Method for discriminating a microorganism

Abstract

To provide a method for discriminating a microorganism by selecting and using a marker protein capable of reproducibly and quickly discriminating a bacterial species of the genus Listeria. The method for discriminating a microorganism according to the present invention includes: a step of subjecting a sample containing a microorganism to mass spectrometry to obtain a mass spectrum; a reading step of reading a mass-to-charge ratio m/z of a peak derived from a marker protein from the mass spectrum; and a discrimination step of discriminating which bacterial species of Listeria bacteria the microorganism contained in the sample contains based on the mass-to-charge ratio m/z, in which at least one of 17 ribosomal proteins L3, L4, L23, L2, L24, L6, L18, S5, L15, S13, S11, L10, L21, L13, S9, L31, S16 is used as the marker protein and particularly at least one of 8 ribosomal proteins L24, L6, L18, L15, S9, L31, S16 among the 17 ribosomal proteins is used.

Claims

1. A method for discriminating a microorganism, the method comprising: a) a step of subjecting a sample containing a microorganism to mass spectrometry to obtain a mass spectrum; b) a reading step of reading a mass-to-charge ratio m/z of a peak derived from a marker protein from the mass spectrum; and c) a discrimination step of discriminating which bacterial species of Listeria bacteria is contained in the sample based on the mass-to-charge ratio m/z, wherein at least one of ribosomal proteins L24, L6, L18, L15, S11, S9, L31, and S16 is used as the marker protein; wherein a bacterial species of the Listeria bacteria is one of Listeria innocua, Listeria welshimeri, Listeria seeligeri, Listeria ivanovii, Listeria grayi, and Listeria rocourtiae; and wherein the discrimination step discriminates whether the bacterial species of the Listeria bacteria contained in the microorganism is Listeria grayi or Listeria rocourtiae based on a mass-to-charge ratio m/z of a peak derived from at least one of the ribosomal proteins L6, L15, S11, S9, L31, and S16.

2. A non-transitory computer-readable medium storing a program for causing a computer to execute each step according to claim 1.

Description

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF DRAWINGS

(1) FIG. 1 is a block diagram showing principal units of a microorganism discrimination system used in a method for discriminating a microorganism according to the present invention.

(2) FIG. 2 is a flowchart showing an example of a procedure for the method for discriminating a microorganism according to the present invention.

(3) FIG. 3 is a diagram showing a list of bacterial species names and strain names of the genus Listeria used in Example.

(4) FIG. 4 is a diagram showing a list of primers used in Example. In particular, FIG. 4 shows catggcggat gttcaggtaa (SEQ ID NO: 305), ctccttccag aataacgggt (SEQ ID NO: 306), agcagcacaa aacgtggtac (SEQ ID NO: 307), aaggaggact aacgaatgcc (SEQ ID NO: 308), tgcacgcaac ttacaaggca (SEQ ID NO: 309), cggacgcaat aaccaaggta (SEQ ID NO: 310), aatgaacccg aacgatcacc (SEQ ID NO: 311), tacaagcgca aaagccgttg (SEQ ID NO: 312), gtgcagctaa ccgtgtgaat (SEQ ID NO: 313), aggcggaact gaagttgcat (SEQ ID NO: 314), acccgttatt ctggaaggag (SEQ ID NO: 315), aaggcattac acccatggca (SEQ ID NO: 316), ctcgtccatt gtctgcaact (SEQ ID NO: 317), caaacgtaat gctamttgac cc (SEQ ID NO: 318), cgtggtaact atacgttggg t (SEQ ID NO: 319), gactggcgaa cgtgtaatca (SEQ ID NO: 320), tcctgcaaac acwcaagtga tt (SEQ ID NO: 321), ggagggacat attacatgcc tg (SEQ ID NO: 322), ttaatcggac gccctcaa (SEQ ID NO: 323), ctctaccaaa cgcgatgttc (SEQ ID NO: 324), ggaaacacag agctagacaa gg (SEQ ID NO: 325), cctgacacgc ggaagaatta (SEQ ID NO: 326), aaggcccgtc caaaacagta (SEQ ID NO: 327), cagcgatgat gccaagtatg (SEQ ID NO: 328), gaagcagttt cacttggagc (SEQ ID NO: 329), aactggctga ccttggctta (SEQ ID NO: 330), cccctgtgat ggcgagtctt (SEQ ID NO: 331), tcttctcgca taacatcgac ttgaa (SEQ ID NO: 332), tgaaggattt aagtgagtgc atgt (SEQ ID NO: 333), cgcatcgctt gtttcatatc t (SEQ ID NO: 334), ttcgggagct aatttgtttc aa (SEQ ID NO: 335), aacgttttca gaactgaggt gc (SEQ ID NO: 336), cacatatcga cactggagac tttg (SEQ ID NO: 337), ctggaatcaa agtcgaccca (SEQ ID NO: 338), gcagcagtta cgccaaattc tt (SEQ ID NO: 339), tgttataata tytatactgt gtgtaaaagc (SEQ ID NO: 340), and tgagaccgta ytttttgttg aagc (SEQ ID NO: 341).

(5) FIG. 5 is a diagram showing the mass of each amino acid.

(6) FIG. 6 is a diagram showing a list of theoretical mass values of respective proteins in a Listeria monocytogenes strain used in Example.

(7) FIG. 7A is a diagram showing a list of attribution of actual easurement values of respective ribosomal proteins in the strain used in Example.

(8) FIG. 7B is a diagram showing the relationship between the attribution number in FIG. 7A and the theoretical mass value of each ribosomal protein.

(9) FIG. 8 is a diagram showing a list of theoretical mass values of respective proteins in a species of the genus Listeria used in Example.

(10) FIG. 9A is a chart obtained by MALDI-TOF MS measurement (part 1).

(11) FIG. 9B is a chart obtained by MALDI-TOF MS measurement (part 2),

(12) FIG. 10 is an analysis result based on SARAMIS.

(13) FIGS. 11A-1 and 11A-2 show a peak chart obtained by MALDI-TOF MS measurement (part 1).

(14) FIGS. 11B-1 and 11B-2 is a peak chart obtained by MALDI-TOF MS measurement (part 2).

(15) FIG. 12A is an attribution result by actual measurement values of 8 ribosomal proteins.

(16) FIG. 12B is a table showing the relationship between the attribution number shown in FIG. 12A and the theoretical mass value.

(17) FIG. 13A is a dendrogram created using 8 ribosomal proteins.

(18) FIG. 13B is a dendrogram created using 5 ribosomal proteins.

DESCRIPTION OF EMBODIMENTS

(19) Hereinafter, a specific embodiment of a method for discriminating a microorganism according to the present invention will be described.

(20) FIG. 1 is an overall view of a microorganism discrimination system used by the method for discriminating a microorganism according to the present invention. The microorganism discrimination system is roughly made up of a mass spectrometry unit 10 and a microorganism determination unit 20. The mass spectrometry unit 10 includes an ionization unit 11 that ionizes molecules and atoms in a sample by a matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization (MALDI) method and a time-of-flight mass separator (TOF) 12 that separates various ions emitted from the ionization unit 11 in accordance with the mass-to-charge ratio.

(21) The TOF 12 includes an extraction electrode 13 that extracts ions from the ionization unit 11 to guide the ions into an ion flight space in the TOF 12 and a detector 14 that detects ions mass-separated in the ion flight space.

(22) The substance of the microorganism determination unit 20 is a computer such as a workstation or a personal computer, and a central processing unit (CPU) 21 as a central processing unit, a memory 22, a display unit 23 including a liquid crystal display (LCD), an input unit 24 including a keyboard, a mouse and the like, and a storage unit 30 including a mass storage device such as a hard disk and a solid state drive (SSD) are connected to each other. An operating system (OS) 31, a spectrum creation program 32, a genus/species determination program 33, and a subclass determination program 35 (program according to the present invention) are stored in the storage unit 30 and also, a first database 34 and a second database 36 are stored. The microorganism determination unit 20 further includes an interface (I/F) 25 to control direct connection with an external device and connection via a network such as a Local Area Network (LAN) with an external device or the like and is connected to the mass spectrometry unit 10 from the interface 25 via a network cable NW (or wireless LAN).

(23) In FIG. 1, a spectrum acquisition unit 37, an m/z reading unit 38, a subclass determination unit 39, a cluster analysis unit 40, and the dendrogram (lineage diagram) creation unit 41 are shown as relating to the subclass determination program 35. Basically, these units are functional means implemented by software by the subclass determination program 35 being executed by the CPU 21. The subclass determination program 35 is not necessarily a single program, but may be a function incorporated into a portion of a program for controlling the genus/species determination program 33 or the mass spectrometry unit 10 and its form is not particularly limited. As the genus/species determination program 33, for example, a program for performing microorganism identification by a conventional fingerprint method or the like can be used.

(24) Also, in FIG. 1, the spectrum creation program 32, the genus/species determination program 33, the subclass determination program 35, the first database 34, and the second database 36 are mounted on the terminal operated by the user, but at least a portion or all of these units may be provided in another device connected to the terminal via a computer network so that processing by a program and/or access to a database provided in the other device is performed according to instructions from the terminal.

(25) A large number of mass lists related to known microorganisms are registered in the first database 34 of the storage unit 30. These mass lists enumerate the mass-to-charge ratios of ions detected upon mass spectrometry of a certain microorganism cell and include, in addition to the information of the mass-to-charge ratios, at least information (classification information) of the classification group to which the microbial cell belongs (family, genus, species, etc.). Such mass lists are desirably created based on data (actual measurement data) obtained by actual mass spectrometry of various microbial cells in advance by the same ionization method and mass separation method as those by the mass spectrometry unit 10.

(26) When creating a mass list from the actual measurement data, a peak appearing in a predetermined mass-to-charge ratio range is first extracted from the mass spectrum acquired as the actual measurement data. At this point, by setting the mass-to-charge ratio range to about 2,000 to 35,000, protein-derived peaks can be mainly extracted. Also, by extracting only peaks whose peak height (relative intensity) is equal to or greater than a predetermined threshold, undesirable peaks (noise) can be excluded. Since the ribosomal protein group is expressed in a large amount in the cell, most of the mass-to-charge ratios listed in the mass list can be derived from the ribosomal proteins by setting the threshold appropriately. Then, the mass-to-charge ratios (m/z) of the peaks extracted in the above manner are listed for each cell and registered in the first database 34 after adding the classification information and the like. In order to suppress variations in gene expression due to culture conditions, it is desirable to standardize culture conditions in advance for each microbial cell used for collecting actual measurement data.

(27) Information about marker proteins to discriminate known microorganisms at a level lower than the classification level discriminable by the genus/species determination program 33 is registered in the second database 36 of the storage unit 30. That is, information about marker proteins to discriminate the classification subordinate to the genus (species, subspecies, pathogenic type, serotype, strain, etc.) when the genus/species determination program 33 can discriminate the genus of a known microorganism and to discriminate the classification subordinate to the species (subspecies, pathogenic type, serotype, strain, etc.) when the species of a known microorganism can be discriminated is registered. Information about the marker protein includes at least information about the mass-to-charge ratio (m/z) of the marker protein in the known microorganism. In the second database 36 according to the present embodiment, as information about marker proteins to discriminate which of 7 species (Listeria monocytogenes (L. monocytogenes), Listeria innocua (L. innocua), Listeria ivanovii (L. ivanovii), Listeria seeligeri (L. seeligeri), Listeria welshimeri (L. welshimeri), Listeria rocourtiae (L. rocourtiae), and Listeria grayi (L. grayi)) of the genus Listeria the test microorganism is, mass-to-charge ratio values of at least 8 ribosomal proteins, the mass-to-charge ratio value of L24 (m/z 11180.22, 11194.25, 11254.35, 11558.65), the mass-to-charge ratio value of L6 (m/z 19270.04, 19256.01, 19097.81, 19371.01), the mass-to-charge ratio value of L18 (m/z 13096.86, 13110.89, 13082.84, 13066.84), the mass-to-charge ratio value of L15 (m/z 15782.02, 15797.08, 15811.1, 15743.01, 15601.77), the mass-to-charge ratio value of S11 (m/z 13655.65, 13674.66, 13683.67, 13591.66, 13591.67), the mass-to-charge ratio value of S9+Ac (m/z 14283.40, 14359.50, 14302.45, 14372.55, 14330.55), the mass-to-charge ratio value of L31 type B (m/z 9259.36, 9290.34, 9271.3, 9327.44), and the mass-to-charge ratio value of S16 (m/z 10234.94, 10252.97, 10003.54, 10230.88) are stored. The subclass determination program 35 uses at least one of these 8 ribosomal proteins to discriminate which of the 7 bacterial species of Listeria genus is the test microorganism.

(28) Specifically, based on at least the mass-to-charge ratio m/z of a peak derived from each of the ribosomal proteins L15, S11, and S9, or the mass-to-charge ratio m/z of a peak derived from each of the ribosomal proteins L24, L6, L18, and S9, or the mass-to-charge ratio m/z of a peak derived from each of the ribosomal proteins S11, S9, L31, and S16, or the mass-to-charge ratio m/z of a peak derived from each of the ribosomal proteins L18, S9, L31, and S16, or the mass-to-charge ratio m/z of a peak derived from each of the ribosomal proteins L18, L15, and S9, or the mass-to-charge ratio m/z of a peak derived from each of the ribosomal proteins L24, L6, S11, and S9, whether or not Listeria monocytogenes is contained in the test microorganism is discriminated.

(29) Also, based on at least the mass-to-charge ratio m/z of a peak derived from the ribosomal protein S16 or the mass-to-charge ratio m/z of a peak derived from each of the ribosomal proteins L15 and L31, whether or not Listeria innocua is contained in the test microorganism is discriminated.

(30) Further, based on the mass-to-charge ratio m/z of a peak derived from the ribosomal proteins S9 and L31, whether or not Listeria ivanovii is contained in the test microorganism is discriminated.

(31) Further, based on the mass-to-charge ratio m/z of a peak derived from the ribosomal protein S9 and the mass-to-charge ratio m/z of a peak derived from at least one of the ribosomal proteins L18 and S11, whether or not Listeria seeligeri, is contained in the test microorganism is discriminated.

(32) Further, based on at least the mass-to-charge ratio m/z of a peak derived from the ribosomal protein S11 or the mass-to-charge ratios m/z of a peak derived from each of the ribosomal proteins L18 and S9, whether or not Listeria welshimeri is contained in the test microorganism is discriminated.

(33) As described above, the above 8 ribosomal proteins can be used as marker proteins to discriminate the bacterial species of the genus Listeria alone or as a combination of a plurality of ribosomal proteins and therefore, the value of the mass-to-charge ratio is stored in the second database 36 together with information about the bacterial species.

(34) When discriminated that Listeria monocytogenes is contained in the test microorganism, based on the mass-to-charge ratio m/z of a peak derived from the ribosomal protein S9 and the mass-to-charge ratio m/z of a peak derived from at least one of the ribosomal proteins L24 and L6, the lineage of Listeria monocytogenes can be discriminated. Thus, the ribosomal proteins S9, L24, and L6 can also be used as marker proteins to discriminate Listeria monocytogenes lineage (Lineage), and the ribosomal proteins L24, L18, L15, S11, S9, and L31 can also be used as marker proteins to discriminate the serotype of Listeria monocytogenes. Therefore, the values of the mass-to-charge ratio of these ribosomal proteins are also stored in the second database 36 as information about the marker proteins for discriminating the lineage and serotype of Listeria monocytogenes.

(35) In addition, when discriminated that Listeria innocua is contained in the test microorganism, the strain of the innocua can be determined based on at least the mass-to-charge ratio m/z of a peak derived from the ribosomal protein L18.

(36) Further, based on at least the mass-to-charge ratios m/z of a peak derived from each of the ribosomal proteins L18 and S16, or the mass-to-charge ratios m/z of a peak derived from each of the ribosomal proteins L18 and L31, whether or not a strain (for example, Listeria innocua ATCC33090T (L. innocua ATCC33090T)) as a group similar to the type strain (reference strain) of Listeria innocua in pattern of the mass-to-charge ratio of the ribosomal protein is contained in the microorganism can be discriminated.

(37) Further, based on at least the mass-to-charge ratio m/z of a peak derived from each of the ribosomal proteins L18 and S16, or the mass-to-charge ratio m/z of a peak derived from each of the ribosomal proteins L18 and L31, the strains contained in the microorganism can be classified into a group similar to the type strain of Listeria innocua in pattern of the mass-to-charge ratio of the ribosomal protein and a non-similar group.

(38) Therefore, the values of the mass-to-charge ratios of these ribosomal proteins L18, S16, and L31 are also stored in the second database 36 as information about the marker proteins for discriminating the strain of Listeria innocua.

(39) In addition, when discriminated that Listeria ivanovii is contained in the test microorganism, based on at least one of the mass-to-charge ratio m/z of a peak derived from the ribosomal protein L18 and the mass-to-charge ratio m/z of a peak derived from the ribosomal protein L15, the subspecies of Listeria ivanovii can be discriminated.

(40) Further, based on at least the mass-to-charge ratio m/z of a peak derived from the ribosomal protein L15 or the mass-to-charge ratio m/z of a peak derived from each of the ribosomal proteins L18 and L31, whether or not Listeria ivanovii ivanovii (L. ivanovii ivanovii) as a subspecies of Listeria ivanovii is contained in the test microorganism can be discriminated.

(41) Further, based on at least the mass-to-charge ratio m/z of a peak derived from each of the ribosomal proteins L18, S9, and L31, or the mass-to-charge ratio m/z of a peak derived from each of the ribosomal proteins L15, S11, and L31, or the mass-to-charge ratio m/z of a peak derived from each of the ribosomal proteins L15, S9, and L31, or the mass-to-charge ratio m/z of a peak derived from each of the ribosomal proteins L18, S11, and L31, whether or not Listeria ivanovii londiniensis (L. ivanovii londiniensis) as a subspecies of Listeria ivanovii is contained in the test microorganism can be discriminated.

(42) Therefore, the values of the mass-to-charge ratios of the ribosomal proteins L18, S9, L31, L15, and S11 are also stored in the second database 36 as information about the marker proteins for discriminating the subspecies of Listeria ivanovii.

(43) Also, based on the mass-to-charge ratio m/z of a peak derived from at least one of the ribosomal proteins L6, L15, S11, S9, L31, and S16, whether the bacterial species of Listeria bacteria contained in the test microorganism is Listeria grayi or Listeria rocourtiae can be discriminated.

(44) Therefore, the values of the mass-to-charge ratios of the ribosomal proteins L6, L15, S11, S9, L31, and S16 are stored in the second database 36 as information about the marker proteins for discriminating Listeria grayi or Listeria rocourtiae.

(45) The fact that the 8 ribosomal proteins described above can be used for discrimination of bacterial species of the genus Listeria, discrimination of lineage and serotype of Listeria monocytogenes, determination of strains of Listeria innocua and grouping of strains, and discrimination of subspecies of Listeria ivanovii and the like is derived from the result of determining the mass-to-charge ratios of 8 ribosomal proteins for each bacterial species or each strain of the genus Listeria and attributing the mass-to-charge ratios of 8 ribosomal proteins of each bacterial species or each strain. For example, with respect to Listeria innocua, ribosomal proteins useful for grouping the strains are selected by comparing the mass-to-charge ratios of 8 ribosomal proteins of Listeria innocua ATCC33090T (L. innocua ATCC33090T) as the type strain and the mass-to-charge ratios of 8 ribosomal proteins of Listeria innocua GTC02960 (L. innocua GTC02960), which is not the type strain (for details, refer to Examples to be described below, FIG. 8 showing the theoretical mass values of 8 ribosomal proteins, FIG. 12A showing the attribution results based on actual measurement values of 8 ribosomal proteins, and the like)).

(46) The value of the mass-to-charge ratio of the marker proteins stored in the second database 36 is desirably selected by comparing the calculated mass obtained by translating the base sequence of each marker protein into an amino acid sequence with the mass-to-charge ratio detected by actual measurement. The base sequence of the marker protein may be, in addition to determining by sequencing, acquired from a public database, for example, a database or the like of National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) and used. When calculating the calculated mass from the amino acid sequence, it is desirable to consider cleavage of the N-terminal methionine residue as a post-translational modification. More specifically, when the penultimate amino acid residue is Gly, Ala, Ser, Pro, Val, Thr, or Cys, the theoretical value is calculated assuming that the N-terminal methionine is cleaved. In addition, molecules added with protons are actually observed by MALDI-TOF MS and thus, it is desirable to determine the calculated mass by factoring in protons (that is, the theoretical value of the mass-to-charge ratio of ions obtained when each protein is analyzed by MALDI-TOF MS).

(47) Note that a portion or all of the information about the marker proteins stored in the second database 36 may also be stored in the first database 34.

(48) The discrimination procedure of bacterial species of the genus Listeria using a microorganism discrimination system according to the present embodiment will be described with reference to the flowchart shown in FIG. 2.

(49) First, the user prepares a sample containing constituent components of a test microorganism and sets the sample to the mass spectrometry unit 10 to perform mass spectrometry. At this point, in addition to a cell extract or a cellular component such as a ribosomal protein purified from a cell extract, bacterial cells or a cell suspension may be used as it is.

(50) The spectrum creation program 32 acquires a detection signal obtained from the detector 14 of the mass spectrometry unit 10 via the interface 25 and creates a mass spectrum of the test microorganism based on the detection signal (step S101).

(51) Next, the genus/species determination program 33 checks the mass spectrum of the test microorganism against a mass list of known microorganisms recorded in the first database 34 and extracts a mass list of known microorganisms having a mass-to-charge ratio pattern similar to the mass spectrum of the test microorganism, for example, a mass list including peaks that coincide with each peak in the mass spectrum of the test microorganism within a predetermined error range (step S102). Subsequently, the genus/species determination program 33 refers to the classification information stored in the first database 34 in association with the mass list extracted in step S102, thereby determining the classification (genus or species) of the known microorganism corresponding to the mass list (step S103). If the test microorganism is not bacteria belonging to the genus Listeria, or the test microorganism is a bacterium belonging to the genus Listeria and the bacterial species thereof is determined (No in step S104), the classification is output the display unit 23 as a classification of the test microorganism (step S112) before the discrimination processing is terminated. On the other hand, if the species is a bacterium belonging to the genus Listeria and the bacterial species thereof is unknown (Yes in step S104), then the processing proceeds to the discrimination processing by the subclass determination program 35. If it is determined in advance that the sample contains Listeria bacteria by other methods, the processing may proceed to the subclass determination program 35 without using the genus/species determination program using a mass spectrum.

(52) In the subclass determination program 35, first the subclass determination unit 39 reads the mass-to-charge ratio values of the 8 ribosomal proteins L24, L6, L18, L15, S11, S9+Ac, L31 type B, and S16 as marker proteins from the second database 36 (step S105). Subsequently, the spectrum acquisition unit 37 acquires the mass spectrum of the test microorganism created in step S101. Then, the m/z reading unit 38 selects peaks appearing in the mass-to-charge ratio range stored in the second database 36 in association with each of the marker proteins on the mass spectrum as peaks corresponding to each of the marker proteins and reads the mass-to-charge ratios thereof (step S106). Then, the cluster analysis is performed using the read mass-to-charge ratio as an index. More specifically, the subclass determination unit 39 compares the mass-to-charge ratio with the value of the mass-to-charge ratio of each marker protein read out from the second database 36 and determines the attribution of the protein with respect to the read mass-to-charge ratio (Step S107). Then, the cluster analysis is performed based on the determined attribution to determine the species of the test microorganism (step S108), and the determined species is output to the display unit 23 as the discrimination result of the test microorganisms (step S109).

(53) In the foregoing, an embodiment to carry out the present invention has been described above with reference to the drawings, but the present invention is not limited to the above embodiment and appropriate modifications are permitted within the scope of the spirit of the present invention.

(54) For example, in the above embodiment, for convenience of description, to which species of the genus Listeria the test microorganism belongs is determined and then, the serotype and lineage of Listeria monocytogenes are discriminated, but the determination and the discrimination may be performed simultaneously. Also, the discrimination of serotypes and lineage of bacterial species of Listeria monocytogenes may be omitted.

EXAMPLE

(55) Hereinafter, an experiment conducted to demonstrate the selection procedure of marker proteins in the present invention and the effect of the present invention will be described.

(56) (1) Strains Used and Culture Medium

(57) In order to construct a protein mass database, 14 strains of Listeria monocytogenes, two strains of Listeria innocua, two strains of Listeria ivanovii, three strains of Listeria seeligeri, one strain of each of Listeria welshimeri, Listeria grayi (L. grayi, and Listeria rocourtiae, and so 24 strains in total were used (FIG. 3). These strains were obtained from National Bioresource Project (NBRP, Pathogenic Bacteria Department, Gifu University, Gifu city, Japan), American Type Culture Collection (ATCC, Rockville, Md., USA), Japan Collection of Microorganisms (JCM, RIKEN BioResource Center, Tsukuba City, Japan), National institute of Technology and Evaluation, Biological Resource Center (NBRC, Kisarazu City, Japan). For the cultivation, a Brain Heart Infusion liquid medium (Nippon Becton Dickinson Company, Ltd., Tokyo, Japan) or an agar medium was used. In addition, the serotype of Listeria monocytogenes shown in FIG. 3 was determined by the multiplex polymerase chain reaction (PCR) method (see Non Patent Literature 15) using the Listeria type immunity serum “Listeria Antisera” (DENKA SEIKEN Co., Ltd., Tokyo, Japan).

(58) (2) Analysis of DNA

(59) The DNA sequence of the ribosomal protein encoded into the S10-spc-alpha operon and the ribosomal protein genes of biomarker candidates was sequenced by DNA sequencing with a primer designed based on the consensus sequence upstream and downstream of the target region of a genome sequencing strain. More specifically, the genomes were extracted from various strains of the genus Listeria shown in FIG. 3 by a conventional method, and the region of the ribosomal protein gene (up to 5 kbp) and the region of the biomarker proteins were amplified as a template thereof by the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) using KOD plus (Toyobo, Osaka, Japan) as high fidelity DNA polymerase. The obtained PCR product was purified and used as a template for DNA sequencing. DNA sequencing was performed using Big Dye ver. 3.1 Cycle Sequencing Kit (Applied Biosystems, Foster City. Calif.). The primers used for PCR and DNA sequencing are shown in FIG. 4.

(60) Further, a mass-to-charge ratio of the ribosomal protein was calculated from the amino acid sequence obtained by translating the DNA base sequence of the ribosomal protein gene determined as described above and the mass of each amino acid shown in FIG. 5, and the mass-to-charge ratio was defined as the theoretical mass value.

(61) (3) Measurement by MALDI-TOF MS

(62) Bacterial cells were recovered from the Brain Heart Infusion liquid medium or agar medium, and about 3 colonies of bacterial cells were suspended in 0.5 mL of 70% ethanol. The suspension was centrifuged at 10,000 rpm for 2 minutes, and the obtained bacterial cell pellet was dried in a vacuum drier for 5 minutes to evaporate the ethanol. 10 μL of 35% formic acid was added to the dried pellet and stirred, which was obtained as an analysis sample. 1.5 μL of the analysis sample was added to 10 μL of a sinapinic acid matrix agent (solution containing 20 mg/mL sinapinic acid (Wako Pure Chemical Corporation, Osaka, Japan) in a solution of 50 v/v % acetonitrile and 1 v/v % trifluoroacetic acid) and sufficiently mixed. Then, 1.5 μL of the mixed solution was dropped on a sample plate and allowed to air dry. For the MALDI-TOF MS measurement, an AXIMA microorganism identification system (Shimadzu Corporation, Kyoto City, Japan) was used and the sample was measured in the positive linear mode and in the spectral range of 2000 m/z to 35000 m/z. The theoretical mass value calculated by the above method was matched with the measured mass-to-charge ratio with a tolerance of 500 ppm and appropriately corrected. For the calibration of the AXIMA microorganism identification system, the Escherichia coli DH5α strain was used.

(63) (4) Construction of a Protein Mass Database for Discrimination of Listeria monocytogenes

(64) With respect to the above 14 strains of Listeria monocytogenes, the theoretical mass value of the ribosomal protein described above was checked against the peak chart obtained by MALDI-TOF MS measurement and regarding the ribosomal proteins that could be actually detected, it was confirmed that there was no difference between the theoretical mass value and the actual measurement value. Next, the ribosomal proteins encoded into the S10-spc-alpha operon and other ribosomal proteins of the biomarker candidates were examined for the relationship between Listeria monocytogenes strain or serotype and the mass-to-charge ratio. The result is shown in FIG. 6. Because the acetyl group (COCH.sub.3) was found to be modified in the ribosomal protein S9, the mass value of (S9+Ac) to which the acetyl group was added to the mass value calculated from the DNA sequence of the gene was defined as the theoretical mass value.

(65) FIG. 6 shows the theoretical mass values (mass-to-charge ratios (m/z)) of ribosomal proteins encoded into the S10-spc-alpha operon and other ribosomal proteins of the biomarker candidates for 14 strains of Listeria monocytogenes. Serotypes 1/2b, 3b, 4b, 4d, and 4e are classified into Lineage I, serotypes 1/2a, 1/2c, 3a, and 3c are classified into Lineage II, and serotype 4a is classified into lineage III. In addition, ◯, ×, and Δ shown in FIG. 6 each indicate the results of peak processing under the default processing conditions (threshold offset: 0.015 mV, threshold response: 1.200) of the AXIMA microorganism identification system. That is, ◯ indicates that the peak was detected within the tolerance of 500 ppm from the theoretical mass value, and × indicates that the peak was not detected in some cases. Also, Δ indicates that the peak was detected, but the difference from the theoretical mass value of other strains or other serotypes was small or the difference from the peak of other ribosomal proteins was within 500 ppm.

(66) As can be seen from FIG. 6, the ribosomal proteins L3, L4, L23, L2, L24, L6, L18, S5, L15, S13, and S11 encoded into the S10-spc-alpha operon and the ribosomal proteins L10, L21, L13, and S9+Ac other than the operon, a total of 15, were found to have different theoretical mass values from other strains in some strains of Listeria monocytogenes used for the measurement. This suggested that these 15 ribosomal proteins are marker proteins that can be used to discriminate strains or serotypes of Listeria monocytogenes. The DNA base sequence in each strain of these 15 ribosomal proteins is shown in SEQ ID NO: 1 to 240 in the sequence listing. The outline of the sequence corresponding to each sequence number is as follows.

(67) The DNA base sequences of 14 strains of Listeria monocytogenes (ATCC 15313T, JCM 2873, JCM 7671, JCM 7672, JCM 7673, JCM 7674, JCM 7675, JCM 7676, JCM 7677, JCM 7678, JCM 7680, JCM 7683, ATCC 51772, and ATCC 19115) and two strains of Listeria seeligeri (JCM 7679 and JCM 7682) are as follows.

(68) SEQ ID NOs: 1 to 16: DNA base sequence of L3 in the above 16 strains.

(69) SEQ ID NOs: 17 to 32: DNA base sequence of L4 in the above 16 strains.

(70) SEQ ID NOs: 33 to 48: DNA base sequence of L23 in the above 16 strains.

(71) SEQ ID NOs: 49 to 64: DNA base sequence of L2 in the above 16 strains.

(72) SEQ ID NOs: 65 to 80: DNA base sequence of L24 in the above 16 strains.

(73) SEQ ID NOs: 81 to 96: DNA sequence of L6 in the above 16 strains.

(74) SEQ ID NOs: 97 to 112: DNA nucleotide sequence of L18 in the above 16 strains.

(75) SEQ ID NOs: 113 to 128: the DNA nucleotide sequence of S5 in the above 16 strains.

(76) SEQ ID NOs: 129 to 144: DNA base sequence of L15 in the above 16 strains.

(77) SEQ ID NOs: 145 to 160: DNA base sequence of S13 in the above 16 strains.

(78) SEQ ID NOs: 161 to 176: DNA base sequence of S11 in the above 16 strains.

(79) SEQ ID NOs: 177 to 192: DNA base sequence of L10 in the above 16 strains.

(80) SEQ ID NOs: 193 to 208: DNA base sequence of L21 in the above 16 strains.

(81) SEQ ID NOs: 209 to 224: DNA nucleotide sequence of L13 in the above 16 strains.

(82) SEQ ID NOs: 225 to 240: DNA sequence of S9 in the above 16 strains.

(83) However, among the above 15 ribosomal proteins, L3, L4, L23, L2, L10, and L21 have one or more strains having a difference in theoretical mass value from other strains of 500 ppm or more and are considered as biomarker candidates to be used for discrimination of the strains, the peak shape was unclear or the peak intensity was insufficient and so it was not possible to detect the peak and therefore, these ribosomal proteins are considered to be inappropriate as stable biomarkers.

(84) In addition, though ribosomal proteins S5 and L13 were able to detect peaks in MALDI-TOF MS measurement, the difference in theoretical mass value from other strains was 500 ppm or less, which makes the ribosomal proteins inappropriate as biomarkers. Further, S13 (m/z 13578.69 or 13552.65) overlaps with the peak of another ribosomal protein L20 (m/z 13552.08) and both peaks cannot be distinguished so S13 is still inappropriate as a biomarker.

(85) On the other hand, 6 ribosomal proteins, L24, L6, L18, L15, S11, and S9+Ac, were detected in a stable manner regardless of the strain and the difference in theoretical mass value from other strains was 500 ppm or more and so were considered to be useful as biomarkers. Therefore, in the present embodiment, these 6 ribosomal proteins were used as biomarkers for discriminating the serotype or strain (or lineage) of Listeria monocytogenes in MALDI-TOF MS measurement.

(86) (5) Construction of a Mass Database for Discrimination of the Genus Listeria

(87) The 6 biomarkers L24, L6, L18, L15, S11, and S9+Ac, which have been shown to be useful for discriminating serotypes or strains of Listeria monocytogenes, were detected in a stable manner in all the strains of Listeria monocytogenes in MALDI-TOF MS measurement and thus, it was expected that the peaks of these proteins are likely to be detected in a stable manner in the same way even for samples of different species of the genus Listeria.

(88) Thus, with respect to 10 strains of 6 species of Listeria grayi, Listeria innocua, Listeria ivanovii, Listeria rocourtiae, Listeria seeligeri, and Listeria welshimeri that were available from public distributors of the genus Listeria, the theoretical mass values of the 6 marker proteins were calculated by the method described above. As a result of MALDI-TOF MS measurement on these 10 strains, the peaks of the above 6 proteins were detected in a stable manner. In addition to the above 6 biomarkers, it was found that the ribosomal proteins L31 type B and S16 detected as distinct mass peaks showed characteristic peak masses depending on the species of the genus Listeria. Therefore, these two ribosomal proteins are also considered to be biomarkers that can be used to discriminate species of the genus Listeria, and a table of theoretical mass values for discrimination of species of the genus Listeria with respect to 8 ribosomal proteins newly including L31 type B (m/z 9259.36, 9290.34, 9327.44, or 9271.3) and S16 (m/z 10234.94, 10252.97, 10230.88, or 10003.54), in addition to the above 6 ribosomal proteins (L24, L6, L18, L15, S11, and S9), was created (FIG. 8). It is a matter of course that these 8 ribosomal proteins are biomarkers that can be used not only for discriminating species of the genus Listeria, but also for discriminating the serotype of Listeria monocytogenes.

(89) The 56th amino acid of the ribosomal protein S11 of Listeria grayi has been specifically changed to lysine and further, in the result of MALDI-TOF MS measurement, the mass peak was observed at the position where the mass of the methyl group (CH.sub.3) was added. From the above, the theoretical mass value was calculated assuming that S11 of Listeria grayi was methylated. Also, since S11 of Listeria rocourtiae (L. rocourtiae was observed to have a peak at a position larger than the theoretical mass value by about 17 in m/z, 17 was added to the theoretical mass value. Further, with respect to S16, theoretical values were calculated from the sequence information of genome-sequenced strains, and it was confirmed that the theoretical values are not different from the measured values of the strains actually measured this time. In addition, two patterns of DNA sequences were registered in S16 of Listeria monocytogenes, but the amino acid sequences matched.

(90) The DNA base sequences of the above 8 ribosomal proteins determined in the above manner in 8 strains of 6 species are shown in SEQ ID NOs: 241 to 304 in the sequence listing. The outline of the sequence corresponding to each sequence number is as follows.

(91) SEQ ID NOs: 241 to 248: DNA bae sequence of L24, L6, L18, L15, S11, S9+Ac, L31 type B, and S16 in the strain ATCC 33090T of Listeria innocua. The strain ATCC 33090T is the type strain (standard strain) of Listeria innocua.

(92) SEQ ID NOs: 249 to 256: DNA base sequence of L24, L6, L18, L15, S11, S9+Ac, L31 type B, and S16 in the strain GTC02960 of Listeria innocua.

(93) SEQ ID NOs: 257 to 264: DNA base sequence of L24, L6, L18, L15, S11, S9+Ac, L31 type B, and S16 in the strain JCM7681 of Listeria ivanovii ivanovii.

(94) SEQ ID NOs: 265 to 272: DNA base sequence of L24, L6, L18, L15, S11, S9+Ac, L31 type B, and S16 in the strain ATCC44954 of Listeria ivanovii londiniensis.

(95) SEQ ID NOs: 273 to 280: DNA base sequence of L24, L6, L18, L15, S11, S9+Ac, L31 type B, and S16 in the strain ATCC35967T of Listeria seeligeri.

(96) SEQ ID NOs: 281 to 288: DNA base sequence of L24, L6, L18, L15, S11, S9+Ac, L31 type B, and S16 in the strain GTC02963 of Listeria welshimeri.

(97) SEQ ID NOs: 289 to 296: DNA base sequence of L24, L6, L18, L15, S11, S9+Ac, L31 type B, and S16 in the strain GTC16429T of Listeria rocourtiac.

(98) SEQ ID NOs: 297 to 304: DNA base sequence of L24, L6, L18, L15, S11, S9+Ac, L31 type B, and S16 in the strain ATCC19120T of Listeria grayi.

(99) (6) Identification of Bacterial Species of the Genus Listeria

(100) The mass pattern of the protein was analyzed by the fingerprint method using SARAMIS (trademark, Spectral Archive and Microbial Identification System), and it was confirmed that all the strains were bacteria of the genus Listeria. Subsequently, profile data was created by evaluating those having the mass-to-charge ratio of the peak on the mass spectrum of each strain matching the mass-to-charge ratio of a biomarker protein without mutation as “1”, those that did not match as “2” to “5” (2 to 5 indicate mutually different mass-to-charge ratios), and those in which no peak corresponding to the biomarker protein was present as “0”. This data was imported into PAST software (Natural History Museum, University of Oslo, Norway) and cluster-analyzed by the proximity coupling method using the Kimura algorithm. In addition, a phylogenetic tree (FIG. 13A) was created using FigTree ver. 1.4.0 software. As a result, as is clear from FIG. 13A, 7 bacterial species of the genus Listeria were correctly classified and further, Listeria monocytogenes was correctly classified for each lineage.

(101) (7) Identification of the Strain or Serotype/Lineage of Listeria monocytogenes

(102) By associating the mass-to-charge ratio of a peak obtained by MALDI-TOF MS measurement with the theoretical mass values of the above 6 ribosomal proteins, the attribution of the type of protein from which the peak was derived was analyzed to identify the strain of Listeria monocytogenes. For the analysis of attribution of protein types, software for discriminating bacteria was developed and used based on S10-GERMS (S10-spc-alpha operon Gene Encoded Ribosomal protein Mass Spectrum) method (see Patent Literature 3).

(103) First, the above software was activated to register the theoretical mass value for each strain of the 6 ribosomal proteins L24, L6, L18, L15, S11, and S9+Ac (the value of the mass-to-charge ratio of the ribosomal protein L24 (m/z 11180.22, 11194.25. 11254.35), the value of the mass-to-charge ratio of the ribosomal protein L6 (m/z 19270.08 (19270.80), 19256.01), the value of the mass-to-charge ratio of the ribosomal protein L18 (m/z 13096.86, 13110.89), the value of the mass-to-charge ratio of the ribosomal protein L15 (m/z 15782.02, 15797.08), the value of the mass-to-charge ratio of the ribosomal protein S11 (m/z 13655.65, 13674.66), and the value of the mass-to-charge ratio of the ribosomal protein S9+Ac (m/z 14283.40, 14359.50, 14302.45)). Two theoretical mass values m/z 19270.08 and 19270.04 of L6 having a mass difference of 500 ppm or less were deemed not to be distinguishable from each other and so were registered as m/z 19270.08.

(104) Next, mass spectrum data obtained by MALDI-TOF MS measurement was analyzed for each strain to examine Whether or not the peak corresponding to a biomarker was correctly attributed to the theoretical mass value of the registered biomarker. As a result, as shown in FIG. 7A, for all strains, peaks corresponding to all biomarkers were attributed to the theoretical mass values of the registered biomarkers. FIG. 7B shows the relationship between the mass-to-charge ratios of the 6 ribosomal proteins and the attribution numbers 1 to 3 shown in FIG. 7A. Attribution patterns were classified into groups A to D and checked against the serotypes of each strain and it turned out that strains of lineage II belong to group A, strains of lineage I belong to groups B, C, and strains of lineage III belong to group D.

(105) From the above, it is verified that L24 (m/z 11180.22, 11194.25, 11254.35), L6 (m/z 19270.08, 19256.01), L18 (m/z 13096.86, 13110.89), L15 (m/z 15782.02, 15797.08, 15668.86), S11 (m/z 13655.65, 13674.66) and S9+Ac (m/z 14283.40, 14359.50, or 14302.45) are useful marker proteins for discrimination of the serotype and lineage of Listeria monocytogenes in MALDI-TOF MS measurement. In addition, accurate masses of these marker proteins were calculated from these genetic information and these marker proteins were also checked against actual measurement values and therefore, it became clear that a mass database with high reliability can be constructed.

(106) (8) Comparison of Discrimination Results using SARAMIS and Discrimination Results by Cluster Analysis

(107) The species of the genus Listeria was discriminated using SARAMIS and the species of the genus Listeria was discriminated by cluster analysis using the theoretical mass values of 8 ribosomal proteins shown in FIG. 8 as an index and the results were compared. FIGS. 9A and 9B show charts obtained by MALDI-TOF MS measurements. FIG. 9A is a chart of bacterial species or strains of groups A to E, and FIG. 9B is a chart of bacterial species or strains of groups F to M. When these charts were analyzed using SARAMIS, the discrimination result shown in FIG. 10 was obtained. As can be seen from FIG. 10, two strains of Listeria innocua, one strain of Listeria ivanovii, Listeria seeligeri ATCC 35967, and Listeria welshimeri were all discriminated as “Listeria sp.” and their species could not be identified. The Listeria ivanovii JCM7681 strain and Listeria seeligeri JCM7679 and JCM7682 strains were misidentified as L. monocytogenes. For Listeria seeligeri JCM7679 and JCM7682 strains, a biochemical test and sequence analysis of 16S RNA were carried out so that Listeria seeligeri could be identified. Listeria rocourtiae was not identified as a species because the theoretical mass value corresponding to its mass peak was not stored in the database of SARAMIS. On the other hand, Listeria grayi was correctly identified up to the species level by SARAMIS. Because Listeria grayi is systematically distant from other Listeria bacteria, Listeria grayi is considered to have been identifiable by the existing fingerprint method.

(108) Next, based on the database of theoretical mass values shown in FIG. 8, attempts were made to discriminate the species of the genus Listeria. For m/z 15797.08, 15797.03, and 15796.09 of L15 with a small difference in mass value, these mass-to-charge ratios are considered to be not discriminable by actual measurements and so were all attributed by regarding as having the theoretical mass value m/z 15797.08. FIGS. 11A-1, 11A-2, 11B-1 and 11B-2 are enlarged views of the biomarker peak portions of the charts of FIGS. 9A and 9B. As can be seen from FIGS. 11A-1, 11A-2, 11B-1 and 11B-2, the biomarker mass was shifted by the species of the genus Listeria and peaks could be distinguished.

(109) When the actual measurement values of 8 ribosomal proteins were compared with the theoretical values and attributed, the results shown in FIG. 12A were obtained. FIG. 12B is a table showing the correspondence relationship between the attribution number of the biomarker and the theoretical mass value in FIG. 12A. Incidentally, the numerals 1 to 5 shown on the charts in FIGS. 11A-1, 11A-2, 11B-1 and 11B-2 represent the attribution number of each biomarker.

(110) As can be seen from FIGS. 8 and 12A, for Listeria rocourtiae and Listeria grayi, a difference between the theoretical value and the actual measurement value was found in sonic ribosomal proteins, but for other bacterial species of the genus Listeria, a difference in mass value of the ribosomal proteins could be discriminated.

(111) A dendrogram (lineage diagram) showing the attribution result using the 8 ribosomal proteins shown in FIG. 12A and a dendrogram of the attribution result using five ribosomal proteins L24, S9, L6, L18, and S16 out of the 8 ribosomal proteins are shown in FIGS. 13A and 13B. In both cases, it is clear that the species of the genus Listeria can be discriminated and the lineage of Listeria monocytogenes can be discriminated. From the above, it was found that the discrimination method of the genus Listeria using the ribosomal proteins found in the present embodiment as marker proteins is a very effective method.

(112) In the above embodiment, the second database 36 was caused to store the mass-to-charge ratios of 8 ribosomal proteins as marker proteins to discriminate which of the 7 bacterial species of the genus Listeria the test microorganism belongs to, but in the above embodiment, the second database 36 may also be caused to store the total of 17 ribosomal proteins, 15 ribosomal proteins (L3, L4, L23, L2, L24, L6, L18, S5, L15, S13, S11, L10, L21, L13, and S9) found in the process of constructing a protein mass database to discriminate Listeria monocytogenes and two ribosomal proteins (L31 (L31 type B), and S16) found in the process of constructing a protein mass database to discriminate the bacterial species other than Listeria monocytogenes, so that the subclass determination program 35 uses at least one of 17 ribosomal proteins to discriminate which of the bacterial species of the genus Listeria the test microorganism belongs to.

(113) Further, in the above embodiment, the lineage of Listeria monocytogenes is discriminated by cluster analysis, but the lineage may also be discriminated by comparing the actual measurement value of one or more ribosomal proteins with the theoretical mass value. For example, the lineage may be discriminated from actual measurement values of mass peaks corresponding to the ribosomal proteins L24, L6, and S9. In particular, the ribosomal proteins L24 and L6 are useful as marker proteins to distinguish between a lineage I and other lineages, because a unique mass shift was observed in the lineage I of Listeria monocytogenes.

(114) Further, distinct peaks could be detected in MALDI-TOF MS measurements of the ribosomal protein L18 and a unique mass shift was observed in Listeria seeligeri. Therefore, the ribosomal protein L18 may be used as a marker protein to discriminate Listeria seeligeri.

(115) Also, the ribosomal protein S16 having a mass-to-charge ratio characteristic of L. innocua and the ribosomal protein S9 capable of discriminating a strain of Listeria seeligeri are useful as biomarkers to discriminate species of the genus Listeria. In addition, the ribosomal proteins L18, L15 become useful marker proteins to discriminate subspecies of Listeria ivanovii, and the ribosomal protein S11 becomes a useful marker protein to discriminate Listeria welshimeri.

REFERENCE SIGNS LIST

(116) 10 . . . Mass spectrometry unit 11 . . . Ionization unit 12 . . . TOF 13 . . . Extraction electrode 14 . . . Detector 20 . . . Microorganism determination unit 21 . . . CPU 22 . . . Memory 23 . . . Display unit 24 . . . Input unit 25 . . . I/F 30 . . . Storage unit 31 . . . OS 32 . . . Spectrum creation program 33 . . . Genus/species determination program 34 . . . First database 35 . . . Subclass determination program 36 . . . Second database 37 . . . Spectrum acquisition unit 38 . . . m/z reading unit 39 . . . Subclass determination unit 40 . . . Cluster analysis unit 41 . . . Dendrogram creation unit