STAGED INFANT FEEDING REGIMEN TO PROMOTE HEALTHY DEVELOPMENT AND GROWTH

Abstract

A feeding regimen for an infant which includes (a) providing a first composition comprising a fat or lipid; a protein source, wherein the protein source has from about 72% to about 90% whey and from about 10% to about 28% casein; a prebiotic composition; and at least about 72 IU/100 kcal of vitamin D, (b) instructing that the first composition is to be fed to an infant from birth through 4 months of age; (c) providing a second composition, the second composition comprising: a fat or lipid; a protein source, wherein the protein source has from about 50% to about 70% whey and from about 30% to about 50% casein; a prebiotic composition; and no greater than 70 IU/100 kcal of vitamin D; and (d) instructing that the second composition is to be fed to an infant starting at 4 months of age.

Claims

1. A method for providing nutrition to an infant, comprising: (a) providing a first composition, the first composition comprising: a fat or lipid; a protein source, wherein the protein source comprises from about 72% to about 90% whey and from about 10% to about 28% casein; a prebiotic composition; and at least about 72 IU/100 kcal of vitamin D; and (b) instructing that the first composition is to be fed to an infant from birth through 4 months of age; (c) providing a second composition, the second composition comprising: a fat or lipid; a protein source, wherein the protein source comprises from about 50% to about 70% whey and from about 30% to about 50% casein; a prebiotic composition; and no greater than 70 IU/100 kcal of vitamin D; and (d) instructing that the second composition is to be fed to an infant starting at 4 months of age.

2. The method of claim 1, wherein the first composition comprises from about 74 to about 90 IU of vitamin D.

3. The method of claim 1, wherein the second composition comprises from about 52 to about 67 IU of vitamin D.

4. The method of claim 1, wherein each of the first and second compositions comprises from about 3 g/100 kcal to about 7 g/100 kcal of a fat or lipid.

5. The method of claim 1, wherein each of the first and second compositions comprises from about 1 g/100 kcal to about 5 g/100 kcal of a protein source.

6. The method of claim 1, wherein each of the first and second compositions comprises from about 5 mg/100 kcal to about 100 mg/100 kcal of a source of long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids comprising DHA.

7. The method of claim 1, wherein the prebiotic composition of each of the first and second compositions comprises at least 20% of an oligosaccharide which comprises galacto-oligosaccharide.

8. The method of claim 7, wherein the prebiotic composition of each of the first and second compositions comprises about 2.0 g/L to about 8.0 g/L of a prebiotic composition having at least 20% of an oligosaccharide which comprises galacto-oligosaccharide.

9. The method of claim 1, wherein the prebiotic composition of each of the first and second compositions further comprises polydextrose.

10. The method of claim 1, wherein each of the first and second compositions further comprises at least one probiotic.

11. The method of claim 10, wherein the probiotic is selected from the group consisting of Bifidobacteria spp., Lactobacillus spp., and combinations thereof.

12. The method of claim 1, wherein the first nutritional composition comprises at least about 3.95 mg/100 kcal of cholesterol.

13. The method of claim 1, wherein the second nutritional composition comprises no greater than about 3.90 mg/100 kcal of cholesterol.

14. The method of claim 1, wherein the first nutritional composition comprises from about 4.00 mg/100 kcal to about 4.90 mg/100 kcal of cholesterol.

15. The method of claim 1, wherein the second nutritional composition comprises from about 2.60 to about 3.85 mg/100 kcal of cholesterol.

16. The method of claim 1, wherein each of the first and second compositions comprises from about 10 mg/100 kcal to about 50 mg/100 kcal of a source of long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids comprising DHA.

17. The method of claim 1, wherein the first composition is not given to an infant of four months of age or greater.

18. The method of claim 1, wherein the method does not comprise instructing that the second composition is to be fed to an infant of less than 4 months of age.

19. The method of claim 1, wherein instructing that the second composition is to be fed to an infant starting at 4 months of age comprises instructing that the second composition is to be fed to an infant starting at 4 months of age through 12 months of age.

Description

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

[0031] To facilitate an understanding of the principles and features of the various embodiments of the invention, various illustrative embodiments are explained below. Although exemplary embodiments of the invention are explained in detail, it is to be understood that other embodiments are contemplated. Accordingly, it is not intended that the invention is limited in its scope to the details of construction and arrangement of components set forth in the following description or examples. The invention is capable of other embodiments and of being practiced or carried out in various ways. Also, in describing the exemplary embodiments, specific terminology will be resorted to for the sake of clarity.

[0032] It must also be noted that, as used in the specification and the appended claims, the singular forms a, an and the include plural references unless the context clearly dictates otherwise. For example, reference to a component is intended also to include composition of a plurality of components. References to a composition containing a constituent is intended to include other constituents in addition to the one named. In other words, the terms a, an, and the do not denote a limitation of quantity, but rather denote the presence of at least one of the referenced item.

[0033] As used herein, the term and/or may mean and, it may mean or, it may mean exclusive-or, it may mean one, it may mean some, but not all, it may mean neither, and/or it may mean both. The term or is intended to mean an inclusive or.

[0034] Also, in describing the exemplary embodiments, terminology will be resorted to for the sake of clarity. It is intended that each term contemplates its broadest meaning as understood by those skilled in the art and includes all technical equivalents which operate in a similar manner to accomplish a similar purpose. It is to be understood that embodiments of the disclosed technology may be practiced without these specific details. In other instances, well-known methods, structures, and techniques have not been shown in detail in order not to obscure an understanding of this description. References to one embodiment, an embodiment, example embodiment, some embodiments, certain embodiments, various embodiments, etc., indicate that the embodiment(s) of the disclosed technology so described may include a particular feature, structure, or characteristic, but not every embodiment necessarily includes the particular feature, structure, or characteristic. Further, repeated use of the phrase in one embodiment does not necessarily refer to the same embodiment, although it may.

[0035] Ranges may be expressed herein as from about or approximately or substantially one particular value and/or to about or approximately or substantially another particular value. When such a range is expressed, other exemplary embodiments include from the one particular value and/or to the other particular value. Further, the term about means within an acceptable error range for the particular value as determined by one of ordinary skill in the art, which will depend in part on how the value is measured or determined, i.e., the limitations of the measurement system. For example, about can mean within an acceptable standard deviation, per the practice in the art. Alternatively, about can mean a range of up to 20%, preferably up to 10%, more preferably up to 5%, and more preferably still up to 1% of a given value. Alternatively, particularly with respect to biological systems or processes, the term can mean within an order of magnitude, preferably within 2-fold, of a value. Where particular values are described in the application and claims, unless otherwise stated, the term about is implicit and in this context means within an acceptable error range for the particular value. Throughout this disclosure, various aspects of the invention can be presented in a range format. It should be understood that the description in range format is merely for convenience and brevity and should not be construed as an inflexible limitation on the scope of the invention. Accordingly, the description of a range should be considered to have specifically disclosed all the possible subranges as well as individual numerical values within that range. For example, description of a range such as from 1 to 6 should be considered to have specifically disclosed subranges such as from 1 to 3, from 1 to 4, from 1 to 5, from 2 to 4, from 2 to 6, from 3 to 6 etc., as well as individual numbers within that range, for example, 1, 2, 2.7, 3, 4, 5, 5.3, and 6. This applies regardless of the breadth of the range.

[0036] By comprising or containing or including is meant that at least the named compound, element, particle, or method step is present in the composition or article or method, but does not exclude the presence of other compounds, materials, particles, method steps, even if the other such compounds, material, particles, method steps have the same function as what is named.

[0037] Throughout this description, various components may be identified having specific values or parameters, however, these items are provided as exemplary embodiments. Indeed, the exemplary embodiments do not limit the various aspects and concepts of the present invention as many comparable parameters, sizes, ranges, and/or values may be implemented. The terms first, second, and the like, primary, secondary, and the like, do not denote any order, quantity, or importance, but rather are used to distinguish one element from another.

[0038] It is noted that terms like specifically, preferably, typically, generally, and often are not utilized herein to limit the scope of the claimed invention or to imply that certain features are critical, essential, or even important to the structure or function of the claimed invention. Rather, these terms are merely intended to highlight alternative or additional features that may or may not be utilized in a particular embodiment of the present invention. It is also noted that terms like substantially and about are utilized herein to represent the inherent degree of uncertainty that may be attributed to any quantitative comparison, value, measurement, or other representation.

[0039] The dimensions and values disclosed herein are not to be understood as being strictly limited to the exact numerical values recited. Instead, unless otherwise specified, each such dimension is intended to mean both the recited value and a functionally equivalent range surrounding that value. For example, a dimension disclosed as 50 mm is intended to mean about 50 mm.

[0040] It is also to be understood that the mention of one or more method steps does not preclude the presence of additional method steps or intervening method steps between those steps expressly identified. Similarly, it is also to be understood that the mention of one or more components in a composition does not preclude the presence of additional components than those expressly identified.

[0041] The materials described hereinafter as making up the various elements of the present invention are intended to be illustrative and not restrictive. Many suitable materials that would perform the same or a similar function as the materials described herein are intended to be embraced within the scope of the invention. Such other materials not described herein can include, but are not limited to, materials that are developed after the time of the development of the invention, for example. Any dimensions listed in the various drawings are for illustrative purposes only and are not intended to be limiting. Other dimensions and proportions are contemplated and intended to be included within the scope of the invention.

[0042] The present disclosure provides a feeding regimen which changes with the developmental stage of an infant, from newborn to later stage infant (as defined hereinabove). The nutritional products that described are easily digested, provide physiochemical benefits, and/or provide physiological benefits, and are tailored to the level of development of the infant being fed. In an embodiment of the present disclosure, a plurality of nutritional compositions is provided, including one for a newborn infant and one for a later stage infant. In certain embodiments, each nutritional composition comprises a lipid or fat, a protein source, Vitamin D, a prebiotic composition, especially one having at least 20% of an oligosaccharide which comprises a mixture of D-glucose and D-galactose (commonly referred to as galacto-oligosaccharide or trans-galacto-oligosaccharide, or GOS), and, optionally a source of long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids which include docosahexanoic acid (DHA). In some embodiments, the prebiotic comprises a combination of galacto-oligosaccharide and polydextrose.

[0043] More particularly, in an embodiment, the feeding regimen includes feeding to a newborn infant a composition which comprises:

[0044] up to about 7 g/100 kcal of a fat or lipid, more preferably about 3 to about 7 g/100 kcal of a fat or lipid;

[0045] up to about 5 g/100 kcal of a protein source, more preferably about 1 to about 5 g/100 kcal of a protein source, wherein the protein source comprises from about 72% to about 90% whey and from about 10% to about 28% casein;

[0046] about 1.0 to about 10.0 g/L of a prebiotic composition; and

[0047] at least about 72 IU/100 kcal of vitamin D, more preferably from about 74 to about 90 IU of vitamin D,

[0048] and feeding to a later stage infant a composition which comprises:

[0049] up to about 7 g/100 kcal of a fat or lipid, more preferably about 3 to about 7 g/100 kcal of a fat or lipid;

[0050] up to about 5 g/100 kcal of a protein source, more preferably about 1 to about 5 g/100 kcal of a protein source, wherein the protein source comprises from about 50% to about 70% whey and from about 30% to about 50% casein;

[0051] about 1.0 to about 10.0 g/L of a prebiotic composition; and

[0052] no greater than 70 IU/100 kcal of vitamin D, more preferably from about 52 to about 67 IU of vitamin D.

[0053] In other embodiments, the feeding regimen of the present disclosure includes:

A first nutritional composition which comprises:

[0054] up to about 7 grams (g)/100 kilocalories (kcal) of a fat or lipid, more preferably about 3 to about 7 g/100 kcal of a fat or lipid;

[0055] up to about 5 g/100 kcal of a protein source, more preferably about 1 to about 5 g/100 kcal of a protein source, wherein the protein source comprises from about 72% to about 90% whey and from about 10% to about 28% casein;

[0056] about 1.0 to about 10.0 g/liter (L) of a prebiotic composition

[0057] at least about 3.95 milligrams (mg)/100 kcal of cholesterol, more preferably from about 4.00 to about 4.90 mg/100 kcal of cholesterol; and

[0058] at least about 72 International Units (IU)/100 kcal of vitamin D, more preferably from about 74 to about 90 IU of vitamin D, and

A second nutritional composition which comprises:

[0059] up to about 7 g/100 kcal of a fat or lipid, more preferably about 3 to about 7 g/100 kcal of a fat or lipid;

[0060] up to about 5 g/100 kcal of a protein source, more preferably about 1 to about 5 g/100 kcal of a protein source, wherein the protein source comprises from about 50% to about 70% whey and from about 30% to about 50% casein;

[0061] about 1.0 to about 10.0 g/L of a prebiotic composition;

[0062] no greater than about 3.90 mg/100 kcal of cholesterol, more preferably form about 2.60 to about 3.85 mg/100 kcal of cholesterol; and

[0063] no greater than 70 IU/100 kcal of vitamin D, more preferably from about 52 to about 67 IU of vitamin D.

Definitions

[0064] The following terms, as used herein, are defined as indicated:

[0065] Child and Children are defined as humans over the age of about 12 months to about 12 years old.

[0066] Essential, as applied to nutrients, refers to any nutrient which cannot be synthesized by the body in amounts sufficient for normal growth and to maintain health and which therefore must be supplied by the diet, while the term conditionally essential as applied to nutrients means that the nutrient must be supplied by the diet under conditions when adequate amounts of the precursor compound is unavailable to the body for endogenous synthesis to occur.

[0067] Infant is a human from birth through not more than 12 months of age, where a newborn infant is an infant from birth through 4 months of age, and a later stage infant is an infant from 4 months of age through 1 year.

[0068] Infant formula applies to a composition in liquid or powdered form that satisfies the nutrient requirements of an infant by being a substitute for human milk. In the United States, the content of an infant formula is dictated by the federal regulations set forth at 21 C.F.R. 100, 106 and 107. These regulations define macronutrient, vitamin, mineral, and other ingredient levels in an effort to simulate the nutritional and other properties of human breast milk.

[0069] Full term infant or term infant as used herein, means an infant born after at least about 37 weeks gestation, and more commonly between 37 and 42 weeks gestation.

[0070] Nutritionally complete means that the nutritional compositions of the present disclosure provide adequate amounts of all carbohydrates, lipids, essential fatty acids, proteins, essential amino acids, conditionally essential amino acids, vitamins, minerals, and energy required for normal growth.

[0071] Prebiotic means a non-digestible food ingredient that beneficially affects the host by selectively stimulating the growth and/or activity of one or a limited number of bacteria in the colon that can improve the health of the host. A prebiotic composition is a composition that comprises one or more prebiotics.

[0072] Preterm infant is an infant born after less than about 37 weeks gestation.

[0073] Probiotic means a microorganism with low or no pathogenicity that exerts beneficial effects on the health of the host.

[0074] Simulating, as used herein means having or taking the form or appearance of or having or producing a symptomatic resemblance to.

DISCLOSURE

[0075] In some embodiments, the nutritional compositions of the present disclosure may be infant formula. In a separate embodiment, the nutritional compositions may be a human milk fortifier, meaning it is a composition which is added to human milk in order to enhance the nutritional value of human milk. As a human milk fortifier, the disclosed compositions may be in powder or liquid form.

[0076] The nutritional products of the present disclosure may provide minimal, partial, or total nutritional support. The compositions may be nutritional supplements or meal replacements. In some embodiments, the compositions may be administered in conjunction with a food or nutritional composition. In this embodiment, the compositions can either be intermixed with the food or other nutritional compositions prior to ingestion by the subject or can be administered to the subject either before or after ingestion of a food or nutritional composition. The compositions may be administered to preterm infants receiving infant formula, breast milk, a human milk fortifier, or combinations thereof. In one embodiment, the compositions are administered to preterm infants as an enteral nutritional supplement.

[0077] The compositions may, but need not, be nutritionally complete. The skilled artisan will recognize nutritionally complete to vary depending on a number of factors including, but not limited to, age, clinical condition, and dietary intake of the subject to whom the term is being applied. The composition which is nutritionally complete for the preterm infant will, by definition, provide qualitatively and quantitatively adequate amounts of all carbohydrates, lipids, essential fatty acids, proteins, essential amino acids, conditionally essential amino acids, vitamins, minerals, and energy required for growth of the preterm infant. The composition which is nutritionally complete for the term infant will, by definition, provide qualitatively and quantitatively adequate amounts of all carbohydrates, lipids, essential fatty acids, proteins, essential amino acids, conditionally essential amino acids, vitamins, minerals, and energy required for growth of the term infant.

[0078] The nutritional compositions may be provided in any form known in the art, including a powder, a gel, a suspension, a paste, a solid, a liquid, a liquid concentrate, or a ready-to-use product. In one preferred embodiment, the nutritional compositions are infant formulae, especially infant formulae adapted for use as sole source nutrition for a newborn infant and a later stage infant, respectively.

[0079] In the preferred embodiments, the nutritional products disclosed herein may be administered enterally. As used herein, enteral means through or within the gastrointestinal, or digestive, tract, and enteral administration includes oral feeding, intragastric feeding, transpyloric administration, or any other introduction into the digestive tract.

[0080] Suitable fat or lipid sources for practicing the present disclosure may be any known or used in the art, including but not limited to, animal sources, e.g., milk fat, butter, butter fat, egg yolk lipid; marine sources, such as fish oils, marine oils, single cell oils; vegetable and plant oils, such as corn oil, canola oil, sunflower oil, soybean oil, palmolein, coconut oil, high oleic sunflower oil, evening primrose oil, rapeseed oil, olive oil, flaxseed (linseed) oil, cottonseed oil, high oleic safflower oil, palm stearin, palm kernel oil, wheat germ oil; medium chain triglyceride oils and emulsions and esters of fatty acids; and any combinations thereof.

[0081] Useful bovine milk protein sources include, but are not limited to, milk protein powders, milk protein concentrates, milk protein isolates, nonfat milk solids, nonfat milk, nonfat dry milk, whey protein, whey protein isolates, whey protein concentrates, sweet whey, acid whey, casein, acid casein, caseinate (e.g. sodium caseinate, sodium calcium caseinate, calcium caseinate) and any combinations thereof, and will include whey and casein. As noted above, the protein source of the first nutritional composition should comprise from about 72% to about 90% whey and from about 10% to about 28% casein; while the protein source in the second nutritional composition should comprise from about 50% to about 70% whey and from about 30% to about 50% casein. Adjusting the whey:casein ratio as described is also an effective way of providing for the relative levels of other nutrients described herein.

[0082] In one embodiment, the proteins are provided as intact proteins. In other embodiments, the proteins are provided as a combination of both intact proteins and partially hydrolyzed proteins, with a degree of hydrolysis of between about 4% and 10%. In still further embodiments, the proteins comprise extensively hydrolyzed proteins. In yet another embodiment, the protein source may be supplemented with glutamine-containing peptides.

[0083] The nutritional compositions each contain one or more prebiotics. Such prebiotics may be naturally-occurring, synthetic, or developed through the genetic manipulation of organisms and/or plants, whether such new source is now known or developed later. Prebiotics useful in the present invention may include oligosaccharides, polysaccharides, and other prebiotics that contain fructose, xylose, soya, galactose, glucose and mannose. More specifically, prebiotics useful in the present invention may include lactulose, lactosucrose, raffinose, gluco-oligosaccharide, inulin, polydextrose, polydextrose powder, fructo-oligosaccharide, isomalto-oligosaccharide, soybean oligosaccharides, lactosucrose, xylo-oligosacchairde, chito-oligosaccharide, manno-oligosaccharide, aribino-oligosaccharide, siallyl-oligosaccharide, fuco-oligosaccharide, galacto-oligosaccharide, and gentio-oligosaccharides. In an embodiment, the prebiotics useful in the present disclosure are those disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 7,572,474, the disclosure of which is incorporated by reference herein.

[0084] In an embodiment, the total amount of prebiotics present in the nutritional compositions may be from about 1.0 g/L to about 10.0 g/L of the composition. As noted, the total amount of prebiotics present in the nutritional compositions may be from about 2.0 g/L and about 8.0 g/L of the composition. In some preferred embodiments, at least 20% of the prebiotics comprise galacto-oligosaccharide.

[0085] In addition to galacto-oligosaccharide, the prebiotic composition can also comprise polydextrode (PDX). If polydextrose is used as a prebiotic, the amount of polydextrose in the nutritional composition may, in an embodiment, be within the range of from about 1.0 g/L to about 4.0 g/L.

[0086] The amount of galacto-oligosaccharide in the nutritional compositions may, in an embodiment, be from about 0.2 mg/100 Kcal to about 1.0 mg/100 Kcal. In another embodiment, the amount of galacto-oligosaccharide in the nutritional composition may be from about 0.1 mg/100 Kcal to about 0.5 mg/100 Kcal. If polydextrose is used as a prebiotic, the amount of polydextrose in the nutritional composition may, in an embodiment, be within the range of from about 0.1 mg/100 Kcal to about 0.5 mg/100 Kcal.

[0087] In an embodiment of the disclosure, the nutritional compositions may each contain one or more probiotics. The term probiotic means a microorganism that exerts beneficial effects on the health of the host. Any probiotic known in the art may be acceptable in this embodiment provided it achieves the intended result. In a particular embodiment, the probiotic may be selected from Lactobacillus species, Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG, Bifidobacterium species, Bifidobacterium longum, and Bifidobacterium animalis subsp. lactis BB-12.

[0088] If included in the compositions, the amount of the probiotic may vary from about 104 to about 1010 colony forming units (cfu) per kg body weight per day. In another embodiment, the amount of the probiotic may vary from about 106 to about 109 cfu per kg body weight per day. In yet another embodiment, the amount of the probiotic may be at least about 106 cfu per kg body weight per day.

[0089] In an embodiment, the probiotic(s) may be viable or non-viable. As used herein, the term viable, refers to live microorganisms. The term non-viable or non-viable probiotic means non-living probiotic microorganisms, their cellular components and/or metabolites thereof. Such non-viable probiotics may have been heat-killed or otherwise inactivated but retain the ability to favorably influence the health of the host. The probiotics useful herein may be naturally-occurring, synthetic or developed through the genetic manipulation of organisms, whether such new source is now known or later developed.

[0090] The nutritional formulations also preferably contain a source of long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LCPUFAs) which comprise docosahexanoic acid (DHA). Other suitable LCPUFAs include, but are not limited to, -linoleic acid, -linoleic acid, linoleic acid, linolenic acid, eicosapentanoic acid (EPA) and arachidonic acid (ARA).

[0091] In one embodiment, the nutritional compositions are supplemented with both DHA and ARA. In this embodiment, the weight ratio of ARA:DHA may be from about 1:3 to about 9:1. In one embodiment, this ratio is from about 1:2 to about 4:1.

[0092] The amount of long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids in the nutritional compositions may vary from about 5 mg/100 kcal to about 100 mg/100 kcal, more preferably from about 10 mg/100 kcal to about 50 mg/100 kcal.

[0093] DHA and ARA supplementation may be effected using standard techniques known in the art. For example, DHA and ARA may be added to the formulae by replacing an equivalent amount of an oil, such as high oleic sunflower oil, normally present in the formulae. As another example, the oils containing DHA and ARA may be added to the formulae by replacing an equivalent amount of the rest of the overall fat blend normally present in the formulae without DHA and ARA.

[0094] If utilized, the source of DHA and ARA may be any source known in the art such as marine oil, fish oil, single cell oil, egg yolk lipid, and brain lipid. In some embodiments, the DHA and ARA are sourced from the single cell Martek oil, DHASCO and ARASCO, respectively, or variations thereof. The DHA and ARA can be in natural form, provided that the remainder of the LCPUFA source does not result in any substantial deleterious effect on the infant. Alternatively, the DHA and ARA can be used in refined form.

[0095] In an embodiment of the present disclosure, sources of DHA and ARA are single cell oils as taught in U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,374,567; 5,550,156; and 5,397,591, the disclosures of which are incorporated herein in their entirety by reference.

[0096] The nutritional compositions described herein can, in some embodiments, also comprise non-human lactoferrin, non-human lactoferrin produced by a genetically modified organism and/or human lactoferrin produced by a genetically modified organism. Lactoferrin is generally described as a 80 kilodalton glycoprotein having a structure of two nearly identical lobes, both of which include iron binding sites. As described in Perspectives on Interactions Between Lactoferrin and Bacteria which appeared in the publication BIOCHEMISTRY AND CELL BIOLOGY, pp 275-281 (2006), lactoferrin from different host species may vary in an amino acid sequence though commonly possesses a relatively high isoelectric point with positively charged amino acids at the end terminal region of the internal lobe. Lactoferrin has been recognized as having bactericidal and antimicrobial activities. Suitable lactoferrins for use in the present disclosure include those having at least 48% homology with the amino acid sequence AVGEQELRKCNQWSGL at the HLf (349-364) fragment. In at least one embodiment, the lactoferrin is bovine lactoferrin.

[0097] Surprisingly, the forms of lactoferrin included herein maintain relevant activity even if exposed to a low pH (i.e., below about 7, and even as low as about 4.6 or lower) and/or high temperatures (i.e., above about 65 C., and as high as about 120 C., conditions which would be expected to destroy or severely limit the stability or activity of human lactoferrin or recombinant human lactoferrin. These low pH and/or high temperature conditions can be expected during certain processing regimen for nutritional compositions of the types described herein, such as pasteurization. For instance, while bovine lactoferrin has an amino acid composition which has only about a 70% sequence homology to that of human lactoferrin, and is stable and remains active under conditions under which human or recombinant human lactoferrin become unstable or inactive, bovine lactoferrin has bactericidal activity against undesirable bacterial pathogens found in the human gut.

[0098] In yet another embodiment, the compositions may contain TGF-. Transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-) is the general name for a family of polypeptides, the members of which have multifunctional regulatory activities. Three differentially regulated mammalian isoforms (termed TGF-1, TGF-2, and TGF-3) play important roles in a multitude of processes in the developing embryo, infant, child and adult. TGF- is a 25-kDa homodimeric cytokine known to mediate pleitropic functions both within the immune system and systemically. TGF- is expressed in several cell types in the intestinal mucosal including lymphocytes, epithelial cells, macrophages, and stromal cells as well as by T-cells, neutrophils, macrophages, epithelial cells, fibroblasts, platelets, osteoblasts, osteoclasts and others. In addition, TGF- is present in human breast milk and may influence multiple aspects of infant health and development. TGF-s are synthesized as large precursor proteins which consist of an amino-terminal pro-domain, comprising a signal sequence and latency-associated complex, and a mature carboxy-terminal subunit. Biologically active TGF-s are homodimers which consist of two identical, disulfide-linked mature subunits. Release of the TGF- homodimer from the latency-associated complex is necessary for TGF- to exert biological activity on target cells. The nature of the latency-associated complex and the mechanisms responsible for TGF- release are key to understanding TGF- biological activity in vivo. In the human gut, this may be accomplished by the action of proteolytic enzymes, pH extremes, heat, calcium, and/or mechanical tearing.

[0099] Based on the numerous benefits provided by TGF-, it is often important that the growth factor is present in, or supplemented into, various nutritional products. For example, certain protein sources in nutritional products may provide a source of TGF-. Alternatively, if the nutritional product itself does not contain TGF-, the growth factor may be supplemented into the product. As noted above, however, the release of TGF- is in its inactive form. The TGF- present in the protein sources of nutritional products, or added to those nutritional products, is also in its inactive form. It is then activated in the human gut by enzymes, extremes of pH, and/or tearing.

[0100] In a further embodiment, the disclosed compositions may enhance the bioactivity of TGF- in the human gut from about 25% to about 75%. In a particular embodiment, the compositions may enhance the bioactivity of TGF- in the human gut from about 15% to about 65%.

[0101] In certain embodiments, the level of TGF- in the nutritional compositions is from about 0.0150 (pg/g) ppm to about 0.1000 (pg/g) ppm. In another embodiment, the level of TGF- in the nutritional compositions is from about 0.0225 (pg/g) ppm to about 0.0750 (pg/g) ppm.

[0102] In a particular embodiment, the level of TGF- in the nutritional compositions is from about 2500 pg/mL to about 10,000 pg/mL composition. In yet another embodiment, the level of TGF- in the nutritional compositions is from about 4000 pg/mL to about 6000 pg/mL.

[0103] In an embodiment, the level of TGF-1 in the nutritional compositions is from about 0.0001 (pg/g) ppm to about 0.0075 (pg/g) ppm. In another embodiment, the level of TGF-1 in the nutritional compositions is from about 0.0010 (pg/g) ppm to about 0.0050 (pg/g) ppm. In another embodiment, the level of TGF-2 in the nutritional compositions is from about 0.0150 (pg/g) ppm to about 0.0750 (pg/g) ppm. In another embodiment, the level of TGF-2 in the nutritional compositions is from about 0.0250 (pg/g) ppm to about 0.0500 (pg/g) ppm.

[0104] In certain embodiments, the ratio of TGF-1:TGF-2 in the nutritional compositions is in the range of about 1:1 to about 1:20. In certain other embodiments, the ratio of TGF-1:TGF-2 in the nutritional compositions is in the range of about 1:8 to about 1:13.

[0105] In still further embodiments, the bioactivity of TGF- within the nutritional compositions is from about 500 nanogram equivalents (ng Eq)/100 kcal to about 5000 ng Eq/100 kcal. In another embodiment, the bioactivity of TGF- within the nutritional compositions is from about 800 ng Eq/100 kcal to about 2500 ng Eq/100 kcal.

[0106] While not wishing to be bound by this or any theory, the enhanced TGF- bioactivity in the human gut may be due to the composition of the invention lowering the pH of the infant gut and allowing a greater or faster activation of TGF-. In addition to enhancing the activation of TGF- bioactivity in the human gut, it is believed that the nutritional compositions may additionally enhance other bioactive components in the human gut. Thus, in an embodiment, the invention is directed to a method for enhancing the bioactivity of one or more bioactive factors in the human gut.

[0107] In some embodiments, the bioactivity of TGF- in a nutritional composition is enhanced by the addition of a bioactive whey fraction. Any bioactive whey fraction known in the art may be used in this embodiment provided it achieves the intended result. In an embodiment, this bioactive whey fraction may be a whey protein concentrate. In a particular embodiment, the whey protein concentrate may be Salibra 800, available from Glanbia Nutritionals. In a particular embodiment, the Salibra 800 whey protein concentrate is at least 2.5% acidified. In another embodiment, the whey protein concentrate may be Nutri Whey 800, available from DMV International. In yet another embodiment, the whey protein concentrate may be Salibra-850, available from Glanbia Nutritionals. In still another embodiment, the whey protein concentrate may be Prolacta Lacatalis WPI90, available from Lactilus Industrie U.S.A., Inc. In a further embodiment, the whey protein concentrate may be supplied by MG Nutritionals.

[0108] As would be recognized by the skilled artisan, vitamins are also considered necessary for development of an infant. Again, however, the level of certain vitamins needed at different stages of development can differ. For instance, with respect to vitamin D, in some embodiments the first nutritional composition of the present disclosure should include at least about 72 IU/100 kcal of vitamin D, more preferably from about 74 to about 90 IU of vitamin D. The second nutritional composition should include no greater than 70 IU/100 kcal of vitamin D, more preferably from about 52 to about 67 IU of vitamin D.

[0109] As noted, in some embodiments, the nutritional compositions of the present disclosure include cholesterol. Cholesterol is a steroid metabolite found in the cell membranes and transported in the blood plasma of animals, and is an essential structural component of mammalian cell membranes, where it is required to establish proper membrane permeability and fluidity. As such, cholesterol is required during development, at levels which can vary based on the stage of development. In certain embodiments, cholesterol is present in the first nutritional composition at a level of at least about 3.95 mg/100 kcal and in the second nutritional composition at a level of no greater than about 3.90 mg/100 kcal of cholesterol, more preferably from about 2.60 to about 3.85 mg/100 kcal of cholesterol. In other embodiments, cholesterol is present in the first composition at a level of about 4.00 to about 4.90 mg/100 kcal of cholesterol, more preferably at a level of about 4.2 to about 4.7 mg/100 kcal and in the second nutritional composition at a level of from about 2.8 to about 3.3 mg cholesterol/100 kcal.

EXAMPLES

[0110] The following examples describe various embodiments of the present disclosure. Other embodiments within the scope of the claims herein will be apparent to one skilled in the art from consideration of the specification or practice of the invention as disclosed herein. It is intended that the specification, together with the examples, be considered to be exemplary only, with the scope and spirit of the invention being indicated by the claims which follow the examples. In the examples, all percentages are given on a weight basis unless otherwise indicated.

Example 1

[0111] This example illustrates an embodiment of the feeding regimen of the present disclosure, including a first nutritional composition as follows:

TABLE-US-00001 Description UOM Per 100 kcal Protein g 2.1 Whey:Casein Ratio 80:20 Fat g 5.3 Linoleic acid mg 860 a-Linolenic mg 80 ARA mg 34 DHA mg 17 Carbohydrate g 10.6 Galacto-oligosaccharide g 0.3 (GOS) Polydextrose (PDX) g 0.3 Vitamin A IU 300 Vitamin D IU 75 Vitamin E IU 2 Vitamin K mcg 9 Thiamin mcg 80 Riboflavin mcg 140 Vitamin B6 mcg 60 Vitamin B12 mcg 0.3 Niacin mcg 1000 Folic Acid mcg 16 Pantothenic acid mcg 500 Biotin mcg 3 Vitamin C mg 12 Choline mg 24 Inositol mg 6 Carnitine mg 2 Taurine mg 6 Calcium mg 78 Phosphorus mg 43 Magnesium mg 8 Iron mg 1.8 Zinc mg 1 Manganese mcg 15 Copper mcg 75 Iodine mcg 15 Selenium mcg 2.8 Sodium mg 27 Potassium mg 108 Chloride mg 63 Total nucleotides mg 4.2

[0112] And a second nutritional composition as follows:

TABLE-US-00002 Description UOM Per 100 kcal Protein g 2.1 Protein factor 6.25 Whey:Casein Ratio 60:40 Fat g 5.3 Linoleic acid mg 860 a-Linolenic mg 80 ARA mg 34 DHA mg 17 Carbohydrate g 10.6 Galacto-oligosaccharide g 0.3 (GOS) Polydextrose (PDX) g 0.3 Vitamin A IU 300 Vitamin D IU 60 Vitamin E IU 2 Vitamin K mcg 9 Thiamin mcg 80 Riboflavin mcg 140 Vitamin B6 mcg 60 Vitamin B12 mcg 0.3 Niacin mcg 1000 Folic Acid mcg 16 Pantothenic acid mcg 500 Biotin mcg 3 Vitamin C mg 12 Choline mg 24 Inositol mg 6 Carnitine mg 2 Taurine mg 6 Calcium mg 78 Phosphorus mg 43 Ca:P 1.81 Magnesium mg 8 Iron mg 1.8 Zinc mg 1 Manganese mcg 15 Copper mcg 75 Iodine mcg 15 Selenium mcg 2.8 Sodium mg 27 Potassium mg 108 Chloride mg 63 Total nucleotides mg 4.2

[0113] All references cited in this specification, including without limitation, all papers, publications, patents, patent applications, presentations, texts, reports, manuscripts, brochures, books, internet postings, journal articles, periodicals, and the like, are hereby incorporated by reference into this specification in their entireties. The discussion of the references herein is intended merely to summarize the assertions made by their authors and no admission is made that any reference constitutes prior art. Applicants reserve the right to challenge the accuracy and pertinence of the cited references.

[0114] Although preferred embodiments of the disclosure have been described using specific terms, devices, and methods, such description is for illustrative purposes only. The words used are words of description rather than of limitation. It is to be understood that changes and variations may be made by those of ordinary skill in the art without departing from the spirit or the scope of the present disclosure, which is set forth in the following claims. In addition, it should be understood that aspects of the various embodiments may be interchanged both in whole or in part. For example, while methods for the production of a commercially sterile liquid nutritional supplement made according to those methods have been exemplified, other uses are contemplated. Therefore, the spirit and scope of the appended claims should not be limited to the description of the preferred versions contained therein.