Single-shaft extruder and use of a single-shaft extruder, and method for altering morphology of a superabsorbent polymer, specifically an SAP polymer gel, using a single-shaft extruder

Abstract

A single-screw extruder for changing a morphology of superabsorbent polymer gel. The single-screw extruder has an input aperture, a channel, a screw and an output aperture. The screw in the invention has a first pitch value of a pitch of the screw flights along the conveying zone of the channel and, following in conveying direction, has a second pitch value of the pitch of the screw flights along the conveying zone of the channel, where the second pitch value is smaller than the first pitch value.

Claims

1. A single-screw extruder (10) for changing a morphology of a superabsorbent polymer gel (SAP polymer gel) (24), having: an input aperture (36) for the introduction of SAP polymer gel (24), connected to the input aperture (36), a channel (16), arranged in the channel (16), a screw (12) for conveying, and changing the morphology of, the SAP polymer gel (24) and connected to the channel (16), an output aperture (30) for the discharge of the SAP polymer gel (44) with changed morphology, where the screw (12) has a shank (13) and has screw flights (14) arranged on the shank (13) and is arranged and configured to convey the SAP polymer gel (24) from the input aperture (36) to the output aperture (30) by means of the screw flights (14), where the channel (16) has an input zone (26) arranged at, or in the vicinity of, the input aperture (36), an output zone (28) arranged at, or in the vicinity of, the output aperture (30), and a conveying zone (18) extending along the channel (16) from the input zone (26) to the output zone (28), wherein the screw (12) has a first pitch value (G1) of a pitch (G) of the screw flights (14) along the conveying zone (18) of the channel (16) and, following in conveying direction (20), has a second pitch value (G2) of the pitch (G) of the screw flights (14) along the conveying zone (18) of the channel (16), and where the second pitch value (G2) is smaller than the first pitch value (G1), where the pitch (G) of the screw flights (14) decreases along the conveying zone (18) of the channel (16), and additionally, a shank diameter (d) of the shank (13) of the screw (12) increases along the channel (16) in the conveying direction, where the ratio d/D of shank diameter (d) to external screw flight diameter (D) increases along the channel (16).

2. The single-screw extruder (10) according to claim 1, where the screw (12) has, along the channel (16), at least three different pitch values (G1, G2, G3, G4) of the screw flights (14).

3. The single-screw extruder (10) according to claim 2, wherein the output aperture (30) has a die (34) with perforations wherein the perforations are provided in 5% to 66% of the area of the die (34).

4. The single-screw extruder (10) according to claim 1, with at least one pitch value (G1, G2, G3, G4) of the screw flights (14) between 30 mm and 800 mm.

5. The single-screw extruder (10) according to claim 1, with a value of a flight land width (e) of the screw flights (14) is between 4 mm and 80 mm.

6. The single-screw extruder (10) according to claim 1, where at least one value of a channel depth (H) between the shank (13) of the screw (12) and a wall of the channel (16) is between 25 mm and 500 mm.

7. The single-screw extruder (10) according to claim 1, with a value of an external screw flight diameter (D) between 60 mm and 1000 mm.

8. The single-screw extruder (10) according to claim 1, with at least one value of a shank diameter (d) between 25 mm and 500 mm.

9. The single-screw extruder (10) according to claim 1, with a ratio d/D of shank diameter (d) to external screw flight diameter (D) between 0.4 and 0.6.

10. The single-screw extruder (10) according to claim 1, where the pitch (G) decreases along the conveying zone (18) from a pitch value (G1) of 500 mm in the vicinity of the input zone (26) to a pitch value (G4) of 350 mm in the vicinity of the output zone (28).

11. The single-screw extruder (10) according to claim 1, where the screw (12) has, along the channel (16), a smallest pitch value (G4) that is at most between 20% and 80% of a largest pitch value (G1) along the channel (16).

12. The single-screw extruder (10) according to claim 1, where the screw (12) has, along the channel (16), a smallest value of a shank diameter (d2) that is at most between 20% and 80% of a largest value of a shank diameter (d1) along the channel (16).

13. The single-screw extruder (10) according to claim 1, where the single-screw extruder (10) is configured to produce an SAP polymer gel (24) with a desired morphology that increases the water absorption and/or the absorption rate of the dried SAP particles, and wherein the SAP gel (24) in the form of SAP gel particles is dried and ground to give dried SAP particles, wherein the water absorption and/or the absorption rate of the dried SAP particles is increased.

14. The single-screw extruder (10) according to claim 1, characterized by at least one mixing-element arrangement (49) with at least one mixing element which protrudes into the channel (16) of the single-screw extruder and which is configured for the mixing of the SAP polymer gel (24).

15. The single-screw extruder (10) according to claim 14, where the mixing-element arrangement (49) has a pin arrangement (48) comprising at least one pin (48.1, 48.2) extending into an internal space (17) of the channel (16), and has at least one cutout (50) along the screw flights (14), the at least one pin (48.1, 48.2) extending into the at least one cutout (50) of the screw flights (14) when the screw flights (14) are rotated during operation, rotation of the shank (13) of the screw (12) therefore being possible without contact between the pin (48.1, 48.2) and the screw flights (14).

16. The single-screw extruder (10) according to claim 1, where the channel (16) has at least two pins (48) arranged along the channel (16) in the conveying direction (20) and separated from one another by a mixing-element separation (K), and there is positive or negative correlation between a value of the mixing-element separation (K1, K2, K3, K4) and a pitch value (G1, G2, G3) of the pitch (G) of the screw flights (14).

17. The single-screw extruder (10) according to claim 16, where the negative correlation between the mixing-element separation (K) and the pitch (G) is such that a larger value of the mixing-element separation (K1, K2, K3, K4) is provided when a smaller pitch value (G1, G2, G3) is provided, and a smaller value of the mixing-element separation (K1, K2, K3, K4) is provided when a larger pitch value (G1, G2, G3) is provided, or the positive correlation between the mixing-element separation (K) and the pitch (G) is such that a larger value of the mixing-element separation (K1, K2, K3, K4) is provided when a larger pitch value (G1, G2, G3) is provided, and a smaller value of the mixing-element separation (K1, K2, K3, K4) is provided when a smaller pitch value (G1, G2, G3) is provided.

18. A process for changing the morphology of the superabsorbent polymer gel (SAP polymer gel) (24) with a single-screw extruder (10) according to claim 1 comprising: introducing the SAP polymer gel (24) from a polymerization process (38) into the single-screw extruder (10), operating the single-screw extruder (10) in order to change the morphology of the SAP polymer gel (24) and discharging the SAP polymer gel (44) with changed morphology from the single-screw extruder (10) to a drying process (46).

19. The process according to claim 18, wherein the single-screw extruder (10) has a drive motor (40) and/or a heating device (42), where the drive motor (40) is configured to rotate the shank (13) of the screw (12) at up to 150 revolutions per minute, and/or where the heating device (42) is configured to heat the channel (16) so that the temperature thereof is between 85° C. and 140° C., at least in the input zone (26), where during operation of the single-screw extruder (10) the temperature of the SAP polymer gel (24) in the channel (16) increases along the conveying direction (20) as far as an output zone (28), and optionally directly after the output aperture (30) the cooled SAP polymer gel (24) has a reduced temperature between 90° C. and 110° C.

20. The single-screw extruder (10) according to claim 1, where the output aperture (30) likewise is adapted for changing the morphology of the SAP gel (24) in the form of SAP gel particles.

21. The single-screw extruder (10) according to claim 1, wherein the pitch (G) of the screw flights (14) along the conveying zone (18) of the channel (16) decreases continuously and/or the shank diameter (d) of the shank (13) of the screw (12) along the conveying zone (18) of the channel (16) increases continuously in the conveying direction.

22. The single-screw extruder (10) according to claim 1, where an effective screw length (ESL) is between 200 mm and 4000 mm and internal diameter of the channel (IDC) is between 50 mm and 750 mm and the ratio (ELS/IDC) of effective screw length to internal diameter of the channel is between 2.2 and 8.

Description

(1) Further advantages, features and details of the invention will be apparent from the description below of the preferred working examples, and also with reference to the drawing; the latter shows in:

(2) FIG. 1 a diagram of a detail of an example of a single-screw extruder with a screw, with parameter definitions;

(3) FIG. 2 a diagram of a first preferred embodiment of a single-screw extruder;

(4) FIG. 3 a diagram of an example of a screw of a single-screw extruder;

(5) FIG. 4 a diagram of a first preferred embodiment of a screw of a single-screw extruder;

(6) FIG. 5 a diagram of a second preferred embodiment of a screw of a single-screw extruder;

(7) FIG. 6 a diagram of a second preferred embodiment of a single-screw extruder with a mixing-element arrangement;

(8) FIG. 7 preferred variants of pin arrangements in views (A1, A2), (B1, B2) and (C), with pins, for a mixing-element arrangement shown in FIG. 6;

(9) FIG. 8 a first preferred embodiment of a preferred process for changing a morphology of a superabsorbent polymer gel (SAP polymer gel), with a single-screw extruder;

(10) FIG. 9 a second preferred embodiment of a second preferred process for changing a morphology of a superabsorbent polymer gel (SAP polymer gel), with a single-screw extruder.

(11) FIG. 1 shows a detail of a single-screw extruder 10 with a screw 12. The screw 12 has a shank 13, and also screw flights 14 extending along the shank 13, and is arranged in an internal space 17 of a channel 16. The detail shown in FIG. 1 shows a section, arranged in a conveying zone 18, of the screw 12. The conveying direction 20 along the conveying zone 18 runs from left to right in this depiction.

(12) During operation of the screw 12, the shank 13 rotates around its longitudinal axis; the screw flights 14 therefore also rotate, and the screw threads 22 convey material, for example SAP polymer gel 24 (see FIG. 2), along the channel 16 in conveying direction 20. The material here, for example SAP polymer gel 24, is firstly subject to pressure from the screw flights 14 and from the wall of the channel 16, but secondly is also subject to tension; the resultant flow behavior is therefore complex. The conveying zone 18 therefore functions as pump which conveys material, for example SAP polymer gel 24, from an input zone 26 to an output zone 28 (see FIG. 2). An advantageous pressure value in the output zone 28 is sufficiently high to force the SAP polymer gel 24 out from the output aperture 30 via a perforated plate 32 and a die 34 (see FIG. 2), i.e. preferably to change the morphology of the SAP polymer gel 24. The magnitude of the pressure value required depends inter alia on the quantity of material, the viscoelastic properties of the material, for example the SAP polymer gel 24, and the temperature thereof.

(13) The pressure, and throughput of the material, for example SAP polymer gel 24, can be adjusted as required by the parameters of the screw 12, in particular of shank 13 and screw flights 14. The throughput and pressure moreover depend inter alia on the rotational velocity of the shank 13 of the screw 12. Particular advantageous pressures are required for the change of morphology of the SAP polymer gel 24. It can therefore be necessary to adjust the parameters of the screw 12, in particular of shank 13 and screw flights 14, in a manner that achieves a sufficiently high pressure.

(14) Parameters of the single-screw extruder 10 are the shank diameter d (frequently also termed root diameter), the external screw flight diameter D, the pitch G (frequently also termed lead), channel width W, flight land width e (frequently also termed flight width), channel depth H (frequently also termed metering depth), helix angle Φ, and the distance δ from the wall of the channel 16 (frequently also termed flight clearance). These parameters are explained in more detail below.

(15) The shank 13 of the screw 12 has the diameter d (frequently also termed root diameter). The screw flights 14 have the external screw flight diameter D. The screw flights 14 of the screw 12 can be categorized via the ratio of shank diameter d to external screw flight diameter D, i.e. a value d/D. If the value d/D is between 0.3 and 0.5, the screw is termed deep-cut and permits high throughput. If the value d/D is between 0.7 and 0.9, the screw is termed flat-cut, and can achieve high pressure, but provides lower throughput than the deep-cut screw. The throughput of the screw, in particular of a flat-cut screw, can be increased by increasing the rotational velocity of the shank 13 of the screw 12. It is therefore possible for a flat-cut screw to achieve high pressure with relatively high throughput. However, this requires relatively high energy usage in order to provide the high rotation rates of the shank 13 of the screw 12 that are required for this purpose.

(16) The pitch G is the distance between the proximal side of a first screw thread 22a and the proximal side of a second screw thread 22b of the screw flights 14. The channel width W is the distance between the distal side of a first screw thread 22a and the proximal side of a second screw thread 22b of the screw flights 14. The flight land width e is the width of the screw flight 14. The channel depth H is the distance between the wall of the channel 16 and the surface of the shank 13. The helix angle Φ is the angle of inclination of the screw flight 14. The distance δ from the wall of the channel 16 is the distance between the external surface of the screw flight 14 and the wall of the channel 16. A minimal distance δ from the wall of the channel 16 must be maintained, because otherwise during operation the screw flights 14 would drill into the wall of the channel 16 and damage same. However, the distance δ from the wall of the channel 16 is very small in comparison to the other dimensions, for example less than 1 mm.

(17) FIG. 2 shows a preferred working example of a single-screw extruder 10. This can have various dimensions, an example being a large production-scale version of the single-screw extruder 10 suitable for industrial production, or as a small laboratory-scale version of the single-screw extruder 10 serving for experimental purposes. The fundamental structure of the two versions of the single-screw extruder 10 is similar or identical. The single-screw extruders 10 differ primarily in their dimensions; in particular, the large production-scale version of the single-screw extruder 10 is configured for throughput up to 30 t/h (metric tons per hour), whereas the laboratory-scale version of the single-screw extruder 10 is configured only for throughput up to 340 kg per hour. The laboratory-scale version of the working example of the single-screw extruder 10 is a smaller-scale version of the production-scale version of the working example of the single-screw extruder 10, and can in particular be used for experimental purposes, for example in order to make comparative measurements for various screws 12; (cf. measured values for the laboratory-scale versions of the working examples of the single-screw extruder 10 in tables 5 and 7).

(18) The single-screw extruder 10 has an input aperture 36, a channel 16, a screw 12 and an output aperture 30. The channel 16 has an internal space 17, comprising an input zone 26, a conveying zone 18 and an output zone 28, and extending between the input aperture 36 and the output aperture 30. The single-screw extruder 10 can be used to convey a superabsorbent polymer gel (SAP polymer gel 24) in conveying direction 20 and to change a morphology of the SAP polymer gel 24. In particular, the single-screw extruder 10 can be used to increase the surface porosity of the particles of the SAP polymer gel, in order to increase the water-absorption capability of the SAP polymer gel.

(19) The SAP polymer gel 24 is produced in a polymerization process 38. For the preferred working example shown in FIG. 2, the main polymer on which the SAP polymer gel 24 is based is produced in accordance with the formula shown in table 1.

(20) TABLE-US-00001 TABLE 1 Reactor ORP 250 Solid constituents 42.7% by weight Degree of neutralization 71 mol % Small-quantity addition of 7.7% by weight (based on polymer) main polymer baP Hydrogen peroxide 0.0008% by weight (based on acrylic baA acid) Ascorbic acid 0.0023% by weight baA Sodium persulfate 0.128% by weight baA Core crosslinking agent 0.39% by weight baA (Laromer PO9044V) Monomer temperature 35° C. Throughput 800 kg/h Dam height 160 mm

(21) The single-screw extruder 10 of FIG. 2 is not limited to the production of SAP polymer gel 24 with the composition of table 1, and can also be used for other compositions of an SAP polymer gel 24.

(22) The SAP polymer gel 24 produced in the polymerization process 38 is introduced by way of the input aperture 36 into the single-screw extruder 10. The input aperture 36 has connection to the internal space 17 of the channel 16, and is adjacent to the input zone 26. During operation of the single-screw extruder 10, the SAP polymer gel 24 is introduced by way of the input aperture 36 of the input zone 26 of the internal space 17 of the channel 16.

(23) The screw 12, which has a shank 13 with screw flights 14, is arranged in the internal space 17 of the channel 16. When the single-screw extruder 10 is operated, the shank 13 of the screw 12 is rotated around its longitudinal axis. For this purpose, a drive motor 40 is provided, which has connection to the shank 13 of the screw 12. In this working example, the drive motor 40 can rotate the shank 13 of the screw 12 at up to 150 revolutions per minute. During operation, the shank 13 is preferably rotated at a rotational velocity appropriate for the dimensions of the single-screw extruder 10: between 30 revolutions per minute for the production-scale version of the single-screw extruder 10 and 75 revolutions per minute for the laboratory-scale version of the single-screw extruder 10. The screw 12 serves, with the aid of the screw flights 14 and of the wall of the channel 16, to convey the SAP polymer gel 24 from the input aperture 36 along the conveying zone 18 to the output aperture 30, and to change the morphology of the SAP polymer gel 24.

(24) In this working example, a heating device 42 completely encloses the channel 16 of the single-screw extruder 10. Alternatively, it is also possible that the heating device 42 encloses only a portion of the channel 16, or that no heating device 42 at all is present (not shown). It is preferable that a heating device 42 encloses the laboratory-scale version of the single-screw extruder 10, whereas the production-scale version of the single-screw extruder 10 is preferably configured without heating device 42. The heating device 42 serves to heat the channel 16. For this purpose, there is an oil arranged in the heating device 42; the temperature of said oil can be up to 200° C.

(25) The heating device 42 is preferably operated in a manner such that the temperature of an SAP polymer gel 24 in the channel 16, at least in the input zone 26, is between 85° C. and 100° C. in the laboratory-scale version of the single-screw extruder 10 and/or somewhat higher in the production-scale version. In the production-scale version of the single-screw extruder 10, the temperature in the channel 16, at least in the input region, is preferably between 90° C. and 140° C. The temperature increases with energy input, in particular via increase of pressure and shear forces along the conveying direction 20. This temperature increase along the conveying direction 20 between the input zone and an output zone 28 can be between 20° C. and 40° C.

(26) It is preferable that the temperature of the SAP polymer gel 24 directly after the output aperture 30 is in turn lower as a consequence of cooling: between 78° C. and 110° C., preferably between 90° C. and 110° C.

(27) The heating device 42 can also be used for cooling, for example if it comprises an oil whose temperature is lower than the temperature of the channel 16 and/or of the SAP polymer gel 24. The heating device 42 can in principle also serve for temperature regulation.

(28) The output aperture 30 has connection to the internal space 17 of the channel 16, and is adjacent to the output zone 28. The output aperture 30 has a perforated plate 32 and a die 34 arranged downstream of the perforated plate 32. The output aperture 30 serves to change the morphology of the SAP polymer gel 24 and to discharge the SAP polymer gel 44 with changed morphology. For this purpose, SAP polymer gel 24 is forced by pressure through the perforated plate 32 and through the die 34 with the aid of the conveying mechanism provided by the screw flights 14 and the wall of the channel 16.

(29) The die 34 in this working example has 66 open passages or in principle can have a number of open passages in the range between 60 and 90; the number in this case is a preferred number of perforations for the laboratory-scale version of the single-screw extruder 10. The die 34 can also have only one open passage or one perforation, or a different number of perforations. By way of example, a preferred number of perforations for the production-scale version of a single-screw extruder will be at least 1000, for example 3600. The die 34 in the production-scale version of the single-screw extruder 10 has a number of perforations in the range between 3000 and 4000.

(30) The diameter of each perforation is 8 mm. Alternatively, the diameter of the perforations can also be between 4 mm and 12 mm. There can be perforations with diameters of identical size or diameters of various sizes arranged alongside one another. In this working example, for the laboratory-scale version of the single-screw extruder 10 about 66% of the area of the die 34 is open. Alternatively, it is also possible by way of example that between 5% and 66% of the area of the die 34 is open (not shown). In the production-scale version of the single-screw extruder 10, 10% of the area of the die is open (not shown).

(31) The single-screw extruder 10 can additionally or alternatively have, at the output aperture 30, in addition to the perforated plate 32 and the die 34, an adapter, a retainer, a matrix or a combination of these components (not shown). One or more of the abovementioned components can by way of example be arranged at the distal end of the screws 12.

(32) The SAP polymer gel 44 with changed morphology discharged from the output aperture 30 is introduced into a drying process 46. The drying process 46 serves to remove the liquid from the SAP polymer gel 44 with changed morphology, in order to dry same. Various drying processes 46 are conceivable and known to the person skilled in the art. A possible drying process 46 is explained in more detail in the context of the process described in FIG. 7. Further process steps can also follow the drying process 46 (not shown).

(33) Further details of the screw flights 14 and shank 13 of the screw 12 of this working example of the single-screw extruder 10 are explained below.

(34) The screw flights 14 of the screw 12 have a pitch G that decreases along the conveying zone 18 of the channel 16. The pitch can also change continuously, for example particularly preferably decrease continuously (not shown). It can be seen that the respective sections shown of the screw threads 22 of the screw flights 14 give the different pitch values G1, G2, G3 and G4.

(35) The first pitch value G1 of the pitch in this working example of the laboratory-scale version of the single-screw extruder is 70 mm, and the fourth pitch value G4 is 46 mm, and therefore the pitch G decreases along the conveying zone from a pitch value of 70 mm in the vicinity of the input zone to a pitch value of 46 mm in the vicinity of the output zone.

(36) For the production-scale version of the single-screw extruder 10, the first pitch value G1=500 mm and the fourth pitch value G4 is 350 mm. The second and third pitch values G2 and G3 lie between these values. In an alternative working example, not shown, it is also possible by way of example that the pitches G lie between pitch values of 800 mm and 30 mm.

(37) The different pitch values G1, G2, G3, G4 of the pitch are associated with different helix angles Φ1, Φ2, Φ3 and Φ4 (not shown).

(38) The value of the flight land width e of the screw flights 14 in this working example of the laboratory-scale version of the single-screw extruder 10 is constant at 6 mm, and for the production-scale version of the single-screw extruder 10 it is constant at 40 mm. The flight land width of the screw flights 14 can also alternatively by way of example have values between 4 mm and 80 mm, and can change along the channel 16, for example can increase.

(39) In this working example, the shank 13 of the screw 12 has a constant shank diameter d at least along the conveying zone 18, but preferably additionally through the input zone 26 and/or output zone 28. The constant shank diameter d here has a value of 35 mm for the laboratory-scale version of the single-screw extruder 10, and the constant shank diameter d here has a value of 340 mm for the production-scale version of the single-screw extruder 10. In particular, the shank diameter d can also have values between 25 mm and 500 mm, for example between 340 mm and 380 mm.

(40) The value of the external screw flight diameter D in this working example is 78 mm for the laboratory-scale version of the single-screw extruder 10, and 650 mm for the production-scale version of the single-screw extruder 10. In particular, the external screw flight diameter D can also have values between 60 mm and 1000 mm, for example between 600 mm and 700 mm.

(41) In this working example, the ratio of the shank diameter d to external screw flight diameter D is constant and is about 0.449 for the laboratory-scale version of the single-screw extruder 10 and 0.52 for the production-scale version of the single-screw extruder 10. In particular, the ratio of the shank diameter d to the external screw flight diameter D can also be between 0.4 and 0.6, for example 0.449 or 0.577, or else by way of example between 0.52 and 0.58. The ratio of the shank diameter d to external screw flight diameter D can in particular also change, preferably decrease (see FIG. 4).

(42) The value of the channel depth H between the shank 13 of the screw 12 and a wall of the channel 16 in this working example is 43 mm for the laboratory-scale version of the single-screw extruder 10 and 310 mm for the production-scale version of the single-screw extruder 10. In particular, the channel depth H can also have values between 25 mm and 500 mm, for example between 270 mm and 310 mm.

(43) The working example of the laboratory-scale version of the single-screw extruder 10 is based on an ECT EXR T80. Table 2 below provides an overview of parameters of the working example of the laboratory-scale version of the single-screw extruder 10 and of the production-scale version of the single-screw extruder 10, and also data relating to preferred parameter ranges for single-screw extruders 10.

(44) TABLE-US-00002 TABLE 2 ECT EXR T80 Single-screw extruder (laboratory-scale (production-scale Parameter version) version) Parameter range Effective screw length (ESL) 300 mm 3000 mm 200 mm to 4000 mm Internal diameter of channel 80 mm 650 mm 50 mm to (IDC) 750 mm ELS/IDC 3.75 4.6 2.22 to 8 Maximal pressure 50 bar 50 bar 30 to 70 bar Rotational velocity during 75 revolutions/ 30 revolutions/ 15 rpm to operation minute minute 150 rpm Thickness of die 33 mm 33 mm 20 mm to 45 mm Die perforation diameter 8 mm 8 mm 4 mm to 12 mm Number of die perforations 66 3600 1 to 4000 Relative open area of die 66% 10% 5% to 66% Max. throughput ~340 kg/h 30 t/h 200 kg/h to 30 t/h Max. specific mechanical ~60 kWh/t ~60 kWh/t 20 kWh/t to energy consumption 100 kWh/t Temperature of oil in heating 150° C. no oil heating 80° C. to 200° C. device Temperature in channel ~85-95° C. 95-140° C. SAP polymer gel temperature ~78-90° C. 90-110° C. at output aperture

(45) The single-screw extruder 10 is not limited to the parameters stated in table 2; these merely represent a preferred parameter range.

(46) FIG. 3 depicts a detail of an example of a laboratory-scale version of a single-screw extruder 10. FIG. 3 shows an example of a screw 12 with a shank 13 and screw flights 14. The screw flights 14 in this example have a constant pitch G along the conveying direction 20. The value of the shank diameter d increases, i.e. increases here from d1 to d2 along the conveying direction, while the value of the external screw flight diameter D=78 mm remains constant. In this example the pitch G has a constant pitch valve G1=46 mm. The shank diameter increases from a value d1=35 mm to a value d2=45 mm. The ratio d/D therefore also increases from 0.445 to 0.577.

(47) FIG. 4 and FIG. 5 show preferred working examples of screws 12 in accordance with the concept of the invention; these can be used in the single-screw extruder 10 in the same manner as the screw 12 of the working example of the single-screw extruder 10 in FIG. 2. The screw 12 can have various dimensions, for example as a large production-scale version of the screw 12 suitable for industrial production and as a small laboratory-scale version of the screw 12 serving for experimental purposes. The structure of the two versions of the screw 12 is identical. The screws 12 differ in their dimensions; in particular, the large production-scale version of the screw 12 is configured for throughput up to 30 t/h (metric tons per hour), whereas the laboratory-scale version of the screw 12 is configured only for throughput up to 340 kg/h (kilograms per hour).

(48) The screw 12 of FIG. 4 has a shank 13 and screw flights 14. The screw flights 14 in this working example have a pitch G that decreases from G1 to G2. The shank diameter d increases, i.e. increases here from a value d1 to d2 along the conveying direction 20, whereas the external screw flight diameter has a constant value D=78 mm for the laboratory-scale version of the screw 12 and D=650 mm for the production-scale version of the screw 12. The shank diameter d of the shank 13 of the screw 12 therefore increases along the channel 16 in this working example.

(49) In this working example, the first pitch value G1=70 mm and the second pitch value G2=46 mm for the laboratory-scale version of the screw 12. For the production-scale version of the screw 12, the first pitch value G1=500 mm and the second pitch value G2=350 mm. The shank diameter increases from a value d1=35 mm to d2=45 mm for the laboratory-scale version of the screw 12. For the production-scale version of the screw, the shank diameter increases from a value d1=340 mm to d2=380 mm. The ratio d/D therefore also increases from 0.445 to 0.577 for the laboratory-scale version of the screw 12 and from 0.52 to 0.58 for the production-scale version of the screw 12. The ratio d/D of shank diameter d to external screw flight diameter D therefore increases along the channel 16 in this working example.

(50) On the one hand, therefore, the ratio d/D increases, and on the other hand the pitch G decreases. The transport properties of the screw in respect of the SAP polymer gel 24 can thus be improved. By this means it is possible to achieve higher throughput at lower energy cost and at the same time to obtain the product properties, in particular a changed morphology of the SAP polymer gel, that could otherwise only be achieved with higher energy cost and/or lower throughput.

(51) FIG. 5 shows a detail of a single-screw extruder 10 with a second working example of a screw 12 in accordance with the concept of the invention. Again, this can be dimensioned for a laboratory-scale version of the screw 12 and for a production-scale version of the screw 12. The screw 12 has a shank 13 and screw flights 14. In this working example, the screw flights 14 have decreasing pitch G. In contrast to the working example of FIG. 4, however, the shank diameter has a constant value of d=35 mm along the conveying direction for the laboratory-scale version of the screw 12 and d=340 mm for the production-scale version of the screw 12. The external screw flight diameter also remains constant at a value of D=78 mm for the laboratory-scale version of the screw 12 and D=650 mm for the production-scale version of the screw 12.

(52) In this working example, the pitch has a first pitch value G1=70 mm and a second pitch value G2=46 mm for the laboratory-scale version of the screw 12, and first pitch value G1=500 mm and second pitch value G2=350 mm for the production-scale version of the screw 12. In this working example, therefore, in contrast to the working example of FIG. 4, it is only the pitch G that decreases. Although this permits improvement of the transport properties of the screw in respect of the SAP polymer gel 24 when comparison is made with the example of the screw 12 in FIG. 3, the screw 12 of the working example of FIG. 5 still fails to achieve an improvement equal to that obtained through the additional increase of the ratio d/D in the working example of the screw 12 in FIG. 4 (see tables 5 and 7 for comparison of measured values for the laboratory-scale versions of the screws 12 in the laboratory-scale version of the single-screw extruder 10).

(53) FIG. 6 shows a second preferred working example of a single-screw extruder 10. The single-screw extruder 10 preferably relates to a production-scale version. The single-screw extruder 10 can in principle also be configured as laboratory-scale version (not shown). The single-screw extruder 10 of the second working example is similar to the first working example shown in FIG. 2 of the single-screw extruder 10, and identical reference signs are therefore, for reasons of simplicity, used for similar or identical components or components of similar or identical function. In this depiction, the conveying direction 20 along the conveying zone 18 again runs from left to right.

(54) The single-screw extruder 10 has an input aperture 36, a channel 16, a screw 12 and an output aperture 30. The channel 16 has an internal space 17, comprising an input zone 26, a conveying zone 18 and an output zone 28, and extending between the input aperture 36 and the output aperture 30. The single-screw extruder 10 can be used to convey a superabsorbent polymer gel (SAP polymer gel 24) in conveying direction 20 and to change a morphology of the SAP polymer gel 24.

(55) In this working example, a heating device 42 again completely encloses the channel 16 of the single-screw extruder 10. The heating device 42 can comprise an oil with a predetermined temperature, in order to set a desired temperature in the internal space 17 of the channel 16.

(56) The single-screw extruder 10 of the second preferred working example of FIG. 6 resembles the single-screw extruder 10 of the first preferred working example of FIG. 2 in that SAP polymer gel 24 charged thereto derives from a polymerization process 38. This is introduced by way of the input aperture 36 into the internal space 17 of the single-screw extruder 10, and conveyed along the channel 16 in conveying direction 20 by the screw threads 22 of the screw flights 14 of the screw 12.

(57) During conveying along the channel 16, the morphology of the SAP polymer gel is changed; in particular, the porosity of the surface of the particles of the SAP polymer gel is increased. At the output aperture 30, the SAP polymer gel is forced through the perforated plate 32 and the die 34, depicted diagrammatically, and the morphology is further changed in a manner that produces an SAP polymer gel 44 with changed morphology. The SAP polymer gel 44 with changed morphology is then introduced into a drying process 46. Other processes for the treatment of the SAP polymer gel 44 can then follow after the drying process 46, for example grinding and/or sieving (not shown).

(58) The second working example of the single-screw extruder 10 of FIG. 6 differs in essence from the first working example of the single-screw extruder 10 of FIG. 2 in that the single-screw extruder 10 has a mixing-element arrangement 49 with in each case two mixing elements shown here in the form of pins 48.1 and 48.2 of a pin arrangement 48, and in that the shank diameter d of the shank 13 changes along the channel 16; in this case by way of example it increases by analogy with the screw 12 shown diagrammatically in FIG. 4. The shank 13 of the screw 12 here has an increasing shank diameter d at least along the conveying zone 18, and preferably additionally through the input zone 26 and/or output zone 28.

(59) Although a working example of a single-screw extruder 10 of FIG. 6 is not explicitly shown here without mixing-element arrangement 49 but in principle with screw threads 22 of the screw flights 14 of the screw 12 along the channel 16 in conveying direction 20 as in FIG. 4 or FIG. 5, this would likewise be in accordance with the general concept of the invention. Although a single-screw extruder 10 of FIG. 2 is not explicitly shown here with a shank diameter d increasing at least along the conveying zone 18, and preferably additionally through the input zone 26 and/or output zone 28, and in principle with screw threads 22 of the screw flights 14 of the screw 12 along the channel 16 in conveying direction 20 as in FIG. 4 or FIG. 5, this would likewise be in accordance with the general concept of the invention.

(60) In the second working example of the single-screw extruder 10 of FIG. 6, the mixing-element arrangement 49 here also has four pin arrangements 48 with pins 48.1, 48.2 shown here in the channel 16, and optionally cutouts 50 in the screw flights 14 of the screw 12. Variants of the pin arrangements 48 are shown by way of example in FIG. 7. In this working example of the single-screw extruder 10, the pins 48.1, 48.2 are secured in the wall of the channel 16 and protrude into the internal space 17 of the channel 16. The pins 48.1, 48.2 of a pin arrangement are arranged around the entire periphery of the channel 16, thus forming a ring of pins around the periphery, of which two pins 48.1, 48.2 are shown here.

(61) In practical terms, a channel chamber is formed between each pair of pin rings arranged along the conveying direction 20 and separated by a mixing-element separation K and forming part of a pin arrangement 48 with pins 48.1, 48.2.

(62) The length of each channel chamber is defined via the value of the pin separations K1, K2, K3, K4, K5, and it varies in this working example because the pin arrangements 48 are arranged with various pin separations K. The first channel chamber along the conveying direction 20 has a value K1 of the mixing-element separation, and is formed by a wall of the channel 16 and by the first pin ring of a pin arrangement 48 with pins 48.1 and 48.2. The first channel chamber extends from the input zone 26 into the conveying zone 18. The channel chambers that follow in conveying direction 20 are formed in the conveying zone 18 between the respective pin rings of a further pin arrangement 48, which can be seen but is not described in any great detail, consisting of further pins 48.1, 48.2 which can be seen but are not described in any great detail; said chambers have the values K2, K3 and K4. The channel chamber at the output zone 28 of the channel 16 is formed between the final pin arrangement 48 in conveying direction 20 and the perforated plate 32.

(63) The cutouts 50 that can also be seen in FIG. 7 in the screw flights 14 are arranged in a manner such that during operation when the shank 13 is rotated by way of the drive motor 40 the pins 48.1, 48.2 pass through the cutouts 50 during rotation of the shank 13, without any contact between the pins 48 and the screw flights 14. The cutouts 50 therefore constitute interruptions in the screw flights 14.

(64) The pins 48.1, 48.2 of a pin arrangement 48 and the cutouts 50 serve for mixing and shear of the SAP polymer gel 24. Improved mixing and increased shear is apparent in particular in the case of a production-scale version of the single-screw extruder 10, i.e. a version with relatively large dimensions. The mixing-element arrangement 49 has less effect in the case of a laboratory-scale version with smaller dimensions.

(65) In this working example of the single-screw extruder 10, the shank 13 of the screw 12 is divided into six shank segments W1, W2.1 and W2.2, W3, W4, W5 and W6. The shank segment W1 lies within the input zone 26, the shank segments W2, W3, W4 and W5 lie within the conveying zone 18, and the shank segment W6 lies within the output zone 28. The shank segments W1 and W2.1 have a shank diameter d, and the shank segment W2.2 has a shank diameter with an initial value d1=340 mm. The shank segment W3 has a shank diameter that changes continuously from the initial value d1=340 mm to a second value d2=380 mm—i.e. by Δd. In the shank segments W4 and W5, the shank diameter initially has the value d2=380 mm and then remains at d2 or (as here) then increases further to d3>380 mm. In the shank segment W6, i.e. in the output zone 28, the shank diameter d decreases continuously from the value d2=380 mm or d3>380 mm to a value d4=120 mm.

(66) The output zone 28 therefore has a greater transport volume; it is thus possible to use less pressure to force a greater quantity of SAP polymer gel through the output aperture 30.

(67) In the screw 12 in this working example, the lowest value of a shank diameter d1 along the channel 16 is about 32% of the highest value of the shank diameter d2 or d3 along the channel 16. The lowest value of the shank diameter d along the channel 16 can also be at most between 20% and 80% of a highest value of a shank diameter along the channel 16. The value of the external screw flight diameter D is constant along the channel 16 and is 650 mm. The ratio d/D of shank diameter d to external screw flight diameter D therefore changes from 0.52 to 0.58 along the conveying zone 18 of the channel 16.

(68) The pitch G in this working example can be seen to decrease from a first pitch value G1=500 mm; in the shank segment W2.1 and W2.2, the screw flights 14 have the second pitch value G2=460 mm. The pitch G can therefore be seen in this working example to decrease from G1=500 mm by way of G2=460 mm to G3=350 mm, and then (as here) optionally further to G4 and G5<350 mm; the lowest pitch value along the channel is therefore 70% of the highest pitch value, or is even smaller. The lowest pitch value along the channel can also be at most between 20% and 80% of the highest pitch value along the channel.

(69) Within the shank segment W3, therefore, on the one hand the pitch G decreases and on the other hand the shank diameter d increases. This leads to a pressure increase and transport volume decrease along the channel 16 in the conveying direction 20.

(70) In a first variant, this situation can be continued through the shank segments W4 and W5 (not shown) or (as here) accentuated in shank segments W4 and W5 by further increase of the shank diameter d (to d2 and then d3) and further reduction of the pitch G (to G4 and then G5).

(71) The values of the mixing-element separation K2, K3, K4 and K5 in this working example have been adjusted to be appropriate for the pitch values G2, G3, G4 and G5 of the pitch G of the screw flights 14. While the values of the pin separations decrease from K2 to K5, the pitch values also decrease from G2 to G5. The direction of change of the mixing-element separation K is therefore the same as that of the change of the pitch G. This leads to comparatively large introduction of pressure and shear forces as a consequence of the pressure increase and transport volume decrease, and to improved mixing and increased shear in conveying direction 20 toward the output zone 28 of the single-screw extruder 10.

(72) It is also possible, in a modification not shown here, to configure the change of the mixing-element separation K with negative correlation to the change of the pitch G. Using the reference signs of FIG. 6, the values of the mixing-element separation K2, K3, K4 and K5 in this modified working example would be adjusted to be appropriate for the pitch values G2 and G3 of the pitch G of the screw flights 14 in a manner that gives negative correlation. While the values of the pin separations in the case of the modified embodiment would increase from K2 to K5 (not shown), the pitch values would decrease from G2 to G5 (shown) in a manner that gives negative correlation. This would lead on the one hand to introduction of comparatively moderate pressure and shear forces as a consequence of the pressure increase and transport volume decrease, and on the other hand to mixing that, although improved, exhibits no increase, i.e. to reduce shearing in conveying direction 20 toward the output zone 28 of the single-screw extruder 10.

(73) Table 3 below collates the parameters of the example of a laboratory-scale version of a screw 12 by analogy with FIG. 3, and the parameters of the working examples of a laboratory-scale version of the screw 12 by analogy with FIG. 4 and FIG. 5, and also the parameters of the working example of a production-scale version of the screw by analogy with FIG. 6.

(74) TABLE-US-00003 TABLE 3 Working Working Working Example of example of example of example of Property of screw of FIG. 3 screw of FIG. 4 screw of FIG. 5 screw of FIG. 6 screw or (laboratory- (laboratory- (laboratory- (production- screw flights scale version) scale version) scale version) scale version) Channel width W W1 to W2 W1 to W2 100* W1 to (W) 100* W2 Flight land  6 mm  6 mm  6 mm  40 mm width (e) Pitch (G = π(D − 46 mm 70 mm to 70 mm to 500 mm to e)tanΦ) 46 mm 46 mm 350 mm External screw 78 mm 78 mm 78 mm 650 mm flight diameter (D) Channel depth 43 mm to 43 mm to 43 mm 310 mm to (H) 33 mm 33 mm 270 mm Shank 35 mm to 35 mm to 35 mm 340 mm to diameter (d) 45 mm 45 mm 380 mm d/D 0.45 to 0.58 0.45 to 0.58 0.45 0.52 to 0.58 Distance δ δ δ 5δ between barrel wall and screw flight (δ) Helix angle Φ Φ1 to Φ2 Φ1 to Φ2 Φ1 to Φ2 (Φ)

(75) FIG. 7 shows, in views (A1, A2), (131, B2) and (C), preferred variants of pin arrangements 48 with pins for a mixing-element arrangement shown in FIG. 6; the pin arrangements are accordingly described as 48.A1, 48.A2, 48.131, 48.62 and 48.C. Each of the pin arrangements 48.A1 and 48.A2 has two pins 481, 482 arranged opposite on a diametral axis A. The pin arrangements 48.A1 and 48.A2 differ in the orientation of the diametral axis, the pins 481, 482 respectively being at a 12 o'clock position and 6 o'clock position (view A1) or the pins 481, 482 respectively being at a 3 o'clock position and 9 o'clock position (view A2).

(76) In view A1 moreover by way of example the length L of a pin 481, 482 is in the region of about L=300 mm, and the distance I of a pin end from the surface of the shank 13 482 is in the region of about I=10 mm; the latter distance I can by way of example be in the range 10-25 mm. The length L of a pin 481, 482 can be in the range of about L=270 mm to 330 mm.

(77) The pin length L protruding into the internal space 17 of the channel 16 is therefore preferably about 90% to 99% of the free channel depth H of the channel 16. The channel depth H is the distance between the wall of the channel 16 and the surface of the shank 13, and here is 310 mm. The diameter Q of a preferably round (but optionally possibly also oval or polyhedral) cross section of a pin is about Q=1-8 cm, preferably 2-6 cm, particularly preferably 4 cm. These pin arrangements 48.A1 and 48.A2 can also be combined for a mixing-element arrangement 49 along the conveying direction of the single-screw extruder 10, for example can alternate.

(78) The pin arrangements 48.B1 and 48.B2 in each case have four pins 481, 482 and 483, 484 arranged in opposite pairs on a first and second diametral axis A1, A2. The pin arrangements 48.B1 and 48.B2 differ in the orientation of the diametral axis A1, A2, the pins 481, 482, 483, 484 respectively being at a 12 o'clock position and 6 o'clock position, and also 3 o'clock position and 9 o'clock position (view B1) or the pins 481, 482, 483, 484 respectively being at a 2 o'clock position and 8 o'clock position, and also 5 o'clock position and 11 o'clock position (view B2). These pin arrangements 48.B1 and 48.B2 can also be combined for a mixing-element arrangement 49 along the conveying direction of the single-screw extruder 10, for example can alternate. The dimensions of the pins of the pin arrangements 48.B1 and 48.B2 can be selected in the same way as for the pins of the pin arrangements 48.A1 and 48.A2.

(79) The pin arrangement 48.C has eight pins 481, 482 and 483, 484, and also 485, 486 and 487, 488, arranged in opposite pairs; in practical terms, this is a superimposition of the pin arrangements 48.B1 and 48.B2. This pin arrangement 48.C can also be combined with the pin arrangements 48.B1 and 48.B2 and/or pin arrangements 48.A1 and 48.A2 for a mixing-element arrangement 49 along the conveying direction of the single-screw extruder 10.

(80) It is also possible in principle to select other angular arrangements for the orientation of the pins in a pin arrangement 48 for a mixing-element arrangement 49.

(81) FIG. 8 shows a working example of a process for changing the morphology of a superabsorbent polymer, specifically a polymer gel (SAP polymer gel 24) with a single-screw extruder 10. The process comprises the following steps: 100 introduction of the SAP polymer gel 24 from a polymerization process 38 into the single-screw extruder 10, 200 operation of the single-screw extruder 10 in order to change the morphology of the SAP polymer gel 24 and 300 discharge of the SAP polymer gel 44 with changed morphology from the single-screw extruder 10 to a drying process 46.

(82) The polymerization process of the step 100 produces what is known as a main polymer as basis for the SAP polymer gel 24 in accordance with the formulation of table 1. It is also possible to use other formulations.

(83) Operation of the single-screw extruder 10 in step 200 uses the drive motor 40 to rotate the shank 13 of the screw 12, and conveys SAP polymer gel 24 from the input aperture 36 to the output aperture 30. The morphology of the SAP polymer gel 24 can be changed during conveying of the SAP polymer gel 24 along the conveying zone 18. The conveying zone 18 also serves as supply zone for the output zone 28, which serves as metering zone for the output aperture 30. The supply of SAP polymer gel 24 to the output zone 28, which is dependent inter alia on the parameters of the screw 12 and the rotational velocity thereof, provides a defined quantity of SAP polymer gel 24 in the output zone 28. A defined pressure can then be used to discharge said defined quantity via the output aperture 30. The output aperture 30 has shaping components which change the morphology of the SAP polymer gel 24. In the working example of the process in FIG. 8, the output aperture 30 comprises a perforated plate 32 and a downstream die 34. It is also possible that other components are arranged, alternatively or additionally, at the output aperture 30, an example being a matrix or other components that change the morphology of the SAP polymer gel 24.

(84) The drying process 46 in step 300 in this working example of the process of FIG. 8 has the following steps: distribution of the SAP polymer gel 44 with changed morphology on metal drying sheets and heating of the SAP polymer gel 44 with changed morphology on the metal drying sheets in a convection oven.

(85) Various quantities of SAP polymer gel 44 with changed morphology can be charged to the metal drying sheets; the charge level therefore depends on the area of the metal drying sheet and on the quantity of the SAP polymer gel 44 with changed morphology charged to the metal drying sheet. The drying temperature and drying time depend on the charge level. This working example uses a drying temperature of 175° C. for 70 minutes with a charge level of 0.91 g/cm.sup.2. The metal drying sheets in this working example comprise a sieve tray with 250 μm mesh apertures, so that the liquid can also escape through the sieve tray. The sieve tray in this working example is composed of wires, the diameter of each wire being 130 μm.

(86) FIG. 9 shows another preferred working example of a process for changing the morphology of a superabsorbent polymer, specifically a polymer gel (SAP polymer gel 24), with a single-screw extruder 10. The process comprises the following steps: 100 Introduction of the SAP polymer gel 24 from a polymerization process 38 into the single-screw extruder 10. 200 Operation of the single-screw extruder 10 in order to change the morphology of the SAP polymer gel 24. 300 Discharge of the SAP polymer gel 44 with changed morphology from the single-screw extruder 10 into a drying process 46. 400 Introduction of the dried SAP into a grinding process, in order to grind the SAP. 500 Introduction of the ground SAP into a sieving process or classification process, in order to sieve or classify the SAP. 600 Introduction of classified SAP particles into a mixing process, in order to mix the SAP particles. 700 Introduction of the SAP particle mixture into a surface-postcrosslinking process or surface crosslinking (SXL) process, in order to carry out surface-postcrosslinking on the surfaces of the SAP particles.

(87) The steps 100, 200 and 300 of the process are the same as the steps described in FIG. 8 of the working example of the process for changing the morphology of a superabsorbent polymer, specifically a polymer gel (SAP polymer gel 24), with a single-screw extruder 10.

(88) The dried SAP is ground by a mill in the grinding process in step 400, thus producing SAP particles with various sizes.

(89) In the sieving process or classification process of the step 500, the ground SAP is sieved or classified in a manner that separates SAP particles with various sizes from one another.

(90) The mixing process of the step 600 mixes SAP particles of various sizes in accordance with a predetermined mixing ratio, in order to obtain desired properties of the SAP particle mixture. In this working example, an SAP particle mixture was produced with particle size distribution (psd) in accordance with table 4.

(91) TABLE-US-00004 TABLE 4 Sieve range >710 μm 710-600 μm 600-500 μm 500-300 μm 300-200 μm 200-150 μm <150 μm Total Proportion 0 10.6 27.9 42.7 13.8 5.0 0 100.0 (% by weight)

(92) Table 5 below states measured values for various parameters for the SAP particle mixtures produced by the process of the working example of FIG. 9 without step 700. These parameters listed here in table 5 include swelling rate (FSR) and centrifuge retention capacity (CRC) and gel strength, assessed here at 0.3 psi as absorbency against pressure (AAP) of the polymer gel, and most importantly the specific mechanical energy (SME) introduced during extrusion.

(93) Centrifuge retention capacity (CRC) is determined in accordance with test method No. WSP 241.3(10) “Fluid Retention Capacity in Saline, After Centrifugation” recommended by EDANA.

(94) Absorbency against pressure (AAP), or absorbency under load, is determined here in accordance with the test method No. WSP 242.2-05 “Absorption Under Pressure, Gravimetric Determination”, recommended by EDANA, under a pressure of 21.0 g/cm.sup.2=0.3 psi (AUL 0.3 psi).

(95) Swelling rate (FSR) is determined by weighing 1.00 g (=W.sub.1) of the water-absorbent polymer particles into a 25 ml glass beaker and distributing same uniformly over its base. 20 ml of a 0.9% by weight solution of sodium chloride are then metered by means of a dispenser into a second glass beaker; the contents of this beaker are swiftly added to the first beaker, and a stop watch is started. The stop watch is stopped as soon as the last droplet of salt solution is absorbed; this is discernible from disappearance of reflection on the liquid surface. The precise quantity of liquid poured out of the second glass beaker and absorbed by the polymer in the first glass beaker is accurately determined by back weighing of the second glass beaker (=W.sub.2). The symbol t is used for the time required for absorption, measured by the stop watch. The time t is defined by the disappearance of the last liquid droplet on the surface.

(96) The swelling rate (FSR) is determined from the above as follows:
FSR[g/g s]=W.sub.2/(W.sub.1×t)

(97) However, if the moisture content of the water-absorbent polymer particles is more than 3% by weight, it is necessary to correct the weight W.sub.1 by this moisture content. Throughput in kg/h was measured gravimetrically. Torque in N*m was measured as a function of the power input of the motor. Specific mechanical energy (SME) is calculated from the following formula:

(98) $\mathrm{SME}=\frac{\mathrm{Torque}\left(N*m\right)*2*\pi *N\left({\min }^{-1}\right)}{m^{\prime }*60\left(\frac{\mathrm{kg}}{h}\right)}\left(\mathrm{kW}*\frac{h}{t}\right)$

(99) The measured values in table 5 relate to the laboratory-scale versions of the working examples of the screws 12, and serve to establish which screw 12 delivers the best measured values. In particular, high throughput for low specific mechanical energy (SME) is desired for high-throughput production of a desired morphology of the SAP polymer gel.

(100) TABLE-US-00005 TABLE 5 AAP Extractable CRC 0.3 psi FSR Moisture fractions Throughput Torque SME Sample Screw [g/g] [g/g] [g(g*s)] [%] [%] P.sub.min P.sub.max [kg/h] [N + m] [kW*h/t] 1 FIG. 5 33.1 17.1 0.29 1.08 13.3 18 24 201 894 34.9 2 FIG. 3 33.8 15.6 0.28 1.05 13.3 8 10 138 615 35.0 3 FIG. 3 32.5 17.9 0.26 1.6 11.6 4 9 124 570 36.1 4 FIG. 4 35.8 11.6 0.28 1.21 14.7 18 23 249 918 28.9 5 FIG. 3 34.8 12.7 0.33 1.59 14.1 6 7 120 555 36.3 6 FIG. 4 33.9 14.5 0.28 0.89 13.8 16 24 237 990 32.8

(101) In the surface-postcrosslinking process (SXL process) of step 700, a surface-crosslinking substance is applied to the surface of the SAP particles. The surface-crosslinking substance in this working example was produced in accordance with the formulation shown in table 6 below:

(102) TABLE-US-00006 TABLE 6 Liquid fraction 4.54% by weight (isopropanol/water = 30.9/69.1) baP Heonon/1,3-PG 0.07/0.07% by weight baP 1,2-PG 0.7% by weight baP Isopropanol 0.99% by weight baP Span 20 40 ppm baP Aluminum 0.5% by weight baP (in the form of 22% by weight of lactate liquid solution Lohtragon AL 220) Temperature 185° C.

(103) Heonon is 2-hydroxyethyl-2-oxazolidinone. It is also possible to use other formulations for production of the surface-crosslinking substance as alternative to the formulation in table 6. By way of example, alternative surface-crosslinking substances can comprise heonon, isopropanol, aluminum lactate and/or aluminum sulfate.

(104) The SAP particles wetted with surface-crosslinking substance are heated at a temperature of 185° C. in a manner that brings about surface crosslinking on the respective SAP particles. The surface crosslinking allows the SAP particles to maintain their shape in the swollen state, i.e. when the SAP particles have absorbed liquid and take the form of polymer gel. In particular, the surface crosslinking can increase retention capability for absorbed liquid under pressure.

(105) Table 7 states measured values for various parameters for the SAP particle mixtures produced by the process of the working example of FIG. 9 after implementation of the step 700 of the process. These parameters listed here in table 7 include permeability as “Saline Flow Conductivity” (SFC) (for 1.5 g), swelling rate (FSR) and centrifuge retention capacity (CRC) and gel strength, assessed here at 0.7 psi as absorbency against pressure (AAP), and also polymer gel values derived therefrom, and most importantly the specific mechanical energy (SME) introduced during extrusion. Specific mechanical energy input (SME) can be measured as

(106) $\mathrm{SME}=\frac{\mathrm{Torque}\left(N*m\right)*2*\pi *N\left({\min }^{-1}\right)}{m^{\prime }*60\left(\frac{\mathrm{kg}}{h}\right)}\left(\mathrm{kW}*\frac{h}{t}\right)$
with the torque T and the rotation rate N of the shank of the extruder as input values and m′ as the polymer gel throughput of the extruder. The specific mechanical energy (SME) is therefore power delivered by the extruder motor in kW divided by the throughput of polymer gel in t/h.

(107) Methods for determining centrifuge retention capacity (CRC) and swell rate (FSR) are described above,

(108) Absorbency Against Pressure (AAP) or absorbency under load is determined here under a pressure of 49.2 g/cm.sup.2=0.7 psi (AUL 0.7 psi) by a method based on test method No. WSP 242.3 “Absorption Under Pressure, Gravimetric Determination” recommended by EDANA, but with pressure set at 49.2 g/cm.sup.2 (AUL 0.7 psi) instead of 21.0 g/cm.sup.2 (AUL 0.3 psi).

(109) Saline flow conductivity (SFC) is determined on a swollen gel layer under 0.3 psi (2070 Pa) pressure loading, as described in EP 2 535 698 A1, specifically with an input weight of 1.5 g of water-absorbent polymer particles, as urine permeability measurement (UPM) for a swollen gel layer. The flow rate is captured automatically. Saline flow conductivity (SFC) is calculated as follows:
SFC[cm.sup.3s/g]=(Fg(t=0)×L0)/(d×A×WP),
where Fg(t=0) is the flow rate of NaCl solution in g/s, obtained on the basis of linear regression analysis of the Fg(t) data from the flow rate determinations by extrapolation to t=0, L0 is the thickness of the gel layer in cm, d is the density of the NaCl solution in g/cm.sup.3, A is the area of the gel layer in cm.sup.2 and WP is the hydrostatic pressure above the gel layer in dyne/cm.sup.2.

(110) The measured values in table 7 relate to the laboratory-scale versions of the working examples of the screws 12.

(111) TABLE-US-00007 TABLE 7 AAP SFC (CRC + 0.7 psi Throughput Torque SME Sample Screw 1.5 g AAP)/2 FSR CRC [g/g] P.sub.min P.sub.max [kg/h] [N + m] [kW*h/t] 1 FIG. 5 110 24.5 0.25 25.3 23.8 18 24 201 894 34.9 2 FIG. 3 94 26.1 0.23 27.2 25.0 8 10 138 615 35.0 3 FIG. 3 94 26.2 0.28 26.9 25.5 4 9 124 570 36.1 4 FIG. 4 99 25.4 0.25 26.4 24.4 18 23 249 918 28.9 5 FIG. 3 97 25.9 0.25 27.0 24.8 6 7 120 555 36.3 6 FIG. 4 93 25.7 0.26 26.4 25.0 16 24 237 990 32.8

(112) From table 7 it can be seen that when the screw 12 of the working example of FIG. 4 is compared with the other screws 12 it exhibits the lowest values for specific mechanical energy (SME). The screw 12 of the working example of FIG. 4 is therefore the preferred embodiment of the screw 12 for the single-screw extruder 10 for achieving high throughput with minimized energy cost and producing high-quality SAP polymer gel. The laboratory-scale versions are down-scaled versions of the product-scale versions of the screws 12 and single-screw extruders 10. The measured values are also significant for the production-scale versions. The screw 12 of the working example of FIG. 4 is therefore also the preferred embodiment for the production-scale version.

LIST OF REFERENCE SIGNS

(113) 10 Single-screw extruder 12 Screw 13 Shank 14 Screw flight(s) 16 Channel 17 Internal space of channel 18 Conveying zone 20 Conveying direction 22 Screw thread 24 SAP polymer gel 26 Input zone 28 Output zone 30 Output aperture 32 Perforated plate 34 Die 36 Input aperture 38 Polymerization process 40 Drive motor 42 Heating device 44 SAP polymer gel with changed morphology 46 Drying process 48.1, 48.2 Pins 481, 482, 483, 484 Pins 485, 486, 487, 488 Pins 48 Pin arrangement 49 Mixing-element arrangement 50 Cutout A Diametral axis of pins G Pitch (G=π(D−e)tan Φ) G1, G2, G3, G4 Pitch value d, Δd Shank diameter d1, d2, d3 Shank diameter value D External screw flight diameter H Channel depth L Pin length I Distance between pin and surface of shank 13 Q Diameter of cross section of pin K Mixing-element separation K1, K2, K3, K4 Mixing-element separation value W Channel width W1, W2, W3, W4, W5, W6 Shank segment e Flight land width δ Distance between channel wall and screw flight Φ Helix angle