DIELECTRIC-GRATING-WAVEGUIDE FREE-ELECTRON LASER

Abstract

A dielectric-grating waveguide free-electron laser device generating coherent or laser-like radiation is provided. An electron beam propagates next to a dielectric waveguide with a built-in grating structure to generate highly confined coherent or laser-like radiation in the waveguide through the Bragg resonance, the backward-wave resonance, or the Fabry-Perot resonance provided by the grating-waveguide structure. The dielectric-grating waveguide can be made of linear optical materials or nonlinear optical materials or combination of linear and nonlinear optical materials to enable versatile functionalities, such as laser generation, laser-wavelength conversion, and laser signal processing. Owing to the build-up of the laser modes inside the dielectric waveguide, coherent or laser-like Smith-Purcell radiation is also generated above the grating via coupling and bunching of the electrons with the surface mode fields.

Claims

1. A dielectric-grating-waveguide free-electron laser device, comprising: an electron source, generating an electron beam; and a dielectric-grating waveguide, wherein the electron beam excites electromagnetic modes of the dielectric-grating waveguide to generate coherent or laser-like radiation along a direction of the electron beam.

2. The laser device according to claim 1, wherein the electron beam propagates in a free space atop the dielectric-grating waveguide.

3. The laser device according to claim 1, wherein the dielectric-grating waveguide has a corrugated slab structure.

4. The laser device according to claim 1, wherein the dielectric-grating waveguide has a smooth slab structure with a periodically varying refractive index.

5. The laser device according to claim 1, wherein the dielectric-grating waveguide is made of a linear optical material.

6. The laser device according to claim 1, wherein the dielectric-grating waveguide is made of a nonlinear optical material.

7. The laser device according to claim 1, wherein the dielectric-grating waveguide is made of a combination of linear and nonlinear optical materials.

8. The laser device according to claim 1, wherein the laser device further comprises a substrate under the dielectric-grating waveguide to support the dielectric-grating waveguide.

9. The laser device according to claim 8, a material of the substrate is a metal or a dielectric with a refractive index lower than an average refractive index of the dielectric-grating waveguide.

10. The laser device according to claim 1, wherein the dielectric-grating waveguide supports a transverse-magnetic (TM) mode with a phase velocity of the TM mode matched to a velocity of the electron beam.

11. The laser device according to claim 1, wherein the electron beam induces distributed feedback resonances in the dielectric-grating waveguide, including Bragg resonances and backward-wave resonance, to establish a laser oscillation inside the dielectric-grating waveguide.

12. The laser device according to claim 1, wherein two end facets of the dielectric-grating waveguide are coated or uncoated with reflecting optical layers, which provide the Fabry-Perot resonance to establish a laser oscillation inside the dielectric-grating waveguide.

13. The laser device according to claim 1, wherein a waveguide-mode mediated coherent Smith-Purcell radiation is generated above the dielectric-grating waveguide.

14. The laser device according to claim 1, wherein the dielectric-grating waveguide further comprises a channel formed transversely to a surface of the dielectric-grating waveguide, wherein the electron beam propagates inside the channel to generate coherent or laser-like radiation inside the dielectric-grating waveguide.

15. The laser device according to claim 1, wherein the laser device further comprises a cover disposed over the dielectric-grating waveguide to include the electron beam and confine the radiation between the dielectric-grating waveguide and the cover.

16. The laser device according to claim 15, wherein the cover is a metallic plate or a metal-coated dielectric plate with a smooth surface or with a face-down grating structure.

17. The laser device according to claim 15, wherein the cover is a dielectric waveguide or a dielectric grating waveguide.

18. The laser device according to claim 2, wherein the free space is a vacuum.

19. The laser device according to claim 2, wherein the free space is an air space.

Description

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0029] FIG. 1 is a schematic diagram of a Smith-Purcell radiator.

[0030] FIG. 2 is a schematic diagram of a dielectric-grating-waveguide free-electron laser according to some embodiments.

[0031] FIG. 3 is a schematic diagram of a channel-embedded dielectric-grating-waveguide free-electron laser according to some embodiments.

[0032] FIG. 4 is a schematic diagram of a flat-top dielectric-grating-waveguide free-electron laser according to some embodiments.

[0033] FIG. 5 is a schematic diagram of an index-varying dielectric-grating-waveguide free-electron laser according to some embodiments.

[0034] FIG. 6A and FIG. 6B are schematic diagrams of top-covered dielectric-grating-waveguide free-electron laser according to some embodiments.

[0035] FIG. 7A and FIG. 7B shows the laser emission spectra of a dielectric-grating-waveguide FEL from a numerical experiment.

DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENT

[0036] In the following detailed description of the preferred embodiments, reference is made to the accompanying drawings which form a part hereof, and in which are shown by way of illustration specific embodiments in which the invention may be practiced. In this regard, directional terminology, such as “top,” “bottom,” “front,” “back,” etc., is used with reference to the orientation of the Figure(s) being described. The components of the present invention can be positioned in a number of different orientations. As such, the directional terminology is used for purposes of illustration and is in no way limiting. On the other hand, the drawings are only schematic and the sizes of components may be exaggerated for clarity. It is to be understood that other embodiments may be utilized and structural changes may be made without departing from the scope of the present invention. Also, it is to be understood that the phraseology and terminology used herein are for the purpose of description and should not be regarded as limiting. The use of “including,” “comprising,” or “having” and variations thereof herein is meant to encompass the items listed thereafter and equivalents thereof as well as additional items. Unless limited otherwise, the terms “connected,” “coupled,” and “mounted” and variations thereof herein are used broadly and encompass direct and indirect connections, couplings, and mountings. Similarly, the terms “facing,” “faces” and variations thereof herein are used broadly and encompass direct and indirect facing, and “adjacent to” and variations thereof herein are used broadly and encompass directly and indirectly “adjacent to”. Therefore, the description of “A” component facing “B” component herein may contain the situations that “A” component directly faces “B” component or one or more additional components are between “A” component and “B” component. Also, the description of “A” component “adjacent to” “B” component herein may contain the situations that “A” component is directly “adjacent to” “B” component or one or more additional components are between “A” component and “B” component. Accordingly, the drawings and descriptions will be regarded as illustrative in nature and not as restrictive.

[0037] The present invention will now be described more specifically with reference to the following embodiments. It is to be noted that the following descriptions of preferred embodiments of this invention are presented herein for the purposes of illustration and description only; it is not intended to be exhaustive or to be limited to the precise form disclosed. For example, although a dielectric-grating waveguide driven by an electron beam is used to illustrate the present invention, similar concepts and benefits in the illustration are in general applicable to a dielectric-grating waveguide made of linear optical material, nonlinear optical material, and combination of both the linear and nonlinear optical materials.

[0038] Refer to FIG. 2, which shows a dielectric-grating-waveguide free-electron laser according to a first embodiment of the present invention. As shown in FIG. 2, an electron beam 2001 is generated by an electron source 200. The electron beam 2001 propagates in free space 2010 atop a top surface 2030T of the dielectric-grating waveguide 2030 to generate guided radiation 2040 in the dielectric-grating waveguide 2030 and unguided Smith-Purcell radiation 2050 in the free space 2010. In some embodiments, the free space 2010 is vacuum. In some embodiments, the free space 2010 is an air space. The dielectric-grating waveguide 2030 has a corrugated slab structure at the top surface 2030T. The energy of the electron beam 2001 is coupled to the surface field of transverse-magnetic (TM) modes in the dielectric-grating waveguide 2030. To have continuous energy transfer from the electrons of the electron beam 2001 to the mode field of the dielectric-grating waveguide 2030, the phase velocity of the TM mode of the dielectric-grating waveguide 2030 is matched to the propagation velocity of the electron beam 2001.

[0039] The electron beam 2001 excites and amplifies the guided wave 2040 in the dielectric-grating waveguide 2030 into coherent or laser-like radiation with distributed feedback resonances from the grating grooves or the Fabry-Perot resonance from the reflections 2060 at the end facets 2030E of the dielectric waveguide 2030. The distributed feedback resonances are of two types. The first type is the so-called Bragg resonance, where the longitudinal resonant wavelength of the guided mode of the dielectric-grating waveguide 2030 is equal to twice the value of the grating period Λ.sub.g of the dielectric-grating waveguide 2030, so that the constructive interference of the reflecting waves from adjacent grating grooves sets up a standing wave in the dielectric-grating waveguide 2030, which establishes a laser oscillation inside the dielectric-grating waveguide 2030. The second type is the so-called backward-wave resonance, where the group velocity of the oscillation mode of the dielectric-grating waveguide 2030 is opposite to the propagation direction of the electron beam 2001, which establishes a laser oscillation inside the dielectric-grating waveguide 2030. In some embodiments, the Fresnel reflections 2060 from uncoated end facets 2030E of the dielectric-grating waveguide 2030 is enough to establish Fabry-Perot resonances to build up a laser oscillation inside the dielectric-grating waveguide 2030. In some embodiments, the end facets 2030E of the dielectric-grating waveguide 2030 are coated with high-reflecting optical layers to enhance the Fabry-Perot resonances. The resonant-mode wavelength depends on the energy of the electron beam 2001, and the mode characteristics and dispersion of the dielectric-grating waveguide 2030.

[0040] In general, a forward wave 2070 and a backward wave 2080 are generated as the outputs of the dielectric-grating waveguide 2030. In some embodiments, the backward wave 2080 is reflected toward the forward direction by applying high reflection coating at an end facet 2030E of the dielectric-grating waveguide 2030.

[0041] At the same time, a waveguide-mode mediated coherent Smith-Purcell radiation 2050 is generated as an additional laser output in the free space 2010 and above the dielectric-grating waveguide 2030, similar to the Smith-Purcell radiations 1021-1024 generated from a metal-grating Smith-Purcell radiator, as shown in FIG. 1, except that the Smith-Purcell radiation 2050 is a coherent or laser-like radiation enabled by the resonances in the dielectric-grating waveguide 2030.

[0042] In some embodiments, in order to guide the electromagnetic radiation 2040 along the dielectric-grating waveguide 2030, the dielectric-grating waveguide 2030 is fabricated on a substrate 2090. In some embodiments, the bottom surface 2030B is directly connects with the substrate 2090. In some embodiments, the substrate 2090 is a metal substrate with a low loss or a dielectric substrate wherein a refractive index of the dielectric substrate is lower than an average refractive index of the dielectric-grating waveguide 2030. In some embodiments, if the waveguide itself is thick and strong enough, the substrate 2090 may be omitted, wherein there is only a free space under the dielectric-grating waveguide 2030.

[0043] Refer to FIG. 3, which is a schematic diagram of a channel-embedded dielectric-grating-waveguide free-electron laser device with a buried electron channel 3100 cut or etched into the dielectric-grating waveguide 3030 according to a second embodiment of the present invention. The channel 3100 is formed transversely to a surface of the dielectric-grating waveguide 3030. In some embodiments, the electron source 300 generates and injects the electron beam 3001A and/or 3001B, which propagate inside the channel 3100, to generate coherent or laser-like radiation inside the dielectric-grating waveguide 3030. In some embodiments, the electron beam 3001A propagates inside the channel 3100 which is between the protruded portions of the gratings. In some embodiments, the electron beam 3001B propagates inside the channel 3100 at the bulk portion of the dielectric-grating waveguide 3030. Since the radiation is strongly guided in the dielectric-grating waveguide 3030, the energy coupling between the electron beam 3001 and the guided mode field of the dielectric-grating waveguide 3030 is greatly enhanced in the electron channel 3100. This strong energy coupling lowers the lasing threshold of the free-electron laser.

[0044] In some embodiments, the free-electron laser device further includes a substrate 3090 below the dielectric-grating waveguide 3030. The properties of the substrate 3090 is similar to the substrate 2090 of FIG. 2, which is not repeated hereof.

[0045] Refer to FIG. 4, which shows a flat-top dielectric-grating-waveguide free-electron laser according to a third embodiment of the present invention. In this embodiment, an electron beam 4001 is generated by an electron source 400. The electron beam 4001 propagates in a free space 4010 atop the dielectric-grating waveguide 4030 to generate guided radiation 4040. The properties of the free space 4010 is similar to the free space 2010 of FIG. 2, which is not repeated hereof. The difference between FIG. 2 and FIG. 4 is that, the dielectric-grating waveguide 4030 has a flat-top and is a flipped corrugated dielectric-grating waveguide. The electron beam 4001 is facing a top surface 4030T of the dielectric-grating waveguide 4030, which is a flat surface. The grating groove of the dielectric-grating waveguide 4030 is formed on the bottom surface 4030B, which is opposite to the surface 4030T and facing away from the electron beam 4001. In this configuration, the grating groove on the bottom surface 4030B of the dielectric-grating waveguide 4030 does not intercept and trap electrons of the electron beams 4001 to charge up the dielectric of the dielectric-grating waveguide 4030. In addition, since the top surface 4030T of the dielectric-grating waveguide is flat, the electrons of the electron beam 4001 can be closer to the mode field of the dielectric-grating waveguide 4030 for stronger energy coupling to generate the coherent or laser-like radiation, such as forward wave 4070 and a backward wave 4080.

[0046] Furthermore, since the top surface 4030T of the dielectric-grating waveguide 4030 facing the electron beams 4001 is flat, unlike FIG. 2, there is no radiation similar to the Smith-Purcell radiation 2050 in FIG. 2 being generated.

[0047] In some embodiments, the free-electron laser device shown in FIG. 4 further includes a substrate 4090 below the dielectric-grating waveguide 4030. The properties of the substrate 4090 is similar to the substrate 2090 of FIG. 2, which is not repeated hereof.

[0048] Refer to FIG. 5, which shows an index-varying dielectric-grating-waveguide free-electron laser according to a fourth embodiment of the present invention. In this embodiment, an electron beam 5001 is generated by an electron source 500. The electron beam 5001 propagates in a free space 5010 atop a smooth dielectric-grating waveguide 5030 to generate guided radiation 5040. The properties of the free space 4010 is similar to the free space 2010 of FIG. 2, which is not repeated hereof. A top surface 5030T of the dielectric-grating waveguide 5030 facing the electron beam 5001, and a bottom surface 5030B of the dielectric-grating waveguide 5030 facing away from the top surface 5030T are both flat. The dielectric-grating waveguide 5030 has a periodically varying refractive index in the waveguide slab along the propagation direction of the electron beam 5001. In some embodiment, the periodically varying refractive index in the waveguide slab has a hard boundary, which alternates between two different refractive indexes, such as n.sub.1 and n.sub.3 shown in FIG. 5. In some embodiments, the periodically varying refractive index in the waveguide slab varies continuously. The energy of the electron beam 5001 is coupled to the surface field of synchronous transverse-magnetic modes in the waveguide 5030.

[0049] In some embodiments, the free-electron laser device further includes a substrate 5090 below the dielectric-grating waveguide 5030. The properties of the substrate 5090 is similar to the substrate 2090 of FIG. 2, which is not repeated hereof.

[0050] Refer to FIG. 6A and FIG. 6B, which are top-covered dielectric-grating-waveguide free-electron lasers according to a fifth embodiment of the present invention. In this embodiment, an electron beam 6001 is generated by an electron source 600. The electron beam 6001 propagates in a free space 6010 atop a dielectric-grating waveguide 6030 to generate guided radiation 6040. The properties of the free space 6010 is similar to the free space 2010 of FIG. 2, which is not repeated hereof. A cover, or a radiation confinement plate, 6100A, as shown in FIG. 6A, is disposed over the dielectric-grating waveguide 6030 to confine the guided radiation 6040 and increase the energy coupling from the electrons in the electron beam 6001 generated by an electron source 600. In some embodiments, the cover 6100A is a metallic plate or a metal-coated dielectric waveguide. In some embodiments, a surface of the cover 6100A facing the dielectric-grating waveguide 6030 is a smooth surface or a face-down grating structure. In some embodiments, the cover is a dielectric grating waveguide or a metallic grating, as shown in FIG. 6B. Again, the energy in the electron beam 6001 is coupled to surface field of the radiation 6400 inside the dielectric-grating waveguide 6030 and/or that under the cover 6100A/6100B.

[0051] In some embodiments, the free-electron laser device further includes a substrate 6090 below the dielectric-grating waveguide 6030. The properties of the substrate 6090 is similar to the substrate 2090 of FIG. 2, which is not repeated hereof. The material of the substrate 6090 can be a dielectric with a refractive index lower than that of the dielectric-grating waveguide 6030 or simply a free-space region. The distributed feedback resonances from the periodic structure of the grating or the Fabry-Perot resonance from the end reflections of the dielectric 6060 assists the buildup of the coherent or laser-like radiation from the present invention.

[0052] Refer to FIG. 7A and FIG. 7B, wherein FIG. 7A and FIG. 7B show the forward and backward emission spectra of a numerically simulated dielectric-grating-waveguide FEL with a silicon grating waveguide (refractive index=3.4) on a silica substrate (refractive index=1.5). The silicon grating has a period of 310 nm and a groove depth of 160 nm on a silicon film of 240 nm. The total length of the FEL is 31 μm, consisting of 100 grating periods. A 50 keV electron propagates 100 nm above the grating to generate the laser-like radiation in the spectra. The forward radiation has a narrow peak at 1456 nm, corresponding to a low-threshold Bragg mode of the waveguide. The other small peaks in the forward emission spectrum are high-order resonant modes. In the backward emission spectrum, the signal at 1456 nm still shows up due to the Bragg reflection of the grating and the Fresnel reflection from the downstream end facet; the spectral peak at 1488 nm is a result of laser oscillation from the backward-wave resonance; the other small peaks are mixtures of high-order Bragg and backward resonances. With more injecting electrons, the radiation feedback provided by the surface mode fields will bunch the electrons to generate intense stimulated laser radiation. The physics of the laser resonances in this numerical example is universal for a structure consisting of a dielectric-grating waveguide and is applicable to its variants illustrated in FIG. 2 to FIG. 6.

[0053] An electric field can induce polarization response in a dielectric. The response can be linear or nonlinear. In some dielectrics, the nonlinear response can be strong and the nonlinear susceptibilities of the dielectrics are large. Such dielectrics are called the nonlinear optical materials, when excited by an optical field. 5. Central-symmetric materials, including silicon, silica, and silicon nitride, exhibits linear and odd-order nonlinearities. Non-central symmetric materials, including lithium niobate, lithium tantalate, KTP, KTA, RTA, LBO, ZnTe, GaAs, SiC, GaN, DAST, and DSTMS, exhibit linear and even-order nonlinearities. When excited by a laser field, a 2.sup.nd-order nonlinear optical material is useful for nonlinear laser-wavelength conversions, such as second harmonic generation, parametric amplification and oscillation, difference frequency generation, and sum frequency generation. An externally applied electric field can also vary the refractive index of a nonlinear material and thereby alter the radiation phase in the material. This so-called electro-optic effect is useful for on-chip optical signal processing or actively controlling the radiation-generation process of the present invention. The dielectric-grating waveguides, 2030, 3030, 4030, 5030, 6030, in FIGS. 2-6, respectively, can therefore be made of linear optical materials, or nonlinear optical materials, or combination of linear and nonlinear optical materials to enable versatile functionalities such as laser generation, laser-wavelength conversion, and laser signal processing. For example, the silicon grating used for the simulation study in FIG. 7 can be replaced by a lithium niobate grating, so that the generated coherent or laser-like radiation at 1456 or 1488 nm is subsequently converted to its second harmonic at 728 or 744 nm in the same grating or in a monolithically integrated lithium-niobate crystal section.

[0054] Although the present invention has been disclosed by the above embodiments, the embodiments are not intended to limit the disclosure. It will be apparent to those skilled in the art that various modifications and variations can be made to the structure of the disclosure without departing from the scope or spirit of the disclosure. Therefore, the protecting range of the disclosure falls in the appended claims.