3D waveguide for efficient coupling of multimode pump and signals to a multicore fiber amplifier

Abstract

An optical communication substrate includes a plurality of cores to communicate optical signals; a rectangular input delivering a pump laser, and a shaped portion to combine the optical signals and the pump laser into a ring geometry at an output.

Claims

1. A fiber amplifier device, comprising: a substrate having a plurality of optical signal carrying structures formed thereon, the substrate including: an input section adapted to be coupled to a laser pump output and a plurality of cores, wherein the cores are optically coupled to the optical signal carrying structures; and a 3D waveguide extending from the input section with a laser pump waveguide having a rectilinear shaped end and a ring-shaped end surrounding the plurality of optical signal carrying structures.

2. The device of claim 1, wherein the amplifier comprises a multicore erbium-doped fiber (EDF) amplifier.

3. The device of claim 1, wherein the 3D waveguide comprises a 3D direct laser written glass substrate.

4. The device of claim 1, comprising a pump laser coupled to the rectilinear shaped end.

5. The device of claim 4, wherein the pump laser comprises a laser diode, wherein the 3D waveguide brings a multimode pump laser from the laser diode to a substrate.

6. The device of claim 1, comprising a pump laser launched into the 3D waveguide inside the substrate or launched using direct butt coupling.

7. The device of claim 1, wherein the 3D waveguide supports multitude of modes.

8. The device of claim 1, wherein pump laser is confined in the 3D waveguide.

9. The device of claim 1, comprising a direct laser writing system to form the structures in the substrate.

10. The device of claim 9, wherein the laser writing system is focused on a predetermined region of the glass to modify a refractive index only in the predetermined region where the laser is focused with a high intensity.

11. The device of claim 1, wherein the 3D waveguides is used to couple light, split light, or filter light.

12. The device of claim 1, wherein the pump and optical signals travel in opposite directions as a backward pumped amplifier.

13. The device of claim 1, wherein the cores are evenly spaced apart or unevenly spaced apart.

14. The device of claim 1, wherein the plurality of cores comprise a multicore fiber (MCF).

15. An optical communication system, comprising: a plurality of cores to communicate optical signals; a rectangular input delivering a pump laser, and a shaped portion to combine the optical signals and the pump laser into a ring geometry at an output.

16. The system of claim 15, comprising a 3D waveguide with erbium-doped cores, wherein an amplification takes place inside a 3D-WG without multitude of EDFs.

17. The system of claim 15, comprising 4 single-core fibers connecting to an input end, with each single-core fiber coupled to one core inside a 3D-WG.

Description

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

(1) FIG. 1A shows an example of a single-core fiber where the optical light is guided inside the core.

(2) FIG. 1B shows an example of a multi-core fiber that has multiple cores inside the same fiber therefore capable of guiding multiple signals simultaneously in parallel.

(3) FIG. 2 shows an exemplary optical transmission system where the transmitter converts data to optical signals that transmit over optical fiber spans and the loss of the spans are compensated by optical amplifiers.

(4) FIG. 3 shows an exemplary optical fiber amplifier set up.

(5) FIG. 4 shows an exemplary replacement of a transmission system that has multiple transmission fibers and amplifiers with single multicore fibers and multicore amplifiers.

(6) FIG. 5 shows an example where multiple single core amplifiers can be replaced by a single MCA.

(7) FIG. 6 shows a multicore EDF example including a pump waveguide drawn as a ring surrounding the 4 cores carrying the signal.

(8) FIG. 7 shows an exemplary hollow center multi-core EDF.

(9) FIGS. 8A-8B show two exemplary perspective views of an exemplary glass slab embodiment with 4 cores formed therein.

(10) FIG. 9 shows from multiple perspectives an example of a 3D laser written glass slab to convert the profile of a pump laser light from rectangular to ring profile.

(11) FIG. 10 shows an example of a 3D laser written glass substrate where it would take in signals into the 4 cores and it would also take in pump light from the rectangular input and combined the signal cores and the pump light into the ring geometry at the output.

(12) FIG. 11 shows an example of a multicore erbium-doped fiber amplifier where the 3D direct laser written glass substrate is used to efficiently couple the multiple cores as well as the pump laser into the pump waveguide ring.

DESCRIPTION

(13) FIGS. 8A-8B shows two perspective views of an exemplary glass slab embodiment with 4 cores formed therein. In this embodiment, the fiber cores have a matching geometry to the multicore fiber examples detailed above. The embodiment uses a 3D waveguide that can be written in various different media and using multitude of methods. For example, the 3D waveguide can be directly written into glass slabs using a laser. In one embodiment, 3D direct laser writing is used to form the cores in the glass as an example. Lasers focused on a certain region of the glass can modify the refractive index only in that region where the laser is focused with a high intensity. Such waveguides can be prepared with low loss and in many different shapes and geometry. Such directly written waveguides can be used to couple or split light, to filter light, among others. In FIG. 8A, the example slab is prepared in matching geometry to the examples of multicore fibers shown in the previous examples. Light from multiple cores of an MCF can be launched into cores in the glass slab easily with little loss. The waveguide written glass slab is used to couple the pump light into a pump waveguide ring inside the glass slab where the geometry of the waveguide ring would match the geometry of the waveguide ring inside the multicore EDF shown in FIG. 6.

(14) FIG. 9 shows an example of a 3D laser written glass slab to convert the profile of a pump laser light from rectangular to ring profile. The shape of the waveguide profile can be described as a rectangular paper rolled into a circle at one end. In FIG. 9 the waveguide is shown as 3 pieces for ease of viewing, but the waveguide is a single and smooth block. In general, the multimode pump laser diodes have a rectangular output profile. The glass slab of FIG. 9 can take the entire pump laser in rectangular shape from one end and convert it adiabatically in a smooth fashion into the shape of a ring without significant loss in the pump power in the other end. Due to the flexibility of 3D direct waveguide writing, the cores of FIGS. 8A-8B and FIG. 9 in the same glass slab which would turn our slab into a WDM coupler that would couple the signal light and the pump.

(15) FIG. 10 shows an example of a 3D laser written glass substrate combination of FIGS. 8A-8B and 9 as one structure carrying optical signals in the 4 cores and pump light from the rectangular input and combine the signal carrying cores and the pump light into the ring geometry at the output. Here the side with the ring shape is the output and the waveguide is for the pump. The rods show the cores that carry the signals.

(16) The system of FIG. 10 leverages the design in FIG. 6 with a structure to deliver the pump light into the pump waveguide ring and only to the pump waveguide ring so that all of the pump remains inside that ring. This way, the embodiment of FIG. 10 avoids a hollow center and all the disadvantages that comes with it. Also, this embodiment can still have a cladding that surrounds the pump waveguide region so that jacketing around the cladding would not affect the pump or the signals. Additionally, the embodiment ensures that all of the pump output remains concentrated inside the pump waveguide ring. Here the waveguides should be arranged so that the refractive index of the pump waveguide should be larger than the glass substrate but smaller than the refractive indices of the signal cores.

(17) FIG. 11 shows an example of a multicore erbium-doped fiber amplifier where the 3D direct laser written glass substrate is used to efficiently couple the multiple cores as well as the pump laser into the pump waveguide ring. The signal propagating in the multicore fiber is coupled into the cores in the glass substrate that were designed to match the core in the MCF. At the same time the pump laser is coupled into the rectangular waveguide input in the substrate. In the example shown in FIG. 11, the multimode diode pump is not shown, and it is assumed that a waveguide brings the multimode pump laser from the laser diode to the substrate. However, the pump laser can also be launched into the laser waveguide inside the substrate by other methods such as direct butt coupling. Clearly, in this case, the multimode pump laser would be efficiently coupled into the pump waveguide ring in the multicore EDF. Note that the pump waveguide ring in the multicore EDF can support multitude of modes and therefore be able support most not if all of the power from the multimode pump. Since the pump laser would be launched into the pump waveguide ring from the ends of the ring, the pump laser would be confined into the waveguide ring. As a result the pump would be able to efficiently amplify the signals in the cores with high efficiency and with low noise.

(18) An advantage of 3D waveguide (3D-WG) is to separate the arrangement of the cores in the fiber, or the geometry of the multicore transmission fiber, from the geometry of the amplifiers. As such, the transmission fiber geometry and the amplifier geometry can be optimized separately. For instance, in the amplifier fiber, the cores may align in a linear fashion, and after amplification, they may be rearranged to interface the transmission fiber in a circular, hexagonal, or linear geometry.

(19) The instant system achieves the best geometry where the overlap between the signal profile and the pump profile is the maximum. The system is not constrained with the fact that the waveguide structure (secondary cladding) that guides the pump has to be much wider than the cores. Basically, pump power is distributed in a larger area. Once the area of secondary cladding is minimized without losing much pump power, the system can squeeze in as many cores inside that secondary cladding as much as possible while controlling the cross-talk between the cores.

(20) In one exemplary embodiment, for the same electrical power spent on the pump diodes, the system can amplify more signals by using multimode pump+3DWG+multicore EDF instead of multiple single-mode single-core EDFAs. For instance, existing EDFAs need 500 mW pump power at about 2V driving voltage and 800 mA driving current and such systems can get 1.6 W per amplifier with a plug efficiency of 31%. Using a multimode pump with a plug efficiency of 50% and 32 W electrical power consumption, corresponding to 16 W optical pump output power, it is possible to pump 20 EDF cores with the same noise performance. For single-mode single-core case, that the core diameter is 3 micron. We get, pump intensity=17.6 mW/(mm{circumflex over ()}2), For the multimode case, the pump should be contained in an area of 909 mm{circumflex over ()}2. Thus, for single-mode, single-core EDF, single-mode single-core pump power of 500 mW and a core radius=3 mm, the intensity is 17.6 mW/(mm{circumflex over ()}2). For a Multimode Pump with No insertion loss from 3D-WG, the pump power of 30 W, cylinder area=5 mm100 mm, the intensity is 60 mW/(mm{circumflex over ()}2), and with a 30% coupling efficiency from 3D-WG, the intensity is 18 mW/(mm{circumflex over ()}2).

(21) In one example, the geometry of the signal carrying cores (4 of them in this example) may not be the same in the multi-core fiber (MCF), and multi-core EDF (MC-EDF). For instance, in the MCF the cores may be placed at the corners of a square, whereas in the MC-EDF they may be arranged to be side by side in a linear fashion. The good thing about having these 3D-WG is that they can match the geometry of the cores at one end (for example the MCF end), while they can modify the path of the cores so that they can match the geometry of the cores at the MC-EDF end. This can be advantageous because the best geometry for the MCF and MC-EDF may not be the same. Thus, the cores match the location of the cores in the MCF at the input end, while the placing of the cores at the output surface of the 3D-WG match the location of the cores in the MC-EDF.

(22) In another embodiment, general erbium-doped fiber amplifiers (EDFAs) include many components such as pump laser, an erbium-doped fiber (EDF), a WDM coupler that couples pump and the signal etc. An EDFA transfers power from pump to signal. This power transfer is done by erbium ions placed inside the EDF or erbium-doped fiber. The embodiment can dope the 3D waveguide which is also typically made from glass to form a 3D-erbium-doped waveguide (3D-EDWG). The result is a device where the 3D waveguide has erbium-doped cores, where the amplification takes place inside the 3D-WG and there is no need to use multitude of EDFs.

(23) The examples discussed so far have an MCF at the input and an MC-EDF on the other end of the 3D-WG. However, this can be generalized to include other cases. For instance, it does not have to be an MCF. In one example, instead of an MCF with 4 cores, the system could have 4 single-core fibers connecting to the input end, with each single-core fiber coupled to one of the cores inside the 3D-WG. Alternatively, it is possible to have 4 single-core EDFs on the output end, and all the possible combinations thereof.

(24) The amplifier design may be altered in many ways, for instance the pump and signal may travel in opposite directions in which case it would be called a backward pumped amplifier. Alternatively, the number of cores may be different, or the cores may be organized in a different fashion than shown in the examples here. The pump maybe coupled into the glass substrate in many different ways. It is also contemplated that, the multicore fiber can be replaced by a number of single core fibers, and the signal from each single core can be launched into a different core in the glass substrate. 3D waveguide can be glass or other material. The 3D waveguides may be generated by direct laser writing or other techniques.

(25) In other embodiments, the amplification itself can be integrated into the 3D-WG. For instance, if the 3D-WG can be doped by an active ions, for instance erbium, the erbium doped fiber can be replaced and the amplification can be integrated with the 3D-WG. The erbium concentration can be much higher than with erbium-doped fibers and this would achieve amplification with a much more compact device and significantly lower noise figure. Many amplifiers, and amplification stages can be integrated into the same 3D-WG.

(26) All examples and conditional language recited herein are intended for pedagogical purposes to aid the reader in understanding the embodiment and the concepts contributed by the inventor to furthering the art, and are to be construed as being without limitation to such specifically recited examples and conditions, nor does the organization of such examples in the specification relate to a illustrating of the superiority and inferiority of the embodiment. Although the embodiments have been described in detail, it should be understood that the various changes, substitutions, and alterations could be made hereto without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention.