Systems and methods to deliver photodisruptive laser pulses into tissue layers of the anterior angle of the eye

Abstract

The invention relates to systems and methods for accessing tissue layers of the anterior chamber angle of an eye, targeting one or multiple treatment zones within the anterior angle area of the eye and delivering focused photodisruptive laser pulses with pulse durations <50 picoseconds creating channels into various anatomical structures within the anterior angle of the eye.

Claims

1. A method of delivering a laser beam into target tissue layers of an anterior angle of an eye, having a vertical focusing convergence angle that is determined by a measured maximum possible vertical focusing angle for that eye, corresponding to an anterior chamber angle of that eye and having a horizontal focusing convergence angle between 40 and 80 degrees and having a laser treatment energy setting that is optimized for the laser spot size that corresponds to such chosen vertical and horizontal focusing convergence angles and such laser beam creating a channel opening through the target tissue layers.

2. A method of claim 1 where a laser beam additionally is applied to the target tissue layers such that it performs a photocoagulation of the target tissue layers.

3. A method of claim 1 where a z-axis calibration of the target tissue layer relative to a reference point of the delivery system is being created.

4. A method of claim 1 where the channel opening is created through a Trabecular Meshwork, opening a flow channel for an aqueous humor to reach a Schlemm's canal.

5. A method of claim 1 where the channel opening is created through a scleral spur and into a suprachoroidal space to create an outflow channel for an aqueous humor into the suprachoroidal space.

6. A method of claim 1 where all procedure steps are performed fully automated through the use of a control system.

Description

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

(1) FIG. 1 illustrates a laser focus with a 3 m diameter and a 20 deg convergence angle

(2) FIG. 2 illustrates a laser focus with a 3 m diameter and a 40 deg convergence angle

(3) FIG. 3 illustrates a 20 deg laser focus into the anterior angle region of an eye

(4) FIG. 4 illustrates a 40 deg laser focus into the anterior angle region of an eye

(5) FIG. 5 shows the concept of total internal reflection

(6) FIG. 6 illustrates a laser beam path using a direct gonio lens

(7) FIG. 7 shows a simulated laser beam with different focusing characteristics in the horizontal and vertical axis

(8) FIG. 8 illustrates a laser focus being scanned back and forward across a tissue interface

(9) FIG. 9 shows the anatomical features of the anterior angle of an eye

(10) FIG. 10 illustrates a large photocoagulation zone due to a defocused laser beam

(11) FIG. 11 shows a aiming beam and treatment laser beam focusing into the angle

(12) FIG. 12 illustrates an alignment motion for an aiming laser beam

(13) FIG. 13 shows a circular laser firing pattern in the anterior angle tissue layers

(14) FIG. 14 shows a corkscrew laser firing pattern in the anterior angle tissue layers

(15) FIG. 15 shows a elliptical photocoagulation zone in the angle of an eye

(16) FIG. 16 shows a detailed delivery system design

(17) FIG. 17 illustrates a detailed patient interface design

(18) FIG. 18 shows a detailed laser shaping optical delivery system component design

(19) FIG. 19 shows a detailed laser shaping optical delivery system component design

(20) FIG. 20 shows a detailed laser shaping optical delivery system component design

(21) FIG. 21 shows a detailed laser shaping optical delivery system component design

(22) FIG. 22 illustrates a full system block diagram

(23) FIG. 23 illustrates a laser firing pattern

(24) FIG. 24 illustrates a laser firing pattern

(25) FIG. 25 illustrates the laser beam path of a specific mirror gonio lens

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

(26) The word fs-laser throughout this disclosure stands for femtosecond laser and is meant to cover any laser source, that can provide pulse durations smaller than <50000 femtoseconds (50 pico seconds) with a preferable range of 10 fs to 500 fs. The word femtosecond can also be interchanged with the word photodisruptive throughout the entire disclosure. This ultra-short pulse requirement together with a small spot size area (preferably <20 m for circular focus and preferably <400 m.sup.2 for elliptical focus) allows the use of very small pulse energies in the range of <200 micro Joules (preferable range <50 micro joules) while still achieving a photodisruptive (plasma induced optical breakdown) tissue reaction that allows for the creation of a hole (tunnel) in tissue layers in the anterior angle of the eye (e.g the Trabecular Meshwork). FIG. 9 shows the anatomical features of the anterior angle area of the eye. It is critical to keep the pulse energies small since the undesired side effects such as shockwaves and large cavitation bubbles scale with the pulse energy, reduce precision and cause increasing collateral tissue damage around the desired target zone.

(27) FIG. 1. The small focus requirement leads to a large focusing beam convergence angle (high numerical aperture NA) in the range of 10-90 degrees. A 3 m spot size diameter of a =1060 nm fs-laser beam with an aberration free beam quality factor of M.sup.2=1 requires about 20 degrees (1/e{circumflex over ()}2) of full convergence (often referred to as beam divergence) angle as can be seen in the simulated coherent laser beam 3003 horizontal and 3006 vertical propagation calculation of FIG. 1.

(28) Because of significant wave front distortions of the laser beam, as it propagates through various optical and eye anatomical interfaces the coherence quality of the wave front is reduced resulting in a larger spot size. To maintain the same small spot size in the example above the full convergence angle to reach a 3 m spot size diameter goes up to about 36 degrees (for an M{circumflex over ()}2 of 1.8) as shown in the simulation in FIG. 2.

(29) Furthermore these theoretical values are defined as a 1/e{circumflex over ()}2 beam cut off value. If the beam had only exactly that room to propagate and anything outside this envelope would be cut off, then that would result in a larger focus and lost pulse energy due to clipping.

(30) To prevent this additional aberration and energy loss it is important to allow another 5-10 degrees of accessible angle to prevent excessive clipping and to allow for some misalignment margin.

(31) The present invention provides a method for overcoming the limitations described above. In particular the invention provides the following method:

(32) A second method (as named in the parent application) to measure and maximize the vertical angular laser beam access and therefore achieving minimal spot size at the anterior angle tissue layers of an eye. The horizontal convergence angle of the treatment laser beam is fixed to preferably 60 deg (+/20 deg) to create a small spot size in the horizontal axis in the range of <10 m diameter depending on the overall aberrations.

(33) Step a. The angular opening in the vertical axis is determined with the same femtosecond laser delivery system just prior to firing the photodisruptive femtosecond laser pulses by using a shape adjustable visible aiming laser beam under live observation. FIG. 11 shows an aiming laser beam 3204 being focused collinear to the planned photodisruptive treatment beam 3206 into the target tissue layer of the anterior angle of the eye. In one embodiment, this is done by changing the vertical aiming beam divergence from big to small until no light is clipping on the iris and cornea (both sides of the angle) or doing it reverse (small to big) until light starts to scatter on the outside surfaces of the angle. FIG. 11 shows the lower aiming beam envelope clipping on the iris 3205. This scattered light feedback can be observed live by the surgeon/operator or by an automated video/sensor analysis system. While the beam cone is maximized, in the same time the delivery system is preferably constantly adjusted for centration in the angle of the eye to center the focusing beam cone in the angle to achieve the setting of a maximum allowable vertical angle. This adjustment is illustrated in FIG. 12 The beam 3210 is moved in the directions 3211.

(34) Step b. Once the maximum vertical accessibility angle to the target region has been determined the aiming beam is scanned back and forward in the z-axis (above and below the target tissue plane) using a delivery system moving lens (e.g. the main focusing lens) until the visible beam diameter on the target tissue layer is minimized. This minimum spot visualization can be performed live by observation of the surgeon through a microscope or preferably by an automated vision system. The now known z-position of the delivery system optics is now used to calibrate the z-distance of a delivery system reference point to the aiming beam focus position on the surface of the target tissue layer.

(35) Step c. (optional) If the delivery system allows the adjustment of the vertical beam convergence angle for the photodisruptive treatment beam, then the vertical angle is now adjusted to match the maximum determined aiming beam angle from step a. This sets the treatment beam up to achieve a minimum possible vertical spot size on the target tissue layer.

(36) Step d. (optional) Photocoagulation of the target tissue area. After the steps a,b and optional c the photodisruptive treatment laser beam is now preferably automatically defocused by a predetermined amount using a z-scan of the focusing lens or other lens in the delivery system. The preferred defocusing adjustment moves the laser focus 0.7 mm (+0.5 mm) deeper into the target tissue (towards or into the sclera). This results in an enlargement of the laser beam diameter on the target tissue (surface of the anterior angle tissue layer) to about 500 m FIG. 10, 3201 for a laser beam with a circular convergence angle of 40 deg 3203. After this defocusing adjustment 3202, resulting in a focus position in 3200, the pulse energy is automatically adjusted higher. This pulse energy is adjusted to a level such that the resulting average laser power P.sub.average power=E.sub.laser pulse energyR.sub.laser repetition rate times the applied laser on duration time during this defocused sequence provides an amount of total energy E.sub.total=P.sub.average powert.sub.laser on duration that photo coagulates the tissue area within the defocused diameter. For a preferred laser repetition rate >100 kHz and a preferred circular area of a 500 m diameter beam and a preferred laser on duration of <1 s the preferred laser pulse energy is >10 J. Lower available pulse energy can be compensated by increasing the laser on duration to achieve the desired amount of photocoagulation. The laser beam area for this defocused large beam (e.g. 500 m circular diameter) is typically >1000 times larger than typical achieved laser focus on the same surface without defocusing (e.g. 10 m circular diameter). Therefore any conceivable rise in pulse energy (even to e.g. as high as >500 J) would still be far below the plasma threshold energy on this large area. Furthermore the new laser focus 0.7 mm below the anterior angle tissue layer surface is, because of significant photon scattering and absorption of the tissue layers between the surface layer and the 0.7 mm deep layer no longer reaching the fluency level required to exceed the plasma breakdown threshold. All laser power is therefore now absorbed and scattered creating a thermal effect in and around the defocused beam zone leading to photocoagulation versus a photodisruptive cutting effect. The penetration depth of the coagulated tissue volume depends beside the total delivered laser energy also on the laser wavelength. The achieved coagulation zone (volume) reduces or prevents any bleeding from the high fluency (above threshold) laser pulses that follow this step (see step e.) and create a hole or channel into the tissue layers. For a typical photodisruptive (ultra short pulsed) laser wavelength around 1050 nm (+50 nm) the absorption length is longer than for shorter wavelengths such as used for example in a 532 nm coagulation laser (similar to SLT and ALT). Such a shorter wavelength, quasi cw (continuous wave) laser with a preferred wavelength of 532 nm or 577 nm or 810 nm can be used as a second laser source instead of the defocused photodisruptive main laser. In that configuration the second source shorter wavelength laser does not need to be focused in a highly converging beam since it only needs to reach a preferred spot size diameter of 500 m (+300 m). Furthermore, if another laser is used for the photocoagulation part, than that part of the procedure can be performed before the non-invasive photodisruptive laser procedure. For example the coagulation of one or multiple treatment zones can be performed minutes or days before the channel creating procedure on a laser slit lamp setup. All the above parameter considerations for a preferred circular laser beam are also applicable to a preferred elliptical laser beam.

(37) Step e. The control system of the laser system now calculates and then sets the optimal photodisruptive laser pulse energy based on the input from step a., b. and c. before the treatment laser is fired. The factors for this calculation are as follows: If the vertical treatment beam angle is adjustable then it has been set to the maximum vertical angle in step a. Since the horizontal focusing angle is fixed, the horizontal spot size axis is fixed as well .sub.0 horizontal fixed. The vertical spot size .sub.0 vertical and therefore the spot size area A is according to formula 1 inverse proportional to the maximum vertical angle .

(38) $A_{\mathrm{spot}\mathrm{size}\mathrm{area}}~{}_{0\mathrm{horizontal}\mathrm{fixed}}{}_{0\mathrm{vertical}}={}_{0\mathrm{horizontal}\mathrm{fixed}}{M}_{\mathrm{vertical}}^2\frac{360}{{}^2{}_{\mathrm{vertical}}}$
with

(39) ${}_{0\mathrm{horizontal}\mathrm{fixed}}=M_{\mathrm{horizontal}}^2\frac{360}{{}^2{}_{\mathrm{horizontal}}}$
the spot size area A becomes: Formula 2

(40) $A_{\mathrm{spot}\mathrm{size}\mathrm{area}}~M_{\mathrm{horizontal}}^2\frac{360}{{}^2{}_{\mathrm{horizontal}}}{M}_{\mathrm{vertical}}^2\frac{360}{{}^2{}_{\mathrm{vertical}}}$
The required treatment pulse energy is: Formula 3
E.sub.pulse energy setting=cE.sub.threshold pulse energy
with E.sub.threshold pulse energy being the minimum pulse energy required to achieve a photodisruptive optical breakdown on the desired tissue layer and c being a factor by which the set pulse energy needs to exceed the threshold pulse energy to achieve an efficient photodisruptive tissue effect for cutting and drilling a hole into the tissue layers. The preferred setting for c is 3 to 10. The threshold for the photodisruptive optical 430 breakdown depends on the laser fluency F, being: Formula 4

(41) $F_{\mathrm{threshold}}=\frac{E_{\mathrm{threshold}\mathrm{pulse}\mathrm{energy}}}{t_{\mathrm{pulse}\mathrm{duration}}{A}_{\mathrm{spot}\mathrm{size}\mathrm{area}}}$
Therefore: E.sub.threshold pulse energy=F.sub.thresholdt.sub.pulse durationA.sub.spot size area or: Formula 5
E.sub.threshold pulse energyA.sub.spot size area
Combining formula 2, 3 and 5 leads to: Formula 6

(42) $E_{\mathrm{pulse}\mathrm{energy}\mathrm{setting}}~c{M}_{\mathrm{horizontal}}^2\frac{360}{{}^2{}_{\mathrm{horizontal}}}{M}_{\mathrm{vertical}}^2\frac{360}{{}^2{}_{\mathrm{vertical}}}$
If the vertical angle is not adjustable, then it has been set to a fixed preferred angle of .sub.vertical=40 deg (+/15 deg). Depending on the measured maximum vertical accessibility angle in step a. this fixed vertical angle .sub.vertical is either smaller or larger than the maximum accessible angle. If it is larger than the maximum accessible angle then a clipping factor f.sub.clip needs to be considered that reduces the laser power on target an enlarges the spot size in the vertical axis. Including this clipping factor the laser control system calculates the required pulse energy setting for the following laser treatment according to Formula 7:

(43) $E_{\mathrm{pulse}\mathrm{energy}\mathrm{setting}}~f_{\mathrm{clip}}c{M}_{\mathrm{horizontal}}^2\frac{360}{{}^2{}_{\mathrm{horizontal}}}{M}_{\mathrm{vertical}}^2\frac{360}{{}^2{}_{\mathrm{vertical}}}$
The beam quality factors M.sub.horizontal.sup.2 and M.sub.vertical.sup.2 depend on the sum of all aberrations of the laser system including the delivery system optics, patient interface, patient contact lens (goniolens) the interface to the eye and to some extend the condition of the cornea and anterior chamber of the eye. Most of these beam quality factors are system specific and are preferably calculated and measured. A high level of accuracy in determining those quality factors is achieved by performing photodisruptive laser threshold measurements using model and cadaver eyes on the final laser system setup. The f.sub.clip loss factor is also determined by performing photodisruptive laser threshold measurements using model and cadaver eyes on the final laser system setup. They are performed for a range (15 deg to 50 deg) of accessibility angles (step a.) and saved as a table within the laser control system. Once the laser procedure has started and the actual vertical accessibility angle has been determined in step a, the control system looks up the corresponding f.sub.clip loss factor and calculates the final laser pulse energy setting E.sub.pulse energy setting according to formula 7.

(44) Step f. After the control system sets the treatment laser pulse energy, the laser will preferably automatically fire a preset scanning pattern with reference to the laser beam alignment in step a. and the z-calibration in step b. to create one or multiple holes into the desired target zone layers (e.g. through the Trabecular Meshwork or into the suprachoroidal space) within the coagulated zone, if created.

(45) Step g. (optional) All steps a. to f. are preferably done in a fully automated sequence immediately following each other and parameters are optimized that the entire laser procedure time is preferably less than 10 s.

(46) Although the present invention has been described in considerable detail with reference to the preferred versions thereof, other versions are possible.

(47) The scope of this patent and the appended claims is limited to the second method as described above. The use of the name second method is intended to make it consistent with the parent filing.