PIGMENT COMPOSITION COMPRISING SURFACE MODIFIED CALCIUM CARBONATE AND GROUND NATURAL CALCIUM CARBONATE

Abstract

The present invention relates to an aqueous pigment composition comprising a blend of ground natural calcium carbonate (GNCC) and surface modified calcium carbonate (MCC) at a specific ratio and each having a specific particle size distribution. A process for producing the inventive pigment composition is also disclosed. The inventive pigment composition may be used in paints or coatings.

Claims

1. Aqueous pigment composition comprising: (i) ground natural calcium carbonate (GNCC) having a weight median particle diameter d.sub.50 of 1.5 m or less and a weight-based particle diameter d.sub.98 of 5 m or less; and (ii) surface modified calcium carbonate (MCC) being a reaction product of ground natural calcium carbonate (GNCC) and/or precipitated calcium carbonate (PCC) treated with CO.sub.2 and one or more H.sub.3O.sup.+ ion donors, wherein the CO.sub.2 is formed in situ by the H.sub.3O.sup.+ ion donors treatment and/or is supplied from an external source, said surface modified calcium carbonate (MCC) having a volume median particle diameter d.sub.50 of 1.3 m or less and a volume-based particle diameter d.sub.98 of 10 m or less; characterized in that the ground natural calcium carbonate (GNCC) and the surface modified calcium carbonate (MCC) are present in the aqueous pigment composition at a ratio of from 95:5 to 5:95, based on dry weights, wherein the aqueous pigment composition has a total solids content of from 50 to 85 wt %, based on the total weight of the aqueous pigment composition.

2. The aqueous pigment composition according to claim 1, characterized in that the ground natural calcium carbonate (GNCC) has: (i) a weight median particle diameter d50 in the range of from 0.05 to 1.5 m, preferably from 0.1 to 1.3 m, more preferably from 0.2 to 1 m, and most preferably from 0.5 to 0.9 m; (ii) a weight-based particle diameter d98 in the range of from 3 to 5 m, preferably from 3.2 to 4.8 m, more preferably from 3.5 to 4.5 m, and most preferably from 3.8 to 4.2 m; and/or (iii) a weight-based particle diameter ratio d98/d50 of 3 or higher, preferably 4 or higher, and most preferably in the range of from 4.5 to 6.5.

3. The aqueous pigment composition according to claim 1, characterized in that the surface modified calcium carbonate (MCC) has: a volume median particle diameter d.sub.50 in the range of from 0.05 to 1.3 m, preferably from 0.1 to 1 m, more preferably from 0.2 to 0.9 m, and most preferably from 0.3 to 0.7 m; (ii) a volume-based particle diameter d.sub.98 in the range of from 3 to 10 m, preferably from 3.5 to 8 m, more preferably from 4 to 6 m, and most preferably from 4.5 to 5.5 m; and/or (iii) a volume-based particle diameter ratio d.sub.98/d.sub.50 of 10 or less, preferably 6 or less, and most preferably in the range of from 3.5 to 5.5.

4. The aqueous pigment composition according to claim 1, characterized in that the surface modified calcium carbonate (MCC) has a specific surface area in the range of from 20 to 200 m.sup.2/g, preferably from 25 to 100 m.sup.2/g, and most preferably from 30 to 50 m.sup.2/g, measured using nitrogen and the BET method according to ISO 9277:2010.

5. The aqueous pigment composition according to claim 1, characterized in that the surface modified calcium carbonate (MCC) has an intra-particle intruded specific pore volume in the range of from 0.08 to 1.80 cm.sup.3/g, preferably from 0.10 to 1.50 cm.sup.3/g, and most preferably from 0.18 to 1.30 cm.sup.3/g, calculated from mercury porosimetry measurement.

6. The aqueous pigment composition according to claim 1, characterized in that the ground natural calcium carbonate (GNCC) and the surface modified calcium carbonate (MCC) are present in the aqueous pigment composition at a ratio of from 90:10 to 30:70, and preferably from 88:12 to 60:40, for example at a ratio of 85:15, each based on dry weights.

7. The aqueous pigment composition according to claim 1, characterized in that the aqueous pigment composition has a total solids content of from 55 to 80 wt %, preferably from 60 to 78 wt %, and most preferably from 65 to 75 wt %, each based on the total weight of the aqueous pigment composition.

8. Process for preparing an aqueous pigment composition comprising the following steps: (a) providing an aqueous suspension of ground natural calcium carbonate (GNCC) having a weight median particle diameter d.sub.50 of 1.5 m or less and a weight-based particle diameter d.sub.98 of 5 m or less; (b) providing an aqueous suspension of surface modified calcium carbonate (MCC) being a reaction product of ground natural calcium carbonate (GNCC) and/or precipitated calcium carbonate (PCC) treated with CO.sub.2 and one or more H.sub.3O.sup.+ ion donors, wherein the CO.sub.2 is formed in situ by the H.sub.3O.sup.+ ion donors treatment and/or is supplied from an external source, said surface modified calcium carbonate (MCC) having a volume median particle diameter d.sub.50 of 1.3 m or less and a volume-based particle diameter d.sub.98 of 10 m or less; (c) contacting the aqueous suspension provided in step (a) and the aqueous suspension provided in step (b) to obtain an aqueous pigment composition comprising ground natural calcium carbonate (GNCC) and surface modified calcium carbonate (MCC); and (d) optionally, adjusting the solids content of the aqueous pigment composition of step (c); characterized in that the ground natural calcium carbonate (GNCC) and the surface modified calcium carbonate (MCC) are present in the aqueous pigment composition at a ratio of from 95:5 to 5:95, based on dry weights, wherein the aqueous pigment composition has a total solids content of from 50 to 85 wt %, based on the total weight of the aqueous pigment composition.

9. The process according to claim 8, characterized in that the ground natural calcium carbonate (GNCC) of step (a) has: (i) a weight median particle diameter d.sub.50 in the range of from 0.05 to 1.5 m, preferably from 0.1 to 1.3 m, more preferably from 0.2 to 1 m, and most preferably from 0.5 to 0.9 m; (ii) a weight-based particle diameter d.sub.98 in the range of from 3 to 5 m, preferably from 3.2 to 4.8 m, more preferably from 3.5 to 4.5 m, and most preferably from 3.8 to 4.2 m; and/or (iii) a weight-based particle diameter ratio d.sub.98/d.sub.50 of 3 or higher, preferably 4 or higher, and most preferably in the range of from 4.5 to 6.5.

10. The process according to claim 8, characterized in that the surface modified calcium carbonate (MCC) of step (b) has: a volume median particle diameter d.sub.50 in the range of from 0.05 to 1.3 m, preferably from 0.1 to 1 m, more preferably from 0.2 to 0.9 m, and most preferably from 0.3 to 0.7 m; (ii) a volume-based particle diameter d.sub.98 in the range of from 3 to 10 m, preferably from 3.5 to 8 m, more preferably from 4 to 6 m, and most preferably from 4.5 to 5.5 m; and/or (iii) a volume-based particle diameter ratio d.sub.98/d.sub.50 of 10 or less, preferably 6 or less, and most preferably in the range of from 3.5 to 5.5.

11. The process according to claim 8, characterized in that the surface modified calcium carbonate (MCC) of step (b) has a specific surface area in the range of from 20 to 200 m.sup.2/g, preferably from 25 to 100 m.sup.2/g, and most preferably from 30 to 50 m.sup.2/g, measured using nitrogen and the BET method according to ISO 9277:2010.

12. The process according to claim 8, characterized in that the surface modified calcium carbonate (MCC) of step (b) has an intra-particle intruded specific pore volume in the range of from 0.08 to 1.80 cm.sup.3/g, preferably from 0.10 to 1.50 cm.sup.3/g, and most preferably from 0.18 to 1.30 cm.sup.3/g, calculated from mercury porosimetry measurement.

13. The process according to claim 8, characterized in that the ground natural calcium carbonate (GNCC) and the surface modified calcium carbonate (MCC) are present in the aqueous pigment composition at a ratio of from 90:10 to 30:70, and preferably from 88:12 to 60:40, for example at a ratio of 85:15, each based on dry weights.

14. The process according to claim 8, characterized in that the aqueous pigment composition has a total solids content of from 55 to 80 wt %, preferably from 60 to 78 wt %, and most preferably from 65 to 75 wt %, each based on the total weight of the aqueous pigment composition.

15. Use of the aqueous pigment composition according to claim 1 in paints or coatings.

16. Use of the aqueous pigment composition according to claim 1 as titanium dioxide enhancer.

17. Paint or coating comprising the aqueous pigment composition according to claim 1.

18. The process according to claim 9, characterized in that the surface modified calcium carbonate (MCC) of step (b) has: a volume median particle diameter d.sub.50 in the range of from 0.05 to 1.3 m, preferably from 0.1 to 1 m, more preferably from 0.2 to 0.9 m, and most preferably from 0.3 to 0.7 m; (ii) a volume-based particle diameter d.sub.98 in the range of from 3 to 10 m, preferably from 3.5 to 8 m, more preferably from 4 to 6 m, and most preferably from 4.5 to 5.5 m; and/or (iii) a volume-based particle diameter ratio d.sub.98/d.sub.50 of 10 or less, preferably 6 or less, and most preferably in the range of from 3.5 to 5.5.

19. The process according to claim 9, characterized in that the surface modified calcium carbonate (MCC) of step (b) has a specific surface area in the range of from 20 to 200 m.sup.2/g, preferably from 25 to 100 m.sup.2/g, and most preferably from 30 to 50 m.sup.2/g, measured using nitrogen and the BET method according to ISO 9277:2010.

20. The process according to claim 18, characterized in that the surface modified calcium carbonate (MCC) of step (b) has a specific surface area in the range of from 20 to 200 m.sup.2/g, preferably from 25 to 100 m.sup.2/g, and most preferably from 30 to 50 m.sup.2/g, measured using nitrogen and the BET method according to ISO 9277:2010.

Description

EXAMPLES

[0185] The scope and interest of the invention may be better understood on basis of the following examples which are intended to illustrate embodiments of the present invention.

(A) Analytical Methods

[0186] All parameters defined throughout the present application and mentioned in the following examples are based on the following measuring methods:

[0187] Particle Size Distributions

[0188] The particle size of surface modified calcium carbonate (MCC) herein is described as volume-based particle size distribution d.sub.x. The volume-based median particle size d.sub.50 and the volume-based topcut d.sub.98 were measured using a Malvern Mastersizer 2000 Laser Diffraction System (Malvern Instruments Plc., Great Britain). The raw data obtained by the measurement was analyzed using the Mie theory, with a particle refractive index of 1.57 and an absorption index of 0.005. The methods and instruments are known to the skilled person and are commonly used to determine particle size distributions of fillers and pigments.

[0189] The particle size of particulate materials other than surface modified calcium carbonate (e.g. ground natural calcium carbonate, GNCC) is described herein as weight-based particle size distribution d.sub.x. The weight determined median particle size d.sub.50 and topcut d.sub.98 were measured by the sedimentation method, which is an analysis of sedimentation behaviour in a gravimetric field. The measurement was made with a Sedigraph 5120 of Micromeritics Instrument Corporation, USA. The method and the instrument are known to the skilled person and are commonly used to determine particle size distributions of fillers and pigments. The measurement was carried out in an aqueous solution of 0.1 wt % Na.sub.4P.sub.2O.sub.7. The samples were dispersed using a high speed stirrer and sonicated.

[0190] BET Specific Surface Area (SSA) Throughout the present document, the specific surface area (in m.sup.2/g) was determined using the BET method (using nitrogen as adsorbing gas), which is well known to the skilled man (ISO 9277:2010). The total surface area (in m.sup.2) of the filler material was then obtained by multiplication of the specific surface area and the mass (in g) of the corresponding sample.

[0191] Porosimetry

[0192] The specific pore volume is measured using a mercury intrusion porosimetry measurement using a Micromeritics Autopore V 9620 mercury porosimeter having a maximum applied pressure of mercury 414 MPa (60 000 psi), equivalent to a Laplace throat diameter of 0.004 m. The equilibration time used at each pressure step is 20 s. The sample material is sealed in a 3 cm.sup.3 chamber powder penetrometer for analysis. The data are corrected for mercury compression, penetrometer expansion and sample material elastic compression using the software Pore-Comp (Gane, P. A. C., Kettle, J. P., Matthews, G. P. and Ridgway, C. J., Void Space Structure of Compressible Polymer Spheres and Consolidated Calcium Carbonate Paper-Coating Formulations, Industrial and Engineering Chemistry Research, 1996, 35(5), 1753-1764).

[0193] The total pore volume seen in the cumulative intrusion data can be separated into two regions with the intrusion data from 214 m down to about 1 to 4 m showing the coarse packing of the sample between any agglomerate structures contributing strongly. Below these diameters lies the fine interparticle packing of the particles themselves. If they also have intraparticle pores, then this region appears bimodal, and by taking the specific pore volume intruded by mercury into pores finer than the modal turning point, i.e. finer than the bimodal point of inflection, we thus define the specific intraparticle pore volume. The sum of these three regions gives the total overall pore volume of the powder, but depends strongly on the original sample compaction/settling of the powder at the coarse pore end of the distribution.

[0194] By taking the first derivative of the cumulative intrusion curve, the pore size distributions based on equivalent Laplace diameter, inevitably including pore-shielding, are revealed. The differential curves clearly show the coarse agglomerate pore structure region, the interparticle pore region and the intraparticle pore region, if present. Knowing the intraparticle pore diameter range it is possible to subtract the remainder interparticle and interagglomerate pore volume from the total pore volume to deliver the desired pore volume of the internal pores alone in terms of the pore volume per unit mass (specific pore volume). The same principle of subtraction, of course, applies for isolating any of the other pore size regions of interest.

[0195] Brookfield Viscosity

[0196] The Brookfield viscosity was measured by a Brookfield DV-III Ultra viscometer at 24 C.3 C. at 100 rpm using an appropriate spindle of the Brookfield RV-spindle set and is specified in mPa.Math.s. Once the spindle has been inserted into the sample, the measurement was started with a constant rotating speed of 100 rpm. The reported Brookfield viscosity values were the values displayed 60 seconds after the start of the measurement. Based on his technical knowledge, the skilled person will select a spindle from the Brookfield RV-spindle set which is suitable for the viscosity range to be measured. For example, for a viscosity range between 200 and 800 mPa.Math.s the spindle number 3 may be used, for a viscosity range between 400 and 1 600 mPa.Math.s the spindle number 4 may be used, for a viscosity range between 800 and 3 200 mPa.Math.s the spindle number 5 may be used, for a viscosity range between 1 000 and 2 000 000 mPa.Math.s the spindle number 6 may be used, and for a viscosity range between 4 000 and 8 000 000 mPa.Math.s the spindle number 7 may be used.

[0197] Solids Content

[0198] The suspension solids content (also known as dry weight) was determined using a Moisture Analyser MJ33 (Mettler-Toledo, Switzerland), with the following settings: drying temperature of 150 C., automatic switch off if the mass does not change more than 1 mg over a period of 30 s, standard drying of 5 g of suspension.

[0199] Rx, Rx and Rz

[0200] The colour values Rx, Ry, Rz indicated in the present application are determined over white and black fields of the Leneta contrast card and are measured with using a Spectraflash SF 450 X spectrophotomer of the company Datacolor, Montreuil, France according to DIN 53 140.

[0201] Contrast Ratio

[0202] Contrast ratio values are determined according to ISO 2814 at a spreading rate of 100.5 m.sup.2/l. The contrast ratio is calculated as described by the following equation:

[00001]$\mathrm{Contrast}.Math..Math.\underset{\_}{\mathrm{ratio}.Math.[}.Math.\%]=\frac{{\underset{\_}{\mathrm{Ry}}}_{\left(\mathrm{black}\right)}}{{\underset{\_}{\mathrm{Ry}}}_{\left(\mathrm{white}\right)}}100.Math.\%$

[0203] with Ry.sub.(black) and Ry.sub.(white) being obtained by the measurement of the color values as indicated above.

[0204] Yellowness Index

[0205] The yellowness index is measured according to DIN 6167.

[0206] Gloss Values

[0207] The Gloss values are measured at the listed angles according to DIN 67 530 on painted surfaces prepared with a coater gap of 150 m on contrast cards. The contrast cards used are Leneta contrast cards, form 3-B-H, size 711 (194289 mm), sold by the company Leneta, and distributed by Novamart, Stafa, Switzerland. The gloss is measured with a gloss measurement device from the company Byk Gardner, Geretsried, Germany. The gloss is obtained by measuring 5 Leneta cards (one measurement each) with the gloss measurement device, and the average value is calculated by the device and can be derived from the display of the device.

(B) Examples

[0208] The following examples are not to be construed to limit the scope of the claims in any manner whatsoever.

[0209] Materials

[0210] Colourless Base Paint

[0211] A colorless base paint (Table 1) was used for preparing different paints with different pigments. The base paint was composed as follows:

TABLE-US-00001 TABLE 1 Colorless base paint: Water deionized 42.7 Calgon N New 0.4 Bermocoll EHM 200 1.3 Sodium hydroxide, 10% 0.8 Byk 038 0.8 Texanol 0.7 Butyl diglycol acetate 0.7 Dowanol DPnB 1.6 Coapur 2025 0.7 Mergal 723 K 0.2 Ecodis P 90 0.5 Byk 349 0.3 Mowilith LDM 6119, 50% 48.5 Coapur 6050 0.8 Total 100.0 Solids content [wt %] 28.0 pH 8.0-9.0

[0212] The components used for the colorless base test paint and their function are known to the skilled person and listed in Table 2 hereto below.

TABLE-US-00002 TABLE 2 Materials for colorless base paint: Colorless Base test paint Producer Chemical basis Function Water In house, deionized H.sub.2O Solvent Calgon N new BK Giulini Chemie Sodium polyphosphate Wetting and dispersing agent Bermocoll EHM 200 AkzoNobel Corp. Ethyl Hydroxyethyl cellulose Thickener Sodium hydroxide, 10% Various NaOH solution pH regulator BYK 038 Byk Chemie Mineral oil basis Defoamer Texanol Eastman Ester-alcohol Coalescing agent Butyl diglycol acetate Various Ester Coalescing agent Dowanol DPnB Dow Dipropyleneglycol-n-butylether Coalescing agent Coapur 2025 Coatex SA Polyurethane Rheology modifier Coapur 6050 Coatex SA Polyurethane Rheology modifier ECODIS P 90 Coatex SA Sodium salt of acrylic polymer Wetting and dispersing agent Mergal 723K Troy Chemie GmbH Benzisothiazolone basis, without formaldehyde Preservative BYK 349 Mowilith LDM 6119, 50% Clariant non-plasticized aqueous polymer dispersion based on Binder (copolymer) styrene and an acrylic acid ester

[0213] Ultrafine Ground Natural Calcium Carbonate (UF-GNCC)

[0214] An aqueous suspension of ground marble having a weight median particle diameter d.sub.50 of 0.7 m and a weight-based particle diameter d.sub.98 of 4 m, and particles <2 m of 90%, was used. The solids content of the aqueous suspension was 78 wt %.

[0215] Ground Natural Calcium Carbonate (GNCC-1)

[0216] An aqueous suspension of ground marble having a weight median particle diameter d.sub.50 of 1.6 m and a weight-based particle diameter d.sub.98 of 10 m, residue on a 45 m sieve (ISO 787/7) 20 ppm, was used as comparative material. The solids content of the aqueous suspension was 78.4 wt %.

[0217] Ground Natural Calcium Carbonate (GNCC-2) As a further comparative material, an aqueous suspension of ground marble was used having a weight median particle diameter d.sub.50 of 5.7 m and a weight-based particle diameter d.sub.98 of 30 m. The solids content of the aqueous suspension was 78 wt %.

[0218] Surface Modified Calcium Carbonate (MCC)

[0219] Surface modified calcium carbonate (MCC) was obtained from 10 litres of an aqueous suspension of ground calcium carbonate in a mixing vessel obtained by adjusting the solids content of a ground marble calcium carbonate from Hustadmarmor Norway having a weight-based particle size distribution of 90% less than 2 m (Sedigraph), such that a solids content of 22 wt %, based on the total weight of the aqueous suspension, is obtained. In addition, a solution was prepared containing 30 wt % phosphoric acid. Whilst mixing the slurry, 0.83 kg of the phosphoric acid solution were added to said suspension over a period of 10 min at a temperature of 55 C. Finally, after the addition of the phosphoric acid, the slurry was stirred for additional 5 min prior to adjusting the solids content.

[0220] The surface modified calcium carbonate (MCC) showed a volume median particle size d.sub.50 of 1.06 m, a volume-based d.sub.98 of 4.95 m and a specific surface area of 38.5 m.sup.2/g (BET, nitrogen). The solids contents were adjusted to a range of from 47 to 67 wt % (see the details provided in the trials section hereinbelow).

[0221] Trials

[0222] Preparation of the Pigment Composition

[0223] 1. Provide suspension of GNCC in a container

[0224] 2. Place container under dissolver

[0225] 3. Add suspension of MCC under agitation at 1 000 to 1 100 rpm

[0226] 4. Stir for approx. 10 min.

[0227] The prepared inventive pigment compositions using UF-GNCC and MCC are summarized in the following:

TABLE-US-00003 73% solid (90:10) UF-GNCC; 78% solids 115.00 MCC; 47% solids 21.00 136.00 73% solid (85:15) UF-GNCC; 78% solids 80.00 MCC; 55% solids 20.00 100.00 73% solid (80:20) UF-GNCC; 78% solids 74.87 MCC; 55% solids 26.54 101.41 73% solid (70:30) UF-GNCC; 78% solids 90.00 MCC; 63.5% solids 47.00 137.00 73% solid (60:40) UF-GNCC; 78% solids 77.00 MCC; 67% solids 60.00 137.00

[0228] Preparation of the Paint

[0229] Different paints, each having a final pigment volume concentration (PVC) of 70%, were prepared by mixing the colorless base paint and the different aqueous pigment compositions described above under stirring conditions using a dissolver (approx. 10 min, 1 000 to 1 100 rpm). Where necessary, water was added to adjust the pigment volume concentration. The corresponding mixing ratio is indicated in Table 3 hereinbelow.

[0230] The comparative paints were prepared in an analogous manner using the materials indicated above (UF-GNCC, GNCC-1, GNCC-2).

[0231] Results

[0232] The optical properties and the viscosity of a paint prepared by using the inventive pigment composition and comparative pigments are summarized in Table 3. The methods used to determine the indicated parameters are described hereinabove.

[0233] As may be gathered from the optical properties indicated in Table 3, the paints prepared from the inventive pigment composition show satisfactory, good or even improved optical properties, in particular in terms of contrast ratio and matting properties.

TABLE-US-00004 TABLE 3 SC % 73% 73% 73% 73% 73% 73% 73% (pigm. solid solid solid solid solid solid solid GNCC-1 GNCC-2 comp.) (100:0) (90:10) (85:15) (80:20) (70:30) (60:40) (0:100) (100:0) (100:0) PAINT FORMULATIONS Basis paint, 32.10 32.10 32.10 32.10 32.10 32.10 32.10 32.10 32.10 colorless UF-GNCC (78%) 78 58.40 UF-GNCC (78%): 73 62.32 MCC (55%) UF-GNCC (78%): 73 62.32 MCC (55%) UF-GNCC (78%): 73 62.32 MCC (63.5%) UF-GNCC (78%): 73 62.32 MCC (67%) MCC (67%) 67 67.90 UF-GNCC (78%): 73 62.32 MCC (47%) GNCC-1 (78.4%) 78.4 58.10 GNCC-2 (78%) 78 58.40 Water 9.50 5.58 5.58 5.58 5.58 5.58 9.80 9.50 Total 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 PVC % 70.0 70.0 70.0 70.0 70.0 70.0 70.0 70.0 70.0 Density (solid) g/cm.sup.2 2.17 2.17 2.17 2.17 2.17 2.17 2.17 2.17 2.17 Density (liquid) g/cm.sup.3 1.294 1.325 1.427 1.325 1.417 1.417 1.520 1.413 1.415 Volume solids per ml 311.48 319.06 343.32 318.89 341.08 341.08 318.43 340.31 340.85 litre Volume solids ml 240.78 240.76 240.66 240.76 240.66 240.66 209.53 240.87 240.88 per kg Solids content by % 54.43 54.42 54.39 54.42 54.39 54.39 47.36 54.45 54.45 weight Pigment/binder 5.84:1 5.84:1 5.84:1 5.84:1 5.84:1 5.84:1 5.84:1 5.84:1 5.84:1 (100% solids) OPTICAL PROPERTIES (GAP 150 MU) Ry at C2 DIN 53 140 % 90.4 n/d 90.7 90.7 90.8 90.7 91.5 88.0 86.7 Ry over black DIN 53 140 % 77.4 n/d 78.5 78.6 80.1 80.1 82.6 70.7 17.9 at C2 Yellowness Index 2.4 n/d 2.3 2.1 2.3 2.5 1.7 4.7 6.4 Contrast ratio ISO 2814 % 85.5 n/d 86.6 86.7 88.2 88.2 90.3 80.3 20.7 Gloss 60 150 m DIN 67 530 2.9 n/d 2.8 2.8 2.9 2.8 2.7 2.5 1.0 gap Gloss 85 150 m DIN 67 530 46.0 n/d 38.9 37.0 26.1 24.1 19.2 12.0 1.3 gap VISCOSITY ICI Viscosity mPa .Math. s 110 n/d 210 200 180 200 220 100 70 Viscosity, mPa .Math. s 10700 n/d 32400 29000 30400 32400 33600 12666 5030 D = 1 s1 Viscosity, mPa .Math. s 3850 n/d 12000 11000 11300 12100 14520 4873 2560 D = 5 s1 Viscosity, mPa .Math. s 2530 n/d 7940 7340 7500 7890 8010 3451 1990 D = 10 s1 Viscosity, mPa .Math. s 1080 n/d 3230 3010 3050 3200 3340 1915 1100 D = 40 s1