Abstract
The present invention relates to a processing apparatus to melt animal fat, in which an animal raw fat material is transported by a means, preferably a pump, through a microwave chamber and thereby heated. The present invention further relates to a method to heat animal raw fat material with radio-frequency waves.
Claims
1. Processing apparatus to melt animal fat, in which an animal raw fat material is transported by a pump, through a microwave chamber and thereby heated, wherein the processing apparatus comprises at least one solid-state radio frequency source.
2. Processing apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the microwave chamber is at least essentially transparent for microwaves.
3. Processing apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the at least one solid-state radio frequency source comprises a multitude of solid-state radio frequency sources that are provided in an array of n columns and m rows, wherein n is an integer >1 and m is an integer 1.
4. Processing apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the at least one solid-state radio frequency source comprises a multitude of solid-state radio frequency sources that are provided equidistantly around the circumference of a product chamber.
5. Processing apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the processing apparatus comprises an inlet and an outlet, which are spaced apparat from each other.
6. Processing apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the pump is configured to transport the animal raw fat material past the solid-state radio frequency source.
7. Processing apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the processing apparatus comprises a control system to control the solid-state radio frequency source and/or the pump.
8. Processing apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the processing apparatus comprises a sensor that measures at least one property of the animal raw fat material and/or one property of the radiation reflected from the animal fat material, wherein a signal of the sensor is utilized by a control system.
9. Processing apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the processing apparatus is part of an animal fat production line.
10. Line comprising the processing apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the line comprises a crusher, a grinder or a cutter, a solid-liquid separator, a liquid-liquid separator, cooling unit and/or packaging unit and/or a combination thereof.
11. Method to heat animal raw fat material with radio frequency waves, wherein the radio-frequency waves are provided with one or more solid-state radio frequency source(s).
12. Method according to claim 11, wherein the animal raw fat material is transported from an inlet to an exit which are spaced apart.
13. Method according to claim 12, wherein the animal raw fat material is transported continuously and/or intermittently.
14. Method according to claim 10, wherein one or more sensors are provided, which measure one or more properties of the animal raw fat material and/or radiation reflected from the animal raw fat material.
15. Method according to claim 14, wherein a signal of the one or more sensors is utilized to control the solid-state radio frequency source(s) and/or a pump, which transports the animal raw fat material past the solid-state radio frequency source(s).
16. Method according to claim 11, wherein the animal raw fat material is crushed.
17. Method according to claim 11, wherein animal fat and proteins are separated.
Description
[0035] The inventions are now explained according to the Figures. The explanations apply for all embodiments of the present invention likewise.
[0036] FIG. 1 shows the simplified fat melting process according the state in the art
[0037] FIGS. 2a and 2b show an embodiment of the present invention.
[0038] FIGS. 3a-d show an embodiment of the present invention.
[0039] FIGS. 4a-c show an embodiment of the present invention.
[0040] FIGS. 5-8 show an embodiment of the present invention using a conveyor
[0041] FIG. 1 depicts the animal fat production process according to the state in the art. The animal raw fat material, preferably a raw material, for example meat, for instance pork skin with a high amount of collagen or met from a cow, a sheep or the like will be received within a hopper and from thereon transported preferably through a metal detector and if metal parts are detected the animal raw fat material will be discarded. The metal detector may be based upon electromagnetic field analysis. Then the raw material will be feed into a crusher, here a grinder. The minced animal raw fat material will be transported to a melting tube. In the melting tube steam is injected directly to the minced meat.
[0042] After steam injection the product/mass consisting of animal meat and steam and/or condensed water, will, in a second process step, be further heated in vessel nr1. This vessel nr1 is in one embodiment provided with a single jacket wherein heat is injected direct into the product. In another embodiment vessel nr1 is provided with a double jacket wherein steam is introduced which steam will condense against the vessel wall and will consequently heat up the animal raw fat material/mass within the vessel without adding water to the mass. The condensing steam will heat up the walls of the vessel and via the walls the animal raw fat material/mass will be further heated. Heating will be done till a preferred temperature range of 80-90 C. is achieved to melt the fat and to be able to separate fat later on in the separation process from the remaining meat structure.
[0043] Via a pump the meat mass/slurry is transported to one or more centrifuges (general for both decanters and disc stack separators), here a decanter, in order to separate the solid and hard particles within the mass from the liquid part, i.e. fat and water. The solid particles, so-called greaves, can thereafter be used for all kind of applications, in case of an edible meat mass the greaves can be used for human consumption. Preferably the greaves will be cooled, with for instance CO2 or dried by various technologies.
[0044] The liquid phase from the decanter is separated by disc stack separators into clean fat, stickwater and solids. In case a three-phase separating decanter is used the various liquid streams being discharged can be further polished or de-fatted by disk stack separators. Before separation the liquid can be reheated preferably to a temperature of 90-95 in vessel nr2 to be able to perform the separation process. Via a pump the fat/water-mixture will be transported to a liquid/liquid-separator wherein, for example due to difference in density fat can be separated from water.
[0045] The separated stickwater can be waste or edible and is classified as waste water and needs further processing such as purification before it can be discharged to the surface water. This involves high costs.
[0046] An embodiment of a solid-state RF energized microwave apparatus is depicted in FIG. 2a, which comprises a multiple solid-state RF sources 2 which among other things each comprises a waveguide 16 and/or an antenna 17. In the present case, the inventive apparatus comprises a multitude of solid-state RF sources 2, which are provided at the circumference of a product chamber 14 and preferably, equidistantly around the circumference of the of the product chamber. The number of sources 2 in circumferential direction can depend on the efficiency, of the microwaves to heat up animal raw fat material 4, 11 evenly, measured for example the temperature rises per unit of time. The solid-state RF sources 2 are located in a chamber 15, in the present case defined by housing 8. The housing 8 can be similar to a Faraday cage to prevent electromagnetic waves coming out of the housing. At least inner wall 9 but preferably the entire housing 8 can be made of steel, for instance stainless steel. Inside the chamber 15 and/or inside the housing 8, a product chamber 14, here a microwave tube 12 is provided, which separates the product chamber 14 from the chamber 15, in which the solid-state RF sources 2 are located. The tube material is preferably at least partially, more preferably completely transparent for the microwave energy supplied by the solid-state RF sources 2 and more preferably do not absorb microwave energy and will therefore not be heated up by the microwave energy but, if any, only heated up by the warmed-up animal raw fat material without the build-up of deposit on the inner wall of the tube. To effectively convert the microwave energy into increased temperature of the animal raw fat material to be heated, the material of the tube 12 is not metal, but certain plastic materials and/or quartz-materials are suitable, which are more preferably food grade. The animal raw fat material 4, 11 is located within the product chamber 14 and will be treated, preferably heated by one preferably multiple solid-state sources 2 located in chamber 15. This embodiment is, for example, preferred in case cleaning agents used to clean product chamber 14 may not be come in contact with the solid-state sources 2. The tube 12 can also be used to direct the animal raw fat material past the solid-state RF sources 2. In this case, the animal raw fat material touches the inner circumference of tube at least locally. If needed, the chamber 15, which surrounds the tube 12 may be cooled to cool the RF-sources.
[0047] FIGS. 3a-3d depicts a solid-state RF energized microwave apparatus in a line. A mass supply system 3 such as a grinder or a hopper, for example comprising a positive displacement pump which forces the animal raw fat material 4, 11, preferably through a supply section 5, to a microwave section part 6 of the inventive apparatus 1 to inline heat the pumpable substance and from there the heated mass is discharged via discharge section 7. A further process step can be extraction of fats and other usable ingredients. The food mass for instance ground pork mass can be transported continuously or intermittently/batch wise. The flow can be controlled depending on the residence time needed to achieve a certain temperature rise in the animal raw fat material 4, 11. The tube via which the food mass is pumped may comprise means to mix the animal raw fat material 4, 11, for example a static- and/or dynamic mixers. There may be a or multiple sensor(s) provided to measure, for example, the temperature rise. FIG. 3a-3b depicts the arrangement of the solid-state RF heat sources 2, here in four rows A, B, C and D. Each row comprises a multitude of, preferably equidistantly, arranged solid-state radio frequency sources, wherein here, the rows are staggered relative to each other. A cross-sectional view of row B of the microwave section 6 is depicted in FIG. 3c and can be similar as depicted in the embodiment according to FIG. 2a. In cross-sectional view in FIG. 3d microwave transparent inserts 12 are used to prevent that the solid-state RF energy sources 2 will come into contact with the mass. In order to further optimize the heat distribution to the mass flow the number of cylindrical solid-state radio frequency source arrangements, here rings, can be increased in number, from here four to >four.
[0048] FIGS. 4a depicts a solid-state RF energized microwave apparatus in a line wherein animal raw fat material 4, 11 will be supplied to mass supply system 3, here a hopper or a trough. The valve 19.2 downstream from the microwave section is closed and valve 19.1, upstream from the microwave section is open to receive the mass within microwave section 6 of microwave apparatus 1. After closing valve 19.1 the microwave apparatus will be started and after the mass 4, 11 is sufficiently heat treated valve 19.2 will be opened and the mass can be conveyed via for instance a pump and/or conveyor 10 (not depicted) to a further processing station. A cross view of row B in microwave section 6 is depicted in FIG. 4b and FIG. 4c.
[0049] Another embodiment of the invention is depicted in FIG. 5a, which comprises one, but preferably multiple solid-state RF sources 2 which among other things each comprises a waveguide 16 and/or an antenna 17 and wherein conveyor means 10 for instance a conveyor belt is positioned within housing 8 and conveys animal raw fat material 11, e.g. a formed product, through housing 8. However, it is also possible to place a batch animal raw fat material 11 into the product chamber, treat it with RF-radiation and remove it, once the treatment is terminated. The placement of the batch can be executed by motor means. FIG. 5b depicts a square design of housing 8. FIG. 5c is an embodiment of FIG. 5a and FIG. 5d is an embodiment of FIG. 5b and both are provided with preferably microwave transparent insert 12 in order to prevent that particles from animal raw fat material 11 will come in contact with the solid-state RF energy sources. In this embodiment the shielding means are designed circular and co-radial with inner wall 9 of housing 8. The design of the shielding means is not limited to this design, for instance flat shielding means is also possible but due to hygienic reasons not preferable. Other than that, the explanations regarding FIGS. 5a and 5c also apply to FIGS. 5b and 5d.
[0050] FIGS. 6a and 6b depict a second embodiment of the inventive apparatus, wherein in contrast to the embodiments according to FIGS. 5a and 5b a microwave tube 12 is provided. The explanations given regarding the embodiment according to FIGS. 5a and 5b also apply to this embodiment. The microwave tube 12 separates the product chamber 14 from the chamber 15, in which the solid-state RF sources 2 are located. The tube material is preferably transparent for microwaves supplied by the solid-state RF sources 2 and more preferably do not absorb microwave energy and will therefore not be heated up by the microwave energy but, if any, only heated up by the warmed-up animal raw fat material . To effectively convert the microwave energy into increased temperature of the animal raw fat material 11 to be heated, the material of the tube 12 is not be metal, but certain plastic materials are suitable. Animal raw fat material 11, 11 is located within the product chamber 14 and will be treated, preferably heated by one preferably multiple solid-state sources 2 located in chamber 15. This embodiment is, for example, preferred in case cleaning agents used to clean product chamber 14 may not be come in contact with the solid-state sources 2.
[0051] FIG. 7a and FIG. 7b (with microwave transparent insert 12) depicts an embodiment related to FIG. 5a but will also apply to the embodiments according to FIGS. 5b-6b wherein a cooling chamber 18 is provided which is connected to a cooling circuit for instance a water cooling or a gas-, preferably air cooling circuit. The cooling chamber 18 surrounds the apparatus as depicted in FIG. 7. While applying solid-state RF energy sources, microwave energy will be transmitted to a certain spot of animal raw fat material 4, 11 to be treated only when needed. Despite this efficient energy management additional cooling of the waveguides and connected antennas may be desirable in case of high energy output, for example during a long period of time. In another not depicted embodiment also the solid-state RF energy source will be cooled as well as the power supply. This can be done per RF energy source as needed. The cooling of the RF energy source(s) is preferably controlled by a temperature measurement, which measures the temperature of one or more of the RF energy source and based on this reading controls a fluid flow of the cooling agent and/or its temperature.
[0052] In a further embodiment of the invention animal raw fat material 4 will be deposited on a conveyor as depicted in FIG. 8a and from there on conveyed to microwave apparatus 1. A cross view of row B in microwave section 6 is depicted in FIG. 8b and is similar to FIG. 5f pa. The embodiment of FIG. 8c is comparable to FIG. 5c. The valves in FIG. 8 are not mandatory.
[0053] The design of housing 8 is not limited to a circular design such as depicted in FIG. 2a but can be shaped differently as depicted in FIG. 2b. Important is that heat treatment of animal raw fat material 4, 11 will not adversely affected by the bouncing microwaves via inner wall 9 of housing 8.
[0054] The design of microwave tube 12 is not limited to a circular design but can be shaped differently. Especially in case a mass 4 flows through the tube as depicted in FIG. 2a circular design is advantageous with respect to pressure distribution. Preferably inner wall 13 should be provided with smooth walls in order to reduce shear forces on the food mass and to facilitate cleaning. Microwave tube 12 is preferably a fixed part within the depicted assembly and is isolated with respect to housing 8 and solid-state RF energy sources 2 which would be advantageous with respect to hygiene. Cleaning of the microwave tube can be done manually but preferably by an integrated CIP system.
[0055] Melting FatWith Solid-State RF Energy Sources
[0056] In a first embodiment of the invention the first step of the process according to FIG. 1, the injection of steam in the melting tube is replaced by heating the meat animal raw fat material in a microwave chamber, for instance a tube which is transparent for microwaves.
[0057] In a second embodiment of the invention the first and second step (further heating the mass in a vessel nr1) of the process according to FIG. 1 can be combined in one process step and executed with the inventive apparatus. Solid-state energy sources will heat up the ground animal material. An improved temperature control and consequently an even heating of the animal raw fat material can be achieved due to preferred sensor- and control means based on for instance absorption measurement. No steam generator is needed anymore to perform the first and second step. No steam is directly added to the animal raw fat material mass.
[0058] The heating during separation can also be executed with the inventive apparatus.
[0059] By eliminating the addition of steam to heat up the animal material, the amount of water, i.e. condensate and/or stick-water, i.e. water containing proteins, will be reduced. Liquid fat separation will be easier due to the lower concentration of water in the heated animal material. Consequently, the cost of separating, purifying and discharging water and in general the total cost of energy will be reduced. However, a liquid/liquid-separator is preferred to eliminate the cell-water from the fat.
LIST OF REFERENCE SIGNS
[0060] 1 processing apparatus, industrial processing apparatus [0061] 2 solid-state RF energy source [0062] 3 mass supply system, [0063] 4 animal material, animal raw fat material [0064] 5 supply section, entrance [0065] 6 microwave section, treatment section [0066] 7 discharge section [0067] 8 housing. [0068] 9 inner wall housing 8 [0069] 10 conveyor means [0070] 11 animal material, animal raw fat material [0071] 12 microwave chamber, microwave tube, microwave transparent insert [0072] 13 inner wall microwave tube 12 [0073] 14 product chamber [0074] 15 solid-state source chamber [0075] 16 waveguide [0076] 17 antenna [0077] 18 cooling unit [0078] 19 valve [0079] Nr1 vessel [0080] Nr2 vessel [0081] A solid-state RF energy source [0082] B solid-state RF energy source [0083] C solid-state RF energy source [0084] D solid-state RF energy source
