Thin slab nozzle for distributing high mass flow rates

Abstract

A thin slab nozzle contains a central bore extending downstream along longitudinal axis X1 from an inlet orifice at an upstream end. The central bore comprises an upstream bore portion with a height Ha, in communication with a converging bore portion of height He, in communication with a thin bore portion of height Hf ending at the upstream end of a divider, and first and second front ports separated from one another by the divider and coupled to the central bore portion at least partially at the converging bore portion. X2 is a transverse axis, normal to X1, along which the nozzle becomes thinner in a downstream portion. In a section of the thin slab nozzle along a symmetry plane 1 defined by X1 and by X2, the bore wall of the converging bore portion is curved at all points, and Hf/He1.

Claims

1. Thin slab nozzle for casting thin slabs made of metal, said thin slab nozzle having a geometry symmetrical with respect to a first symmetry plane 1 defined by a longitudinal axis X1 and a first transverse axis X2 normal to said longitudinal axis X1, and symmetrical with respect to a second symmetry plane 2 defined by the longitudinal axis X1, and a second transverse axis X3 normal to both the longitudinal axis X1 and said first transverse axis X2, said thin slab nozzle extending along said longitudinal axis X1 from: an inlet portion, located at an upstream end of the thin slab nozzle and comprising an inlet orifice oriented perpendicularly to the longitudinal axis X1 to an outlet diffusing portion located at a downstream end of the thin slab nozzle and comprising first and second outlet port orifices, said outlet diffusing portion having a nozzle width, measured along the second transverse axis X3, which is at least three times larger than a nozzle breadth of the outlet diffusing portion measured along the first transverse axis X2, and comprising a connecting portion connecting the inlet portion and the outlet diffusing portion, said thin slab nozzle further comprising: a central bore defined by a bore wall and opening at said inlet orifice and extending therefrom along the longitudinal axis X1 until it is closed at an upstream end of a divider, said central bore comprising: an upstream bore portion comprising the inlet orifice and extending over a height Ha and, adjacent thereto, forming an upstream boundary with a converging bore portion of height He located in the connecting portion of the thin slab nozzle, and adjacent thereto a thin bore portion of height Hf located in the diffusing portion of the thin slab nozzle and ending at the level of the upstream end of said divider, first and second front ports separated from one another by the divider and extending parallel to said second symmetry plane 2, said first and second front ports extending from first and second port inlets opening at least partially on two opposite walls of the converging bore portion, to said first and second outlet port orifices, said first and second front ports having a width W51, measured along the first transverse axis X2, which is always smaller than a width D2(X1), of the upstream bore portion measured along the first transverse axis X2, wherein, in a section of the thin slab nozzle along the first symmetry plane 1, a geometry of the wall of the central bore is characterized as follows: the bore wall of the upstream bore portion is substantially straight over at least 90% of the height Ha of the upstream bore portion (excluding the region of the inlet orifice), the bore wall of the converging bore portion is curved at all points, and the ratio of the height Hf of the thin bore portion to the height He of the converging portion is not more than 1, Hf/He1.

2. Thin slab nozzle according to claim 1, wherein a total cross-sectional area A(X1) measured on planes 3 normal to the longitudinal axis X1 of both the central bore and the first and second front ports is characterized in that a relative variation, A(X1)/Aa=|AaA (X1)|/Aa, of the total cross-sectional area A(X1) with respect to the total cross-sectional area Aa at the upstream boundary is not greater than 15%, for any plane 3 intersecting the longitudinal axis X1, from the upstream boundary down to 70% of the height He of the converging bore portion.

3. Thin slab nozzle according to claim 1, wherein the converging bore portion is further divided into two bore portions: an end bore portion of height Hc and a transition bore portion of height Hb comprised between and adjacent to the upstream bore portion and the end bore portion, thus forming at one end a transition boundary with the end bore portion and, at the other end the upstream boundary with the upstream bore portion, and wherein in a section of the thin slab nozzle along the first symmetry plane 1 the geometry of the wall of the converging bore portion is characterized as follows: a radius of curvature c1, where measured on a section of the thin slab nozzle along the first symmetry plane 1 at any point of the bore wall of the end bore portion is not greater than half of a width D2a of the central bore at the upstream boundary, c1 D2a; a radius of curvature b1, where measured on a section of the thin slab nozzle along the first symmetry plane 1 at any point of the bore wall of the transition bore portion is greater than half of said width D2a and greater than or equal to 5c1 and less than or equal to 50D2a; and, a height ratio, Hb/Hc, of the transition bore portion to the end bore portion is equal to or greater than 3 and less than or equal to 12.

4. Thin slab nozzle according to claim 3, wherein the geometry of the nozzle contains a feature selected from the group consisting of: (a) the radius of curvature b1 is constant at any point of the bore wall of the transition bore portion and (b) the radius of curvature c1 is constant at any point of the bore wall of the end bore portion.

5. Thin slab nozzle according to claim 4, wherein, excluding the first and second port inlets, the radii of curvature and the height ratios of the bore wall of the converging bore portion, transition bore portion and end bore portion defined with respect to a section of the thin slab nozzle along the first symmetry plane 1, apply also to a section of the thin slab nozzle along the second symmetry plane 2.

6. Thin slab nozzle according to claim 1, wherein the converging bore portion of the central bore, excluding the first and second port inlets, has an elliptical or circular cross-section along a plane 3, normal to the longitudinal axis X1, having principal diameters, D2(X1), D3(X1), along the first transverse axis X2 and second transverse axis X3 respectively, whose dimensions evolve along the longitudinal axis X1, such that a ratio D2(X1)/D3(X1) remains constant, with D2(X1)D3(X1).

7. Thin slab nozzle according to claim 5, wherein the converging bore portion (50e) has a geometry of revolution about the longitudinal axis X1, excluding the first and second port inlets (51u).

8. Thin slab nozzle according to claim 1, wherein a distance between the upstream end of the thin slab nozzle and the upstream end of the first and second port inlets is comprised within the height Ha of the upstream bore portion 7% and wherein on the second symmetry plane 2, the first and second front ports meet the central bore at an angle , with respect to the longitudinal axis X1, equal to or greater than 5 and equal to or less than 45.

9. Thin slab nozzle according to claim 1, wherein the geometry in a section along the second symmetry plane 2, of the walls of the divider in contact with the first and second front ports is characterized by both walls extending from the upstream end of the divider to the downstream end of the thin slab nozzle along the longitudinal axis X1, by first diverging until the divider reaches its maximum width and then converging until they reach the downstream end of the thin slab nozzle.

10. Thin slab nozzle according to claim 1, wherein a height Hd of the divider is at least twice as much as the height He of the converging bore portion, HdHe.

11. Thin slab nozzle according to claim 1, wherein a ratio W51/D2a, of the width W51 of the first and second front ports along the first transverse axis X2, to the width D2a along the first transverse axis X2 of the central bore at the upstream boundary is equal to or greater than 15% and equal to or less than 40%.

12. Thin slab nozzle according to claim 3, wherein a ratio D2b/D2a, of a width D2b, along the first transverse axis X2, of the central bore at the transition boundary to the width D2a, along the first transverse axis X2 of the central bore at the upstream boundary is equal to or greater than 65% and equal to or less than 85%.

13. Thin slab nozzle according to claim 1, wherein a derivative dA/dX1 in the converging bore portion of a total cross-sectional area A on any plane n3 normal to the longitudinal axis X1 with respect to a position of said plane n3 on the longitudinal axis X1 is never greater than 0, dA/dX10.

14. Thin slab nozzle according to claim 1, wherein, the ratio of the height Hf of the thin bore portion to the height He of the converging bore portion is not more than 50%, and the ratio of the height Hf of the thin bore portion to the total height of the central bore is not more than 15%.

Description

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE SEVERAL VIEWS OF THE DRAWINGS

(1) For a fuller understanding of the nature of the present invention, reference is made to the following detailed description taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings in which:

(2) FIG. 1: represents a general view of a casting installation for casting thin slabs.

(3) FIG. 2: shows a sectional side view of the bottom of a tundish with a ladle shroud nozzle according to the present invention.

(4) FIG. 3: shows section views over three perpendicular planes, 1, 2, 3, of a thin slab nozzle according to a first embodiment of the present invention.

(5) FIG. 4: shows a magnification of a portion of the section views over planes 1, 2, including the converging bore portion of the thin slab nozzle represented in FIG. 3.

(6) FIG. 5: shows section views over three perpendicular planes, 1, 2, 3, of a thin slab nozzle according to a second embodiment of the present invention.

(7) FIG. 6: shows a magnification of a portion of the section views over planes 1, 2, including the converging bore portion of the thin slab nozzle represented in FIG. 5.

(8) FIG. 7: is a graph that compares the cross-sectional areas of the central bore and side ports of a thin slab nozzle according to the present invention (as illustrated in FIGS. 5 and 6) with those of thin slab nozzles of the prior art.

(9) FIG. 8: shows a magnification of the graph of FIG. 7 focusing on the converging bore portion of the various thin slab nozzles.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

(10) As illustrated in FIG. 1, a thin slab nozzle (1) according to the present invention is suitable for being coupled to the bottom floor of a tundish (10) for transferring molten metal (200) from said tundish to a thin slab mould (100). As shown in FIG. 2, a thin slab mould is characterized by a small dimension L in a first transverse direction X2. Consequently, the portion of a thin slab nozzle which is inserted in the thin slab mould must also be quite thin in said first transverse direction X2. The flow rate of molten metal through the thin slab nozzle is generally controlled by a stopper (7) whose function is discussed in the introductory portion of the present specification.

(11) A thin slab nozzle according to the present invention comprises three main portions illustrated in FIGS. 3 and 5: an inlet portion, located at an upstream end of the thin slab nozzle and comprising an inlet orifice (50u) oriented perpendicular to the longitudinal axis X1; the inlet portion is suitable for being coupled to the bottom floor of a tundish; an outlet diffusing portion located at a downstream end of the thin slab nozzle and comprising a first and second outlet port orifices (51d), said outlet diffusing portion having a width measured along the second transverse axis X3 which is at least three (3) times larger than the thickness thereof measured along the first transverse axis X2; the diffusing portion is suitable for being inserted in a thin slab mould; and a connecting portion forming the transition between the inlet portion and the outlet diffusing portion.

(12) The thin slab nozzle comprises a bore system fluidly connecting the inlet orifice (50u) to the outlet port orifices (51d). As illustrated in FIGS. 2, 3 and 5, the bore system comprises: a central bore (50) defined by a bore wall and opening at said inlet orifice (50u) and extending therefrom along the longitudinal axis X1 until it is closed at an upstream end (10u) of a divider (10), said central bore comprising: an upstream bore portion (50a) comprising the inlet orifice and extending over a height Ha and, adjacent thereto, forming an upstream boundary (5a) with, a converging bore portion (50e) of height He located in the connecting portion of the thin slab nozzle, and adjacent thereto a thin bore portion (50f) of height Hf located in the diffusing portion of the thin slab nozzle and ending at the level of the upstream end (10u) of the divider (10), first and second front ports (51) separated from one another by said divider (10) and extending parallel to the second symmetry plane 2, said first and second front ports extending from first and second port inlets (51u), opening at least partially on two opposite walls of the converging bore portion (50e), to said first and second outlet port orifices (51d), said first and second front ports (51) having a width W51, measured along the first transverse axis X2, which is always smaller than the width D2(X1) of the upstream bore portion (50a) measured along the first transverse axis X2.

(13) The geometries of the upstream portion and outlet diffusing portion are so different, the former being substantially cylindrical and the latter being thin, flat and flaring out, that the geometries of the bore system in said portions must also differ substantially. The upstream bore portion is generally substantially prismatic, elliptic, often but not necessarily cylindrical, or homothetic with side walls slowly converging downstream with a moderate angle of not more than 5. In all cases, apart from the upstream orifice (50u) whose geometry must match the shape of the stopper head (7), the walls of the upstream bore portion (50a) are substantially straight, i.e. the radius of curvature pal at any point of the bore wall over at least 90% of the height Ha (excluding the region of the inlet orifice) of the upstream bore portion (50a) tends towards infinite. On the other hand, the front ports (51) are narrow along the first transverse direction X2 so that they can fit in a thin slab mould, and flare out along the second transverse direction X3 to maintain a sufficient cross-sectional area (along any plane 3 normal to the longitudinal axis X1).

(14) With such differing bore geometries between the upstream bore portion and the front ports, it is clear that the geometry of the connecting bore portion, defined as the section of the bore system corresponding to the connecting portion of the thin slab nozzle and comprising the converging bore portion (50e), the thin bore portion (500, as well as the upstream portion of the front ports (51), is most critical to ensure that molten metal flows smoothly in a state so called fully turbulent established regime (not disturbed by large scale eddies) alike laminar for what concerns the streamlines from the upstream orifice (50u) of the thin slab nozzle to the downstream port orifices (51d).

(15) In a section of the thin slab nozzle according to the present invention along the first symmetry plane 1, the geometry of the wall of the central bore (50) at the connecting bore portion (50e) is characterized as follows: the radius of curvature at any point of the bore wall of the converging bore portion (50e) is finite, and the ratio of the height Hf of the thin bore portion (500 to the height He of the converging portion (50e) is not more than 1, Hf/He1.

(16) FIGS. 3 and 4 show a first embodiment of the present invention. FIGS. 3(b) and 4(b) show a section along the first symmetry plane ill defined by axis (X1, X2). By comparing views (a) and (b) of FIGS. 3 and 4, it can be seen very clearly that in the present embodiment, the upstream bore portion (50a) is cylindrical with straight walls, whilst the walls of the converging bore portion (50e) are curved. It is also important that the central bore (50) does not penetrate too far in the outlet diffusing portion of the thin slab nozzle. Namely, the height Hf of the thin bore portion (50f) cannot be greater than the height He of the converging bore portion (50e), Hf/He1. Efficaciously, Hf/He0.5 or 0.25, or 0.15. This is important to ensure that the flow of the molten metal in the front ports is sufficiently long to streamline it in the right direction before it reaches the front port outlets (51d). The thin bore portion (50f) efficaciously has a height Hf which is not more than 15%, or not more than 10%, or not more than 7%, or not more than 3% of the total height (Ha+He+Hf) of the central bore (50). In a particular embodiment, Hf=0.

(17) Furthermore, it is advantageous that the height Hd of the portion of the bore system downstream of the central bore (50), i.e. located downstream of the upstream end (10u) of the divider (10) and corresponding to the height Hd of said divider, be sufficiently large for the streamlining of the flow within the first and second front ports (51). In particular, the height Hd of the divider (10) is efficaciously at least twice as large as the height He of the converging bore portion (50e), Hd2 He. Best streamlining of the flow along the first and second front ports (51) is obtained with a divider (10) characterized by two walls in a section along the second symmetry plane 2 which extend from the upstream end (10u) of the divider to the downstream end of the thin slab nozzle along the longitudinal axis X1, first diverging until the divider reaches its maximum width and then converging until they reach the downstream end of the thin slab nozzle.

(18) FIGS. 5 and 6 illustrate a particular embodiment of the present invention. wherein the converging bore portion (50e) is further divided into two bore portions: an end bore portion (50c) of height Hc and a transition bore portion (50b) of height Hb comprised between and adjacent to the upstream bore portion (50a) and the end bore portion (50c), thus forming at one end a transition boundary (5b) with the end bore portion and, at the other end the upstream boundary (5a) with the upstream bore portion,
and wherein in a section of the thin slab nozzle along the first symmetry plane ill the geometry of the wall of the converging bore portion (50e) is characterized as follows: the radius of curvature c1 at any point of the bore wall of the end bore portion (50c) is not greater than D2a, wherein D2a is the width of the central bore (50) at the upstream boundary (5a), c1 D2a; the radius of curvature b1 at any point of the bore wall of the transition bore portion (50b) is greater than D2a and equal to or greater than 5c1 and equal to or less than 50D2a.

(19) In this embodiment, the height Hb of the transition bore portion (50b) should be substantially greater than the height Hc of the end bore portion (50c). In particular, the height ratio Hb/Hc should be equal to or greater than 3 and equal to or less than 12.

(20) In a particular embodiment, the radius of curvature b1, c1 of at least one or both the transition bore portion (50b) and the end bore portion (50c) is constant over the whole height Hb, Hc of the corresponding bore portion (50b, 50c), thus defining a corresponding arc of a circle, as illustrated in FIG. 6(b).

(21) It is efficacious that, excluding the presence of the first and second port inlets (51u), the geometry of the central bore (50) defined above with respect to a section along the symmetry plane 1 defined by axis (X1, X2) applies mutatis mutandis to a section along the symmetry plane 2 defined by axis (X1, X3) (as illustrated in FIG. 6(a) where the radii of curvature in plane 2 are referenced by b2 and c2) and also efficaciously to a section along any plane i including the longitudinal axis X1. For example, the converging bore portion (50e) of the central bore (50), excluding the first and second port inlets (51u), may have an elliptical or circular cross-section along a plane 3 normal to the longitudinal axis X1, having principal diameters D2(X1), D3(X1), along the first transverse axis X2, and second transverse axis X3, respectively, whose dimensions evolve along the longitudinal axis X1, such that the ratio D2(X1)/D3(X1) remains constant, with D2(X1)D3(X1). If D2(X1)=D3(X1) the cross-section of the converging portion (50e) is circular. If the upstream bore portion (50a) is cylindrical, the geometry of the central bore (50) (excluding the port inlets (51u)) is a geometry of revolution.

(22) The connecting bore portion, comprising the converging and thin bore portions (50e, 500 must allow a smooth flow transition from a cylindrical (or similar) bore of width D2a at the upstream boundary (5a) to front ports of width W51, substantially smaller than the width D2a. For example, measured along the first transverse axis X2, the ratio W51/D2a of the width W51 of the first and second front ports along the first transverse axis X2 and the width D2a along the first transverse axis X2 of the central bore (50) at the upstream boundary (5a) is typically equal to or greater than 15% and equal to or less than 40%, or equal to or greater than 24% and equal to or less than 32%. In case of a nozzle as illustrated in FIGS. 5 and 6 wherein the converging bore portion (50e) comprises a transition bore portion (50b) and an end bore portion (50c), it is efficacious that the ratio D2b/D2a, of the width D2b along the first transverse axis X2 of the central bore (50) at the transition boundary (5b) to the width D2a along the first transverse axis X2 of the central bore (50) at the upstream boundary (5a) is equal to or greater than 65% and equal to or less than 85%, or equal to or greater than 70% and equal to or less than 80%. As the first and second front ports (51) are connected to the central bore (50) at the level of the converging bore portion, such geometry allows the total bore area (which is discussed more in detail below) to remain relatively constant along the longitudinal axis X1 in the transition bore portion (50b) and then to decrease rapidly in the end bore portion (50c) to build up a homogeneous pressure field prior to diverting the flow from the central bore (50a) towards the front ports (51).

(23) Since the pressure in the molten metal along the longitudinal axis X1 is proportional to the cross-sectional area of the bore system, it is important that the total cross-sectional area of the bore system remains substantially constant within the central bore (50) until close to its end (10u), wherein the metal melt flow must be diverted towards the first and second front ports (51). This is straightforward in the upstream bore portion, since it is prismatic or slightly conical, but it is most problematic to maintain the cross-sectional area substantially constant as far down as possible the converging bore portion (50e). By substantially constant and as far down as possible, it is meant herein that the relative variation, A(X1)/Aa=|AaA (X1)|/Aa, of the total cross-sectional area A(X1) with respect to the total cross-sectional area Aa at the upstream boundary (5a) should not be greater than 15%, for any plane 3 intersecting the longitudinal axis X1 from the upstream boundary (5a) down to 70% of the height He of the converging bore portion (50e). This means that the pressure can build up in the molten metal within a very short distance, corresponding at most to about 30% of He to deflect the metal flow sideways towards the first and second front ports (51). In particular, it is advantageous that the cross-sectional area never increases until the molten metal reaches the end of the central bore portion (10u) (10u corresponding to the upstream end of the divider 10) and flows exclusively in the front ports. Indeed, an increase in cross-sectional area in the connecting portion would create flow detachment leading to turbulences and formation of large eddies. Such requirement can be expressed in terms of the derivative dA/dX1 in the converging bore portion (50e) of the total cross-sectional area A on any plane 3 normal to the longitudinal axis X1 with respect to the position of said plane 3 on the longitudinal axis X1; said derivative being advantageously never greater than 0, dA/dX10.

(24) The evolution of the total cross-sectional bore area on a plane 3 normal to the longitudinal axis X1, which is the sum of the cross-sectional area of the central bore (50) and of the first and second front ports (51), as a function of the position along the longitudinal axis X1 depends on the location where the first and second front ports (51) are connected to the central bore (50). As discussed above, the port inlets (51u) of the first and second front ports must open at least partially on two opposite walls of the converging bore portion (50e). It is efficacious that the upstream end of the first and second port inlets (51u) be located quite close to the upstream boundary (5a). By quite close it is meant herein, that the upstream end of the first and second port inlets (51u) be separated from the upstream boundary by not more than 7% of the height Ha of the upstream bore portion (50a). In practice, this should not represent more than 30 mm either upstream or downstream of the upstream boundary (5a). The downstream end of the first and second port inlets (51u) depends on the height Hf of the thin bore portion, which has been discussed above. The height Hf too is efficaciously quite small, and it is efficacious that at least 80% of the height of the front port inlets (51u) of the first and second front ports, or at least 90%, or at least 95%, is comprised within the converging bore portion (50e).

(25) On plane 2 defined by axis (X1, X3) (see view (a) of FIGS. 3-6) the first and second front ports (51) efficaciously meet the central bore (50) at an angle , with respect to the longitudinal axis X1, equal to or greater than 5 and equal to or less than 45, or equal to or greater than 15 and equal to or less than 40, or equal to or greater than 20 and equal to or less than 30. Each of the first and second port outlets (51d), on the other hand, define a plane substantially normal to the longitudinal axis X1, wherein substantially normal means herein 905. This means that the molten metal must flow out of the thin slab nozzle in a direction substantially parallel to the longitudinal axis X1.

(26) FIGS. 7 and 8 compare the evolution of the total bore area (the area of central bore (50)+front ports (51)) as a function of the position along the longitudinal axis X1 for various thin slab nozzles differing in the geometry of the converging bore portion, wherein: Black circles represent a thin slab nozzle according to the present invention as illustrated in FIGS. 5 and 6; White circles represent a converging bore portion having a hemispherical geometry; Grey circles represent a converging bore portion having a conical geometry; and White triangles represent a converging bore portion having a flat screwdriver geometry, with two converging flat walls meeting at the end of the converging portion.

(27) It can be seen in FIG. 7 how the bore cross-sectional area evolves from the upstream boundary (5a) down to the first and second port outlets (51d). Since only the geometry of the converging bore portion (50e) of the various nozzles plotted in FIGS. 7 and 8 was varied, the bore cross-sectional area of the bore in the outlet diffusing portion is common to all the nozzles and the curves are therefore superimposed. For the sake of clarity, only the black circles of the nozzle according to the present invention are represented in said diffusing portion. Since the width W51 measured along the first transverse axis X2 is constant over both the longitudinal axis X1 and the second transverse axis X3, the shape of the curve downstream of the central bore (50) is representative of the wall geometry of the divider (10) in a section along plane 2. It is important to note that the height Hd of the divider (10) is greater than the height He of the converging portion, thus allowing the flow of molten metal to change direction as it passes from the central bore (50) to the first and second front ports (51) and to realign along the flow direction required by the orientation of the first and second port outlets (51d).

(28) It can be seen that the cross-sectional area of the bore system varies very differently from one nozzle type to the other in the connecting bore portion. FIG. 8 is a magnification of the graph of FIG. 7, zoomed on the connecting bore portion between the upstream boundary (5a) down to the upstream end (10u) of the divider (10). It can be seen that with a hemispherical converging bore portion (white circles) the bore cross-sectional area A increases first, before dropping rapidly until the end of the central bore (10u). As discussed above, an increase in cross-sectional area creates flow detachment and flow recirculation generating large eddies and flow instabilities, which can result in the formation of bubbles and turbulence upon diverting the direction of the flow towards the front ports (51). Such solution is therefore not convenient for a good control of the flow through the thin slab nozzle. Inversely, the bore cross-sectional area of a conical converging bore portion (grey circles) first drops very rapidly to then increase before reaching the end of the central bore (50). Again, such sudden drop and increase in the bore cross-sectional area creates turbulence and is therefore not satisfactory. A thin slab nozzle comprising a converging portion having a flat screwdriver geometry (white triangles) yields an enhancement over the hemispherical and conical geometries, because the bore cross-sectional area decreases continuously without ever increasing until it reaches the end of the central bore (50). As would be expected from a geometry comprising two tapering flat walls, the bore cross-sectional area decreases substantially linearly over the whole height He of the connecting bore portion. Though an improvement over the former two geometries, by decreasing the cross-sectional area of the bore regularly over the whole height He of the converging portion, the pressure is distributed evenly and the flow from the central bore (50a) sideways towards the first and second front ports (51) can therefore not be driven strongly enough.

(29) The bore cross-sectional area in a nozzle according to the present invention (black circles) decreases very slowly over more than half, or over 70% of the height He of the converging portion, and then decreases more rapidly thus creating a pressure field over a small volume at the end of the central bore (50) for re-directing (distributing) the flow of metal melt towards the first and second front ports (51) with a homogeneous pressure field. This favours the formation of a streamlined flow along the first and second front ports with substantially less risks of flow detachment and turbulence formation downstream of the central bore.

(30) Improving the streamlining of the flow is important of course to avoid formation of turbulence, but it also allows a much more accurate control of the flow rate by the stopper. Flow rate at the inlet orifice of a thin slab nozzle is controlled by varying the distance separating the stopper head (7) and the seat of the inlet orifice (50u). If the evolution of the bore cross-sectional area along the longitudinal axis X1 of the nozzle creates inhomogeneity in the flow profile with local variations of the pressure fields, the accuracy of the flow rate control with the stopper becomes extremely difficult, and the flow rate is likely to fluctuate with time. As discussed in the introductory section, such flow rate fluctuations inevitably create fluctuations of the level of the meniscus in the thin slab mould with all the consequences discussed above. The present invention therefore allows a better control of the flow and flow rate of a molten metal through a thin slab nozzle than hitherto achieved. This is particularly interesting for high speed casting installation where metal, such as steel, is cast at high casting rates in the order of 5 Kg/min per mm of width (W) that means for a 1500 mm slab a rate of about 6-7 tonnes per minute. In particular, the nozzle of the invention is suitable for new installations adapted to cast thicker and wider slabs at up to 10 tonnes per minute. The nozzle according to the invention permits to cast at high speed large thin slabs having a width (W) of 1600 mm up to 2000 mm or more in thin slab continuous casting installations.

(31) The thin slab nozzle of the present invention is particularly suitable for use in a metal casting installation for casting thin slabs comprising a tundish provided with at least an outlet in fluid communication with such thin slab nozzle. The good control of the flow of molten metal through a thin slab nozzle according to the present invention renders it ideal for use in casting installations which are coupled to a hot rolling unit for the continuous production of metal strips of thin gauge with a high degree of precision. Thin slab nozzles according to the present invention were tested by Acciaieria Arvedi SpA in a mini-mill for flat rolled products using the Arvedi Technology in Cremona (Italy) equipped with a single casting line and hot rolling unit referred to as Endless Strip Production (ESP). Strips with a gauge comprised between 0.8 mm and 12.7 mm were successfully produced continuously at constant rates with a high degree of precision. The level variations of the meniscus in the thin slab nozzle were monitored and remained very moderate, causing no problem during the production trials.

(32) The endless Strip production of thin strips allows substantial savings in energy, water, and equipment costs over traditional strip production techniques. The requirements on the metal flow coming out of the thin slab nozzle and thus on the flow control out of the thin slab nozzle are however much higher than in discontinuous processes, wherein the semi-finished products can be treated somehow before being cold rolled to reduce defects. The excellent flow control obtained with a thin slab nozzle according to the present invention allows the continuous production of thin strips with homogeneous properties and is optimal for use in an ESP unit.

(33) Numerous modifications and variations of the present invention are possible. It is, therefore, to be understood that within the scope of the following claims, the invention may be practiced otherwise than as specifically described.