Planar loudspeaker manifold for improved sound dispersion

Abstract

An acoustic manifold for altering a sound wavefront shape from a loudspeaker having a substantially planar driver, comprising a mounting surface configured to attach to a front surface of a case surrounding the driver and having two vertical openings matching corresponding vertical openings in the case to allow sound from the driver to project therethrough, and a waveguide portion coupled to the mounting surface and having a structure channeling sound projected from the driver through the two vertical openings to be combined in one output area. The structure has a plurality of reflective surfaces configured to create output sound that has a consistent dispersion pattern over a defined area. The manifold is configured to increase a vertical and/or horizontal beamwidth of the projected sound so that listeners positioned off an axis of the loudspeaker will hear a wide range of audible frequencies at a substantially similar sound level.

Claims

1. A planar magnetic loudspeaker system having a substantially planar driver, a case surrounding the driver and having two case openings aligned with a long axis of the driver, and an apparatus for altering a sound wavefront shape from the planar driver, said apparatus comprising: a mounting surface attached to a front surface of the case and having two openings matching said case openings to allow sound from the driver to project therethrough; and a waveguide portion coupled to the mounting surface and having a structure configured to channel sound projected from the driver through the two openings to be combined in one output area, wherein the structure has a plurality of reflective surfaces configured to create output sound that has a consistent dispersion pattern over a defined area, said reflective surfaces being formed from contours formed into said side walls to form sound transmission paths for any sound channeled through the two openings, wherein the side walls are curved inward to form a narrower sound transmission area around a center of the loudspeaker and a wider sound transmission area around opposite ends of the loudspeaker, and wherein the one output area comprises an outwardly flared sound output area forming a dispersion angle along a short axis of the loudspeaker of approximately 90 degrees.

2. The system of claim 1 wherein the structure comprises a manifold frame with two side walls and a central pillar running between the side walls to form said two openings and said one output area, and wherein said reflective surfaces are further formed into corresponding projections formed into said central pillar.

3. The system of claim 2 wherein the one output area comprises an outwardly angled waveguide, the angled waveguide comprising a compound flared structure having a series of flared openings each waveguide angles increased at each additional flaring element.

4. The system of claim 1 wherein the manifold structure is configured to increase at least one of a long-axis beamwidth or short-axis beamwidth of the projected sound so that listeners positioned off an axis of the loudspeaker will hear a wide range of frequencies at a substantially similar sound level, the range of frequencies comprising approximately 200 Hz to 20 kHz.

5. The system of claim 4 wherein a dispersion pattern of the output sound is one of: symmetric about both the long axis and short axis of the loudspeaker or asymmetric about either or both of the long axis and short axis of the loudspeaker.

6. The system of claim 1 wherein the planar magnetic driver is a dipole planar magnetic driver configured to radiate sound through openings on opposite sides of the case, and wherein a manifold frame is coupled to each opposite side, and wherein a manifold frame coupled to one side is the same or different from the manifold frame coupled to the opposite side.

7. A method of increasing one or more dispersion angles of a planar magnetic loudspeaker having a substantially planar driver projecting sound through a case having two separate openings along the long axis of the driver, the method comprising: directing the sound projected from the two openings into two entry columns of an acoustic manifold attached to a front surface of the case, said manifold having a frame structures to form two sound transmission paths; channeling the sound through said two transmission paths of the two entry columns to combine and form a single sound output; wherein the side walls are curved inward to form a narrower sound transmission area around a center of the loudspeaker and a wider sound transmission area around opposite ends of the loudspeaker; and projecting the single sound output through a flared output area to create output sound that has a consistent dispersion pattern over a defined area, and having a dispersion angle of approximately 90 degrees.

8. The method of claim 7, wherein the frame structures comprise two side walls and a central pillar running between the side walls to form said two entry columns and one output area, and reflective surfaces being formed from contours formed into said side walls and corresponding projections formed into said central pillar.

9. The method of claim 8 wherein the flared output area comprises an outwardly angled waveguide forming a dispersion angle along a short axis of the loudspeaker, and comprising a compound flared structure having a series of flared openings each waveguide angles increased at each additional flaring element.

10. The method of claim 7 wherein the manifold structure is configured to increase at least one of a long-axis beamwidth or short-axis beamwidth of the projected sound so that listeners positioned off an axis of the loudspeaker will hear a wide range of frequencies at a substantially similar sound level, the range of frequencies comprising approximately 200 Hz to 20 kHz.

11. The method of claim 10 wherein a dispersion pattern of the output sound is one of symmetric about both the long axis or short axis of the loudspeaker, and wherein the driver is one of a monopole speaker or a dipole speaker.

Description

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

(1) In the following drawings like reference numbers are used to refer to like elements. Although the following figures depict various examples, the one or more implementations are not limited to the examples depicted in the figures.

(2) FIG. 1A illustrates a cross-section view of a planar magnetic loudspeaker driver as is presently known.

(3) FIG. 1B illustrates the example diaphragm and the arrangement of the conductive traces for the planar magnetic loudspeaker of FIG. 1A.

(4) FIG. 1C illustrates an example assembled planar magnetic loudspeaker driver for the diaphragm of FIG. 1B.

(5) FIG. 1D illustrates an example planar magnetic loudspeaker driver with waveguides and angle annotations.

(6) FIG. 1E shows an example horizontal dispersion pattern for a 120 mm planar magnetic loudspeaker with 45 degree horizontal waveguides.

(7) FIG. 1F shows an example vertical dispersion pattern for a 120 mm planar magnetic loudspeaker.

(8) FIG. 2 illustrates an optical analogy of desired acoustic behavior, as used by a loudspeaker manifold under some embodiments.

(9) FIG. 3 illustrates a manifold structure for a planar magnetic driver for improved sound dispersion under some embodiments.

(10) FIG. 4 shows the manifold of FIG. 3 with an example planar magnetic driver mounted onto the manifold.

(11) FIG. 5 illustrates an arrangement of curved surfaces relative to the manifold openings under some embodiments.

(12) FIG. 6 illustrates a cross-section view of a manifold having certain surfaces and curved elements under some embodiments.

(13) FIG. 7 shows the manifold of FIG. 6 with surfaces provided by the certain curved elements.

(14) FIG. 8 illustrates a cross-section of the manifold of FIG. 6 under some embodiments.

(15) FIG. 9 shows the initial path of the input sound as it enters the manifold of FIG. 8.

(16) FIG. 10 shows a following path of the input sound after reflecting off surfaces shown in FIG. 9.

(17) FIG. 11 shows the path of the sound wavefront after the reflection of FIG. 10.

(18) FIG. 12 shows the path of the sound wavefront after the reflection of FIG. 11.

(19) FIG. 13 illustrates the corresponding surfaces of FIG. 12 for the manifold of FIG. 6.

(20) FIG. 14 illustrates a manifold with the second curved reflective surfaces under some embodiments.

(21) FIG. 15 shows two different cross-sectional views of a manifold under some embodiments.

(22) FIG. 16 shows curved reflection surfaces and arc angle for a first column of the manifold of FIG. 6 under some embodiments.

(23) FIG. 17 shows curved reflection surfaces, arc angle and dispersion angle for the second column of the manifold of FIG. 6 under some embodiments.

(24) FIG. 18 illustrates a desired vertical dispersion angle for a manifold under some embodiments.

(25) FIG. 19 shows a representation of the vertical characteristics of a driver with a certain dispersion angle and corresponding reflection distances for a manifold under some embodiments.

(26) FIG. 20 shows a representation of the vertical characteristics of a flared driver with a certain dispersion angle and corresponding reflection distances for a manifold under an example embodiment.

(27) FIG. 21A shows a measured horizontal dispersion pattern for the same driver as that of FIG. 1E, but with a 90 degree horizontal/90 degree vertical manifold.

(28) FIG. 21B shows a measured vertical dispersion pattern for the same driver as that of FIG. 1E, but with a 90 degree horizontal/90 degree vertical manifold.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

(29) Embodiments are described for a novel loudspeaker manifold or horn structure that alters the dispersion pattern of a planar magnetic loudspeaker driver. Any of the described embodiments may be used alone or together with one another in any combination. Although various embodiments may have been motivated by various deficiencies with the prior art, which may be discussed or alluded to in one or more places in the specification, the embodiments do not necessarily address any of these deficiencies. In other words, different embodiments may address different deficiencies that may be discussed in the specification. Some embodiments may only partially address some deficiencies or just one deficiency that may be discussed in the specification, and some embodiments may not address any of these deficiencies.

(30) For purposes of the present description, the term loudspeaker means a complete loudspeaker cabinet incorporating one or more loudspeaker drivers; a driver or loudspeaker driver means a transducer which converts electrical energy into sound or acoustic energy. Sound dispersion describes the directional way sound from a source (e.g., a loudspeaker) is dispersed or projected. Wide dispersion, or low directivity, indicates that a source radiates sound widely and fairly consistently in many directions; the widest being omnidirectional where sound radiates in all directions. Narrow dispersion, or high directivity, indicates that a source radiates sound more in one direction and predominantly over a limited angle. Dispersion and directivity can be different in different axes (e.g., vertical and horizontal) and can be different at different frequencies. Dispersion can also be asymmetric; that is, the dispersion in one axis can also vary for different angles or directions on another axis. The term beamwidth means the angle between the points where the sound pressure level is 6 dB lower than the level in the main direction of aim.

(31) Embodiments are directed to an acoustic manifold for use with a planar loudspeaker that widens the dispersion, and especially the vertical beamwidth of a planar magnetic loudspeaker driver. The device is compact enough that the planar magnetic driver can still be used as the high-frequency driver in front of a larger, low-frequency driver in a coaxial arrangement and without significantly altering the dispersion pattern of the low-frequency driver in the coaxial arrangement.

(32) FIG. 2 shows, by way of an optical lens example, an effect of beamwidth widening achieved by a loudspeaker manifold under some embodiments. In optics, a light beam of fixed width, when passed through an optical bi-convex lens 204, becomes a light beam with an approximately fixed angle of dispersion. In the acoustic realm and according to embodiments of a loudspeaker manifold, a fixed-width acoustic wavefront passes through the acoustic equivalent of a bi-convex lens, resulting in an example wavefront with an angle defined by the acoustic lens. In an embodiment, the acoustic lens effect is created by specific reflection paths, as shown and described in greater detail below.

(33) FIG. 3 illustrates a manifold structure for a planar magnetic driver for improved sound dispersion under some embodiments. FIG. 3(a) illustrates a back side of manifold 302 and FIG. 3(b) illustrates a front side of manifold 302. The back side has a surface 304 that is mounted to or placed proximately in front of the diaphragm frame 102 of a planar magnetic loudspeaker. Input sound from the planar magnetic driver (not shown) enters the manifold in the direction shown and through holes 306, and exits through the front side as shown in FIG. 3(b). In an embodiment, the size, shape, and arrangement of holes 306 in the manifold 302 are configured to match the hole configuration of the driver. For the embodiment of FIG. 3, the holes 306 are arranged in two columns of 6 holes each denoted entry column A (308a) and entry column B (308b) to correspond to the hole arrangement of a given planar magnetic driver, such as driver 109 in FIG. 1C.

(34) FIG. 4 shows the manifold of FIG. 3 with an example planar magnetic driver mounted onto the manifold. FIG. 4(a) shows how a transducer driver, such as driver 109 of FIG. 1C, is mounted to the back surface 304 of the manifold 302, and FIG. 4(b) shows the transducer driver 109 spaced slightly apart from the manifold 302 to show how the holes (e.g., holes 110 in FIG. 1C) on the driver match the holes 306 on the entry to the manifold. FIGS. 4(c) and 4(d) show the back side of the arrangements shown in FIGS. 4(a) and 4(b), respectively. Driver 109 is intended to represent any type of known planar magnetic driver that may be used with manifold 302, though embodiments are not so limited.

(35) As shown in FIG. 3(a), the manifold 302 has two entry columns 308a and 308b, which match the exits of the planar magnetic loudspeaker (e.g., 109) in all dimensions. In the example arrangement shown, the holes are arranged in two columns with horizontal spacers dividing the entry columns vertically into smaller holes. In general, the size of these horizontal spacers or cross-braces is not overly important; and in an embodiment, they are internally sloped to a point to reduce the effects of diffraction at the corresponding spaces on the planar magnetic driver. In the driver, the two columns may be true uninterrupted columns, but spacers are often used exist to strengthen the case and hold the central magnets in place.

(36) In an embodiment, the manifold 302 incorporates curved surfaces to impart an acoustic lens effect, similar to that shown in the optic analog of FIG. 2. FIG. 5 illustrates an arrangement of curved surfaces relative to the manifold openings under some embodiments. As shown in FIG. 5, manifold 502 includes a plurality of sound transmission holes arranged in two columns 308a and 308b. Curved surfaces 504 and 506 are attached to or formed into interior walls of the manifold. The length, curvature, and spacing of the curved surfaces 504 and 506 are selected to impart the desired dispersion effect to the sound as it is output from the driver through manifold 502.

(37) FIG. 6 illustrates a cross-section view of a manifold having certain surfaces and curved elements under some embodiments. As shown in FIG. 6, manifold 600 has a main frame structure 602 into which may be cut a curved open area 606. A central element 604 runs down the length of the manifold frame and provides angled surfaces 100 and 200 for reflection of sound as it passes from the diaphragm and through the manifold. FIG. 7 shows the manifold of FIG. 6 with surfaces provided by certain curved elements. As shown in FIGS. 7(a) and 7(b), curved surfaces denoted surfaces 101 and 201 are formed by respective curved elements or members attached to or formed into the frame of manifold 600. The surface labels shown in FIGS. 6 and 7 will be used below to show corresponding reflection points as sound passes through the manifold 600.

(38) FIG. 8 illustrates a cross-section of the manifold of FIG. 6 under some embodiments. As shown in FIG. 8, the manifold comprises the frame 602 and center element 604 that defines the two entry columns 308a and 308b. The input sound 802 passes through the two entry columns around the center element 604. FIG. 9 illustrates the initial path of the input sound as it enters the manifold of FIG. 8. The sound wavefront entering column A 308a reflects perpendicularly off straight surface 100. Similarly the sound wavefront entering column B 308b reflects perpendicularly off straight surface 200.

(39) After reflecting off surface 100, the wavefront then reflects off curved surface 101; similarly, wavefront reflected off surface 200 then reflects off curved surface 201, as shown in FIG. 10. In an embodiment, surfaces 101 and 201 have the same arc angle. After reflecting of the first curved surfaces 101 and 201, both wavefronts are expanding vertically.

(40) FIG. 11 shows the path of the sound wavefront after the reflection of FIG. 10. After reflecting off curved surfaces 101 and 201, the sound wavefront progresses toward the front of the manifold through two interior, curved slots, shown in cross section in FIG. 7a. From this point, the wavefronts are brought back together to a common exit, as shown in FIG. 12. FIG. 12 shows that the wavefront reflection from surface 101 then reflects off a second curved surface 102 and then reflects off the flat vertical surface 103. Similarly, the wavefront from surface 201 reflects off a second curved surface 202, then reflects off the flat vertical surface 203. FIG. 13 illustrates the corresponding surfaces of FIG. 12 for the manifold of FIG. 6. Sound from both paths 308a and 308b then exit together through the single opening 1202 of the manifold, as shown in FIG. 12. FIG. 14 illustrates a manifold with the second curved reflective surfaces 102 and 202 under some embodiments.

(41) In order to maintain well-controlled wavefront expansion and minimize unwanted internal reflections, resonances and diffraction, it is important to maintain some consistent dimensions inside the manifold. FIG. 15 shows two different cross-sectional of the manifold, with FIG. 15(a) showing a cross-section at the center, and FIG. 15(c) showing a cross-section towards one end. The width of each entry column is denoted as W which can be represented in millimeters, inches or some other unit of distance. In between reflection surfaces, it is preferred that the tunnel widths be the same, again all denoted with a W. The exit, however is twice the tunnel width (i.e., exit=2W) as shown, in FIG. 15 since sound from both paths exits side by side. FIGS. 15(b) and (d) show the example manifold horizontal tunnel dimensions as just described for each respective cross-section shown in FIGS. 15(a) and 15(c). The term tunnel as used herein means the void area defined by the manifold frame 602 and center element 604 and represents the path of the sound waves through entry columns A and B (308a, 308b), as they enter the manifold and exit through port or opening 1200.

(42) FIGS. 16 and 17 illustrate optimum arc angles for the surfaces of the manifold of FIG. 6 under some embodiments. FIG. 16 shows a first side of the manifold with columns A (308a) and B (308b), and FIG. 17 shows the opposite side so that the columns 308a and 308b are reversed. Since the wavefront entering at column A reflects of two curved surfaces 101 (in FIG. 16) and 102 (in FIG. 17) as it passes through the manifold, each curved surface needs to only have an arc angle of approximately half the final desired dispersion angle, as shown in FIG. 17. For example, for a 60 degree vertical beamwidth, each arc needs to only be approximately 30 degrees. After reflecting off both surfaces, the wavefront will be expanding vertically with an arc of approximately 60 degrees. Similarly, for Column B, surfaces 201 (in FIG. 16) and 202 (in FIG. 17) need to only have an arc angle of approximately half the desired dispersion angle. FIG. 18 illustrates a desired vertical dispersion angle for a manifold under some embodiments. As shown in FIG. 18, sound radiates outward in direction 1804 from manifold 1802. The desired dispersion angle 1806 shows the sound radiating outward along the vertical plan of manifold 1802.

(43) The dimensions of the may be tailored depending on system requirements, and many different configurations and sizes are possible. In general, the dimensions may be derived from formulae relating to dispersion angles for conical horn drivers. Sound from a loudspeaker driver enters the horn at the throat and exits at the mouth, and an empirical formula, such as that derived in the 1970's by D. B. Keele, Jr. shows that for calculating the acoustically optimal mouth width M in meters for a horn, as a function of the dispersion angle in degrees and lowest desired operating frequency F.sub.L in Hz, the following equation should be used:

(44) $M=\frac{25000}{.Math.F_L}$
For example, for a dispersion angle of 60 degrees and lowest operating frequency of 1 kHz, the optimal mouth width is approximately 417 millimeters.

(45) FIG. 19 shows a representation of the vertical characteristics of a driver with a certain dispersion angle and corresponding reflection distances for a manifold for the example values given above. Diagram 1900 shows a 120 mm planar magnetic driver mounted to a manifold with a vertical dispersion angle of 60 degrees. Similar to FIG. 2, the lens 1902 is intended to conceptually represent the curved reflective surfaces and is not an actual element of the speaker or manifold system. It shows how the curved surfaces at the effective mouth of the horn, vertically disperse the sound at a 60 degree angle, and how the optimal mouth width is about 417 mm for F=1 kHz, as calculated using the above formula for certain example values. As shown in FIG. 19, a distance D1 is the distance from the driver ribbon to the mouth, and D2 is the length created by the manifold sidewalls 1904. Diagram 1910 of FIG. 10 shows how the distances D1 and D2 in diagram 1900 relate to the actual manifold, in cross section.

(46) In an embodiment, certain horn flaring techniques can be used to reduce dispersion narrowing. Certain empirical methods for reducing an effect in horns designed according to the above equation, were developed (e.g., by D. B. Keele Jr.) so that the horns dispersion narrows to an angle significantly smaller than the angle between the horn sidewalls. FIG. 20 illustrates a diagram of a horn utilizing this horn flaring technique. This empirical method generally involves flaring the last portion of the horn outward, such as flaring the last approximately of the horn is flared to twice the desired dispersion angle.

(47) FIG. 20 shows a representation of the vertical characteristics of a flared driver with a certain dispersion angle and corresponding reflection distances for a manifold under an example embodiment. Diagram 2000 shows a 180 mm planar magnetic driver mounted to a manifold with a vertical dispersion angle of 60 degrees. As with FIG. 19, the lens 2002 is intended to conceptually represent the curved reflective surfaces and is not an actual element of the speaker or manifold system. FIG. 20 illustrates a diagram of a horn utilizing a horn flaring technique that reduces an effect of horn dispersion narrowing. This flared effect can be incorporated into the horn sidewalls 2004 by dividing the distance D2, shown in FIG. 19, into two distances D3 and D4, shown in FIG. 20. The distance D3 represents the horizontal distance from the curved reflection to where the additional flaring starts and D4 represents the horizontal distance from the flaring start to the outside of the manifold. Diagram 2010 shows example dimensions for a 180 mm length planar magnetic driver and a dispersion angle of 60 degrees. The flared section could extend out the full last of the ideal horn length L, or stop a little shorter, as shown.

(48) The embodiments above show certain vertical dispersion benefits. Certain horizontal dispersion benefits may also be realized. As shown and described in the embodiments above, the manifold brings the two separate columns (A and B) of sound from the planar magnetic driver together to a single vertical exit. The manifold's horizontal opening width is the same as the open width of the driver, without the spacing separating the columns. For example for a planar magnetic driver with two 8 mm wide openings and with an 8 mm space in between, the manifold has a 16 mm wide exit. This reduction in horizontal width gives more consistent horizontal beamwidth at high frequencies, as shown for example with the beamwidth narrowing in FIG. 1E above 14 kHz. FIGS. 21A and 21B shows the measured horizontal and vertical dispersion patterns for the same driver as that of FIG. 1E, but with a 90 degree horizontal/90 degree vertical manifold. As shown in FIG. 21A, for horizontal dispersion, above 14 kHz, there is not any significant narrowing and the beamwidth is approximately the intended 90 degrees (compare to FIG. 1E). FIG. 21B shows the measured vertical dispersion pattern of the same driver of FIG. 1F with a 90 degree horizontal/90 degree vertical manifold. As shown in FIG. 21B, with the exception of a small region around 3 kHz, the 6 dB vertical beamwidth is at least 90 degrees and clearly much wider than the driver without manifold shown in the plot of FIG. 1F. With respect to actual driver configurations used to generate plots 2100 and 2102, FIG. 21A shows an example horizontal dispersion pattern for a 120 mm planar magnetic loudspeaker with 90 degree horizontal and 90 degree vertical manifold with additional flaring; and FIG. 21B shows an example vertical dispersion pattern for a 120 mm planar magnetic driver with a 90 degree horizontal and 90 degree vertical manifold with additional flaring. Other manifold and driver configurations may yield different dispersion patterns, but a relative comparison with the default plots of FIGS. 1E and 1F should yield similar results. The manifold is generally designed to make a constant beamwidth around +45 degrees for the 90 degree desired dispersion angle. Other configurations and desired dispersion angles are also possible.

(49) Embodiments have been described with respect to producing symmetric dispersion for either or both of the vertical and horizontal dispersion patterns. Embodiments may also be directed to producing asymmetric dispersion. Since the shape of the reflection curves predominantly determine the vertical coverage angle and dispersion pattern, shapes other than circular arcs could be used. For example an arc with less curvature at the top and more curvature at the bottom could be used to project more sound energy further from the top the planar magnetic driver to the rear of an audience area, whilst spreading sound energy from the lower part of the planar magnetic driver to the audience sitting proximately below the aiming direction of the driver.

(50) This variation in vertical dispersion could be combined with variations in the horizontal dispersion of the manifold using variations in the horizontal angle between the sidewalls at the exit, and/or using variations in the manifold exit slot width. For example the upper part of the manifold could have a narrower horizontal beamwidth to help project sound energy further to the rear of an audience area, and the lower part of the manifold could have a wider horizontal beamwidth to better spread sound to the nearer audience.

(51) Embodiments are directed to planar magnetic drivers, but other loudspeaker drivers can also be used in conjunction with the manifold described and illustrated above. Such drivers can be other approximately planar output loudspeaker drivers such as air motion transformers or air velocity transformers and electrostatic loudspeakers. Since these drivers usually have one exit or output area (and not two as for a planar magnetic driver) they generally do not require two paths and two pairs of curved reflection surfaces. In one case, they could use a pair of curved surfaces, similar to one of the right or left half of the manifold described above. Alternatively they could be oriented at approximately 90 degrees to the intended direction of sound and reflect off just one curved surface, which both reflects the sound forward and adds vertical expansion. Furthermore the single curved reflection surface could be shaped to provide wavefront expansion in both axes and even asymmetrical expansion.

(52) Another alternative speaker is a dipole loudspeaker. A dipole loudspeaker radiates sound approximately equally both forward and backward, where the rear sound is 180 degrees out of phase relative to the forward sound. A simple dipole loudspeaker consists of a loudspeaker driver mounted in a panel, with both the front and rear of the driver open to radiate sound. Little to no sound energy is radiated to the sides, due to the effective cancellation of sound at from both the front and rear of the driver. For low and mid frequencies, dipole speakers are sometimes preferred over monopole loudspeakers since they are less influenced by room modal behavior and cause less reflections off of the side walls. At high frequencies, sound from the rear can reflect off surfaces and walls behind the loudspeaker, creating a more diffuse sound.

(53) Dipole planar magnetic drivers are similar to the those described in FIGS. 1A and 1B, except that their cases are open at rear as well as the front. A manifold as described above could therefore be used on the rear of the planar magnetic driver to alter the rear dispersion. The rear manifold could be the same as the front manifold, or it could be different to the front manifold so as to independently control the front and rear dispersion. For example where a front manifold could have a 90 degree horizontal and 30 degree vertical dispersion characteristic to direct sound to an audience area, the rear manifold could have a wider 120 degree horizontal and 90 degree vertical dispersion characteristic to create greater perception of diffuse sound behind the loudspeaker. In another example, the rear manifold could be designed to reflect rear sound off the ceiling to accentuate the perception of diffusion.

(54) The construction materials for the manifold and any associated speaker cabinets may be tailored depending on system requirements, and many different configurations and sizes are possible. For example, in an embodiment, the cabinet may be made of medium-density fiberboard (MDF), or other material, such as wood, fiberglass, Perspex, and so on; and it may be made of any appropriate thickness, such as 0.75 (19.05 mm) for MDF cabinets.

(55) Aspects of the systems described herein may be implemented in an appropriate computer-based sound processing network environment for processing digital or digitized audio files. Portions of the audio system may include one or more networks that comprise any desired number of individual machines.

(56) Unless the context clearly requires otherwise, throughout the description and the claims, the words comprise, comprising, and the like are to be construed in an inclusive sense as opposed to an exclusive or exhaustive sense; that is to say, in a sense of including, but not limited to. Words using the singular or plural number also include the plural or singular number respectively. Additionally, the words herein, hereunder, above, below, and words of similar import refer to this application as a whole and not to any particular portions of this application. When the word or is used in reference to a list of two or more items, that word covers all of the following interpretations of the word: any of the items in the list, all of the items in the list and any combination of the items in the list.

(57) While one or more implementations have been described by way of example and in terms of the specific embodiments, it is to be understood that one or more implementations are not limited to the disclosed embodiments. To the contrary, it is intended to cover various modifications and similar arrangements as would be apparent to those skilled in the art. Therefore, the scope of the appended claims should be accorded the broadest interpretation so as to encompass all such modifications and similar arrangements.