about 3 Å to about 90 Å. When the thickness of the electron injection layer is within the ranges described above, satisfactory electron injection characteristics may be obtained without a substantial increase in driving voltage.

[0425] [Second Electrode 150]

[0426] The second electrode 150 may be located on the interlayer 130 having a structure as described herein. The second electrode 150 may be a cathode, which is an electron injection electrode. The second electrode 150 may include a material having a low-work function, for example, a metal, an alloy, an electrically conductive compound, or any combination thereof.

[0427] In embodiments, the second electrode 150 may include lithium (Li), silver (Ag), magnesium (Mg), aluminum (Al), aluminum-lithium (Al—Li), calcium (Ca), magnesium-indium (Mg—In), magnesium-silver (Mg—Ag), ytterbium (Yb), silver-ytterbium (Ag—Yb), ITO, IZO, or any combination thereof. The second electrode 150 may be a transmissive electrode, a semi-transmissive electrode, or a reflective electrode.

[0428] The second electrode 150 may have a single-layered structure or a multi-layered structure.

[0429] [Capping Layer]

[0430] The light-emitting device 10 may include a first capping layer located outside the first electrode 110, and/or a second capping layer located outside the second electrode 150. For example, the light-emitting device 10 may have a structure in which the first capping layer, the first electrode 110, the interlayer 130, and the second electrode 150 are stacked in this stated order, a structure in which the first electrode 110, the interlayer 130, the second electrode 150, and the second capping layer are stacked in this stated order, or a structure in which the first capping layer, the first electrode 110, the interlayer 130, the second electrode 150, and the second capping layer are stacked in this stated order.

[0431] Light generated in an emission layer of the interlayer 130 of the light-emitting device 10 may be extracted toward the outside through the first electrode 110, which may be a semi-transmissive electrode or a transmissive electrode, and through the first capping layer. Light generated in an emission layer of the interlayer 130 of the light-emitting device 10 may be extracted toward the outside through the second electrode 150, which may be a semi-transmissive electrode or a transmissive electrode, and through the second capping layer.

[0432] The first capping layer and the second capping layer may each increase external emission efficiency according to the principle of constructive interference.

[0433] Accordingly, the light extraction efficiency of the light-emitting device 10 may be increased, so that the luminescence efficiency of the light-emitting device 10 may be improved.

[0434] The first capping layer and the second capping layer may each include a material having a refractive index equal to or greater than about 1.6 or more (with respect to a wavelength of about 589 nm).

[0435] The first capping layer and the second capping layer may each independently be an organic capping layer including an organic material, an inorganic capping layer including an inorganic material, or an organic-inorganic composite capping layer including an organic material and an inorganic material.

[0436] At least one of the first capping layer and the second capping layer may each independently include carbocyclic compounds, heterocyclic compounds, amine group-containing compounds, porphine derivatives, phthalocyanine derivatives, naphthalocyanine derivatives, alkali metal complexes, alkaline earth metal complexes, or any combination thereof. The carbocyclic compound, the heterocyclic compound, and the amine group-containing compound may be optionally substituted with a substituent including O, N, S, Se, Si, F, Cl, Br, I, or any combination thereof.

[0437] In embodiments, at least one of the first capping layer and the second capping layer may each independently include an amine group-containing compound.

[0438] For example, at least one of the first capping layer and the second capping layer may each independently include a compound represented by Formula 201, a compound represented by Formula 202, or any combination thereof.

[0439] In embodiments, at least one of the first capping layer and the second capping layer may each independently include one of Compounds HT28 to HT33, one of Compounds CP1 to CP6, p-NPB, or any combination thereof:

##STR00156## ##STR00157##

[0440] [Film]

[0441] The condensed cyclic compound represented by Formula 1 may be included in various films. Accordingly, another aspect provides a film including the condensed cyclic compound represented by Formula 1. The film may be, for example, an optical member (or a light control means) (for example, a color filter, a color conversion member, a capping layer, a light extraction efficiency enhancement layer, a selective light absorbing layer, a polarizing layer, a quantum dot-containing layer, or the like), a light-blocking member (for example, a light reflective layer, a light absorbing layer, or the like), or a protective member (for example, an insulating layer, a dielectric layer, or the like).

[0442] [Electronic Apparatus]

[0443] The light-emitting device may be included in various electronic apparatuses. For example, the electronic apparatus including the light-emitting device may be a light-emitting apparatus, an authentication apparatus, or the like.

[0444] The electronic apparatus (for example, a light-emitting apparatus) may further include, in addition to the light-emitting device, a color filter, a color conversion layer, or a color filter and a color conversion layer. The color filter and/or the color conversion layer may be located in at least one traveling direction of light emitted from the light-emitting device. For example, the light emitted from the light-emitting device may be blue light or white light. The light-emitting device may be the same as described herein. In embodiments, the color conversion layer may include a quantum dot. The quantum dot may be, for example, a quantum dot as described herein.

[0445] The electronic apparatus may include a first substrate. The first substrate may include subpixels, the color filter may include color filter areas respectively corresponding to the subpixels, and the color conversion layer may include color conversion areas respectively corresponding to the subpixels.

[0446] A pixel-defining film may be located between the subpixels to define each subpixel.

[0447] The color filter may further include color filter areas and light-shielding patterns located between the color filter areas, and the color conversion layer may further include color conversion areas and light-shielding patterns located between the color conversion areas.

[0448] The color filter areas (or the color conversion areas) may include a first area emitting first color light, a second area emitting second color light, and/or a third area emitting third color light, wherein the first color light, the second color light, and/or the third color light may have different maximum emission wavelengths from one another. For example, the first color light may be red light, the second color light may be green light, and the third color light may be blue light. In embodiments, the color filter areas (or the color conversion areas) may include quantum dots. For example, the first area may include a red quantum dot, the second area may include a green quantum dot, and the third area may not include a quantum dot. The quantum dot may be the same as described herein. The first area, the second area, and/or the third area may each include a scatterer.

[0449] For example, the light-emitting device may emit first light, the first area may absorb the first light to emit first-first color light, the second area may absorb the first light to emit second-first color light, and the third area may absorb the first light to emit third-first color light. In this regard, the first-first color light, the second-first color light, and the third-first color light may have different maximum emission wavelengths. For example, the first light may be blue light, the first-first color light may be red light, the second-first color light may be green light, and the third-first color light may be blue light.

[0450] The electronic apparatus may further include a thin-film transistor, in addition to the light-emitting device as described herein. The thin-film transistor may include a source electrode, a drain electrode, and an active layer, wherein any one of the source electrode and the drain electrode may be electrically connected to any one of the first electrode and the second electrode of the light-emitting device.

[0451] The thin-film transistor may further include a gate electrode, a gate insulating film, or the like.

[0452] The active layer may include crystalline silicon, amorphous silicon, an organic semiconductor, an oxide semiconductor, or the like.

[0453] The electronic apparatus may further include a sealing portion for sealing the light-emitting device. The sealing portion may be located between the color filter and/or the color conversion layer, and the light-emitting device. The sealing portion may allow light from the light-emitting device to be extracted to the outside, and may simultaneously prevent ambient air and moisture from penetrating into the light-emitting device. The sealing portion may be a sealing substrate including a transparent glass substrate or a plastic substrate. The sealing portion may be a thin-film encapsulation layer including an organic layer and/or an inorganic layer. When the sealing portion is a thin-film encapsulation layer, the electronic apparatus may be flexible.

[0454] Various functional layers may be further included on the sealing portion, in addition to the color filter and/or the color conversion layer, according to the use of the electronic apparatus. Examples of the functional layers may include a touch screen layer, a polarizing layer, an authentication apparatus, and the like. The touch screen layer may be a pressure-sensitive touch screen layer, a capacitive touch screen layer, or an infrared touch screen layer. The authentication apparatus may be, for example, a biometric authentication apparatus that authenticates an individual by using biometric information of a living body (for example, fingertips, pupils, etc.).

[0455] The authentication apparatus may further include, in addition to the light-emitting device as described herein, a biometric information collector.

[0456] The electronic apparatus may be applied to various displays, light sources, lighting, personal computers (for example, a mobile personal computer), mobile phones, digital cameras, electronic organizers, electronic dictionaries, electronic game machines, medical instruments (for example, electronic thermometers, sphygmomanometers, blood glucose meters, pulse measurement devices, pulse wave measurement devices, electrocardiogram displays, ultrasonic diagnostic devices, or endoscope displays), fish finders, various measuring instruments, meters (for example, meters for a vehicle, an aircraft, and a vessel), projectors, and the like.

[0457] [Description of FIGS. 2 and 3]

[0458] FIG. 2 is a schematic cross-sectional view showing an electronic apparatus according to an embodiment.

[0459] The electronic apparatus of FIG. 2 includes a substrate 100, a thin-film transistor (TFT), a light-emitting device, and an encapsulation portion 300 that seals the light-emitting device.

[0460] The substrate 100 may be a flexible substrate, a glass substrate, or a metal substrate. A buffer layer 210 may be located on the substrate 100. The buffer layer 210 may prevent penetration of impurities through the substrate 100 and may provide a flat surface on the substrate 100.

[0461] A TFT may be located on the buffer layer 210. The TFT may include an active layer 220, a gate electrode 240, a source electrode 260, and a drain electrode 270.

[0462] The active layer 220 may include an inorganic semiconductor such as silicon or polysilicon, an organic semiconductor, or an oxide semiconductor, and may include a source region, a drain region, and a channel region.

[0463] A gate insulating film 230 for insulating the active layer 220 from the gate electrode 240 may be located on the active layer 220, and the gate electrode 240 may be located on the gate insulating film 230.

[0464] An interlayer insulating film 250 may be located on the gate electrode 240. The interlayer insulating film 250 may be located between the gate electrode 240 and the source electrode 260 to insulate the gate electrode 240 from the source electrode 260 and between the gate electrode 240 and the drain electrode 270 to insulate the gate electrode 240 from the drain electrode 270.

[0465] The source electrode 260 and the drain electrode 270 may be located on the interlayer insulating film 250. The interlayer insulating film 250 and the gate insulating film 230 may expose the source region and the drain region of the active layer 220, and the source electrode 260 and the drain electrode 270 may be respectively contact the exposed portions of the source region and the drain region of the active layer 220.

[0466] The TFT is electrically connected to a light-emitting device to drive the light-emitting device, and is covered and protected by a passivation layer 280. The passivation layer 280 may include an inorganic insulating film, an organic insulating film, or any combination thereof. A light-emitting device is provided on the passivation layer 280. The light-emitting device may include a first electrode 110, an interlayer 130, and a second electrode 150.

[0467] The first electrode 110 may be located on the passivation layer 280. The passivation layer 280 does not fully cover the drain electrode 270 and may expose a portion of the drain electrode 270, and the first electrode 110 may be electrically connected to the exposed portion of the drain electrode 270.

[0468] A pixel defining layer 290 including an insulating material may be located on the first electrode 110. The pixel defining layer 290 may expose a region of the first electrode 110, and an interlayer 130 may be formed in the exposed region of the first electrode 110. The pixel defining layer 290 may be a polyimide or polyacrylic organic film. Although not shown in FIG. 2, at least some layers of the interlayer 130 may extend beyond the upper portion of the pixel defining layer 290 to be provided in the form of a common layer.

[0469] The second electrode 150 may be located on the interlayer 130, and a capping layer 170 may be further included on the second electrode 150. The capping layer 170 may cover the second electrode 150.

[0470] The encapsulation portion 300 may be located on the capping layer 170. The encapsulation portion 300 may be located on a light-emitting device to protect the light-emitting device from moisture and/or oxygen. The encapsulation portion 300 may include: an inorganic film including silicon nitride (SiNx), silicon oxide (SiOx), indium tin oxide, indium zinc oxide, or any combination thereof; an organic film including polyethylene terephthalate, polyethylene naphthalate, polycarbonate, polyimide, polyethylene sulfonate, polyoxymethylene, polyarylate, hexamethyldisiloxane, an acrylic resin (for example, polymethyl methacrylate, polyacrylic acid, or the like), an epoxy-based resin (for example, aliphatic glycidyl ether (AGE), or the like), or any combination thereof; or any combination of the inorganic films and the organic films.

[0471] FIG. 3 is a schematic cross-sectional view showing an electronic apparatus according to another embodiment.

[0472] The electronic apparatus of FIG. 3 may differ from the electronic apparatus of FIG. 2, at least in that a light-shielding pattern 500 and a functional region 400 are further included on the encapsulation portion 300. The functional region 400 may be a color filter area, a color conversion area, or a combination of the color filter area and the color conversion area. In an embodiment, the light-emitting device included in the electronic apparatus of FIG. 3 may be a tandem light-emitting device.

[0473] [Manufacturing Method]

[0474] The layers included in the hole transport region, the emission layer, and the layers included in the electron transport region may be formed in a certain region by using various methods such as vacuum deposition, spin coating, casting, Langmuir-Blodgett (LB) deposition, ink-jet printing, laser-printing, laser-induced thermal imaging, and the like.

[0475] When layers constituting the hole transport region, an emission layer, and layers constituting the electron transport region are formed by vacuum deposition, the deposition may be performed at a deposition temperature of about 100° C. to about 500° C., a vacuum degree of about 10.sup.−8 torr to about 10.sup.−3 torr, and a deposition speed of about 0.01 Å/sec to about 100 Å/sec, depending on a material to be included in a layer to be formed and the structure of a layer to be formed.

Definitions of Terms

[0476] The term “C.sub.3-C.sub.60 carbocyclic group” as used herein may be a cyclic group consisting of carbon as the only ring-forming atoms and having three to sixty carbon atoms, and the term “C.sub.1-C.sub.60 heterocyclic group” as used herein may be a cyclic group that has one to sixty carbon atoms and further has, in addition to carbon, at least one heteroatom as a ring-forming atom. The C.sub.3-C.sub.60 carbocyclic group and the C.sub.1-C.sub.60 heterocyclic group may each be a monocyclic group consisting of one ring or a polycyclic group in which two or more rings are condensed with each other. For example, the C.sub.1-C.sub.60 heterocyclic group may have 3 to 61 ring-forming atoms.

[0477] The term “cyclic group” as used herein may include the C.sub.3-C.sub.60 carbocyclic group or the C.sub.1-C.sub.60 heterocyclic group.

[0478] The term “π electron-rich C.sub.3-C.sub.60 cyclic group” as used herein may be a cyclic group that has three to sixty carbon atoms and may not include *—N=*′ as a ring-forming moiety, and the term “π electron-deficient nitrogen-containing C.sub.1-C.sub.60 cyclic group” as used herein may be a heterocyclic group that has one to sixty carbon atoms and may include *—N=*′ as a ring-forming moiety.

[0479] In embodiments,

[0480] the C.sub.3-C.sub.60 carbocyclic group may be a T1 group or a cyclic group in which two or more T1 groups are condensed with each other (for example, a cyclopentadiene group, an adamantane group, a norbornane group, a benzene group, a pentalene group, a naphthalene group, an azulene group, an indacene group, an acenaphthylene group, a phenalene group, a phenanthrene group, an anthracene group, a fluoranthene group, a triphenylene group, a pyrene group, a chrysene group, a perylene group, a pentaphene group, a heptalene group, a naphthacene group, a picene group, a hexacene group, a pentacene group, a rubicene group, a coronene group, an ovalene group, an indene group, a fluorene group, a spiro-bifluorene group, a benzofluorene group, an indenophenanthrene group, or an indenoanthracene group),

[0481] the C.sub.1-C.sub.60 heterocyclic group may be a T2 group, a cyclic group in which two or more T2 groups are condensed with each other, or a cyclic group in which at least one T2 group and at least one T1 group are condensed with each other (for example, a pyrrole group, a thiophene group, a furan group, an indole group, a benzoindole group, a naphthoindole group, an isoindole group, a benzoisoindole group, a naphthoisoindole group, a benzosilole group, a benzothiophene group, a benzofuran group, a carbazole group, a dibenzosilole group, a dibenzothiophene group, a dibenzofuran group, an indenocarbazole group, an indolocarbazole group, a benzofurocarbazole group, a benzothienocarbazole group, a benzosilolocarbazole group, a benzoindolocarbazole group, a benzocarbazole group, a benzonaphthofuran group, a benzonaphthothiophene group, a benzonaphthosilole group, a benzofurodibenzofuran group, a benzofurodibenzothiophene group, a benzothienodibenzothiophene group, a pyrazole group, an imidazole group, a triazole group, an oxazole group, an isoxazole group, an oxadiazole group, a thiazole group, an isothiazole group, a thiadiazole group, a benzopyrazole group, a benzimidazole group, a benzoxazole group, a benzoisoxazole group, a benzothiazole group, a benzoisothiazole group, a pyridine group, a pyrimidine group, a pyrazine group, a pyridazine group, a triazine group, a quinoline group, an isoquinoline group, a benzoquinoline group, a benzoisoquinoline group, a quinoxaline group, a benzoquinoxaline group, a quinazoline group, a benzoquinazoline group, a phenanthroline group, a cinnoline group, a phthalazine group, a naphthyridine group, an imidazopyridine group, an imidazopyrimidine group, an imidazotriazine group, an imidazopyrazine group, an imidazopyridazine group, an azacarbazole group, an azafluorene group, an azadibenzosilole group, an azadibenzothiophene group, an azadibenzofuran group, etc.),

[0482] the π electron-rich C.sub.3-C.sub.60 cyclic group may be a T1 group, a cyclic group in which two or more T1 groups are condensed with each other, a T3 group, a cyclic group in which two or more T3 groups are condensed with each other, or a cyclic group in which at least one T3 group and at least one T1 group are condensed with each other (for example, the C.sub.3-C.sub.60 carbocyclic group, a 1H-pyrrole group, a silole group, a borole group, a 2H-pyrrole group, a 3H-pyrrole group, a thiophene group, a furan group, an indole group, a benzoindole group, a naphthoindole group, an isoindole group, a benzoisoindole group, a naphthoisoindole group, a benzosilole group, a benzothiophene group, a benzofuran group, a carbazole group, a dibenzosilole group, a dibenzothiophene group, a dibenzofuran group, an indenocarbazole group, an indolocarbazole group, a benzofurocarbazole group, a benzothienocarbazole group, a benzosilolocarbazole group, a benzoindolocarbazole group, a benzocarbazole group, a benzonaphthofuran group, a benzonaphthothiophene group, a benzonaphthosilole group, a benzofurodibenzofuran group, a benzofurodibenzothiophene group, a benzothienodibenzothiophene group, etc.),

[0483] the π electron-deficient nitrogen-containing C.sub.1-C.sub.60 cyclic group may be a T4 group, a cyclic group in which two or more T4 groups are condensed with each other, a cyclic group in which at least one T4 group and at least one T1 group are condensed with each other, a cyclic group in which at least one T4 group and at least one T3 group are condensed with each other, or a cyclic group in which at least one T4 group, at least one T1 group, and at least one T3 group are condensed with one another (for example, a pyrazole group, an imidazole group, a triazole group, an oxazole group, an isoxazole group, an oxadiazole group, a thiazole group, an isothiazole group, a thiadiazole group, a benzopyrazole group, a benzimidazole group, a benzoxazole group, a benzoisoxazole group, a benzothiazole group, a benzoisothiazole group, a pyridine group, a pyrimidine group, a pyrazine group, a pyridazine group, a triazine group, a quinoline group, an isoquinoline group, a benzoquinoline group, a benzoisoquinoline group, a quinoxaline group, a benzoquinoxaline group, a quinazoline group, a benzoquinazoline group, a phenanthroline group, a cinnoline group, a phthalazine group, a naphthyridine group, an imidazopyridine group, an imidazopyrimidine group, an imidazotriazine group, an imidazopyrazine group, an imidazopyridazine group, an azacarbazole group, an azafluorene group, an azadibenzosilole group, an azadibenzothiophene group, an azadibenzofuran group, etc.),

[0484] wherein the T1 group may be a cyclopropane group, a cyclobutane group, a cyclopentane group, a cyclohexane group, a cycloheptane group, a cyclooctane group, a cyclobutene group, a cyclopentene group, a cyclopentadiene group, a cyclohexene group, a cyclohexadiene group, a cycloheptene group, an adamantane group, a norbornane (or a bicyclo[2.2.1]heptane) group, a norbornene group, a bicyclo[1.1.1]pentane group, a bicyclo[2.1.1]hexane group, a bicyclo[2.2.2]octane group, or a benzene group,

[0485] the T2 group may be a furan group, a thiophene group, a 1H-pyrrole group, a silole group, a borole group, a 2H-pyrrole group, a 3H-pyrrole group, an imidazole group, a pyrazole group, a triazole group, a tetrazole group, an oxazole group, an isoxazole group, an oxadiazole group, a thiazole group, an isothiazole group, a thiadiazole group, an azasilole group, an azaborole group, a pyridine group, a pyrimidine group, a pyrazine group, a pyridazine group, a triazine group, a tetrazine group, a pyrrolidine group, an imidazolidine group, a dihydropyrrole group, a piperidine group, a tetrahydropyridine group, a dihydropyridine group, a hexahydropyrimidine group, a tetrahydropyrimidine group, a dihydropyrimidine group, a piperazine group, a tetrahydropyrazine group, a dihydropyrazine group, a tetrahydropyridazine group, or a dihydropyridazine group,

[0486] the T3 group may be a furan group, a thiophene group, a 1H-pyrrole group, a silole group, or a borole group, and

[0487] the T4 group may be a 2H-pyrrole group, a 3H-pyrrole group, an imidazole group, a pyrazole group, a triazole group, a tetrazole group, an oxazole group, an isoxazole group, an oxadiazole group, a thiazole group, an isothiazole group, a thiadiazole group, an azasilole group, an azaborole group, a pyridine group, a pyrimidine group, a pyrazine group, a pyridazine group, a triazine group, or a tetrazine group.

[0488] The terms “cyclic group”, “C.sub.3-C.sub.60 carbocyclic group”, “C.sub.1-C.sub.60 heterocyclic group”, “π electron-rich C.sub.3-C.sub.60 cyclic group”, or “π electron-deficient nitrogen-containing C.sub.1-C.sub.60 cyclic group” as used herein may each be a group condensed to any cyclic group, a monovalent group, or a polyvalent group (for example, a divalent group, a trivalent group, a tetravalent group, etc.) according to the structure of a formula for which the corresponding term is used. For example, a “benzene group” may be a benzo group, a phenyl group, a phenylene group, or the like, which may be readily understood by one of ordinary skill in the art according to the structure of a formula including the “benzene group.”

[0489] Examples of the monovalent C.sub.3-C.sub.60 carbocyclic group and the monovalent C.sub.1-C.sub.60 heterocyclic group may include a C.sub.3-C.sub.10 cycloalkyl group, a C.sub.1-C.sub.10 heterocycloalkyl group, a C.sub.3-C.sub.10 cycloalkenyl group, a C.sub.1-C.sub.10 heterocycloalkenyl group, a C.sub.6-C.sub.60 aryl group, a C.sub.1-C.sub.60 heteroaryl group, a monovalent non-aromatic condensed polycyclic group, and a monovalent non-aromatic condensed heteropolycyclic group. Examples of the divalent C.sub.3-C.sub.60 carbocyclic group and the divalent C.sub.1-C.sub.60 heterocyclic group may include a C.sub.3-C.sub.10 cycloalkylene group, a C.sub.1-C.sub.10 heterocycloalkylene group, a C.sub.3-C.sub.10 cycloalkenylene group, a C.sub.1-C.sub.60 heterocycloalkenylene group, a C.sub.6-C.sub.60 arylene group, a C.sub.1-C.sub.60 heteroarylene group, a divalent non-aromatic condensed polycyclic group, and a substituted or unsubstituted divalent non-aromatic condensed heteropolycyclic group.

[0490] The term “C.sub.1-C.sub.60 alkyl group” as used herein may be a linear or branched aliphatic hydrocarbon monovalent group that has one to sixty carbon atoms, and examples thereof may include a methyl group, an ethyl group, an n-propyl group, an isopropyl group, an n-butyl group, a sec-butyl group, an isobutyl group, a tert-butyl group, an n-pentyl group, a tert-pentyl group, a neopentyl group, an isopentyl group, a sec-pentyl group, a 3-pentyl group, a sec-isopentyl group, an n-hexyl group, an isohexyl group, a sec-hexyl group, a tert-hexyl group, an n-heptyl group, an isoheptyl group, a sec-heptyl group, a tert-heptyl group, an n-octyl group, an isoctyl group, a sec-octyl group, a tert-octyl group, an n-nonyl group, an isononyl group, a sec-nonyl group, a tert-nonyl group, an n-decyl group, an isodecyl group, a sec-decyl group, and a tert-decyl group. The term “C.sub.1-C.sub.60 alkylene group” as used herein may be a divalent group having a same structure as the C.sub.1-C.sub.60 alkyl group.

[0491] The term “C.sub.2-C.sub.60 alkenyl group” as used herein may be a monovalent hydrocarbon group having at least one carbon-carbon double bond in the middle or at a terminus of a C.sub.2-C.sub.60 alkyl group, and examples thereof may include an ethenyl group, a propenyl group, and a butenyl group. The term “C.sub.2-C.sub.60 alkenylene group” as used herein may be a divalent group having a same structure as the C.sub.2-C.sub.60 alkenyl group.

[0492] The term “C.sub.2-C.sub.60 alkynyl group” as used herein may be a monovalent hydrocarbon group having at least one carbon-carbon triple bond in the middle or at a terminus of a C.sub.2-C.sub.60 alkyl group, and examples thereof may include an ethynyl group and a propynyl group. The term “C.sub.2-C.sub.60 alkynylene group” as used herein may be a divalent group having a same structure as the C.sub.2-C.sub.60 alkynyl group.

[0493] The term “C.sub.1-C.sub.60 alkoxy group” as used herein may be a monovalent group represented by —O(A.sub.101) (wherein A.sub.101 may be a C.sub.1-C.sub.60 alkyl group), and examples thereof may include a methoxy group, an ethoxy group, and an isopropyloxy group.

[0494] The term “C.sub.3-C.sub.10 cycloalkyl group” as used herein may be a monovalent saturated hydrocarbon cyclic group having 3 to 10 carbon atoms, and examples thereof may include a cyclopropyl group, a cyclobutyl group, a cyclopentyl group, a cyclohexyl group, a cycloheptyl group, a cyclooctyl group, an adamantanyl group, a norbornanyl group (or bicyclo[2.2.1]heptyl group), a bicyclo[1.1.1]pentyl group, a bicyclo[2.1.1]hexyl group, and a bicyclo[2.2.2]octyl group. The term “C.sub.3-C.sub.10 cycloalkylene group” as used herein may be a divalent group having a same structure as the C.sub.3-C.sub.10 cycloalkyl group.

[0495] The term “C.sub.1-C.sub.10 heterocycloalkyl group” as used herein may be a monovalent cyclic group of 1 to 10 carbon atoms, further including, in addition to carbon atoms, at least one heteroatom, as ring-forming atoms, and examples thereof may include a 1,2,3,4-oxatriazolidinyl group, a tetrahydrofuranyl group, and a tetrahydrothiophenyl group. The term “C.sub.1-C.sub.10 heterocycloalkylene group” as used herein may be a divalent group having a same structure as the C.sub.1-C.sub.10 heterocycloalkyl group.

[0496] The term “C.sub.3-C.sub.10 cycloalkenyl group” as used herein may be a monovalent cyclic group that has three to ten carbon atoms and at least one carbon-carbon double bond in the ring thereof and no aromaticity, and examples thereof may include a cyclopentenyl group, a cyclohexenyl group, and a cycloheptenyl group. The term “C.sub.3-C.sub.10 cycloalkenylene group” as used herein may be a divalent group having a same structure as the C.sub.3-C.sub.10 cycloalkenyl group.

[0497] The term “C.sub.1-C.sub.10 heterocycloalkenyl group” as used herein may be a monovalent cyclic group of 1 to 10 carbon atoms, further including, in addition to carbon atoms, at least one heteroatom, as ring-forming atoms, and having at least one carbon-carbon double bond in the cyclic structure thereof. Examples of the C.sub.1-C.sub.10 heterocycloalkenyl group may include a 4,5-dihydro-1,2,3,4-oxatriazolyl group, a 2,3-dihydrofuranyl group, and a 2,3-dihydrothiophenyl group. The term “C.sub.1-C.sub.10 heterocycloalkenylene group” as used herein may be a divalent group having a same structure as the C.sub.1-C.sub.10 heterocycloalkenyl group.

[0498] The term “C.sub.6-C.sub.60 aryl group” as used herein may be a monovalent group having a carbocyclic aromatic system of 6 to 60 carbon atoms, and the term “C.sub.6-C.sub.60 arylene group” as used herein may be a divalent group having a carbocyclic aromatic system of 6 to 60 carbon atoms. Examples of the C.sub.6-C.sub.60 aryl group may include a phenyl group, a pentalenyl group, a naphthyl group, an azulenyl group, an indacenyl group, an acenaphthyl group, a phenalenyl group, a phenanthrenyl group, an anthracenyl group, a fluoranthenyl group, a triphenylenyl group, a pyrenyl group, a chrysenyl group, a perylenyl group, a pentaphenyl group, a heptalenyl group, a naphthacenyl group, a picenyl group, a hexacenyl group, a pentacenyl group, a rubicenyl group, a coronenyl group, and an ovalenyl group. When the C.sub.6-C.sub.60 aryl group and the C.sub.6-C.sub.60 arylene group each include two or more rings, the respective rings may be condensed with each other.

[0499] The term “C.sub.1-C.sub.60 heteroaryl group” as used herein may be a monovalent group having a heterocyclic aromatic system of 1 to 60 carbon atoms, further including, in addition to carbon atoms, at least one heteroatom, as ring-forming atoms. The term “C.sub.1-C.sub.60 heteroarylene group” as used herein may be a divalent group having a heterocyclic aromatic system of 1 to 60 carbon atoms, further including, in addition to carbon atoms, at least one heteroatom, as ring-forming atoms. Examples of the C.sub.1-C.sub.60 heteroaryl group may include a pyridinyl group, a pyrimidinyl group, a pyrazinyl group, a pyridazinyl group, a triazinyl group, a quinolinyl group, a benzoquinolinyl group, an isoquinolinyl group, a benzoisoquinolinyl group, a quinoxalinyl group, a benzoquinoxalinyl group, a quinazolinyl group, a benzoquinazolinyl group, a cinnolinyl group, a phenanthrolinyl group, a phthalazinyl group, and a naphthyridinyl group. When the C.sub.1-C.sub.60 heteroaryl group and the C.sub.1-C.sub.60 heteroarylene group each include two or more rings, the respective rings may be condensed with each other.

[0500] The term “monovalent non-aromatic condensed polycyclic group” as used herein may be a monovalent group (for example, having 8 to 60 carbon atoms) having two or more rings condensed to each other, only carbon atoms as ring-forming atoms, and no aromaticity in its entire molecular structure. Examples of the monovalent non-aromatic condensed polycyclic group may include an indenyl group, a fluorenyl group, a spiro-bifluorenyl group, a benzofluorenyl group, an indenophenanthrenyl group, and an indeno anthracenyl group. The term “divalent non-aromatic condensed polycyclic group” as used herein may be a divalent group having a same structure as the monovalent non-aromatic condensed polycyclic group described above.

[0501] The term “monovalent non-aromatic condensed heteropolycyclic group” as used herein may be a monovalent group (for example, having 1 to 60 carbon atoms) having two or more rings condensed to each other, further including, in addition to carbon atoms, at least one heteroatom, as ring-forming atoms, and having non-aromaticity in its entire molecular structure. Examples of the monovalent non-aromatic condensed heteropolycyclic group may include a pyrrolyl group, a thiophenyl group, a furanyl group, an indolyl group, a benzoindolyl group, a naphthoindolyl group, an isoindolyl group, a benzoisoindolyl group, a naphthoisoindolyl group, a benzosilolyl group, a benzothiophenyl group, a benzofuranyl group, a carbazolyl group, a dibenzosilolyl group, a dibenzothiophenyl group, a dibenzofuranyl group, an azacarbazolyl group, an azafluorenyl group, an azadibenzosilolyl group, an azadibenzothiophenyl group, an azadibenzofuranyl group, a pyrazolyl group, an imidazolyl group, a triazolyl group, a tetrazolyl group, an oxazolyl group, an isoxazolyl group, a thiazolyl group, an isothiazolyl group, an oxadiazolyl group, a thiadiazolyl group, a benzopyrazolyl group, a benzimidazolyl group, a benzoxazolyl group, a benzothiazolyl group, a benzoxadiazolyl group, a benzothiadiazolyl group, an imidazopyridinyl group, an imidazopyrimidinyl group, an imidazotriazinyl group, an imidazopyrazinyl group, an imidazopyridazinyl group, an indeno carbazolyl group, an indolocarbazolyl group, a benzofurocarbazolyl group, a benzothienocarbazolyl group, a benzosilolocarbazolyl group, a benzoindolocarbazolyl group, a benzocarbazolyl group, a benzonaphthofuranyl group, a benzonaphthothiophenyl group, a benzonaphthosilolyl group, a benzofurodibenzofuranyl group, a benzofurodibenzothiophenyl group, and a benzothienodibenzothiophenyl group. The term “divalent non-aromatic condensed heteropolycyclic group” as used herein may be a divalent group having a same structure as the monovalent non-aromatic condensed heteropolycyclic group described above.

[0502] The term “C.sub.6-C.sub.60 aryloxy group” as used herein may be a group represented by —O(A.sub.102) (wherein A.sub.102 may be a C.sub.6-C.sub.60 aryl group), and the term “C.sub.6-C.sub.60 arylthio group” as used herein may be a group represented by —S(A.sub.103) (wherein A.sub.103 may be a C.sub.6-C.sub.60 aryl group).

[0503] The term “C.sub.7-C.sub.60 aryl alkyl group” as used herein may be a group represented by -(A.sub.104)(A.sub.105) (wherein A.sub.104 may be a C.sub.1-C.sub.54 alkylene group, and A.sub.105 may be a C.sub.6-C.sub.59 aryl group), and the term “C.sub.2-C.sub.60 heteroaryl alkyl group” as used herein may be a group represented by -(A.sub.106)(A.sub.107) (wherein A.sub.106 may be a C.sub.1-C.sub.59 alkylene group, and A.sub.107 may be a C.sub.1-C.sub.59 heteroaryl group).

[0504] The group “R.sub.10a” as used herein may be:

[0505] deuterium (-D), —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, a hydroxyl group, a cyano group, a nitro group, an amidino group, a hydrazine group, or a hydrazone group;

[0506] a C.sub.1-C.sub.60 alkyl group, a C.sub.2-C.sub.60 alkenyl group, a C.sub.2-C.sub.60 alkynyl group, or a C.sub.1-C.sub.60 alkoxy group, each unsubstituted or substituted with deuterium, —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, a hydroxyl group, a cyano group, a nitro group, a C.sub.3-C.sub.60 carbocyclic group, a C.sub.1-C.sub.60 heterocyclic group, a C.sub.6-C.sub.60 aryloxy group, a C.sub.6-C.sub.60 arylthio group, a C.sub.7-C.sub.60 aryl alkyl group, a C.sub.2-C.sub.60 heteroaryl alkyl group, —Si(Q.sub.11)(Q.sub.12)(Q.sub.13), —N(Q.sub.11)(Q.sub.12), —B(Q.sub.11)(Q.sub.12), —C(═O)(Q.sub.11), —S(═O).sub.2(Q.sub.11), —P(═O)(Q.sub.11)(Q.sub.12), or any combination thereof;

[0507] a C.sub.3-C.sub.60 carbocyclic group, a C.sub.1-C.sub.60 heterocyclic group, a C.sub.6-C.sub.60 aryloxy group, a C.sub.6-C.sub.60 arylthio group, a C.sub.7-C.sub.60 aryl alkyl group, or a C.sub.2-C.sub.60 heteroaryl alkyl group, each unsubstituted or substituted with deuterium, —F, —Cl, —Br, —I, a hydroxyl group, a cyano group, a nitro group, a C.sub.1-C.sub.60 alkyl group, a C.sub.2-C.sub.60 alkenyl group, a C.sub.2-C.sub.60 alkynyl group, a C.sub.1-C.sub.60 alkoxy group, a C.sub.3-C.sub.60 carbocyclic group, a C.sub.1-C.sub.60 heterocyclic group, a C.sub.6-C.sub.60 aryloxy group, a C.sub.6-C.sub.60 arylthio group, a C.sub.7-C.sub.60 aryl alkyl group, a C.sub.2-C.sub.60 heteroaryl alkyl group, —Si(Q.sub.21)(Q.sub.22)(Q.sub.23), —N(Q.sub.21)(Q.sub.22), —B(Q.sub.21)(Q.sub.22), —C(═O)(Q.sub.21), —S(═O).sub.2(Q.sub.21), —P(═O)(Q.sub.21)(Q.sub.22), or any combination thereof; or

[0508] —Si(Q.sub.31)(Q.sub.32)(Q.sub.33), —N(Q.sub.31)(Q.sub.32), —B(Q.sub.31)(Q.sub.32), —C(═O)(Q.sub.31), —S(═O).sub.2(Q.sub.31), or —P(═O)(Q.sub.31)(Q.sub.32).

[0509] wherein the groups Q.sub.1 to Q.sub.3, Q.sub.11 to Q.sub.13, Q.sub.21 to Q.sub.23 and Q.sub.31 to Q.sub.33 as used herein may each independently be: hydrogen; deuterium; —F; —CI; —Br; —I; a hydroxyl group; a cyano group; a nitro group; a C.sub.1-C.sub.60 alkyl group; a C.sub.2-C.sub.60 alkenyl group; a C.sub.2-C.sub.60 alkynyl group; a C.sub.1-C.sub.60 alkoxy group; a C.sub.3-C.sub.60 carbocyclic group or a C.sub.1-C.sub.60 heterocyclic group, each unsubstituted or substituted with deuterium, —F, a cyano group, a C.sub.1-C.sub.60 alkyl group, a C.sub.1-C.sub.60 alkoxy group, a phenyl group, a biphenyl group, or any combination thereof; a C.sub.7-C.sub.60 aryl alkyl group; or a C.sub.2-C.sub.60 heteroaryl alkyl group.

[0510] The term “heteroatom” as used herein may be any atom other than a carbon atom or a hydrogen atom. Examples of the heteroatom may include O, S, N, P, Si, B, Ge, Se, or any combination thereof.

[0511] The term “third-row transition metal” as used herein may include hafnium (Hf), tantalum (Ta), tungsten (W), rhenium (Re), osmium (Os), iridium (Ir), platinum (Pt), gold (Au), or the like.

[0512] The term “Ph” as used herein refers to a phenyl group, the term “Me” as used herein refers to a methyl group, the term “Et” as used herein refers to an ethyl group, the terms “ter-Bu” or “Bu.sup.t” as used herein each refer to a tert-butyl group, and the term “OMe” as used herein refers to a methoxy group.

[0513] The term “biphenyl group” as used herein may be a “phenyl group substituted with a phenyl group.” For example, the “biphenyl group” may be a substituted phenyl group having a C.sub.6-C.sub.60 aryl group as a substituent.

[0514] The term “terphenyl group” as used herein may be a “phenyl group substituted with a biphenyl group”. For example, the “terphenyl group” may be a substituted phenyl group having, as a substituent, a C.sub.6-C.sub.60 aryl group substituted with a C.sub.6-C.sub.60 aryl group.

[0515] The symbols * and *′ as used herein, unless defined otherwise, each refer to a binding site to a neighboring atom in a corresponding formula or moiety.

[0516] Hereinafter, compounds according to embodiments and light-emitting devices according to embodiments will be described in detail with reference to the Synthesis Examples and Examples. The wording “B was used instead of A” used in describing Synthesis Examples means that an identical molar equivalent of B was used in place of A.

EXAMPLES

Synthesis Example 1: Synthesis of Compound 1

[0517] ##STR00158## ##STR00159##

[0518] Synthesis of Intermediate 1-1

[0519] Dimethyl 2,2′-((6-bromo-2-(methoxycarbonyl)pyridin-3-yl)azanediyl)dibenzoate (50 mmol, 1 eq.), 2,4,6-trimethylaniline (50 mmol, 1 eq.), Pd.sub.2(dba).sub.3 (10 mol %), PtBu.sub.3 (10 mol %), and NaOtBu (10 eq.) were dissolved in toluene, and stirred at a temperature of 110° C. for 2 hours. After washing three times, each with ethyl acetate and water, the organic layer obtained by separation was dried using anhydrous magnesium sulfate and dried under reduced pressure. The resulting product was purified by column chromatography using methylene chloride (MC) and n-hexane to obtain Intermediate 1-1. (Yield: 70%)

[0520] Synthesis of Intermediate 1-2

[0521] Intermediate 1-1 (1 eq.) and PhLi (10.5 eq.) were dissolved in Et.sub.2O and THF (a volume ratio of 2:8) having the temperature of 10° C. to generate Intermediate 1-2. (Yield: 30%)

[0522] Synthesis of Intermediate 1-3

[0523] Intermediate 1-2 (15 mmol) was dissolved in HCl/AcOH (a volume ratio of 1:7) and reflux at a temperature of 80° C. for 3 hours. After washing three times, each with ethyl acetate and water, the organic layer obtained by separation was dried using anhydrous magnesium sulfate and dried under reduced pressure. The resulting product was purified by column chromatography using methylene chloride (MC) and n-hexane to obtain Intermediate 1-3. (Yield: 20%)

[0524] Synthesis of Intermediate 1-4

[0525] Intermediate 1-3 (0.1 mmol, 1 eq.) and Br.sub.2 (5.0 eq) were dissolved in CHCl.sub.3, and stirred at a temperature of 70° C. for 1 hours and 30 minutes. After washing three times, each with ethyl acetate and water, the organic layer obtained by separation was dried using anhydrous magnesium sulfate and dried under reduced pressure. The resulting product was purified by column chromatography using methylene chloride (MC) and n-hexane to obtain Intermediate 1-4. (Yield: 10%)

[0526] Synthesis of Compound 1

[0527] Intermediate 1-4 (0.1 mmol, 1 eq.), Pd(OAc).sub.2 (10 mol %), SPhos (20 mol %), Na.sub.2CO.sub.3 (15 eq.) and Phenyl Bpin (3 eq.) were dissolved in THF and H.sub.2O (a volume ratio of 5.6:1), and stirred at a temperature of 70° C. for 4 hours stirred. After washing three times, each with ethyl acetate and water, the organic layer obtained by separation was dried using anhydrous magnesium sulfate and dried under reduced pressure. The resulting product was purified by column chromatography using methylene chloride (MC) and n-hexane to obtain Compound 1. (Yield: 7%)

Synthesis Example 2: Synthesis of Compound 5

[0528] ##STR00160## ##STR00161##

[0529] Synthesis of Intermediate 5-1

[0530] Trimethyl 2,2′,2″-nitrilotribenzoate (50 mmol, 1 eq.) and PhLi (10.5 eq.) were dissolved in Et.sub.2O and THF (a volume ratio of 2:8) having the temperature of 10° C. to generate Intermediate 5-1. (Yield: 40%)

[0531] Synthesis of Intermediate 5-2

[0532] Intermediate 5-1 (20 mmol) was dissolved in HCl/AoOH (a volume ratio of 1:7) and reflux at a temperature of 80° C. for 3 hours. After washing three times, each with ethyl acetate and water, the organic layer obtained by separation was dried using anhydrous magnesium sulfate and dried under reduced pressure. The resulting product was purified by column chromatography using methylene chloride (MC) and n-hexane to obtain Intermediate 5-2. (Yield: 20%)

[0533] Synthesis of Intermediate 5-3

[0534] Intermediate 5-2 (2 mmol, 1 eq.) and Br.sub.2 (2.0 eq.) were dissolved in CHCl.sub.3, and stirred at a temperature of 70° C. for 2 hours. After washing three times, each with ethyl acetate and water, the organic layer obtained by separation was dried using anhydrous magnesium sulfate and dried under reduced pressure. The resulting product was purified by column chromatography using methylene chloride (MC) and n-hexane to obtain Intermediate 5-3. (Yield: 70%)

[0535] Synthesis of Compound 5

[0536] Intermediate 5-3 (0.1 mmol, 1 eq.), Pd(OAc).sub.2 (10 mol %), SPhos (20 mol %), Na.sub.2CO.sub.3 (15 eq.), and 3-pyridine Bpin (3 eq.) were dissolved in THF and H.sub.2O (a volume ratio of 5.6:1), and stirred at a temperature of 70° C. for 4 hours stirred. After washing three times, each with ethyl acetate and water, the organic layer obtained by separation was dried using anhydrous magnesium sulfate and dried under reduced pressure. The resulting product was purified by column chromatography using methylene chloride (MC) and n-hexane to obtain Compound 5. (Yield: 10%)

Synthesis Example 3: Synthesis of Compound 11

[0537] ##STR00162## ##STR00163##

[0538] Synthesis of Intermediate 11-2

[0539] Intermediate 11-1 (1 eq.) and PhLi (10.5 eq.) were dissolved in Et.sub.2O/THF (volume ratio: 2:8) at 10° C. to produce Intermediate 11-2. (Yield: 35%)

[0540] Synthesis of Intermediate 11-3

[0541] After dissolving the intermediate 1-2 (15 mmol) in HCl/AcOH (volume ratio 1:7), the mixture was stirred at 80° C. for 3 hours. After cooling, the mixture was washed with ethyl acetate and water three times, and the resulting organic layer was separated and dried over anhydrous magnesium sulfate and then dried under reduced pressure. Then, intermediate 11-3 was obtained by separation and purification by column chromatography using MC and n-Hexane. (Yield: 50%)

[0542] Synthesis of Intermediate 11-4

[0543] After dissolving the intermediate 11-3 (15 mmol, 1 eq.), Pd.sub.2(dba).sub.3 (10 mol %), PtBu.sub.3 (10 mol %) and NaOtBu (10 eq.) in toluene, stirring at 120° C. for 3 hours. After cooling, the mixture was washed with ethyl acetate and water three times, and the resulting organic layer was separated and dried over anhydrous magnesium sulfate and then dried under reduced pressure. Subsequently, intermediate 11-4 was obtained by separation and purification by column chromatography using MC and n-Hexane. (Yield: 25%)

[0544] Synthesis of compound 11

[0545] Intermediate 11-4 (4 mmol, 1 eq.), 9,9-dichloro-9H-fluorene (8 mmol, 2 eq.), 5,5-dichloro-5H-dibenzo[b,d]silole (4 mmol, 1 eq.) and BuLi (10 eq.) were dissolved in THF, stirred at −78° C. for 30 minutes, and 1-iodo-4-methylbenzene (8 mmol, 2 eq.) was added thereto and stirred at 70° C. for 12 hours. After cooling, the mixture was washed with ethyl acetate and water three times, and the resulting organic layer was separated and dried over anhydrous magnesium sulfate and then dried under reduced pressure.

[0546] Subsequently, compound 11 was obtained by separation and purification using MC and n-Hexane by column chromatography. (Yield: 5%)

Synthesis Example 4: Synthesis of Compound 16

[0547] ##STR00164##

[0548] Synthesis of Intermediate 16-1

[0549] Di-p-tolylamine (50 mmol, 1 eq.), 1,3-dibromobenzene (50 mmol, 1 eq.), and K.sub.3PO.sub.4 (10.5 eq.) were dissolved in DMF, and stirred at a temperature of 160° C. for 4 hours. After washing three times, each with ethyl acetate and water, the organic layer obtained by separation was dried using anhydrous magnesium sulfate and dried under reduced pressure. The resulting product was purified by column chromatography using methylene chloride (MC) and n-hexane to obtain Intermediate 16-1. (Yield: 20%)

[0550] Synthesis of Compound 16

[0551] Intermediate 16-1 (3 mmol, 1 eq.), 5,5-dichloro-5H-dibenzo[b,d]silole (10 mmol, 3.3 eq.), and BuLi (10 eq.) were dissolved in THF, and stirred at a temperature of −78° C. for 30 minutes, and 1-iodo-4-methylbenzene (3 eq.) was added thereto and stirred at a temperature of 70° C. for 12 hours. After washing three times, each with ethyl acetate and water, the organic layer obtained by separation was dried using anhydrous magnesium sulfate and dried under reduced pressure. The resulting product was purified by column chromatography using methylene chloride (MC) and n-hexane to obtain Compound 16. (Yield: 5%)

Synthesis Example 5: Synthesis of Compound 21

[0552] ##STR00165## ##STR00166##

[0553] Synthesis of Intermediate 21-1

[0554] Diphenylamine (50 mmol, 1 eq.), 1,3-dibromobenzene (50 mmol, 1 eq.) and K.sub.3PO.sub.4 (10.5 eq.) were dissolved in DMF, and stirred at a temperature of 160° C. for 4 hours. After washing three times, each with ethyl acetate and water, the organic layer obtained by separation was dried using anhydrous magnesium sulfate and dried under reduced pressure. The resulting product was purified by column chromatography using methylene chloride (MC) and n-hexane to obtain Intermediate 21-1. (Yield: 20%)

[0555] Synthesis of Intermediate 21-2

[0556] Intermediate 21-1(15 mmol), 2,4,6-trimethylaniline (10 mmol), Pd.sub.2(dba).sub.3 (10 mol %), PtBu.sub.3 (10 mol %), and NaOtBu (10 eq.) were dissolved in DMF, and stirred (160° C.) for 3 hours. After washing three times, each with ethyl acetate and water, the organic layer obtained by separation was dried using anhydrous magnesium sulfate and dried under reduced pressure. The resulting product was purified by column chromatography using methylene chloride (MC) and n-hexane to obtain Intermediate 21-2. (Yield: 20%)

[0557] Synthesis of Compound 21

[0558] Intermediate 21-2 (2 mmol, 1 eq.), 5,5-dichloro-5H-dibenzo[b,d]silole (1 eq.) and BuLi (10 eq.) were dissolved in THF, and stirred at a temperature of −78° C. for 30 minutes, and 1-iodo-4-methylbenzene (4 mmol, 2 eq.) was added thereto and stirred at a temperature of 70° C. for 12 hours. After washing three times, each with ethyl acetate and water, the organic layer obtained by separation was dried using anhydrous magnesium sulfate and dried under reduced pressure. The resulting product was purified by column chromatography using methylene chloride (MC) and n-hexane to obtain Compound 21. (Yield: 5%)

Synthesis Example 6: Synthesis of Compound 22

[0559] ##STR00167## ##STR00168##

[0560] Synthesis of Intermediate 22-1

[0561] Diphenylamine (50 mmol, 1 eq.), 1,3-dibromobenzene (50 mmol, 1 eq.), and K.sub.3PO.sub.4 (10 eq.) were dissolved in DMF, and stirred at a temperature of 100° C. for 12 hours. After washing three times, each with ethyl acetate and water, the organic layer obtained by separation was dried using anhydrous magnesium sulfate and dried under reduced pressure. The resulting product was purified by column chromatography using methylene chloride (MC) and n-hexane to obtain Intermediate 22-1. (Yield: 40%)

[0562] Synthesis of Intermediate 22-2

[0563] Intermediate 22-1 (15 mmol, 1 eq.), Pd.sub.2(dba).sub.3 (10 mol %), PtBu.sub.3 (10 mol %), and NaOtBu (10 eq.) were dissolved in toluene, and stirred at a temperature of 120° C. for 3 hours. After washing three times, each with ethyl acetate and water, the organic layer obtained by separation was dried using anhydrous magnesium sulfate and dried under reduced pressure. The resulting product was purified by column chromatography using MC and n-hexane to obtain Intermediate 22-2. (Yield: 20%)

[0564] Synthesis of Compound 22

[0565] Intermediate 22-2 (4 mmol, 1 eq.), 9,9-dichloro-9H-fluorene (8 mmol, 2 eq.), 5,5-dichloro-5H-dibenzo[b,d]silole (4 mmol, 1 eq.), and BuLi (10 eq.) were dissolved in THF, and stirred at a temperature of −78° C. for 30 minutes, and 1-iodo-4-methylbenzene (8 mmol, 2 eq.) was added thereto and stirred at a temperature of 70° C. for 12 hours. After washing three times, each with ethyl acetate and water, the organic layer obtained by separation was dried using anhydrous magnesium sulfate and dried under reduced pressure. The resulting product was purified by column chromatography using methylene chloride (MC) and n-hexane to obtain Compound 22. (Yield: 7%)

Synthesis Example 7: Synthesis of Compound 24

[0566] ##STR00169## ##STR00170##

[0567] Synthesis of Compound 24

[0568] Intermediate 22-2 (4 mmol, 1 eq.), 5,5-dichloro-5H-dibenzo[b,d]silole (4 mmol, 1 eq.), and BuLi (10 eq.) were dissolved in THF, and stirred at a temperature of −78° C. for 30 minutes, and 1-iodo-4-methylbenzene (8 mmol, 2 eq.) was added thereto and stirred at a temperature of 70° C. for 12 hours. After washing three times, each with ethyl acetate and water, the organic layer obtained by separation was dried using anhydrous magnesium sulfate and dried under reduced pressure. The resulting product was purified by column chromatography using methylene chloride (MC) and n-hexane to obtain Compound 24. (Yield: 5%)

[0569] FIGS. 4 to 9 show .sup.1H NMR of the synthesized compounds. FIG. 4 shows .sup.1H NMR of Compound 1, FIG. 5 shows .sup.1H NMR of Compound 5, FIG. 6 shows .sup.1H NMR of Compound 16, FIG. 7 shows .sup.1H NMR of Compound 21, FIG. 8 shows .sup.1H NMR of Compound 22, and FIG. 9 shows .sup.1H NMR of Compound 24.

[0570] Methods of synthesizing compounds other than the compounds synthesized in Synthesis Examples 1 to 7 may be readily understood to those skilled in the art by referring to the synthesis pathways and raw materials described above.

Example 1

[0571] A glass substrate (available from Corning Co., Ltd) on which an ITO anode (15 Ohms per square centimeter (Q/cm.sup.2)) having a thickness of 1,200 Å was formed, was cut to a size of 50 millimeters (mm)×50 mm×0.7 mm, sonicated in isopropyl alcohol and pure water for 5 minutes in each solvent, cleaned with ultraviolet rays for 30 minutes, and with ozone, and was mounted on a vacuum deposition apparatus.

[0572] NPB was deposited on the anode to form a hole injection layer having a thickness of 300 Å, compound TCTA was deposited on the hole injection layer to form a hole transport layer having a thickness of 200 Å, and CzSi was deposited on the hole transport layer to form an emission auxiliary layer having a thickness of 100 Å.

[0573] On the emission auxiliary layer, compound HT-08 as a host and Compound 1 as a dopant were co-deposited at a weight ratio of 65:35 to form an emission layer having a thickness of 250 Å.

[0574] TSPO1 was deposited on the emission layer to form a hole blocking layer having a thickness of 200 Å, TPBi was deposited on the hole blocking layer to form an electron transport layer having a thickness of 300 Å, LiF was deposited on the electron transport layer to form an electron injection layer having a thickness of 10 Å, and Al was deposited on the electron injection layer to form a cathode having a thickness of 3,000 Å, thereby completing the manufacture of a light-emitting device.

##STR00171## ##STR00172##

Examples 2 and 3

[0575] Light-emitting devices were manufactured in the same manner as in Example 1, except that the compounds shown in Table 1 were used as a host when the emission layer was formed.

Evaluation Example 1

[0576] In order to evaluate the characteristics of the light-emitting devices manufactured according to Examples 1 to 3, the driving voltage (V) at a luminance of 1000 cd/m.sup.2, the luminescence efficiency (Cd/A), and the emission color were measured by using Keithley MU 236 and a luminance meter PR650, the time taken to reach 95% of the initial luminance was measured as lifespan (T.sub.95), and the T1 energy level (unit: eV) of the dopant of each of the light-emitting device was measured according to the above-described method, and the results are shown in Table 1.

TABLE-US-00001 TABLE 1 Host Driving (weight T1 level voltage Efficiency Emission Lifespan ratio) Dopant (eV) (V) (cd/A) color (T.sub.95) Example 1 HT-08 1 2.51 4.4 8 465 1 Example 2 ET06 5 2.51 5.3 5 472 0.5 Example 3 HT-08/ 1 2.51 4.8 10 468 2 ET06 (6.5:3.5)

Example 4

[0577] A glass substrate (available from Corning Co., Ltd) on which an ITO anode (15 Ω/cm.sup.2) having a thickness of 1,200 Å was formed, was cut to a size of 50 millimeters (mm)×50 mm×0.7 mm, sonicated in isopropyl alcohol and pure water for 5 minutes in each solvent, cleaned with ultraviolet rays for 30 minutes, and with ozone, and was mounted on a vacuum deposition apparatus.

[0578] NPB was deposited on the anode to form a hole injection layer having a thickness of 300 Å, compound TCTA was deposited on the hole injection layer to form a hole transport layer having a thickness of 200 Å, and CzSi was deposited on the hole transport layer to form an emission auxiliary layer having a thickness of 100 Å.

[0579] On the emission auxiliary layer, compound HT-08 as host A, compound ET06 as host B, compound PD-14 as a sensitizer, and Compound 1 as a dopant were co-deposited at a weight ratio of 70:30:15:0.5 to form an emission layer having a thickness of 250 Å.

[0580] TSPO1 was deposited on the emission layer to form a hole blocking layer having a thickness of 200 Å, TPBi was deposited on the hole blocking layer to form an electron transport layer having a thickness of 300 Å, LiF was deposited on the electron transport layer to form an electron injection layer having a thickness of 10 Å, and Al was deposited on the electron injection layer to form a cathode having a thickness of 3,000 Å, thereby completing the manufacture of a light-emitting device.

Examples 5 to 10 and Comparative Examples 1 to 6

[0581] Light-emitting devices were manufactured in the same manner as in Example 4, except that the compounds shown in Table 2 were used as a host when the emission layer was formed.

Evaluation Example 2

[0582] The driving voltage (V) at a luminance of 1000 cd/n.sup.2, the luminescence efficiency (Gd/A), and the emission color of the light-emitting devices manufactured according to Examples 4 to 10 and Comparative Examples 1 to 6, were measured by using Keithley MU 236 and a luminance meter PR650, the time taken to reach 95% of the initial luminance was measured as lifespan (T.sub.95), and the Ti energy level (unit: eV) of the dopant of each of the light-emitting device was measured according to the above-described method, and the results are shown in Table 2.

TABLE-US-00002 TABLE 2 Driving T1 level voltage Efficiency Emission Lifespan Host A Host B Sensitizer Dopant (eV) (V) (cd/A) color (T.sub.95) Example 4 HT-08 ET06 PD-14  1 2.51 4.8 20 468 30 Example 5 HT-08 ET06 PD-14  5 2.51 4.6 21 468 28 Example 6 HT-08 ET015 PD-18 11 2.53 4.7 23 468 31 Example 7 HT-06 ET015 PD-36 16 2.50 4.5 19 472 28 Example 8 HT-06 ET015 PD-36 20 2.53 4.8 21 465 31 Example 9 HT-08 ET015 PD-16 22 2.55 4.5 25 466 33 Example 10 HT-08 ET015 PD-16 24 2.52 4.8 19 465 25 Comparative HT-08 ET06 PD-14 5CzBN 2.47 4.7 17 490 8 Example 1 Comparative HT-08 ET06 PD-14 C1 2.48 4.8 15 465 7 Example 2 Comparative HT-08 ET06 PD-14 C2 2.49 5.0 10 475 3 Example 3 Comparative HT-08 ET06 PD-14 C3 2.50 4.9 7 480 5 Example 4 Comparative HT-08 ET06 PD-14 C4 2.49 5.2 8 477 7 Example 5 Comparative HT-08 ET06 PD-14 C5 2.49 5.3 10 478 6 Example 6 [00173]HT-06 [00174]HT-08 [00175]ET06 [00176]ET015 [00177]PD-14 [00178]PD-16 [00179]1 [00180]5 [00181]11 [00182]16 [00183]20 [00184]22 [00185]24 [00186]C1 [00187]C2 [00188]C3 [00189]C4 [00190]C5 [00191]5CzBN

[0583] From Table 2, it can be seen that the light-emitting devices of Examples 4 to 10 have lower driving voltages, better luminescence efficiencies, and longer lifespans than the light-emitting devices of Comparative Examples 1 to 6.

[0584] Although the disclosure has been described with reference to the Synthesis Examples and Examples, these examples are provided for illustrative purposes only, and one of ordinary skill in the art may understand that these examples may have various modifications and other examples equivalent thereto.

[0585] The disclosure can provide a novel condensed cyclic compound, a light-emitting device including the same, and an electronic apparatus including the same, and the condensed cyclic compound according to embodiments has excellent thermal stability and radical stability, and the light-emitting device and the electronic apparatus each including the same can have high luminescence efficiency and lifespan.

[0586] Embodiments have been disclosed herein, and although terms are employed, they are used and are to be interpreted in a generic and descriptive sense only and not for purpose of limitation. In some instances, as would be apparent by one of ordinary skill in the art, features, characteristics, and/or elements described in connection with an embodiment may be used singly or in combination with features, characteristics, and/or elements described in connection with other embodiments unless otherwise specifically indicated. Accordingly, it will be understood by those of ordinary skill in the art that various changes in form and details may be made without departing from the spirit and scope of the disclosure as set forth in the claims.