AGRICULTURAL RESIDUE DEPOSITING APPARATUS AND METHOD

Abstract

An agricultural residue depositing apparatus includes a human-controllable mobile vehicle that is capable of generating agricultural residue and depositing it on a ground surface over which the mobile vehicle is moveable. The vehicle includes an interface device that is capable of generating one or more output that is interpretable by a human operator. The apparatus include sensors of agricultural residue deposited by the mobile vehicle and processors to which the sensors are operatively connected. The processors are additionally operatively connected to the interface device such that the interface device generates one or more outputs, based on one or more signals generated by the one or more sensors, of or relating to agricultural residue deposited by the mobile vehicle. The processors are capable of adding human-interpretable augmentation to the outputs indicating one or more parameters of or relating to the deposition of residue.

Claims

1. An agricultural residue depositing apparatus comprising: a mobile harvesting machine that is capable of generating agricultural residue and depositing it on a ground surface over which the mobile harvesting machine is moveable; one or more sensors for sensing agricultural residue deposited or being deposited by the mobile harvesting machine; and one or more processors to which the one or more sensors are operatively connected, the one or more processors additionally being operatively connected to the interface device such that the interface device generates one or more outputs, based on one or more signals generated by the one or more sensors, of or relating to agricultural residue deposited by the mobile harvesting machine; wherein the one or more processors are configured to add human-interpretable augmentation to one or more of said outputs indicating one or more parameters of or relating to the deposition of residue.

2. The agricultural residue depositing apparatus according to claim 1 wherein the interface device is or includes a visual display that is visible to a human operator and that displays one or more images of or relating to agricultural residue deposited by the mobile harvesting machine.

3. The agricultural residue depositing apparatus according to claim 2 wherein the one or more images includes one or more images of or representing the mobile harvesting machine, the one or more images being variable in dependence on one or more variable parameters of or pertaining to the mobile harvesting machine.

4. The agricultural residue depositing apparatus according to claim 3 including one or more parameter input devices that is/are capable of generating one or more signals indicative of a value of one or more variable parameters of or pertaining to the mobile harvesting machine.

5. The agricultural residue depositing apparatus according to claim 2, wherein the augmentation added to one or more said outputs is or includes one or more of: one or more lines overlain on the visual display; one or more symbols overlain on the visual display; one or more words overlain on the visual display; shading of part or all of the visual display; occlusion of part or all of the visual display; patterning of part or all of the visual display; brightening or intensifying of part or all of the visual display; and colouring of part or all of the visual display.

6. The agricultural residue depositing apparatus according to claim 2, wherein the one or more images is or includes one or more of a video image, a mimic/simulation, an animation, a hybrid video-mimic/simulation, a hybrid video-animation, a hybrid mimic/simulation-animation and a static image.

7. The agricultural residue depositing apparatus according to claim 5 wherein, when augmentation includes one or more lines overlain on the visual display, the lines are such as to guide the deposition of residue resulting from control of the mobile harvesting machine by a human.

8. The agricultural residue depositing apparatus according to claim 7, wherein the one or more lines indicate one or more of: one or more edges of an area and/or swath of deposited residue; one or more height parameters of an area and/or swath of deposited residue; one or more cross-section of an area and/or swath of deposited residue; one or more field boundary; one or more boundary of a region of unmown crop; one or more headland; one or more obstacle on the ground surface; one or more regions in which residue coverage is less or greater than desired; the strength and/or direction of prevailing wind; and the influence of a field slope on the deposition of residue.

9. The agricultural residue depositing apparatus according to claim 1, the apparatus further including an operator's cab, wherein the interface device is within or supported by the operator's cab; and wherein the operator's cab includes one or more controls that are operatively connected to permit a human to modify one or more adjustable parameters of or relating to the deposition of residue based on one or more of the outputs of the interface device.

10. The agricultural residue depositing apparatus according to claim 9, wherein the one or more adjustable parameters of or relating to the deposition of residue is or includes one or more of the speed of ejection of residue from the mobile harvesting machine; the trajectory angle of ejection of the residue from the mobile harvesting machine; the height from which the residue is ejected from the mobile harvesting machine; the speed of the mobile harvesting machine; and a direction of travel of the mobile harvesting machine.

11. The agricultural residue depositing apparatus according to claim 9, wherein the mobile harvesting machine includes one or more adjustable cutters for comminuting the residue and wherein the one or more controls permits varying of the degree of comminution of the residue by adjusting the cutter.

12. The agricultural residue depositing apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the one or more sensors includes one or more sensors supported by the mobile harvesting machine and/or one or more sensors supported by a further machine.

13. The agricultural residue depositing apparatus according to claim 12, wherein the further machine is a mobile, ground-supported vehicle and/or an airborne vehicle.

14. In an agricultural residue depositing apparatus comprising: (a) a mobile harvesting machine that is capable of generating agricultural residue and depositing it on a ground surface over which the mobile harvesting machine is moveable; (b) one or more sensors for sensing agricultural residue deposited or being deposited by the mobile harvesting machine; and (c) one or more processors to which the one or more sensors are operatively connected, the one or more processors additionally being operatively connected to the interface device such that the interface device generates one or more outputs, based on one or more signals generated by the one or more sensors, of or relating to agricultural residue deposited by the mobile harvesting machine, wherein the one or more processors are configured to add human-interpretable augmentation to one or more of said outputs indicating one or more parameters of or relating to the deposition of residue, a method of depositing agricultural residue comprising the steps of: causing the mobile harvesting machine to move on a ground surface while depositing agricultural residue on the ground surface, and adjusting the deposition in accordance with control commands input to the mobile harvesting machine by a human based on comprehension of the one or more outputs of the interface device by the human, wherein the one or more outputs are augmented in one or more human-interpretable ways based on the one or more signals, of or relating to the agricultural residue deposited by the mobile harvesting machine, generated by the one or more sensors.

15. In an agricultural residue depositing apparatus comprising: (a) a mobile harvesting machine that is capable of generating agricultural residue and depositing it on a ground surface over which the mobile harvesting machine is moveable; (b) one or more sensors for sensing agricultural residue deposited or being deposited by the mobile harvesting machine; and (c) one or more processors to which the one or more sensors are operatively connected, the one or more processors additionally being operatively connected to the interface device such that the interface device generates one or more outputs, based on one or more signals generated by the one or more sensors, of or relating to agricultural residue deposited by the mobile harvesting machine, wherein the one or more processors are configured to add human-interpretable augmentation to one or more of said outputs indicating one or more parameters of or relating to the deposition of residue, a method of depositing agricultural residue comprising the steps of: causing the mobile harvesting machine to move on a ground surface while depositing agricultural residue on the ground surface, and adjusting the deposition in accordance with control commands generated by the one or more processors in dependence on the one or more outputs of the one or more sensors, the one or more outputs of the interface device being augmented in one or more human-interpretable ways based on the one or more signals.

16. The method according to claim 15 including supporting one or more said sensors on the mobile harvesting machine and/or on a further vehicle that is moveable independently of the mobile harvesting machine.

17. The method according to claim 15 wherein the interface device is or includes a visual display that is visible to a human operator and that displays one or more images of or relating to the agricultural residue deposited by the mobile harvesting machine; and the method includes augmenting the one or more outputs by including one or more lines overlain on the visual display; including one or more symbols overlain on the visual display; including one or more words overlain on the visual display; shading of part or all of the visual display; occlusion of part or all of the visual display; patterning of part or all of the visual display; brightening or intensifying of part or all of the visual display; or colouring of part or all of the visual display.

18. The method according to claim 17, wherein when augmentation includes one or more lines overlain on the visual display, the method includes using the lines to guide the deposition of residue resulting from control of the mobile harvesting machine by a human.

19. The method according to claim 18, wherein the one or more lines indicate one or more of: one or more edges of an area and/or swath of deposited residue; one or more height parameters of an area and/or swath of deposited residue; one or more cross-section of an area and/or swath of deposited residue; one or more field boundary; one or more boundary of a region of unharvested crop; one or more headland; one or more obstacles on the ground surface; one or more regions in which residue coverage is less or greater than desired; a strength and/or direction of prevailing wind; and an influence of a field slope on the deposition of residue.

20. The method according to claim 15 further comprising adjusting one or more parameters of deposition of residue in dependence on the control commands, the one or more parameters being or including one or more of a speed of ejection of residue from the mobile harvesting machine; a trajectory angle of ejection of the residue from the mobile harvesting machine; a height from which the residue is ejected from the mobile harvesting machine; a speed of the mobile harvesting machine; and a direction of travel of the mobile harvesting machine.

21. The method according to claim 15, wherein the mobile harvesting machine includes one or more adjustable cutters for comminuting the residue, and wherein the method includes varying of a degree of comminution of the residue by adjusting the cutter.

22. The method according to claim 15 further comprising the step of carrying out at least first and second residue-spreading passes along a field or part of a field and, in a pass other than the first pass, causing residue spreading so as to compensate, based on the augmentation of the one or more outputs, for deficient spreading of residue in the first pass.

23. The method according to claim 22 further comprising operating an algorithm to determine one or more parameters of spreading so as to compensate for deficient spreading of residue in the first pass.

Description

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF DRAWING FIGURES

[0067] There now follows a description of a preferred embodiment of the invention, by way of non-limiting example only, with reference being made to the accompanying drawings in which:

[0068] FIGS. 1 and 2 are schematic, plan views from above of a mobile harvesting machine in the form of a combine harvester moving in a field and illustrating (FIG. 1) one form of residue spreading that may be regarded as optimal; and (FIG. 2) a form of spreading that may be regarded as sub-optimal by reason of incomplete coverage of residue on the ground surface of the field;

[0069] FIG. 3 shows agricultural residue depositing apparatus in accordance with an embodiment of the disclosure hereof;

[0070] FIG. 4 shows in schematic form an exemplary output of an interface device that is augmented in accordance with a first, relatively simple, residue deposition method using agricultural residue spreading apparatus in accordance with the disclosure hereof and in accordance with a method also in accordance with the disclosure hereof;

[0071] FIG. 5 is a similar view to FIG. 4 and shows a modified mode of residue spreading in which the spread residue is laterally offset in order to avoid contamination of unharvested crop;

[0072] FIG. 6 is a similar view to FIG. 5 and shows a modified mode of residue spreading in accordance with the disclosure hereof and in which the spread residue is laterally offset in order to avoid both contamination of unharvested crop and spreading of residue beyond a field boundary as exemplified by a roadway;

[0073] FIG. 7 shows in plan view a further operational residue spreading mode in accordance with the disclosure hereof and in which wind-caused under-spreading of residue in a first harvesting/spreading pass is compensated for in a second pass which may be undertaken by a second mobile harvesting machine or by one and the same mobile harvesting machine performing successive passes;

[0074] FIG. 8 shows one example of the output of an interface device in accordance with the disclosure hereof and in which under-spreading as shown in FIG. 7 is being corrected for;

[0075] FIG. 9 shows another example of such an output including a residue spreading line profile simulation; and

[0076] FIG. 10 shows a further example of a residue spreading mode in which residue deposition onto a tractor moving near a harvesting machine is avoided and subsequently compensated for.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

[0077] In the following the terms “mobile vehicle” and “mobile harvesting machine” are used essentially synonymously.

[0078] Referring to the drawings FIGS. 1 and 2 as noted are schematic plan views from above of agricultural residue depositing apparatus including a mobile vehicle in the form of a combine harvester 10. FIGS. 1 and 2 illustrate some of the problems that can arise during the spreading of field residue during harvesting operations.

[0079] The combine harvester 10 is illustrated in the process of harvesting a field (a small part of which is shown) and, as a consequence of harvesting operations, depositing field residue. The combine harvester 10 moves under power provided by per se known engine, driveline and ground-engaging element components in usually straight lines along a field (although non-straight lines, occasioned by field characteristics or chosen by an operator or control system, are not excluded). The field residue is deposited behind the combine harvester 10, as it travels, as a result of operation of a spreader that typically would adopt the dual-impeller design outlined above, or an alternative design.

[0080] In FIG. 1 the combine harvester 10 has completed a first pass in the direction A along the field and is in the process of completing a second pass in the opposite direction B. The deposited residue R is darkly shaded in FIG. 1 and occupies the full width and length of the first pass. The deposited residue also occupies the full width of the second pass behind the combine harvester 10. In front of the combine harvester 10 there is uncut crop U, which also occupies the area of a third pass of the combine harvester that is represented by arrow C and is harvested in the opposite direction to the second pass. For ease of viewing the uncut crop U is shaded more lightly than the residue R in FIG. 1.

[0081] As is known, by repeatedly passing along the field in alternating directions as described it is possible for the combine harvester 10 to harvest the entire field while leaving deposited residue on the field surface. Such alternating direction passes may not occur as adjacent passes, notwithstanding that this is often the situation. On the contrary, it is known for a combine harvester to complete alternating passes that are separated by a width corresponding to a further pass that is to be completed subsequently. Such a mode of using a combine harvester is of benefit for example when the field margin or headland does not permit the harvesting machine to turn tightly such that it can complete immediately adjacent, alternate-direction passes along the field. Also certain harvesting machine header dimensions may dictate that alternating passes along a field initially are separated by lengths of uncut crop (that may be cut in subsequent passes).

[0082] FIG. 1 shows what in many situations is optimal distribution of the residue R on the field. In FIG. 1 the line of deposited residue R is of essentially the same width as the header 11 of the combine harvester and hence covers practically the whole area harvested by the combine harvester 10. The deposited residue R does not extend beyond the boundary of the field and does not spread into areas of uncut crop U.

[0083] Such a situation arises when the settings of the spreader are appropriate for the ballistic and aerodynamic properties of the residue and/or the residue is processed in a manner that is suited to the spreader included in the combine harvester 10; and when there is no significant influence of wind or a field slope on the distribution of residue particles.

[0084] However in the prior art it is commonplace for the uniform residue distribution of FIG. 1 not to arise, and for distribution of field residue instead to be sub-optimal. One way in which this can be the case is illustrated in FIG. 2.

[0085] FIG. 2 is a similar schematic plan view from above to FIG. 1. In FIG. 2 the settings of the spreader of the combine harvester 10 are not correctly matched to the ballistic properties of the residue particles, and in particular the spreader does not impart enough energy to the lateral particle trajectories to give rise to complete coverage of the field (ground) surface. This can also happen when the combine harvester 10 faces wind in the direction along its travelling path, and in particular a headwind.

[0086] In other words the residue particles on ejection from the rear of the combine harvester 10 travel laterally (with respect to the combine harvester) so as only partly to cover the harvested area, in a central band as shown. This gives rise to lines of deposited residue R that are narrower than the width of the header 11, with exposed strips G of the ground at the margins of the deposited residue lines.

[0087] As may be inferred from the explanations above, this situation is associated with disadvantages. These potentially include excessive moisture evaporation from the exposed ground strips G, erosion of the soil of the exposed strips G, uneven distribution of nutrients as may pass from the residue to the soil of the field and exposure of plants germinating below ground level to adverse conditions that may be undesirable.

[0088] In practice a further form of defective covering by the residue of the field surface G may occur, in which lighter and/or less aerodynamic residue particles are thrown laterally from the spreader a lesser distance than heavier or more aerodynamic particles. This leads to differing concentrations of particle types when considering the lateral extent of the line of deposited residue, and/or heaping of the residue towards the centre of such a line. These situations also may be sub-optimal from the standpoint of the intended effects of the residue on agricultural operations.

[0089] FIG. 3 illustrates, in a similar schematic manner to FIGS. 1 and 2, agricultural residue depositing apparatus in accordance with an embodiment of the disclosure hereof.

[0090] FIG. 3 shows a human-controllable mobile vehicle that in the illustrated embodiment is constituted as a combine harvester 10, but that may take a range of other forms as explained herein.

[0091] As is commonplace in such vehicles the combine harvester 10 is capable of movement over the surface of a field for the purpose of harvesting crop growing in the field. To this end the combine harvester 10 includes various features and sub-systems such as a header and reel assembly 11, an operator's cab 13, an engine, transmission, drive train and ground-engaging wheels 14 or tracks; internal crop plant processing machinery; a discharge spout 16 for discharging processed crop into e.g. a trailer that is towed behind a tractor moving from time to time alongside the combine harvester 10; and a residue spreader 17 for spreading field residue behind the combine harvester 10 as it moves forwardly in the field in order to harvest crop plants. Not all of these features and sub-systems are visible in FIG. 3 but they all may readily be envisaged by the person of skill in the art.

[0092] The apparatus of FIG. 3 includes an interface device that in the illustrated embodiment takes the form of a display screen 12 but may take a range of other forms as explained herein. The display screen 12 is capable of generating an output that is interpretable by a human. This can take the form of a camera image, mimic or simulation of the movement of the combine harvester 10 and its activity in depositing field residue.

[0093] In FIG. 3 the output of the display screen 12 is a mimic or simulation 12a including an image 12b representing the combine harvester 10 and a visual indication 12c of the deposition of field residue at the rear of it. As explained however the output of the interface device may take a variety of alternative forms.

[0094] The display screen 12 in preferred embodiments is positioned in the cab 13 such that it is readily viewed by a human operator of the combine harvester 12 and is schematically illustrated as being hard-wired. The wiring connections of the display screen 12 may be such as to permit its repositioning within the cab, e.g. through the inclusion of a trailing or retractable data/signal cable. Alternatively the display screen 12 may be wirelessly connected.

[0095] It is not essential that the display screen 12 is positioned within the cab 13; and indeed in some embodiments the mobile vehicle forming part of the apparatus may be driverless and may omit an operator's cab. In other words the display screen or other interface device may be arranged to operate remotely of but operatively connected to the combine harvester 10 or other mobile vehicle forming part of the apparatus.

[0096] The output of the interface device is derived from operation of one or more sensors. In FIG. 3 two, of many possible, options for such sensors are shown in the form of a vehicle-mounted camera or other sensor 18 and a UAV 19 that includes sensing equipment.

[0097] The vehicle-mounted camera/sensor 18 is shown in FIG. 3 as being hard-wired as part of the illustrated apparatus and is in a preferred location at the rear of the combine harvester 10 such that its “line of sight” (this term referring to non-optical sensing arrangements as well as optical sensing devices and being interpreted accordingly) takes in the field residue that is in the process of being deposited behind the moving combine harvester 10. In other embodiments the one or more sensors may include one or more sensor such as camera 18 that is wirelessly connected. The camera/sensor can be mounted at any of a range of different heights at the rear of the combine harvester 10. It can for example be in a relatively high location, such as on top of the rear of the combine harvester 10, to permit viewing of the residue spreading from above; or it can be lower, such as at the same level or below the spreaders, to view the spreading at a lesser angle. It is moreover possible to devise embodiments in which the position of the camera/sensor is adjustable in order to change the view of the residue.

[0098] The camera/other sensor 18 operates to generate signals that are processed to create one or more images of the field residue while it is being deposited, or shortly after it has been deposited, behind the combine harvester 10. The images may be continuous video images, a series of still images or any of a range of other optical image types including images representing the degree of reflection or absorption of light. Further the camera 18 may be e.g. of a type that generates LIDAR signals or uses another laser-derived imaging technique; or it may be augmented or replaced by a device, such as an acoustic sensor, that operates in accordance with physical principals other than optical ones. Laser and non-optical sensor types, in particular radar, may be of particular benefit in avoiding the effects of the harvesting dust cloud as explained above.

[0099] Regardless of its precise type the sensor can comprise a 2D sensor array, or a 1D array sensor or a single point sensor having a scanning movement ability that can record a 2D image. The information recorded by the sensor can be combined with other information, in particular the sensor height and viewing angle, to reconstruct a usable view of the field residue on the field, for example a view from above or an isometric or perspective view that is easily understandable by the operator. Well-known image processing techniques such as but not limited to edge thresholding, curve fitting, signal filtering and peak energy detection can be used to improve the image quality, in particular to reduce noise and/or effects of ambient (light) conditions.

[0100] One non-limiting example of a sensor that could be employed in apparatus according to the invention is disclosed in EP 3145289 A, mentioned above, the disclosure of which is incorporated in its entirety herein.

[0101] As indicated in addition or as an alternative to a vehicle-mounted sensor such as camera 18 the apparatus of the invention may include one or more sensors that are mounted on or supported by one or more further vehicles. One exemplary embodiment of such a vehicle is shown in FIG. 3 in the form of a UAV 19. This may support any of the sensor types described above and may be wirelessly connected, using any of a range of protocols, to the one or more processor 22. This is signified schematically in FIG. 3 through the use of a dotted line connecting the UAV 19 to the combine harvester 10.

[0102] Instead of being supported by a UAV a remote, moveable sensor may be supported by another ground-based vehicle such as a tractor or other farming support vehicle

[0103] When the one or more sensors are constituted as or include optical cameras as described, it is not essential that they are stimulated in visible light wavelengths in order to produce the outputs described herein. On the contrary it is for example possible for the camera(s) to be infra-red cameras or other camera types that do not rely for operation on visible light wavelengths.

[0104] The images generated from the signals generated by the one or more sensors may be processed in real-time (or near-real-time) or with a delay, depending on the processing options adopted, and may include e.g. filtering to remove light wavelengths or other signal noise e.g. associated with the dust generated at the rear of a combine harvester during harvesting in dry conditions, filtering to remove excessive sunlight wavelengths that might otherwise overwhelm the generated signal(s) or cause confusing reflections, and other filtering options. To such ends the apparatus includes at least one processor that in FIG. 3 is represented schematically by reference numeral 22 and may be located within the combine harvester. The processor 22 is operatively connected, e.g. by being either hard wired or wirelessly connected, to both the one or more sensors and the output device (display screen 12 in the illustrated embodiment).

[0105] In other embodiments the processor 22 may be positioned remotely of the combine harvester 10 e.g. in another vehicle or in a farm office or data centre, or in the “cloud”; and may in such a case be wirelessly connected to process the signals generated by the one or more sensors and generate the one or more images via the output device as referred to above.

[0106] More than one processor 22 may be provided as required; and combinations of processors mounted in or on the mobile vehicle and remotely thereof are within the scope of the disclosure.

[0107] Regardless of the precise sensor and processor combination adopted the described arrangement gives rise during harvesting to the generation of one or more outputs of the output device (display screen 12) in the form of one or more images of the residue as it is being deposited (e.g. while it is in flight)or shortly after being deposited on the ground. The processor 22 adds human-interpretable augmentation to the one or more images that assists a human operator to optimise the deposition of residue according to one or more criteria including but not limited to those variously described herein.

[0108] Referring now to FIG. 4 an exemplary display output of the interface device is shown, and includes a simple form of augmentation, as mentioned herein, in the form of respective residue deposit boundary lines 24a, 24b. FIG. 4 schematically shows one form of output of the interface device (display screen 12) in the form of a mimic or simulation of the combine harvester 10, the desired distribution of field residue R and the location of unharvested crop U.

[0109] The boundary lines 24a, 24b are in FIG. 4 overlain on an image of the deposited residue generated using the display screen 12. The operator of the combine harvester 10 in response to such augmentation may adjust or, as necessary, maintain, one or more settings of the combine harvester with the aim of ensuring that the line image 12c representing the deposition of residue behind the combine harvester 10 is optimised in accordance with a chosen optimisation strategy.

[0110] The lateral separation of the lines 24a, 24b in FIG. 4 is the same as the width of the header 11 of the combine harvester 10. The FIG. 4 deposition optimisation strategy for this reason may be referred to as a “match header width” mode. In this strategy the aim is to ensure full coverage of the ground with deposited residue R as harvesting takes place, while avoiding contamination of unharvested crop U.

[0111] The adjustable settings as explained may include the speed and/or direction of the combine harvester 10, the angle at which the spreader distributes residue, the energy imparted by the spreader to the residue and the setting of a cutter that chops the residue particles to a predetermined size. The combine harvester 10 includes one or more controls that are not shown in the drawings but that may readily be envisaged for such purposes. Typically the one or more controls would be located within the operator's cab 13 although it is possible for such controls additionally or alternatively to be located elsewhere on the mobile vehicle, such as for example as part of an externally mounted control panel.

[0112] It is also possible for the one or more controls to be located remotely of the mobile vehicle and wirelessly connected to provide for the indicated settings adjustments. Examples of how to achieve this are described herein. Yet a further possibility is for the one or more controls to be part of a control panel that is connected or connectable to the mobile vehicle by way of an umbilical cable that allows for command and/or data transfer.

[0113] The controls may be of hardware types such as levers, foot pedals, wheels, knobs, other rotary controls, keypad/keyboard keys, sliders and switches; or they may be of software types such as features visible on a touchscreen or similar input device. Such a touchscreen may be or may form part of the display screen 12 or it may be separate therefrom. Combinations of hardware and software controls may be provided, in ways that will occur to those of skill in the art. Also, as noted, the optimisation may be implemented automatically with the augmentation features serving as confirmation for an operator of the operational mode adjustments rather than as prompts to encourage adjustments by the operator of the vehicle settings.

[0114] As explained FIG. 4 shows a basic form of augmentation of the image of display screen 12 with simple yet human-interpretable lines intended to guide the deposition of field residue overlain on the residue image. More complex and/or sophisticated augmentation may include, as mentioned, one or more symbols overlain on the visual display; one or more words overlain on the visual display; shading of part or all of the visual display; occlusion of part or all of the visual display; patterning of part or all of the visual display; brightening or intensifying of part or all of the visual display or colouring of part or all of the visual display all in ways that are meaningful to a human operator and will guide the process of residue deposition in an optimal manner.

[0115] It is possible to effect such optimising in accordance with the full coverage example in FIG. 1, or in accordance with other optimisation strategies; and some non-limiting further options of optimisation strategies are presented in FIGS. 5, 6 and 7.

[0116] The residue distribution optimisation shown in FIG. 5 is a form of lateral offsetting strategy. In this the distribution of residue R is, as a result of settings implemented in a similar manner to that described above in response to augmentation added to the output of the interface device, laterally offset to one side (in the illustrated embodiment to the left, but it equally well could be to the right) relative to the longitudinal centre line of the harvesting rows, and therefore also the longitudinal centre line of the combine harvester 10.

[0117] This optimisation approach has the advantage of providing strips of the ground surface G to the right of the combine harvester 10 during each pass onto which no residue is deposited. This in turn means that there is no risk of contamination of the unharvested crop U constituting yet to be harvested rows by the field residue. This mode of operation may be of particular benefit if the residue might choke the crop intake parts of the combine harvester 10 and/or overload the internal machinery, and in particular the threshing and/or cleaning sections, of the harvester 10 if it was mingled with the unharvested crop U during a harvesting pass.

[0118] The apparatus and methods described herein permit a subsequent pass of the combine harvester 10 (Pass B in FIG. 5) completed in accordance with the same lateral offsetting optimisation strategy as a previous pass (Pass A), but in the opposite direction thereto, to cause covering with deposited field residue R of the edge strips G of the ground surface that are (in the illustrated embodiment) left uncovered on the right hand side of the combine harvester 10. Hence by the time the combine harvester 10 has completed several passes, all but at most a single strip of uncovered ground (resulting from the last pass along the field) would receive a layer of deposited field residue R.

[0119] FIG. 6 shows a variant on the FIG. 5 strategy that may be termed a “double offset” method of operating the apparatus disclosed herein. In FIG. 6 the deposited residue R is confined, as a result of the settings implemented by the operator of the combine harvester 10 in response to augmentation added to the output device; or as a result of automated operation as explained, to a central strip behind the combine harvester 10 that is narrower than the width of the header 11. This results in two strips of uncovered ground G to either side of the central strip of deposited residue.

[0120] Such a strategy may be of benefit when there is to either side of the combine harvester 10 a feature or zone that it is desired to maintain free of deposited residue. In FIG. 6 these are exemplified by a roadway 26 to the left of the combine harvester 10; and a region of uncut crop U to the right. However as will be apparent from the disclosure hereof the strategy of offsetting the deposition of field residue R on both sides of the combine harvester 10 could be for a range of reasons other than those represented in FIG. 6.

[0121] Adoption of the FIG. 6 approach to residue deposition in the illustrated situation need occur for only a first pass (in direction A), since only during this pass is it desirable to avoid residue deposition up to the edge of the pass on both sides of the combine harvester 10. Once Pass A is completed therefore the apparatus may switch (or be switched through control actions effected by the operator) to e.g. the mode of FIG. 5, in which offsetting only to one side occurs, during subsequent harvesting activity.

[0122] It is not necessary for a single optimisation mode to be adopted for the whole of each pass along the field. Hence if (using the example of FIG. 6) the roadway 26 extends close to the field only for part of the length of Pass A it would not be necessary to adopt the double offset optimisation method for the whole of that pass. Instead the operational mode could be switched to that of FIG. 5, or another mode, part-way along Pass A.

[0123] In like manner to the FIG. 5 optimisation that illustrated in FIG. 6 also could be implemented through automated responding of the mobile harvesting machine to the sensor outputs (or derivatives or parts thereof), with the visual augmentation serving primarily a confirmatory purpose.

[0124] FIG. 7 shows another way in which sub-optimal deposition of field residue may arise. In FIG. 7 undesired lateral offsetting of the deposition of residue may occur because of a weather phenomenon such as a cross-wind and/or a geographical feature such as a field slope. Such influences are represented schematically in FIG. 7 by wind sock 27. They can result in uncontrolled under-coverage of deposited field residue R leaving strips G of uncovered ground the boundaries of which vary as illustrated along the respective passes of the combine harvester 10 along the field.

[0125] The optimisation mode to be adopted in accordance with the disclosure hereof in such a situation may include augmenting the output of an interface device in a manner encouraging the deposition of field residue during subsequent passes that compensates for incomplete coverage in previous passes.

[0126] In FIG. 7 a first combine harvester 10a has completed an initial pass (Pass A) in which the described incomplete coverage has occurred, and is in the process of compensating for this during a second pass (Pass B1) along the field with the settings of the combine harvester 10a ensuring that the coverage of residue is complete in the area harvested during Pass A.

[0127] As is shown in FIG. 7 this results in a further strip of incomplete coverage G to the right of the residue coverage caused by Pass B1. This in turn may be compensated for through use of a second combine harvester 10b completing a third pass (Pass B2) in the same direction as and slightly behind combine harvester 10a when completing Pass B1.

[0128] In order for a second combine harvester 10b to proceed as explained it is necessary for the residue deposition information acquired by the first combine harvester 10a to be shared with the second combine harvester 10b. This can be achieved through the first and second combine harvesters 10a, 10b being capable of mutual (wireless) communication; or though storing of the information acquired by the first combine harvester 10a in a “cloud” or other commonly (to the respective harvesting machines 10a, 10b) accessible store from where it can be accessed by the second combine harvester 10b.

[0129] More generally, embodiments as disclosed herein are highly likely to be capable of storing information derived from the outputs of the one or more sensors. This can be for example through the use of on-board memory forming part of the combine harvester 10; or remote memory forms such as but not limited to flash memory devices, remote or disconnectable computing devices such as smartphones, laptop computers or tablet devices; or through use of cloud-based memory as indicated.

[0130] The presence of such memory facilities allows among other things the building-up of a map of residue deposition in a chosen field. This may be useful in a number of ways, one of which is to provide information some time after harvesting has been completed on the amount and distribution of spread residue in the field.

[0131] If a second combine harvester is not present the combine harvester 10a may instead complete a third pass (Pass C) in the opposite direction to Pass B1 in order to compensate for the incomplete residue coverage. During Pass C (if it is undertaken) the output of the interface device would be augmented in a way encouraging adjustment of the settings of the combine harvester 10a such that offsetting of the deposited field residue would occur to the opposite side of the centre line of the pass and the combine harvester to that of Pass B1 (i.e. to the right of the combine harvester in the example described) since otherwise the incompletely covered ground G would not receive a layer of residue R.

[0132] As mentioned, although in some modes of operation the various passes of the combine harvester(s) 10 may extend directly adjacent one another, it is also possible for one or more un-harvested strips of regions (that typically would be of the width of a harvesting pass, although this need not necessarily be the case) to be left, at least initially, with such strips or regions being subsequently harvested as explained herein. As will be apparent to the person of skill in the art, numerous combinations of pass locations, directions and timings are possible and it is not essential that the combine harvester(s) 10 work from one side of a filed to the other without variations in the harvesting (And residue depositing) regime.

[0133] The output of an interface device such as display screen 12 during the operational mode exemplified in FIG. 7 is shown in FIG. 8. The output consists essentially of a mimic or simulation 10′ of the combine harvester 10a together with augmentation of the output by way of residue deposition boundary target lines 24a, 24b. These are similar to the lines 24a, 24b of FIG. 4 and as indicated by arrows may move laterally in response to the detected residue coverage R. The operator of the combine harvester 10a may respond to the movement of the boundary lines 24a, 24b by adjusting one or more settings in order to ensure coverage of residue in the incompletely covered strip G that results from the influence of the wind and/or slope as described.

[0134] Additionally or alternatively, as indicated herein, the combine harvester(s) 10 may respond to the outputs of the sensor(s) in an automated mode, in which adjustments of the various parameters of residue spreading occur automatically in accordance with one or more control algorithms. In such a case the primary purpose of the display screen 12 may be to provide confirmation to the operator of the harvesting machine that residue spreading is occurring in a desired or optimal manner.

[0135] Switching between automated and manually controlled modes of operation may be provided for, and the combine harvester may include one or more controls (that may be physical controls or may exist in software e.g. as touch screen icons) for this purpose.

[0136] Any of the modes of operation described herein may include augmentation that is variable for example in the manner of lateral offsetting of the boundary line positions as explained above. Any literary or numerical augmentation of the output of the interface device may also be variable, with updates of the augmentation occurring in dependence on the output signals of the one or more sensors that detect the deposition of residue on the ground.

[0137] Another form of output of the interface device forming part of the disclosed apparatus is shown in FIG. 9. In this figure the output image includes a histogram-style display element 28, in addition to the display features such as those shown in FIG. 8, indicating the transverse cross-section of the deposited residue. This cross-section may alter over time as the combine harvester 10 moves along the field and the coverage of the residue varies.

[0138] Although in many situations even coverage of residue on the ground may be desired, equally it may be desirable for the cross-section of the deposited residue not to be constant from one side of the deposited residue area to the other. An example of this is shown in FIG. 9, in which two laterally offset residue height peaks 28a, 28b are separated from one another in the lateral direction by a central region 28c in which the depth of residue coverage is less than at the peaks. The method of operating the apparatus described herein may include adjusting the settings of one or more settable parts of the apparatus in order to achieve, or more typically prevent as being sub-optimal, this and/or alternative coverage depth variation effects.

[0139] FIGS. 8 and 9 clearly show in the simulation 10′ of the combine harvester 10 the presence of left and right residue impellers 29, 31. The simulation (interface device output) may include e.g. displays of information concerning the operation and settings of these. For instance the simulation may include information on the respective rotational speeds of the impellers and/or the angles at which residue is ejected from them, these being settable parameters that influence the coverage of residue on the ground. The output may include target values for such parameters that are consistent with a particular optimisation strategy such as but not limited to those described herein.

[0140] A further optional aspect of the method of the invention is illustrated in FIG. 10. In this figure the output of the interface device may include objects such as a tractor 32 that is moving in the field alongside the combine harvester 10 and tows a trailer 33. The augmentation of the output of the interface device can be such as to guide the operator of the combine harvester e.g. so as to avoid distributing residue onto the tractor 32 and trailer 33, or to take account of the influence of the tractor 32 and trailer 33 on the distribution of residue. As indicated by arrows in FIG. 10 and as in the embodiments described above the augmentation may be variable in a wide variety of ways in order to convey desired target residue coverage information.

[0141] The operational method of FIG. 10 may result in a strip G′ of uncovered ground, but this is likely to be relatively short because the tractor typically during harvesting activity would travel alongside the combine harvester only for long enough for the content of the grain tank of the combine harvester to empty into the trailer 33. The uncovered ground surface G′ can if desired be covered with residue as a result of a compensation method, that is similar to that shown in FIGS. 7 and 8, during a subsequent pass of the combine harvester 10 along the field.

[0142] Overall as explained the apparatus and methods described herein provide for a dependable way of ensuring desired residue deposition results, optionally in a manner that improves confidence in automated systems that may be provided. The apparatus and methods may give rise to the generation of simulations that, as a result of the sensors employed and/or the filtering of their output signals, avoids the visual inspection problems extant in the prior art, especially when harvesting activity takes place in dusty field conditions.

[0143] The listing or discussion of an apparently prior-published document in this specification should not necessarily be taken as an acknowledgement that the document is part of the state of the art or is common general knowledge.

[0144] Preferences and options for a given aspect, feature or parameter of the invention should, unless the context indicates otherwise, be regarded as having been disclosed in combination with any and all preferences and options for all other aspects, features and parameters of the invention.