Wireline Optical Fiber Sensing

Abstract

The high sensitivity provided by an enhanced DAS system comprising a DAS interrogator and a high reflectivity fiber allows for the deployment of such a high reflectivity fiber as part of a wireline intervention cable which can be temporarily lowered into a well, thus avoiding the need to permanently cement such a high reflectivity optical fiber cable into the well. Instead, such a wireline cable incorporating the high reflectivity optical fiber has been found to be sensitive enough to detect micro-seismic activity and low frequency strain with many more measurement points and channels than conventional wireline deployed geophones and tiltmeters. Additionally, the cable requires no clamping and can be easily and quickly removed from one well and placed in another well.

Claims

1. An optical fiber distributed sensor system, comprising: an optical source arranged in use to produce optical signal pulses; an optical fiber deployable in use in an environment to be sensed and arranged in use to receive the optical signal pulses; and sensing apparatus arranged in use to detect light from the optical signal pulses reflected or backscattered back along the optical fiber and to determine any one or more of an acoustic, vibration, temperature or other parameter that perturbs the path length of the optical fiber in dependence on the reflected light; the system being characterized in that the optical fiber is encased in a wireline cable or a slickline cable for deployment downhole.

2. A system according to claim 1, wherein the optical fiber is adapted so as to have higher reflectivity along its length to the optical signal pulses than conventional optical fiber

3. A system according to claim 2, wherein the optical fiber comprises a plurality of reflector portions distributed along its length in at least a first sensing region thereof to thereby provide the higher reflectivity.

4. A system according to claim 3, wherein the reflectivity of the reflector portions is: i) inversely dependent on the number of reflector portions in the at least first sensing region; and ii) non-inversely dependent on a selected amount of crosstalk between the reflector portions in the at least first sensing region.

5. A system according to claim 2, wherein the optical fiber has a higher backscatter coefficient than conventional optical fiber.

6. A system according to claim 1, wherein the optical fiber is conventional single mode or multimode fiber with conventional reflection or backscatter characteristics.

7. A system according to claim 1, wherein the sensing apparatus further comprises a means for processing the reflected or backscattered light to measure the relative phase, frequency and amplitude of the received light from along the length of the optical fiber to detect the acoustic perturbations, wherein in use the relative phase, frequency and amplitude measurements taken from along the length of the optical fiber are synchronized to enhance signal sensitivity.

8. A system according to claim 7, wherein the sensing apparatus further comprises an interferometer arranged in use to receive backscattered and/or reflected light from along the sensing optical fiber, the interferometer comprising at least two optical paths with a path length difference therebetween, the backscattered and/or reflected light interfering in the interferometer to produce interference components, and wherein the means for processing comprises plural photodetectors to measure the interference components, and a processor arranged to determine optical phase angle data therefrom.

9. A system according to claim 1, wherein the wireline cable or slickline cable is heavier than any liquid encountered downhole such that in use the cable sinks through any such liquid until it reaches a solid support surface.

10. A system according to claim 9, wherein the solid support surface is the bottom of steel casing that is cemented in a lateral oil or gas well.

11. A wireline cable having encased therein an optical fiber adapted so as to reflect or backscatter any optical pulses travelling therealong to a greater extent than conventional optical fiber.

12. A cable according to claim 11, wherein the optical fiber comprises a plurality of reflector portions distributed along its length in at least a first sensing region thereof.

13. A cable according to claim 12, wherein the reflectivity of the reflector portions is: i) inversely dependent on the number of reflector portions in the at least first sensing region; and ii) non-inversely dependent on a selected amount of crosstalk between the reflector portions in the at least first sensing region.

14. A cable according to claim 11, wherein the optical fiber has a higher backscatter coefficient than conventional optical fiber.

15. A cable according to claim 11, wherein the cable is heavier than any liquid encountered downhole such that in use the cable sinks through any such liquid until it reaches a solid support surface.

16. A cable according to claim 15, wherein the solid support surface is the bottom of steel casing that is cemented in a lateral oil or gas well.

17. A cable according to claim 12, wherein a product of the number of reflector portions and the average reflectivity of the reflector portions is 0.1 or less.

18. A cable according to claim 11, the cable being so arranged that in use it is capable of being either pumped or tractored into a lateral section of an oil or gas well.

19. An optical fiber distributed sensor system according to claim 1, wherein the system is an optical fiber distributed acoustic sensor system arranged to sense acoustic signals incident upon the cable.

20. An optical fiber distributed sensor system according to claim 3, wherein a product of the number of reflector portions and the average reflectivity of the reflector portions is 0.1 or less.

21. A method of downhole acoustic surveying, comprising: deploying a wireline or slickline cable containing an optical fiber downhole into a well; connecting the surface end of the optical fiber to a distributed acoustic sensor interrogator; operating the interrogator to send optical pulses along the optical fiber and measuring the optical reflections and/or backscatter received from along the length of the optical fiber; after the interrogator operation, disconnecting the surface end of the optical fiber from the interrogator and retrieving the cable from within the well.

22. A method according to claim 21, and further comprising processing the optical reflection and backscatter to determine properties of any acoustic signals incident on the cable along its length.

23. A method according to claim 22, and further comprising processing the determined properties of any acoustic signals to determine properties of any microseismic, low frequency strain and/or drilling induced vibrations present in the vicinity of the well.

24. A method according to claim 21, and further comprising moving location to another well, and repeating the steps of the method at that other well.

25. A method according to claim 21, wherein the optical fiber is adapted so as to have higher reflectivity along its length to optical signal pulses travelling therealong than conventional optical fiber.

26. A method according to claim 25, wherein the high reflectivity optical fiber comprises a plurality of reflector portions distributed along its length in at least a first sensing region thereof.

27. A method according to claim 21, wherein operating the interrogator further comprises processing the measured optical reflections and/or backscatter received from along the length of the optical fiber to measure the relative phase, frequency and amplitude of the received light from along the length of the optical fiber to detect acoustic perturbations, wherein in use the relative phase, frequency and amplitude measurements taken from along the length of the optical fiber are synchronized to enhance signal sensitivity.

28. A method according to claim 21, and further comprising deploying respective cables containing optical fiber into multiple wells in the same field, connecting the respective cables to respective DAS interrogators, and operating the DAS interrogators simultaneously to obtain DAS data from multiple wells simultaneously.

29. A method according to claim 28, and further comprising processing the DAS data from the multiple wells to obtain data indicative of cross-well strain.

30. A method according to claim 29, wherein at least one of the optical fibers in at least one of the wells is permanently deployed in the at least one well, and at least one of the other optical fibers deployed in another of the wells is retrievable from the another well.

31. A method according to claim 22, and further comprising processing the determined properties of any acoustic signals to determine any one or more of: i) a poroelastic effect within the rock surrounding the well; ii) a hydraulic fracturing pump start and/or stop time; iii) rock fractures opening around or in the well during hydraulic fracturing operations; iv) rock fractures closing around or in the well after hydraulic fracturing operations have ceased.

Description

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0020] The drawings described herein are for illustrative purposes only of selected configurations and not all possible implementations, and are not intended to limit the scope of the present disclosure. Like reference numerals refer to like parts.

[0021] FIG. 1 is a block diagram of an optical fiber provided with reflector portions in a sensing region thereof;

[0022] FIG. 2 is a diagram illustrating the broadband reflectance of the reflector portions;

[0023] FIG. 3 is a diagram with further details of the reflector portions in the optical fiber;

[0024] FIG. 4 is diagram illustrating the deployment of a wireline cable incorporating a high reflectivity optical fiber such as those shown in FIG. 1 or 3;

[0025] FIG. 5 is an example cross-section of a wireline cable incorporating a high reflectivity optical fiber such as those shown in FIG. 1 or 3;

[0026] FIG. 6 is a picture showing how the cable described herein may be used in multiple wells in the same field;

[0027] FIG. 7 is a diagram showing how cross well strain may be measured between multiple wells; and

[0028] FIG. 8 is plot of acoustic energy measured at different depths along a well versus time, as measured by a DAS system described herein using the disclosed cable.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

[0029] Example configurations will now be described more fully with reference to the accompanying drawings. Example configurations are provided so that this disclosure will be thorough, and will fully convey the scope of the disclosure to those of ordinary skill in the art. Specific details are set forth such as examples of specific components, devices, and methods, to provide a thorough understanding of configurations of the present disclosure. It will be apparent to those of ordinary skill in the art that specific details need not be employed, that example configurations may be embodied in many different forms, and that the specific details and the example configurations should not be construed to limit the scope of the disclosure.

Overview of Embodiments

[0030] Embodiments of the invention provide an optical fiber distributed sensor, and in some embodiments an optical fiber distributed acoustic sensor that improves on the Silixa iDAS system described in WO2016/142695 (the entire contents of which necessary for understanding the invention being incorporated herein by reference) by deploying the system in a wireline arrangement for temporary deployment downhole. In particular, a wireline cable is provided that incorporates a high reflectivity optical fiber, and in particular an optical fiber having weak reflectors embedded therein, as described in WO 2016/142695. In alternative embodiments, however different high reflectivity fiber may be used which is specially designed to have a high backscatter coefficient; such fibers are commercially available from companies such as Coming Inc. Embodiments of the invention are therefore not limited to the weak reflector fiber described in WO2016/142695, and fiber that provides higher backscatter than usual can also be used.

[0031] In further embodiments it has also been observed that using the DAS system described in WO2016/142695, and also in our earlier application WO2010/136810, with conventional fiber (which may be single mode or multimode, and which need not have any increased reflection or backscatter characteristics), embedded within a wireline cable has permitted wellbore surveying including cross-well strain and microseismic surveying. Therefore, in other embodiments of the invention a high reflectivity cable need not always be used, and good results may in some circumstances be obtained from existing conventional optical fiber cables that may already be provided in a wireline for some other reason, e.g. downhole communications or downhole tool control.

[0032] The wireline cable is deployed downhole in a conventional manner, but is arranged so as to be heavy enough, for example by the provision of acoustically conducting armor surrounding the wire, that when it lies in a horizontal section of well it lies under the force of gravity against the bottom of the well casing or tubing (if installed), and hence is acoustically connected by the well casing to the surrounding rock strata. This allows for good acoustic conductivity and hence sensitivity of the DAS system which is connected to the cable. A near-vertical section of a well may also be monitored by the wireline cable provided there is a sufficient deviation (e.g. typically >5 degrees) from the vertical to permit the cable to lie against the well casing or tubing (if installed) under the force of gravity.

[0033] Once in place, the DAS system can then detect, via the optical fiber in the wireline cable, microseismic activity and low frequency strain with many more measurement points and channels than conventional wireline deployed geophones and tiltmeters. In addition the DAS system with the wireline cable can be used to conduct vertical seismic profiles.

[0034] One of the big advantages of the use of the DAS system with a wireline cable is that once the DAS measurements and surveys have been undertaken, the wireline cable can be removed from the well, and deployed for use in another well later, wherever required. Whilst this is of course an advantage of most wireline tooling, previously this advantage had not been obtained with the specialist high reflectivity optical fiber used to increase the SNR with an optical fiber DAS, as usually the fiber was cemented in place. However, being able to re-use an optical fiber cable provided with the specialist high reflectivity optical fiber will save cost and help to reduce overall the cost of DAS operations, particularly when compared to conventional wireline acoustic surveying tools.

[0035] Although reference is made to a wireline cable it should be understood that any means of conveyancing an optical fiber into a wellbore that allows the optical fiber to maintain sufficient acoustic coupling with the wall of the wellbore will also enable the detection of microseismic activity and low frequency strain. Alternative means of conveying a an optical fiber into a well include slickline cable and carbon fiber rods. That is, in other embodiments the optical fiber can be incorporated into a slickline cable for well insertion, or into carbon fiber rods for well insertion.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF AN EMBODIMENT

[0036] FIG. 1 shows an example optical fiber for use with an optical fiber distributed sensing system, such as is already known in the art from WO2016/142695. Here, an optical fiber 1310 is provided with a plurality of reflector portions 1320 distributed along its length, with each reflector portion formed from a series of Fiber Bragg Gratings 1330, being gratings written into the fiber as it is manufactured. As shown in FIG. 2, each grating has a slightly different center reflectance wavelength, with the reflectance bandwidths of the individual gratings overlapping to provide a broadband reflector in total. The reflectance of each grating is relatively weak, such that thousands of reflectors may be placed along the fiber, ensuring that the sensor still has significant range.

[0037] FIG. 3 illustrates a variant on the base arrangement shown in FIGS. 1 and 2. Here three sensing portions 2510, 2520, and 2530 of fiber are provided, each provided with plural reflectors 1320. The sensing portions of fiber are dispersed at different longitudinal positions along the whole fiber, and are connected by transmission portions of fiber within which no reflectors are provided, and hence which are relatively low loss for carrying the optical pulses from sensing portion to sensing portion. In the arrangement of FIG. 25, however, each sensing portion 2510, 2520, and 2530 may have reflectors that reflect the same wavelengths of light, or alternatively may have reflectors that reflect different, substantially non-overlapping, wavelengths of light. That is, the reflectors in the first sensing portion 2510 may reflect light around a m, those of the second sensing portion 2520 reflect light around b m, and those of the third sensing portion 2530 reflect light around c m. At wavelengths that the reflectors don't reflect the incident light is transmitted by the reflectors with substantially no additional loss.

[0038] With such an arrangement where the different reflectors reflect different wavelengths of light the optical fiber distributed sensor system is able to provide spatial selectivity in terms of which set of reflectors at which spatial location it wants to receive reflections from (and thereby enable sensing at that location), by varying the wavelengths of the transmitted pulses to match the reflector wavelengths of the set of reflectors that are to be selected. Hence, varying the wavelengths provides the spatial selectivity of where the sensing system will sense, specifically which set of reflectors will provide reflections from which sensing can then be undertaken.

[0039] Additionally, because the non-selected reflectors do not reflect substantially at the wavelengths of the pulses being transmitted along the fiber for the selected set of reflectors, losses from unwanted reflections are kept to a minimum, and the sensor range is increased.

[0040] Moreover, and more generally, by not having reflectors all along the fiber the system can be selective as to where it senses, and only provide reflectors in those regions where sensing is required. In the present embodiment, as described next, that may be in those sections of fiber that lie in the horizontal section of well in the production zone. With such techniques the effective range of the sensor can be increased.

[0041] The fiber of FIG. 1 or 3 is incorporated within a wireline cable, such as the example shown in FIG. 5. A typical wireline cable 36 will have an outer sheath 42, encasing outer armor wires 44, which are armored wires which are helically wrapped around the cable along its length, and inner armor wires 46, which are also helically wrapped armored wires, usually with a different helical pitch and/or winding sense. Inside the armored layers will typically by an inner electrically insulating layer 48, of a suitable thickness to electrically insulate against any high voltages being carried by lines in the centre of the wireline. Any operating lines, such as tool communication and control lines, will then be in the centre of the wireline. In this example we show the high reflectivity optical fiber 50 used in embodiments of the present disclosure, but typically other control, communication, or downhole tool powerlines will also be present.

[0042] Due to the extensive armoring and insulation, the wireline is heavier than any liquids that would typically be found downhole, and hence will sink to the bottom surface of any horizontal sections of casing or tubing into which it is deployed, or any sections with a horizontal component of direction, and maintain contact with the inner surface thereof.

[0043] FIG. 4 shows the whole system in operation. Here an optical fiber distributed acoustic sensor system interrogator box, such as a Silixa iDAS system 32 configured as described in WO2016/142695 is provided inside a wireline deployment truck 30. The wireline deployment truck 30 has conventional wireline deployment apparatus which is able to deploy the wireline 36 containing the high reflectivity cable 50 into the well 34, and specifically into the horizontal production zone 38 of the well. As will be seen, the cable sits at the bottom of the well tubing or casing, in contact therewith (the small gap shown is for illustration purposes only so it is clear which is the cable and which the casing or tubing). The optical fiber DAS system then operates as described in WO2016/142695 to detect high spatial resolution (typically <1 m) and high bandwidth (typically up to 100 kHz) acoustic information from along the length of the production zone. In particular, any of microseismic, low frequency strain and drilling induced vibrations can be detected inside the wellbore using the wireline cable connected to the DAS.

[0044] Once all of the sensing that has been undertaken in the particular wellbore has been undertaken, then in common with known wireline sensor systems the wireline carrying the optical fiber cable can be retrieved from the wellbore, for deployment elsewhere. The cable would typically be disconnected from the DAS equipment, and wound back onto a cable reel, such that it can then be reused in the future in another wellbore.

[0045] In addition, and as noted previously, in another embodiment such a cable and DAS arrangement could be deployed into a drilled but uncompleted well whilst an adjacent well is being drilled and detect the variation in drilling induced vibrations that relate to differences in stress and brittleness of the formation along the long lateral section. In such a case the cable would then not lie inside the casing or tubing but instead inside the uncompleted well, but in other respects the details of the cable and the DAS system would remain the same as the earlier embodiment.

Co-Location of Microseismic Events

[0046] The high sensitivity wireline cable permits reservoir monitoring configurations that were previously prohibitively expensive. The installation of three or more permanently installed fiber optic cables for fracture monitoring would not have been considered as installing these cables requires additional downhole components, additional metal mass within the cable for example, to ensure the cable is not perforated during any fracking operations. The risk of loss of costly cables has been a barrier to the full DAS and DTS instrumentation of an unconventional reservoir.

[0047] Using two or more high sensitivity wireline cables as described herein in conjunction with the usual permanently installed cable in an observation well allows the colocation of microseismic events, by the simultaneous monitoring of the depth and distance of each microseismic event, on each permanent or wireline cable. Once the events have been detected standard geophysical processing techniques can be used to map the events across the reservoir or zone of monitoring. FIGS. 6 and 7 show further details.

[0048] More particularly, as shown in FIGS. 6 and 7, where multiple wells are available within a particular field, then the intervention cable described herein can be used in conjunction with permanently installed cable in one or more of the wells to allow cross well strain to be measured, as described below, and also to allow co-location of microseismic events. In this respect, our earlier patent application WO2012/168679 describes how acoustic sources such as micro-seismic events may be detected and localised from a single DAS enabled optical fiber cable. By using the same techniques independently on multiple cables installed or inserted into different wells in the same field then increased accuracy can be obtained by cross-correlating and/or cross-referencing the results from the individual cables.

Crosswell Strain

[0049] In addition to the ability to use multiple cables to locate and cross-reference microseismic events, because low frequency strain is measurable on the high sensitivity intervention cables described herein then the full fracture cycle can be monitored during fracking operations, including critical strain effects such as the the build up of tensional and compressional strain due to the poroelastic effects in the rock as fluid is pumped into the reservoir, followed by multiple frac events along the well, and the subsequent closing of fractures once pumping has ceased. FIG. 8 is a plot of acoustic energy from depth along the well (vertical axis) against time (horizontal axis), with higher intensity acoustic energy shown in red through to orange colours, medium intensity acoustic energy in yellow through to green and then cyan (in order of decreasing energy), and then lower acoustic energy shown in cyan to blue colours (in decreasing energy levels). As will be seen from FIG. 8, the increased sensitivity available from the acoustic cables described herein when used with a DAS as described allows for the various phases of a fracking operation to be clearly seen. Specifically, when the fracking pump is first started and fracking fluid is first pumped into the well under hydraulic pressure, the hydraulic pressure in the well rises, and the poroelastic effect of the surrounding rock strata can be seen as it absorbs the increased pressure. Once the hydraulic pressure is such that the rock strata begin to fracture then multiple fracturing hits can be seen as the rock fractures along the well and acoustic energy is released with each fracture. When the fracking pump is stopped and the hydraulic pressure begins to subside, further acoustic energy is generated as the various fractures that were opened then close again, although as will be seen the acoustic energy of the fractures closing is less than the acoustic energy generated by the initial fractures generated when the pump is on.

[0050] Being able to actually see the formation of individual fractures in this manner, allows oil well engineers to measure or estimate the effectiveness of hydraulic fracturing operations more effectively.

[0051] Various modifications, whether by way of addition, deletion, or substitution may be made to above mentioned embodiments to provide further embodiments, any and all of which are intended to be encompassed by the appended claims.