Abstract
A trussed joist (such as shown in FIGS. 1, 2, and 3) is provided which includes an upper chord and a lower chord connected to each other by descending and ascending diagonals making triangular or trapezoid openings across the joist. The joist is supported at lower chord not matching the truss node point or supported at the upper chord whereby the joist is unworkable. At least one reinforcing is fixed at the faces of the chords by dowel fasteners. The reinforcing element overlaps at least one truss node point
Claims
1. A trussed joist having a first end and a second end, at least the first end comprising an upper chord and a lower chord of a wooden material connected to each other by elongated ascending and descending diagonals making generally triangular or trapezoidal transverse openings across the trussed joist and optionally having a plurality of verticals between the chords, said chords may extend the diagonals and verticals to make tails; wherein the structural form of the trussed joist is a truss at least at the first end and includes node points where one or two diagonals and one vertical cross at a chord and the trussed joist is generally workable and supported at the node points only without reinforcement; wherein in the first end, the trussed joist is supported on the upper chord not matching a node point of the trussed joist or supported between the chords or supported on a lower chord tail or an upper chord tail and therefore the trussed joist is unworkable; wherein at least one reinforcing element is fixed at side faces of the upper and lower chords by a side of a support and fixed by dowel fasteners, or by dowel fasteners and adhesive; wherein the reinforcing element overlaps at least one node point of the trussed joist; and wherein the reinforcing element is fixed in the trussed joist matching the support after the manufacture of the trussed joist.
2. The trussed joist according to claim 1 which is supported at an upper chord or between the chords, wherein two reinforcing elements have noses which reach above a support whereby at least a part of a support force is transmitted into the reinforcing elements and further to the trussed joist reducing the chord stresses at the support.
3. The trussed joist according to claim 2 wherein an overall thickness of the noses at an edge of the support is at least about 18 mm and an overall area of the noses is at least about 500 mm.sup.2.
4. The trussed joist according to claim 1 wherein at least one reinforcing element extends the trust joist to make an overhang beyond the chords and the trussed joist is supported at the overhang.
5. The trussed joist according to claim 1 wherein the trussed joist is supported at one of the upper and lower chords and a metal sheet is fixed between the at least one reinforcing element and the chord and the metal sheet is folded over one of the upper and lower chords.
6. The trussed joist according to claim 1 wherein the at least one reinforcing element is a metal sheet fixed by dowel fasteners in the side faces of the upper and lower chords extending between the chords.
7. The trussed joist according to claim 1 wherein the trussed joist is supported at an overhang chord, and wherein said chord at least in the trussed joist end up to the first diagonal or vertical is a glued wooden material made of plies or shavings in which glue lines are fixed vertically.
8. The trussed joist according to claim 1 wherein the trussed joist is supported on the chord as an overhang support, and wherein a lower part of the upper chord is removed above a support in the outermost end to move a support force closer to a first diagonal, or wherein the support force move is obtained by fixing a filler at a trussed joist side of a support or the support surface is uneven in the trussed joist direct and the surface is higher at the trussed joist side.
9. A trussed joist which has a first end and a second end, at least the first end comprising an upper chord and a lower chord (1, 2) of woody material connected to each other by elongated ascending and descending diagonals making generally triangular or trapezoidal openings across the joist and optionally having few verticals or panels between the chords; wherein in the first end, the joist is cut to make it shorter or the joist is supported on the upper chord or supported between the chords whereby the joist is unworkable; wherein in the first end of the joist comprises the upper chord, the lower chord and two reinforcing elements with woody material having higher shear resistance than the chord material fixed between the chords extending from the joist end to the first diagonal or vertical joint; and wherein either at least one reinforcing element is adhesively fixed at both side faces of the chords or two reinforcing elements are adhesively fixed in chord notchings routed in the chords, wherein the notch depth is at least 67% of chord depth.
10. A method for making a trussed joist comprising manufacturing the joist as a long and/or standardized billet, and shortening or cutting the joist to make at least two workable joists optionally supported on a upper chord of the joist, on a lower chord of the joist, or between said upper and lower chords, wherein the joist has a first end and a second end, at least the first end comprising an upper chord and a lower chord (1, 2) of woody material connected to each other by elongated ascending and descending diagonals making generally triangular or trapezoidal openings across the joist and optionally having a few verticals or panels between the chords, said chords may extend the diagonals to make tails; wherein in the first end, the joist is supported on the lower chord not matching the node point of the trussed joist or supported on the upper chord or supported between the chords or supported on a chord tail and therefore the joist is unworkable; wherein at least one reinforcing element (7, 8) is fixed at side faces of the chords by side of the support and fixed by dowel fasteners, or by dowel fasteners and adhesive; and wherein the reinforcing element overlaps at least one node point of the trussed joist.
11. The method for making a trussed joist according to the claim 10 wherein the first end of the joist lacks a web structure, the chords make tails, and the joist is made workable by fixing at least one reinforcing element in the chord tails.
12. The trussed joist according to claim 1 wherein at least at the first end of the trussed joist, at least one chord makes a tail and the trussed joist is supported at the tail and the tail is reinforced using the at least one reinforcing element.
13. The trussed joist according to claim 1 wherein the trussed joist is cut in such way so that the trussed joist in unworkable when supported matching the cutting point, and so that the trussed joist is made workable using the at least one reinforcing element.
Description
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
[0025] FIG. 1 represents an axonometric view of a glued trussed joist; the reinforcing elements are suitable for shortening of this joist with arbitrary support and joist end arrangement.
[0026] FIG. 2 represents a joist according to FIG. 1 which is cut, and the support is changed, the reinforcing elements have not been fixed in a joist.
[0027] FIG. 3 represents a joist according to FIG. 2 with the reinforcing elements fixed.
[0028] FIG. 4 represents the end of the trussed joist with metal connector plates, which can be shortened using the reinforcing elements, can be notched and can be supported in arbitrary ways.
[0029] FIG. 5 represents a joist according to FIG. 4 with the reinforcing elements fixed.
[0030] FIG. 6 represents a reinforcing element of parallelogram shape.
[0031] FIG. 7 represents a square reinforcing element.
[0032] FIG. 8 represents a reinforcing element in which there is a hole.
[0033] FIG. 9 represents metal sheets which are connected to the edge faces of the chord and strengthen the joint and can replace the nose of the reinforcing element.
[0034] FIG. 10 represents the reinforcing element of metal.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE EXEMPLARY EMBODIMENTS
[0035] FIG. 1 shows a glued trussed joist which has upper chord 1 lower chord 2, diagonals 3, 4, 5 and support 6. The diagonals can be connected to the chord also in other way. This kind of a glued joist is workable as such without reinforcing elements supported on the upper chord if the support joint is appropriately made and on the lower chord, too, when the joist is turned. Such joists can be made to stock and using the reinforcing elements of the invention, the joist can be shortened and can be arbitrarily notched and can be further supported either on the upper chord, on the lower chord or on between. At least one diagonal at the joist end e.g. diagonal 3 may lack to reduce costs, ease cutting and facilitate indentation and this diagonal may be replaced with reinforcing elements.
[0036] FIG. 2 presents the joist of FIG. 1 which is arbitrarily cut and support 6 is in new location which can be anywhere. The cut joist is not usually structurally workable but becomes workable with the help of reinforcing elements.
[0037] FIG. 3 presents a joist of FIG. 2 to which the reinforcing elements 7 and 8 of wood panel have been attached at the end of the joist by side of the support either with support contact or minimal gap of construction works. It is usually sufficient to have only one reinforcing element pair either 7 or 8. In this case there are two reinforcing element pairs due to high stresses or due to thin panels. The elements are fastened in the chords by dowel fasteners like nails or screws. It is essential that the reinforcing elements have noses 9 which reach over the support 6 and through which an essential part of the support force is transferred to the reinforcing elements and still to the joist. Reinforcing element 8 is smaller and its main purpose is to increase the permanence of the nose 9. This element may be horizontal with depth about twice the chord depth or glued to the element 7 at the nose area when it is small even as little as about 20.000 mm.sup.2. These reinforcing elements are parallelogram shaped and they are notched in this case by the support to accomplish the nose, but the notching is not usually needed in which case the reinforcing elements contact only on the corner of the support. This kind of a nose is efficient, its processing to the panel is simple and the material loss minimal. The Chord usually reaches over the support as an overhang of 50-100 mm. The reinforcing element reaches over the support of the same amount if it has been fixed with the glue but usually only 20-40 mm or normally hit only the support corner if it has been mechanically fastened. It is essential that the reinforcing element reaches on at least one truss node with sufficient nailing area per node with the overall fastener force of at least about 1.25 times the support force and in case of big forces over two truss nodes on either upper or lower chord preferably one on the lower chord and the other one on the upper chord. The number of fasteners is theoretically case-specific. Case specific calculations are not normally needed as the maximum nailing density at the support area and at the truss node point areas is normally sufficient. As the fastener cost is low, the nailing density may be the maximum at the whole elementchord area and this option is workable in all cases. In this embodiment, the lower chord may be shorter to facilitate a triangular space for the installations. This space is open from below thus the installations may be easily assembled. Such installation space and easy assembly is not possible in current joists.
[0038] FIG. 4 presents the trussed joist in which there are chords 1, 2 and diagonals 3, 4, 5 which have been connected to the chords with nail plates 10. At the end of the joist, the chords reach beyond the diagonals to make tails, normally about 300 to 700 mm. With the help of reinforcing elements, the joist becomes functioning, the end can be shortened, notched and the joist can be supported on the upper chord, on the lower chord or on between.
[0039] FIG. 5 presents a joist of the FIG. 4 with fastened reinforcing elements 7, in this case wood panels like OSB panels and support 6. The reinforcing elements reach over the vertical and it is nailed to it in which case the fastening is effect and the number of fasteners small. One embodiment is that the upper chord is at least all the way to the first nail plate an especial high-strength wood, such as LVL, plywood or OSB in which glue lines are mainly vertical with grain direction fixed mainly in joist direction but at least about 10% fixed about vertically. Such upper chord has normally sufficient strength that the strengthening elements need not have noses.
[0040] FIG. 6 presents a parallelogram shape reinforcing element with drawings or perforations in it which facilitate easy cutting.
[0041] FIG. 7 presents a quadratic reinforcing element which has been cut from a long panel.
[0042] FIG. 8 presents the reinforcing element in which there is a hole. It can be made among others from wood by gluing or by casting from woody mass and/or the element is made from metal by welding, punching or riveting etc. It is advantageous that at least the nose or at least its lower part is thicker than the main reinforcing element.
[0043] FIG. 9 presents the cross section from chord 1, reinforcing elements 8, metal sheets 10 in between nailed or screwed through the reinforcing elements to the chord. The metal sheets are about 400-600 mm long and reach to the chord end or at least nearly to the end. These metal sheets prevent the chord from splitting and increase essentially its bending performance and shear resistance. The metal sheets can be variously shaped, for example they can be tubular or like C-profile. Instead of these metal sheets, the reinforcing can be carried out by gluing to the side faces of the chord high-strength material like woody panel like OSB-panel which reach to the end of the chord and are at least about 400-600 mm long.
[0044] FIG. 10 presents a reinforcing element of metal usually 0.5-1.5 mm thick. It is beneficial that the element has been turned over the upper chord 11. It is normally advantageous that in the reinforcing element there is a nose reaching over the support but in this case the nose is not always needed due to the element folding. The element is normally cut from a metal sheet but can be assembled from parts by welding, riveting, gluing etc. and can include holes. It is advantageous that the element comprises corrugations between the chords to increase it compression resistance and therefore the element is applicable at the lower chord support, too. The element is fastened in the side faces of the chords by dowel fasteners and advantageously in the upper chord folding, too. The element may include holes for the dowel fasteners to facilitate easy assembly.
