Single walled carbon nanotube triode and methods of using same

Abstract

A carbon nanotube triode apparatus includes a plurality of Horizontally Aligned Single Wall Carbon Nano Tubes (HA-SWCNT disposed on an electrically insulating thermally conductive substrate. A first contact is disposed on the substrate and electrically coupled to a first end of the HA-SWCNT. A second contact is disposed on the substrate and separated from a second end of the HA-SWCNT by a gap. A gate terminal is coincident with a plane of the substrate.

Claims

1. A method of electrostatically and/or optically controlling field emission, using a carbon nanotube triode apparatus, said carbon nanotube triode apparatus comprising: a plurality of Horizontally Aligned Single Wall Carbon Nano Tubes (HA-SWCNT) disposed on an electrically insulating thermally conductive layer of a substrate; a first contact disposed on the substrate and electrically coupled to a first end of the HA-SWCNT, wherein the first contact is disposed overlapping the first end of the HA-SWCNT in a view perpendicular to the electrically insulting and thermally conductive layer; a second contact disposed on the substrate, said second contact being entirely separated from the HA-SWCNT by a gap in the view perpendicular to the electrically insulting and thermally conductive layer; and a gate terminal coincident with a plane of the substrate below the electrically insulting and thermally conductive layer, said method comprising: a) electrostatically controlling field emission by: (i) applying a voltage difference across said first contact and said second contact, said voltage application comprising applying a higher voltage to said second contact than the voltage applied to said first contact, said voltage difference being sufficient to generate a field emission across said carbon nanotube triode apparatus's gap; (ii) applying a higher voltage than applied to said second contact to said gate terminal, said voltage being applied to said gate terminal being sufficient to control the initiation of the field emission across said carbon nanotube triode apparatus's gap; and/or b) optically controlling field emission by (i) applying a voltage difference across said first contact and said second contact, said voltage application comprising applying a higher voltage to said second contact than the voltage applied to said first contact, said voltage difference being sufficient to generate a field emission across said carbon nanotube triode apparatus's gap; (ii) generating a field emission of electrons by subjecting the portion of the HA-SWCNT adjacent to said gap with light; and (iii) optionally applying a higher voltage than applied to said second contact to said gate terminal, said voltage being applied to said gate terminal being sufficient to control the initiation of the field emission across said carbon nanotube triode apparatus's gap.

2. The method of claim 1, wherein said carbon nanotube triode apparatus's electrically insulating and thermally conductive layer of the substrate is selected from the group consisting of oxides, nitrides, or oxynitrides of: hafnium, zirconium, aluminum, titanium, yttrium, or lanthanum.

3. The method of claim 1, wherein said carbon nanotube triode apparatus's electrically insulating and thermally conductive layer of the substrate comprises Si, a portion of the Si forms a SiO2 layer of approximately 100 nm.

4. The method of claim 2, wherein said carbon nanotube triode apparatus's electrically insulating and thermally conductive layer of the substrate comprises Si, a portion of the Si forms a SiO2 layer of approximately 100 nm.

5. The method of claim 1, wherein said carbon nanotube triode apparatus's gap is from greater than zero nm to about 60 nm.

6. The method of claim 2, wherein said carbon nanotube triode apparatus's gap is from greater than zero nm to about 60 nm.

7. The method of claim 3, wherein said carbon nanotube triode apparatus's gap is from greater than zero nm to about 60 nm.

8. The method of claim 1, wherein said carbon nanotube triode apparatus's gap is from about 0.1 nm to about 30 nm.

9. The method of claim 2, wherein said carbon nanotube triode apparatus's gap is from about 0.1 nm to about 30 nm.

10. The method of claim 3, wherein said carbon nanotube triode apparatus's gap is from about 0.1 nm to about 30 nm.

11. The method of claim 1, wherein said carbon nanotube triode apparatus's gap is from about 1 nm to about 30 nm.

12. The method of claim 2, wherein said carbon nanotube triode apparatus's gap is from about 1 nm to about 30 nm.

13. The method of claim 3, wherein said carbon nanotube triode apparatus's gap is from about 1 nm to about 30 nm.

14. The method of claim 1, wherein said carbon nanotube triode apparatus's gap is from about 10 nm to about 30 nm.

15. The method of claim 2, wherein said carbon nanotube triode apparatus's gap is from about 10 nm to about 30 nm.

16. The method of claim 3, wherein said carbon nanotube triode apparatus's gap is from about 10 nm to about 30 nm.

17. The method of claim 1, wherein said carbon nanotube triode apparatus's gap is from greater than zero nm to about 1 mm and said carbon nanotube triode apparatus's is disposed in an inert medium.

18. The method of claim 17, wherein said inert medium is nitrogen or argon.

19. The method of claim 1, wherein a portion of said carbon nanotube triode apparatus's HA-SWCNT is unsupported by the substrate.

Description

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

(1) The accompanying drawings, which are incorporated in and constitute a part of this specification, illustrate embodiments of the present invention and, together with a general description of the invention given above, and the detailed description of the embodiments given below, serve to explain the principles of the present invention.

(2) FIGS. 1A through 1D illustrate steps of manufacturing a triode in accordance with embodiments of the disclosed invention.

(3) FIGS. 2A-2C illustrate principles of operation of an embodiment of the disclosed invention.

(4) FIGS. 3A and 3B illustrate the triode operation.

(5) FIGS. 4A and 4B illustrate the triode operating as a photodetector.

(6) It should be understood that the appended drawings are not necessarily to scale, presenting a somewhat simplified representation of various features illustrative of the basic principles of the invention. The specific design features of the sequence of operations as disclosed herein, including, for example, specific dimensions, orientations, locations, and shapes of various illustrated components, will be determined in part by the particular intended application and use environment. Certain features of the illustrated embodiments have been enlarged or distorted relative to others to facilitate visualization and clear understanding. In particular, thin features may be thickened, for example, for clarity or illustration.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

(7) FIGS. 1A through 1D illustrate steps of manufacturing a disclosed triode apparatus 10 according to an embodiment of the disclosed invention. Turning attention to FIG. 1A, Horizontally Aligned-Single Walled Carbon Nano Tubes (HA-SWCNT) 12 is grown on first substrate 14. In some embodiments, the first substrate 14 may be stable temperature (ST) cut quartz. The HA-SWCNTs 12 may be grown by using parallel bands of catalyst to influence nanotube orientation. A detailed description of HA-SWCNT fabrication may be found in U.S. Pat. No. 8,367,035. Certain embodiments of the disclosed invention may use polished sapphire, or other suitable first substrate 14 in lieu of quartz. A polymer is applied to the first substrate 14 and HA-SWCNT 12. In some embodiments, Polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) with 10% molecular weight is drop-cast on the HA-SWCNT 12 and first substrate 14. The PVA is cured or polymerized by using a hotplate at approximately 60 C., which yields an approximately one m thick film on the HA-SWCNT 12. This cured PVA along with HA-SWCNT 12 is then transferred with 120 C. thermal release tape or other suitable transfer mechanism from the first substrate 14 to a second substrate 16. In some embodiments, the second substrate 16 may be a highly-doped p-type silicon substrate that includes approximately 100 nm surface coating of thermal oxide. Further, in some embodiments of the disclosed invention, the second substrate 16 may be SiO.sub.2. After completing the transfer, the PVA is gently washed using drops of distilled water.

(8) The transfer step leaves HA-SWCNT 12 on top of the thermal oxide layer of the receiving second substrate 16 as illustrated in FIG. 1B. As detailed in FIG. 1C, contacts 18a and 18b of approximately 40 nm conductive metal are then deposited via electron-beam evaporation (a 1.5 nm titanium layer may be included to enhance adhesion of the contact with the SiO.sub.2 second substrate 16) in regions defined by photolithography. In some embodiments of the disclosed invention, palladium may be used. Etching of the HA-SWCNT 12 may be performed with O.sub.2 plasma to remove HA-SWCNT from undesired locations, as seen in FIG. 1D. In some embodiments of the disclosed invention, the etching chamber is configured to etch at 20 sccm, 100 W, 100 mTorr, for 20 sec. The HA-SWCNT 12 is etched from the periphery of the device. In addition, a nano-gap 20 is etched between the HA-SWCNT and the second contact 18b. In the completed triode 10, the HA-SWCNT 12 serves as the cathode and the Pd contact 18b serves as the anode.

(9) In some embodiments of the disclosed invention, other high- dielectrics may be used in lieu of SiO.sub.2. Suitable high- dielectrics for use with the second substrate 16 include, by way of example, oxides, nitrides, or oxynitrides of: hafnium, zirconium, aluminum, titanium, yttrium, or lanthanum. Fabrication steps for these additional embodiments are similar to the steps illustrated in FIGS. 1A and 1C-1D, however, with respect to the step illustrated by FIG. 1B, HA-SWCNT 12 transfer may be performed on high- dielectrics grown epitaxially on gate metals via atomic layer deposition (ALD) or other suitable means.

(10) The triode 10 takes advantage of carbon nanotubes' largest achievable aspect ratio. SWCNTs can have longer length (>100 m) and smaller diameters (approximately one nm), when grown on quartz or sapphire substrates. When nanotubes lay horizontally on the substrate in an aligned manner, parallel to each other (the energetics of the quartz substrates allow alignment of multiple nanotubes in one preferential direction), it yields a configuration that is ideal for having higher field emission from multiple nanotubes to a metal contact that can be placed approximately a few nanometers away from the tip of the nanotube. In some embodiments, upon improved fabrication resolution, the metal contact may be one nm, or a fraction of a nm, away from the tip of the nanotube. Field emissions from these nanotubes and ballistic transport of emitted electrons to the metal contact 18b can be performed not only on the substrates like quartz or sapphire on which nanotubes are grown (first substrate 14), but also on other insulating substrates like SiO.sub.2 to which the nanotubes can be transferred (second substrate 16). Close proximity of the nanotubes and the substrates like quartz, sapphire, or SiO.sub.2 will help the nanotubes to dissipate heat easily into either the first substrate 14 or the second substrate 16 with equal efficiency and hence avoid thermal runaway during field emission.

(11) With particular reference to the triode 10 as described above, the HA-SWCNT 12 serves as a cathode, and the metal contact 18b serves as an anode. The anode-cathode (A-C) distance gap 20 is on the order of nanometers. More specifically, the A-C distance in the disclosed invention is only limited by the resolution of e-beam lithography (approximately sub-10 nm, as par state-of-art lithography tools) and focused ion beam (<25 nm, as par currently available tools) that can be used for generating the nano-gap 20 between HA-SWCNT 12 and the metal contact 18b. Electrostatic control of the field emission can be performed by placing HA-SWCNTs 12 with metal (palladium or other suitable ones) contacts 18a and 18b on a bottom-gated geometry that has oxide (second substrate 16 fabricated from SiO.sub.2 or other suitable ones) on metals or on highly doped silicon.

(12) Increased length of the HA-SWCNTs 12 will increase the aspect ratio and will likewise create more field emission and result in higher current. However, it should be noted that if the spacing between HA-SWCNTs 12 are reduced, the field emission from individual nanotubes will reduce (though total emission will increase, because of having larger number of HA-SWCNTs 12 in the device). Is should be further noted that, the width of contacts 18a and 18b will not affect device performance. However, the spacing between the HA-SWCNTs 12 will affect performance. A smaller spacing between HA-SWCNTs 12 (that is, higher density per um, counted along the line across its alignment) will proportionately increase the current of the device. The present achievable spacing of approximately 50-100 nm produces acceptable results.

(13) The principle of operation of the disclosed triode 10 is as follows. Switching operations may be performed with three terminals. One of the metal contacts 18b that is separated from the HA-SWCNT 10 by a nano gap 20 works as the anode terminal, HA-SWCNT 12 connected with the other metal contact 18a serves as the cathode terminal, and the highly doped silicon (or other suitable material as the second substrate 16) as the gate terminal. As illustrated in FIG. 2A using a single HA-SWCNT 12, during on-state of the triode 10 with anode (contact 18b) and gate (second substrate 16) having +ve bias and with the cathode (HA-SWCNT 12) grounded, the electric field lines 30 from anode (contact 18b) are concentrated near the tip 32 of HA-SWCNT 12 and electric field 30a lines from the gate (second substrate 16) is concentrated along the length of the HA-SWCNT 12. The field lines from gate 30a increase the density of electrons on the HA-SWCNT 12 and the field lines from anode 30 creates a large potential gradient at the tip 32 to enable field emission of electrons from the tip of HA-SWCNT 32 through Fowler-Nordheim tunneling and thermal emission (See FIG. 2C). The latter (thermal emission) happens only when the HA-SWCNT 12 is heated during high current operation. Due to the image charge effect 34 near the tip 32 of the HA-SWCNT 12, the energy barrier for Fowler-Nordheim tunneling and thermal emission is lower than the values obtained from simple band alignment 36 (see FIG. 2C).

(14) Field emission of electrons through electric field lines 30 from HA-SWCNT 12 can be turned off by applying ve voltage to the gate terminal (second substrate 16), while keeping the other terminals (18a and 18b) at the same voltage as in on-state. As illustrated in FIG. 2B, during off-state of the triode 10, electric field lines 30c and 30d from both anode 18b and cathode 12 are directed away from them in such a way that there is depletion of electrons (because of ve gate voltage) along HA-SWCNTs and negligible electric field near the tip of HA-SWCNTs 12. This ensures no field emission 30c and 30d from cathode 12 to anode 18b. Such electrostatic control of field emissions 30c and 30d is different from the field emission screening that is normally performed in in classical vacuum tube triodes using grids. It also differs from prior art nanotube-based embodiments having a gate terminal disposed between cathode tip 32 and anode 18b. Such field emission screening by using a gate in between cathode tip 32 and anode 18b results high gate current in the off-state, because application of off-state gate bias (generally +ve) in such configuration diverts field-emitted electron from cathode tip 32 to the gate terminal 16. This prior art technique increases off-state gate 16 current and reduces the anode 18b current. In contrast, electrostatic gate control in the proposed triode 10 configuration ensures negligible gate 16 current in both on- and off-state through direct tunneling of electrons/holes across SiO.sub.2 (as configured here) to the gate or second substrate 16. Such gate current can be controlled by using SiO.sub.2 having a thickness greater than 5 nm or by using high- gate dielectrics.

(15) The disclosed triode 10 may be a suitable substitute for the present day field effect transistor that serves as the fundamental building block of electronics with applications such as digital switches (logic gates, oscillators, random access memories, microprocessors, and the like), analog electronics (amplifiers, phase shifters, oscillators, etc.), radio-frequency or RF electronics (amplifiers, modulators, filters, encoders, radar, etc.), large-area flexible electronics, biological species (DNA, protein, microbial, etc.) sensing, and chemical species (humidity, CO.sub.2, O.sub.2, etc.) sensing. Use of the disclosed triode 10 will allow for advances in these applications by reducing the physical footprint while reducing power consumption. In digital/analog/RF electronics, the availability of ballistic transport of electrons from HA-SWCNT tip 32 to metal contact 18b, as well as high throughput from each SWCNT with larger aspect ratio, will ensure faster operation of the triode with less power consumption. In addition, the disclosed invention may be used to obtain gate controllable field emission in geometrically flexible substrates. In biological and chemical sensing, the disclosed triode 10 will exploit the high surface to volume ratio and high sensitivity of SWCNT. Different biological and chemical species have demonstrated capabilities of modulating conductivities of SWCNT, and therefore will also modulate the transport through the triode 10.

(16) For bio-sensing, one can detect at least one dimension of a biomolecule by detecting a step change in the field emission of the triode after the molecule of interest has attached near the gap 20. In such process, at least one dimension of the molecule of interest becomes equivalent to the gap 20 at the step change point.

(17) In contrast to prior art devices, the disclosed triode 10 has the added advantages of yielding enhanced field emissions from high aspect ratio HA-SWCNTs 12, greater sensitivity to biological and chemical species, and capability for doping HA-SWCNTs 12 to control conduction. These attributes complement the primary advantage of having field emitters on thermally conducting substrates that enables reduced thermal runaway and hence higher device lifetime.

(18) The disclosed triode 10 uses gate-controlled field emission from HA-SWCNT 12 grown on ST-cut quartz (first substrate 14). Though the use of HA-SWCNT 12 ensures efficient field emission as a result of the high aspect ratio, many alternative embodiments of the triode 10 can be produced by replacing HA-SWCNT 12 with multi-wall carbon nanotubes, nanowires, carbon nano fibers, boron nitride nanotubes, zinc oxide nano rods/nanowires, and the like. The varied field emission from these nanostructures may be used to meet design considerations compared to that from HA-SWCNT resulting from the change in aspect ratio and electrical/thermal conductivities.

(19) Other embodiments include using a first substrate 14 other than ST-cut quartz. These include different other cuts (X-, Y-, Z-cuts, etc.) of quartz, different cuts (A-, C-cut, etc.) of sapphire, and silicon with appropriate insulators. In addition, instead of lying in direct physical contact with the insulator, HA-SWCNT 12 can be suspended over a trench or undercut region. Such embodiments having a portion of unsupported HA-SWCNT 12 may yield different thermal properties to meet design considerations different from those achieved by other embodiments of the disclosed invention.

(20) In addition to its application as a replacement of current-day field effect transistor, the proposed configuration can also be used to create tunable microplasmas near the tip 32 of HA-SWCNT 12 by applying high frequency (approximately MHz range) AC signal across cathode and anode (as VAC), while keeping the triode 10 in an inert medium of argon or nitrogen at atmospheric pressure. Such tunable microplasmas have applications in metamaterials, reconfigurable antennas, energy efficient lighting, displays, and in many other areas of plasmonics. Moreover, the disclosed invention enables generation of tunable microplasmas in flexible substrates. Finally, with appropriate protection or chemical modification, microplasma generated from the disclosed invention could be used in hostile physical environments, including high altitude, low earth orbit, or in general poor vacuum conditions.

(21) The triode operation is illustrated in FIGS. 3A and 3B. As shown in FIG. 3A, field emission of electrons 37 from HA-SWCNT 12 can be turned on by applying +ve voltage to the gate terminal of substrate 16 and by applying a +ve voltage to the anode terminal 18b and by applying 0 voltage (GND) to the HA-SWCNT 12 via the cathode terminal 18a.

(22) As shown in FIG. 3B, field emission of electrons 37 from HA-SWCNT 12 can be turned off by applying ve voltage to the gate terminal of substrate 16, while keeping the other terminals (18a and 18b) at the same voltage as in FIG. 3A.

(23) The triode can also be used as a photodetector, when the triode is electrically biased near the threshold of field emission by applying suitable bias to the terminals 18a and 18b, as shown in FIG. 4A. After biasing the triode near the threshold of field emission, an optical signal 38 of certain wavelength can be used to turn on the field emission of electrons 37 from the tip of the HA-SWCNTs to the terminal 18b, as shown below in FIG. 4B. Here, the optical signal can either strike the tip of one CNT, as in FIG. 4B, or the tip of a set of HA-SWCNTs, and hence excite electrons from the HA-SWCNT tip and induce field emission of electrons 37 across the gap 20.

(24) The wavelength of photon absorption by a HA-SWCNTs depends on its intrinsic property such as allowed transition states following relation: =hcd/0.852n, where is the wavelength of light in nm, h=4.13566766210.sup.15 eV.Math.s is Planck's constant, c=29979245810.sup.9 nm/s is the speed of light, n=1, 2, 3, . . . is the order of optical transition, and d is the diameter of HA-SWCNT in nm. Therefore, we can make the photodetector in FIGS. 4A-4B wavelength selective by controlling the properties of HA-SWCNTs.

(25) Method to Control Field Emissions

(26) Applicants disclose a method of electrostatically and/or optically controlling field emission, using a carbon nanotube triode apparatus, said carbon nanotube triode apparatus comprising: a plurality of Horizontally Aligned Single Wall Carbon Nano Tubes (HA-SWCNT) disposed on an electrically insulating thermally conductive layer of a substrate; a first contact disposed on the substrate and electrically coupled to a first end of the HA-SWCNT, wherein the first contact is disposed overlapping the first end of the HA-SWCNT in a view perpendicular to the electrically insulting and thermally conductive layer; a second contact disposed on the substrate, said second contact being entirely separated from the HA-SWCNT by a gap in the view perpendicular to the electrically insulting and thermally conductive layer; and a gate terminal coincident with a plane of the substrate below the electrically insulting and thermally conductive layer, said method comprising:

(27) a) electrostatically controlling field emission by:

(28) (i) applying a voltage difference across said first contact and said second contact, said voltage application comprising applying a higher voltage to said second contact than the voltage applied to said first contact, said voltage difference being sufficient to generate a field emission across said carbon nanotube triode apparatus's gap;

(29) (ii) applying a higher voltage than applied to said second contact to said gate terminal, said voltage being applied to said gate terminal being sufficient to control the initiation of the field emission across said carbon nanotube triode apparatus's gap; and/or

(30) b) optically controlling field emission by

(31) (i) applying a voltage difference across said first contact and said second contact, said voltage application comprising applying a higher voltage to said second contact than the voltage applied to said first contact, said voltage difference being sufficient to generate a field emission across said carbon nanotube triode apparatus's gap;

(32) (ii) generating a field emission of electrons by subjecting the portion of the HA-SWCNT adjacent to said gap with light; and

(33) (iii) optionally applying a higher voltage than applied to said second contact to said gate terminal, said voltage being applied to said gate terminal being sufficient to control the initiation of the field emission across said carbon nanotube triode apparatus's gap.

(34) Examples of the voltage application include bout are not limited to

(35) (i) applying a zero voltage to said first contact and a positive voltage to said second contact (ii) applying a negative voltage to said first contact and a zero voltage to said second contact (iii) applying a positive voltage to said first contact and a higher positive voltage to said second contact
Examples of carbon nanotube triode apparatus gaps and voltage differences that are applied across said first and second contacts and that are sufficient to generate a field emission across said carbon nanotube triode apparatus's gap as well as the voltage that is applied to the carbon nanotube triode apparatus's gate terminal to initiate field emission across said carbon nanotube triode apparatus's gap are provided in Example 1. The carbon nanotube triode apparatus gap and the conductivity of said carbon nanotube triode apparatus's HA-SWCNT determines the minimum voltage difference that is sufficient to generate a field emission across said carbon nanotube triode apparatus's gap and the carbon nanotube triode apparatus's electrically insulting and thermally conductive layer's thickness determines the minimum voltage that is sufficient to control the initiation of the field emission across said carbon nanotube triode apparatus's gap. The preferred ratio for the voltage difference applied across said first and second contacts and the carbon nanotube triode apparatus's gap is 0.1-0.2 V/nm. The preferred ratio for the voltage difference applied across apparatus's gate terminal and said second contact and the carbon nanotube triode apparatus's electrically insulting and thermally conductive layer's thickness is 0.1-0.3 V/nm. Non-limiting examples of light wavelengths that can be applied to the portion of the HA-SWCNT adjacent to said gap are provided in Example 2. As the diameter of the HA-SWCNT increases the wavelength of light required to generate a field emission of electrons increases. Generally, this relationship is expressed by the following equation: =hcd/0.852n, where is the wavelength of light in nm, h=4.13566766210.sup.15 eV.Math.s is Planck's constant, c=29979245810.sup.9 nm/s is the speed of light, n=1, 2, 3, . . . is the order of optical transition and d is the diameter of HA-SWCNT in nm.

(36) Applicants disclose the method of Paragraph 0038, wherein said carbon nanotube triode apparatus's electrically insulating and thermally conductive layer of the substrate is selected from the group consisting of oxides, nitrides, or oxynitrides of: hafnium, zirconium, aluminum, titanium, yttrium, or lanthanum.

(37) Applicants disclose the method of Paragraphs 0038 through 0039, wherein said carbon nanotube triode apparatus's electrically insulating and thermally conductive layer of the substrate comprises Si, a portion of the Si forms a SiO2 layer of approximately 100 nm.

(38) Applicants disclose the method of Paragraphs 0038 through 0040, wherein said carbon nanotube triode apparatus's gap is from greater than zero nm to about 60 nm. Preferably said carbon nanotube triode apparatus's gap is from about 0.1 nm to about 30 nm, said carbon nanotube triode apparatus's gap may also be is from about 1 nm to about 30 nm or from about 10 nm to about 30 nm. When carbon nanotube triode apparatus's gap is from greater than zero nm to about 60 nm, said carbon nanotube triode apparatus can be, but not does not have to be disposed in an inert medium.

(39) Applicants disclose the method of Paragraphs 0038 through 0041, wherein said carbon nanotube triode apparatus's gap is from greater than zero nm to about 1 mm and said carbon nanotube triode apparatus's is disposed in an inert medium. Preferably said carbon nanotube triode apparatus's gap is from about 0.1 nm to about 0.1 mm.

(40) Applicants disclose the method of 0042, wherein said inert medium is nitrogen or argon.

(41) Applicants disclose the method of Paragraphs 0038 through 0043, wherein a portion of said carbon nanotube triode apparatus's HA-SWCNT is unsupported by the substrate.

EXAMPLES

Examples 1

(42) A carbon nanotube triode apparatus, comprising:

(43) a plurality of Horizontally Aligned Single Wall Carbon Nano Tubes (HA-SWCNT) disposed on an electrically insulating thermally conductive layer of a substrate;

(44) a first contact disposed on the substrate and electrically coupled to a first end of the HA-SWCNT, wherein the first contact is disposed overlapping the first end of the HA-SWCNT in a view perpendicular to the electrically insulting and thermally conductive layer;

(45) a second contact disposed on the substrate, said second contact being entirely separated from the HA-SWCNT by a gap in the view perpendicular to the electrically insulting and thermally conductive layer; and a gate terminal coincident with a plane of the substrate below the electrically insulting and thermally conductive layer is used to electrostatically control field emission by a) applying a voltage difference across said first contact and said second contact, said voltage application comprising applying a higher voltage to said second contact than the voltage applied to said first contact, said voltage difference being sufficient to generate a field emission across said carbon nanotube triode apparatus's gap; b) applying a higher voltage than applied to said second contact to said gate terminal, said voltage being applied to said gate terminal being sufficient to control the initiation of the field emission across said carbon nanotube triode apparatus's gap. The various voltage differences applied across said first contact and said second contact, voltage applied to said gate terminal as well as the carbon nanotube triode apparatus's gap and electrically insulting and thermally conductive layer's thickness is provided in Table 1 below.

(46) TABLE-US-00001 TABLE 1 Carbon nanotube Carbon triode apparatus's Voltage difference Voltage nanotube electrically insulting applied across said applied to triode and thermally first contact and said said gate apparatus's conductive layer's second contact terminal gap thickness 1 V 5 V 30 nm 50 nm 0.5 V 10 V 30 nm 50 nm 0.25 V 20 V 30 nm 50 nm 0.5 V 1 V 15 nm 10 nm 0.25 V 2 V 15 nm 10 nm 0.125 V 4 V 15 nm 10 nm 0.2 V 0.3 V 10 nm 2 nm 0.15 V 0.6 V 10 nm 2 nm 0.1 V 1 V 10 nm 2 nm

Example 2

(47) A carbon nanotube triode apparatus, comprising:

(48) a plurality of Horizontally Aligned Single Wall Carbon Nano Tubes (HA-SWCNT) disposed on an electrically insulating thermally conductive layer of a substrate;

(49) a first contact disposed on the substrate and electrically coupled to a first end of the HA-SWCNT, wherein the first contact is disposed overlapping the first end of the HA-SWCNT in a view perpendicular to the electrically insulting and thermally conductive layer; a second contact disposed on the substrate, said second contact being entirely separated from the HA-SWCNT by a gap in the view perpendicular to the electrically insulting and thermally conductive layer; and

(50) a gate terminal coincident with a plane of the substrate below the electrically insulting and thermally conductive layer is used to optically control field emission by: (a) applying a voltage difference across said first contact and said second contact, said voltage application comprising applying a higher voltage to said second contact than the voltage applied to said first contact, said voltage difference being sufficient to generate a field emission across said carbon nanotube triode apparatus's gap; (b) generating a field emission of electrons by subjecting the portion of the HA-SWCNT adjacent to said gap with light; and (c) optionally applying a higher voltage than applied to said second contact to said gate terminal, said voltage being applied to said gate terminal being sufficient to control the initiation of the field emission across said carbon nanotube triode apparatus's gap. The light wavelengths that are applied to the portion of the HA-SWCNT adjacent to said gap are provided in Table 2 below. As the diameter of the HA-SWCNT increases the wavelength of light required to generate a field emission of electrons increases. Generally, this relationship is expressed by the following equation for semiconducting HA-SWCNT: =hcd/0.852n, where is the wavelength of light in nm, h=4.13566766210.sup.15 eV.Math.s is Planck's constant, c=29979245810.sup.9 nm/s is the speed of light, n=1, 2, 3, . . . is the order of optical transition, and d is the diameter of HA-SWCNT in nm.

(51) TABLE-US-00002 TABLE 2 Wavelength of light being detected Diameter n = 1 (first order, n = 2 (second order, of HA- E.sub.11 optical E.sub.22 optical SWCNT transition) transition) 0.5 727 nm 364 nm 1 1455 nm 727 nm 1.5 2183 nm 1091 nm 2 2910 nm 1455 nm 2.5 3638 nm 1819 nm

(52) While the present invention has been illustrated by a description of one or more embodiments thereof and while these embodiments have been described in considerable detail, they are not intended to restrict or in any way limit the scope of the appended claims to such detail. Additional advantages and modifications will readily appear to those skilled in the art. The invention in its broader aspects is therefore not limited to the specific details, representative apparatus and method, and illustrative examples shown and described. Accordingly, departures may be made from such details without departing from the scope of the general inventive concept.