Focusing mechanism for biosignals measurement with mobile devices

Abstract

A focusing mechanism or module is designed to reduce the size of an optical lens-based focusing system that would be otherwise used in a portable device. According to one aspect of the present invention, the focusing mechanism includes a light guide with first and second sides. The light guide includes a plurality of light passages slanted inwardly formed evenly from the first side towards a center of the second side, wherein the light guide, disposed on top of the image sensor, collects a reflected light from a human body part and focuses the reflected light onto the image sensor, each of photosensors generates an proportional charge from the reflected light.

Claims

1. A focusing module for acquiring sensing signals, the focusing module comprising: a light guide with first and second sides, including a plurality of light passages slanted inwardly formed evenly from the first side towards a center of the second side, wherein the light guide, disposed on top of an array of photosensors, collects a reflected light from a human body part and focuses the reflected light through the light passages onto the photosensors, each of photosensors generates a charge, wherein the light guide is made with a plurality of sheets, each of the sheets includes a transparent patch forming part of one of the light passages.

2. (canceled)

3. The focusing module as recited in claim 1, wherein transparent patches on each of the sheets have their own diameters and centers of the transparent patches.

4. The focusing module as recited in claim 3, wherein all of the sheets are stacked to form the light passages slanted inwardly formed evenly from the first side towards the center of the second side.

5. The focusing module as recited in claim 4, wherein the first side of the light guide is larger than the array of photosensors in size, and the centers of the transparent patches on the plurality of sheets are progressively moving towards the center of the second side.

6. The focusing module as recited in claim 4, wherein the transparent patches are round in shape and formed by blackening each of the sheets except for areas of the transparent patches.

7. The focusing module as recited in claim 4, wherein each of the sheets is painted to form the transparent patches.

8. The focusing module as recited in claim 1, wherein the light guide is disposed under a display screen to collect the reflected light from the human body part via the display screen, and wherein the human body part is placed against the display screen.

9. The focusing module as recited in claim 8, wherein the display screen is part of a mobile device.

10. The focusing module as recited in claim 1, wherein the light guide is disposed next to a display screen to collect the reflected light from the human body part, and wherein the human body part is placed upon the second side of display screen.

11. A system for acquiring sensing signals via a focusing module, the system comprising: an image sensor including an array of photosensors; a light guide with first and second sides, including a plurality of light passages slanted inwardly formed evenly from the first side towards a center of the second side, wherein the light guide, disposed on top of the image sensor, collects a reflected light from a human body part and focuses the reflected light through the light passages onto the image sensor, each of photosensors generates a charge, and wherein the light guide is made with a plurality of sheets, each of the sheets includes a transparent patch forming part of one of the light passages.

12. (canceled)

13. The focusing module as recited in claim 11, wherein transparent patches on each of the sheets have their own diameters and centers of the transparent patches.

14. The focusing module as recited in claim 13, wherein all of the sheets are stacked to form the light passages slanted inwardly formed evenly from the first side towards the center of the second side.

15. The focusing module as recited in claim 14, wherein the first side of the light guide is larger than the image sensor in size, and the centers of the transparent patches on the plurality of sheets are progressively moving towards the center of the second side.

16. The focusing module as recited in claim 14, wherein the transparent patches are round in shape and formed by blackening each of the sheets except for areas of the transparent patches.

17. The focusing module as recited in claim 14, wherein each of the sheets is painted to form the transparent patches.

18. The focusing module as recited in claim 10, wherein the light guide is disposed under a display screen to collect the reflected light from the human body part via the display screen, and wherein the human body part is placed against the display screen.

19. The focusing module as recited in claim 18, wherein the image sensor is part of a mobile device.

Description

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0020] These and other features, aspects, and advantages of the present invention will become better understood with regard to the following description, appended claims, and accompanying drawings where:

[0021] FIG. 1A shows a configuration in which an optical sensor is used to detect biological changes on a body part;

[0022] FIG. 1B shows an example of a partial finger image, where only a small area is captured or used by a sensor for the measurement of the biological changes in the finger;

[0023] FIG. 1C shows a PPG signal (e.g., fingertip pulse) generated from the sensor from the area shown in FIG. 1B;

[0024] FIG. 2A shows a configuration diagram of a sensor including an array of sensing elements (e.g., photodiodes) and an array of lights;

[0025] FIG. 2B shows an example of a square array of NN pixels, only signals from certain areas of the pixels are effectively used;

[0026] FIG. 2C shows another control of a sensing elements to sense two elongated but separated areas of a body part, from which two signals from the areas are generated and may be used to derive a more reasonable measurement;

[0027] FIG. 3A shows a block diagram of an exemplary system using a sensor according to one embodiment of the present invention;

[0028] FIG. 3B shows an example of a photoplethysmographic (PPG) waveform that can be captured by a portion of a sensor;

[0029] FIG. 3C shows an exemplary APS pixel circuit including a pixel element and an active amplifier followed by a readout circuit;

[0030] FIG. 3D shows an exemplary integrator to integrate n charges from n pixels;

[0031] FIG. 3E shows a flowchart or process that may be implemented in hardware (e.g., integrated circuit) or a combination of hardware or software;

[0032] FIG. 4A shows an exemplary placement of a sensor in a portable device, such as a smartphone, a tablet, or a laptop computer;

[0033] FIG. 4B shows an example of stacking sheets, each printed with a type of opaque material (e.g., black ink) to form an array of transparent patches thereon;

[0034] FIG. 4C shows one exemplary perforated sheet, where the holes are made equal or slightly changed in diameters;

[0035] FIG. 4D shows a light guide with straight passages;

[0036] FIG. 5A shows a simplified cross-section of what is referred to herein as a placement under display;

[0037] FIG. 5B shows an exemplary smart phone in which a package including a light guide and a sensor is disposed on the back of the smart phone;

[0038] FIG. 5C shows other possible locations of the package;

[0039] FIG. 6A shows a functional block diagram of a portable device equipped with one embodiment of the present invention; and

[0040] FIG. 6B shows an exemplary display, where an indication of measurements on multiple areas of a finger is also shown.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

[0041] The detailed description of the present invention is presented largely in terms of procedures, steps, logic blocks, processing, or other symbolic representations that directly or indirectly resemble the operations of devices or systems contemplated in the present invention. These descriptions and representations are typically used by those skilled in the art to most effectively convey the substance of their work to others skilled in the art.

[0042] Reference herein to one embodiment or an embodiment means that a particular feature, structure, or characteristic described in connection with the embodiment can be included in at least one embodiment of the invention. The appearances of the phrase in one embodiment in various places in the specification are not necessarily all referring to the same embodiment, nor are separate or alternative embodiments mutually exclusive of other embodiments.

[0043] Embodiments of the invention are discussed below with reference to FIGS. 2A-6B. However, those skilled in the art will readily appreciate that the detailed description given herein with respect to these figures is for explanatory purposes as the invention extends beyond these limited embodiments. As used herein, any pronoun references to gender (e.g., he, him, she, her, etc.) are meant to be gender-neutral. Unless otherwise explicitly stated, the use of the pronoun he, his or him hereinafter is only for administrative clarity and convenience. Additionally, any use of the singular or to the plural shall also be construed to refer to the plural or to the singular, respectively, as warranted by the context.

[0044] FIG. 1A shows a configuration 100 in which an optical sensor 102 is used to detect biological changes on a body part 104. In general, an optical lens 106 is used to focus optical signals reflected from the body part 104 onto the sensor 102. The optical lens is a lens reduction type system to focus the large area of object plane to a small area of the image plane. A transparent substrate 108 (e.g., a piece of glass) is used to protect the sensor 102 and the lens 106 while holding the focal distance between the body part 104 and the lens 106. The total height of the whole module may be pretty high and would not be suitable for current smart phone applications.

[0045] FIG. 1B shows an example of a partial finger image 110, where only a small area 112 is captured or used by the sensor 102 for the measurement of the biological changes in the finger. FIG. 1C shows a signal (e.g., fingertip pulse) generated from the sensor 102 from the area 112. It can be observed that the measurement of the biological changes in the finger could be changed or subject to errors as the area 112 changes. In other words, the measurement could be wrong if a user moves an undesirable part of his finger onto the focusing area of the sensor 102.

[0046] Referring now to the drawings, in which like numerals refer to like parts throughout the several views, FIG. 2A shows a configuration diagram of a sensor 200 including an array of sensing elements 202 (e.g., photodiodes) and an array of lights 204. According to one embodiment of the present invention, the sensing elements 202, or simply a sensor or sensors, are CMOS-based photodiodes with light guide 203, and the lights 204 are light-emitting diodes. Depending on an application of the sensor 200, the light-emitting diodes are controlled to generate an appropriate colored light (e.g., infrared, red) to facilitate the sensor to capture possible biological changes in a focused area of a body part.

[0047] In one embodiment, the sensing elements 202 form an array of predefined shape (e.g., square, rectangular or round). FIG. 2B shows an example of a square array of NN pixels. Instead of focusing only one area of a body part, the sensor 200 can be controlled to focus onto multiple areas of the body part, resulting in simultaneous signals representing the biological changes in the areas. As an example, FIG. 2B shows that the five sensing areas 206 are configured or allocated to capture the biological changes in five independent areas of the body part. Through post-processing, one or more of these readouts for top to bottom or left to right may be used to derive a measurement (e.g., blood flow). As a result, not only is the measurement accuracy increased considerably, but the requirement of having a user to place the sensor onto a particular area of the body part or vise versa is much more relaxed.

[0048] FIG. 2C shows another control of the sensing elements 202 to sense two elongated but separated areas of a body part, from which two signals from the areas are generated and may be used to derive a more reasonable measurement. It should be noted to those skilled in the art that the number of sensing elements or photodiodes in each of a predefined area can be adjusted or controlled depending on a particular application. In some cases, the number of the sensing elements in a predefined area is enlarged to increase the sensitivity of the sensing on a particular area while in other cases the number of the sensing elements in a predefined area is limited but the number of areas from which sensing signals must be obtained may be increased. One of the key advantages, benefits or advantages in one embodiment of the present invention is to provide multiple readouts or sensing signals from a number of areas in a body part.

[0049] Referring now to FIG. 3A, it shows a block diagram of an exemplary multi function readout system 300 using a sensor (e.g., the sensor 200 of FIG. 2A) according to one embodiment of the present invention. The sensor or simply the array 302 is controlled to have one or more local exposures to certain areas. Given known dimensions of the array 302, the number of the sensing elements is defined and controlled to produce a number of readouts. Depending on operation, the sensing elements in the array 302 may be all or partially activated with all or only some of the sensing elements are selectively read out via a readout circuit (not shown) to measure either finger print pattern or biometrics data.

[0050] According to one embodiment, the readouts from the array 302 are preprocessed in a preprocessing circuit 304 to produce required sensing signals. For finger print application, all of the MN sensing element need to readout to form an image pattern. Only a few frames may be needed for finger print recognition. For biometrics application, more frames are required to obtain the necessary PPG waveform. In this case, it is not necessary to read out all of the sensing elements. For example, there are five areas (as shown in FIG. 2B), the preprocessing circuit 304 may be designed to output five or less sensing signals, discarding other readouts from the array 302 when all are read out from the array 302. In another embodiment, the preprocessing circuit 304 may be designed to remove the inherent DC component from a sensing element to facilitate the measurement of biological changes in an area. The output signals from the preprocessing circuit 304 are selectively processed depending on what to derive from the sensing signals. As shown in FIG. 3A, a control signal (labeled as a function selection) is used to determine how the sensing signals are processed to derive therefrom a measurement (e.g., a heart rate).

[0051] An image processing unit 305 is provided to process the readouts from the preprocessing circuit 304. Depending on an implementation, some of the functions that are described above for the preprocessing circuit 304 may be implemented in the image processing unit 305, such as filtering out those sensing signals that seem to be too extreme. An extreme signal could happen from several sensing signals obtained from multiple areas, where one of the areas happens to be undesirable (e.g., dirt, scare, or discolored skin). The removal of an extreme signal among several sensing signals in a group may improve the accuracy of the readings on a body part.

[0052] A processing unit 306 is provided to perform some additional signal process and may be referred to as enhancer to enhance the signals per the control signal. In one example, readouts from several pixels are combined to enhance the sensitivity of the measurement around an area covered by these pixels. In another example, readouts from several pixels are accumulated to enhance or increase the signal-to-noise ratio for an area being sensed. According to one embodiment, a DC component is removed from the signals from the preprocessing circuit 304. FIG. 3B shows an example of a photoplethysmographic (PPG) waveform. A PPG waveform can be captured by a portion of the sensor 302, hence several PPG waveforms may be generated from the sensor 302. A PPG waveform includes both direct current (DC) and alternating current (AC) components. The DC component of the PPG waveform corresponds to a detected transmitted or reflected optical signal from a part of tissue, and depends on the structure of the tissue and the average blood volume of both arterial and venous blood. The AC component shows changes in the blood volume that occurs between the systolic and diastolic phases of the cardiac cycle. In other words, the fundamental frequency of the AC component depends on the heart rate and is superimposed onto the DC component. In one embodiment, the processing unit 306 is designed to remove the DC component from the PPG waveform, and output only the AC component.

[0053] It should be noted that preprocessing circuit 304, image processing unit 305 and data processing unit 306 are not necessarily separate circuits. Depending on an implementation, they can be implemented in one or more ICs. The processed signals are then digitized at 307 and the data from the digitizer 307 is then sent to a different processor 308 or 309 to derive a specific measurement.

[0054] Not specifically shown in FIG. 3A but indicated in FIG. 2A, there are LEDs 204 that are designed and controlled to work with the sensor of FIG. 3A. According to one embodiment, the color of the LED lights is selectable, for example either blue, green, red or infrared (IR) or else. In general, body parts do not absorb IR light well, therefore it can penetrate 10 deeper than other colored lights (e.g., blue or green LEDs). Blood absorbs more light than the surrounding tissue. Therefore, a reduction in the amount of blood is detected as an increase in the intensity of the detected light and vice versa. The wavelength and distance between the light source and photo detector (PD) determine the penetration depth of the light. In one embodiment, two or more different colored lights are used. For example, the light source 204 of FIG. 2A is controlled to generate two different colored lights, red and near inferred red (NIR). Red light source can reflect more concentration of deoxygenated hemoglobin [C(Hb)] whereas NIR light source can reflect more concentration of oxygenated hemoglobin [C(HbO.sub.2)] on the blood. By used two different colors of the light source, the blood oximeter may be more effectively detected and measured.

[0055] According to one embodiment, a sensing element is implemented as an active-pixel sensor (APS). As shown in FIG. 3C, an APS pixel is an integrated circuit including a pixel element 310 and an active amplifier 312, followed by a readout circuit 314. The pixel element 310 further includes a photodiode 316 that is controlled to be turned on or off. The amplifier 312 is an amplifier provided to amplify the signal produced by the photodiode 316. As an example shown in FIG. 3C, the amplifier 312 is implemented with what is called unity gain buffer amplifier (UGBA). As the name suggests, the amplifier is one that provides electrical impedance transformation from one circuit to another, with the aim of preventing a signal source from being affected by whatever currents or voltages that the load may produce. The readout circuit 314 in FIG. 3C uses an exemplary readout circuit provided to read out the charge accumulated in proportional to the intensity of the light impinged on the diode 316. As an example, the readout circuit 314 is implemented with correlated double sampling (CDS) circuitry to read out the sensing signal from the pixel 310. Another amplifier (not shown) may also be added as a charge integrator to produce a final sensing signal to be coupled for digitization.

[0056] The correlated double sampling, or CDS, circuitry is a method employed to improve the signal to noise ratio (S/N) of an image sensor by reading out the pixel 310 twice. The first readout happens right after the exposure of the sensor to a scene. The second readout happens without the sensor is exposed to the scene but soon after the first readout has successfully occurred. Accordingly, the first readout is herein referred to as actual light-induced signal while the second readout is referred to as a reference signal. The reference signal is largely coming from internal dark or reference output level in the pixel. By subtracting the reference output signal from the actual light-induced signal, static fixed pattern noise (FPN) and several types of temporal noise are effectively removed from the output of the sensor. In operation, the first readout of the signal from the photo detector 316 is stored on a capacitor 318 and the second readout the signal from the photo detector 316 is stored on a capacitor 320. The final readout of the signal is the difference between the signals on the capacitors 318 and 320. Depending on an implementation, the APS pixel can be selected to capture what is being focused on (e.g., a point of a finger) or read out the final charge. When used in a group to capture biological changes in an area of a body part, final charges from a group of ADS pixels can be read out and further processed in a pre-processing circuit 304 of FIG. 3A.

[0057] FIG. 3D shows an exemplary integrator to integrate n charges from n pixels. The n charges are respectively stored in n capacitors Ch1, Ch2, . . . , Chn of the n pixels. The total charges Qt can be expressed in the following: in sampling mode:

[00001]$\mathrm{Qt}=Q.Math..Math.1+Q.Math..Math.2+\mathrm{.Math.}+\mathrm{Qn}=\left(V.Math..Math.1-\mathrm{Vr}\right)\mathrm{Ch}.Math..Math.1+\left(V.Math..Math.2-\mathrm{Vr}\right)\mathrm{Ch}.Math..Math.2+\mathrm{.Math.}+\left(\mathrm{Vn}-\mathrm{Vr}\right)\mathrm{Chn}$

in readout mode: the charges are transferred to Cf, thus

Qf=(VrVo)Cf

In one embodiment, Qf=Qt, the output Vo is expressed as follows:

Vo=[(V1Vr)Ch1+(V2Vr)Ch2+ . . . +(VnVr)Chn]/Cf+Vr

It is supposed that V1=V2= . . . =Vn=Vi, and Ch1=Ch2= . . . =Chn=Ch, the output Vo can be rewritten as follows:

Vo=nCh/Cf(ViVr)+Vr

Thus it can be concluded that the signal of a sensor area with n pixels is read out with gain of nCh/Cf, where n is the number of the inputs to the CDS.

[0058] Referring now to FIG. 3E, it shows a flow chart or process 350 to measure the biometrics data (e.g., heart rate, . . . ) that may be implemented in hardware or a combination of hardware or software. FIGS. 2A-3D may be referenced to better understand FIG. 3E according to one embodiment.

[0059] At 352, sensing signals from an array of MN are collected. As described above, a sensor is used to sense a plurality of areas of a body part, several sensing elements are combined to form a large size of a sensing area so as to form a MN of array 354 (less resolution than the array of MN). This process will reduce the noise and increase the SNR to biometrics measurement. Accordingly, the received signals are elected per the predefined areas. It is assumed that a group of 49 (e.g., 77) pixels is designated to sense an area, sensing signals from these 49 pixels will be selected and added up, as if there was one captured signal from the area. The signal was captured for a period of time, hence a waveform. It is further assumed that the signal was captured for measuring a heart rate at 356, where the waveform is a PPG. At 358, the DC component is removed.

[0060] The selected sensing signals are digitized at 360 to generate a set of or sets of data. The data can now be processed in digital or by a dedicated module being executed by a processor at 364. The result of the data processing at 364 is shown to a display screen at 366, were the user sees the result right after the measurements were took.

[0061] Referring now to FIG. 4A, it shows an exemplary placement of a sensor (e.g., the sensor 200 of FIG. 2A) in a portable device, such as a smart phone, a tablet, or a laptop computer. One of the features in the embodiment of FIG. 4A is the use of an optical light guide to direct the reflected object image onto the sensing elements. According to one embodiment, the sensor 402 is placed under a display screen 404, where the display screen 404 has considerable transparency, allowing sufficient light to pass through. Examples of such display screen may include, but not limited to, an OLED or micro LED display. When a body part 406 is placed against the screen 404 and illuminated by a light source (not shown), a light guide 408 is provided to focus the reflected light from the body part 406 to the sensor 402. The activated sensing elements in the sensor 402 generate analog signals 410 that are then digitized to produce digital signals or data 412 for deriving there from a measurement.

[0062] FIG. 4B shows an enlarged view of the light guide 408 that includes layers of materials (e.g., sheets or films) providing slanted inward optical passages. FIG. 4C shows one exemplary perforated sheet 416, where the holes are made equal or slightly changed in diameters. According to one embodiment, these holes are not physically hollow and may be just transparent for easy alignment or placement among other sheets. In other words, each of perforated sheets has its own center positions and diameter of the holes. The centers and diameters of the holes on all the sheets are so aligned that the resulting passages formed by the holes are inwardly slanted when these sheets are stacked as shown in FIG. 4B. According to one embodiment, these sheets are made from films, where the holes are formed by the opaque (or black) printed on the films.

[0063] It may be appreciated to those skilled in the art that the slanted inward passages represent the optical characteristics of a focal lens or a set of focal lenses. These slanted inward passages allow reflected lights from an object placed upon the glass 404 to fall on the sensors 402 mounted under the light guide 408. As a comparison, FIG. 4D shows a light guide with straight passages. The lights (reflected) from an object would hit on the walls of the passages, which can cause a reduction of the incoming light intensity. With the slanted inward passages, the total internal reflection may be induced to allow the incoming light to fully pass through onto the sensors. Total internal reflection is well known in the art that a phenomenon happens when a propagating wave strikes a medium boundary at an angle larger than a particular critical angle with respect to the normal to the surface. The critical angle is the angle of incidence above which the total internal reflectance occurs.

[0064] FIG. 5A shows a simplified cross-section 500 of what is referred to herein as a placement under display. This exemplary placement works perfect with a display screen 506 that is substantially transparent at an operation. For example, an OLED screen, though not completely transparent, allows most of the light to pass through when it is not driven to display a bright colorful image. One of the advantages of placing a package including the light guide 504 and the sensor 502 under the display screen 506 is that it is operationally feasible for a smart phone manufacturer to equip their smart phones with the capability of providing the POC Testing, along with an application preinstalled or downloadable from a designated server (e.g., Apple Store).

[0065] There are display screens that won't allow lights to pass through, the package including the light guide 504 has to be placed or exposed to surface of a portable. FIG. 5B shows an exemplary smart phone in which the package is disposed on the back of the smart phone. FIG. 5C shows other possible locations of the package.

[0066] FIG. 6A shows a functional block diagram of a portable device equipped with one embodiment of the present invention. The portable device includes a microprocessor or microcontroller 602, a memory space 604 (e.g., RAM or flash memory) in which there is a sensor module 606 for acquiring biological signals, an input interface 608, an application module 609, a screen driver 610 to drive a display screen 612 and a network interface 614. The client module 606 may be implemented as an application implementing one embodiment of the present invention, and downloadable over a network from a library (e.g., Apple Store) or a designated server.

[0067] The input interface 608 includes one or more input mechanisms. A user may use an input mechanism to interact with the device 600 by entering a command to the microcontroller 602. Examples of the input mechanisms include a microphone or mic to receive an audio command and a keyboard (e.g., a displayed soft keyboard) to receive a click or texture command. Another example of an input mechanism is a camera provided to capture a photo or video, where the data for the photo or video is stored in the device for immediate or subsequent use with other module(s) or application(s). The driver 610, coupled to the microcontroller 602, is provided to take instructions there from to drive the display screen 612. In one embodiment, the driver 610 is caused to drive the display screen 612 to display an image or images (e.g., an ad banner) or play back a video (e.g., an ad video). The network interface 614 is provided to allow the device 600 to communicate with other devices via a designated medium (e.g., a data network).

[0068] According to one implementation, the client module 606 is loaded in the memory 604 and executed by the controller 602 to receive. The client module 606 is designed to cause the display screen 612 to display an interface to receive some input (e.g., name, age or gender). The client module 606 is also designed to acquire other information automatically from the device 600, for example, the time, location, or temperature. In one embodiment, a display is shown to allow a user to choose what to measure (a selection), for example, a heart rate, a blood pressure, a blood flow, blood oximeter or other biological measurement. When a selection is made, the display shows an instruction how and where to have the sensor 609 in close contact with a body part, for example, a finger. Once all is ready, the client module 606 initiates the measurement via the microcontroller 602.

[0069] As described above, the sensing signals are generated, read out, preprocessed and digitized in accordance with the selection in one embodiment. The client module 606 deals now with sensing data or simply data. Algorithms for deriving corresponding logical measurements are implemented in the client module 606. Per the selection, one of the algorithms is activated to receive the data. The data is further selected from a set of predefined pixels corresponding to respective areas of a body part. The selected data is used with the activated algorithm to derive the logical measurement. In one embodiment, the measurement may be repeated with different sets of data corresponding to different areas of the body part, when the measurement derived is way off from a previous measurement. The final result is shown on the screen 612 and sent to a designated part with the permission of the user. FIG. 6B shows an exemplary display, where an indication of measurements on multiple areas of a finger is also shown.

[0070] The present invention has been described in sufficient detail with a certain degree of particularity. It is understood to those skilled in the art that the present disclosure of embodiments has been made by way of examples only and that numerous changes in the arrangement and combination of parts may be resorted without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention as claimed. While the embodiments discussed herein may appear to include some limitations as to the presentation of the information units, in terms of the format and arrangement, the invention has applicability well beyond such embodiment, which can be appreciated by those skilled in the art.

[0071] Modifications, additions, or omissions may be made to the systems, apparatuses, and methods described herein without departing from the scope of the disclosure. For example, the components of the systems and apparatuses may be integrated or separated. Moreover, the operations of the systems and apparatuses disclosed herein may be performed by more, fewer, or other components and the methods described may include more, fewer, or other steps. Additionally, steps may be performed in any suitable order. As used in this document, each refers to each member of a set or each member of a subset of a set. Accordingly, the scope of the present invention is defined by the appended claims rather than the forgoing description of embodiments.

[0072] To aid the Patent Office and any readers of any patent issued on this application in interpreting the claims appended hereto, applicants wish to note that they do not intend any of the appended claims or claim elements to invoke 35 U.S.C. 112(f) unless the words means for or step for are explicitly used in the particular claim.