Magnetic tape and method of manufacturing the same

Abstract

The magnetic tape has a nonmagnetic layer containing nonmagnetic powder and binder on a nonmagnetic support and a magnetic layer containing ferromagnetic powder and binder on the nonmagnetic layer, wherein a fatty acid ester is contained in at least the magnetic layer, the ferromagnetic powder is ferromagnetic hexagonal ferrite powder, the ferromagnetic hexagonal ferrite powder has a crystallite volume as determined by X-ray diffraction analysis ranges from 1,000 nm.sup.3 to 2,400 nm.sup.3, and a ratio of the crystallite size D.sub.x(107) obtained from a diffraction peak of a (107) plane to a particle size in a direction of an easy axis of magnetization D.sub.TEM as determined by observation with a transmission electron microscope, D.sub.x(107)/D.sub.TEM, is greater than or equal to 1.1, and SFD in a longitudinal direction of the magnetic tape as calculated with Equation 1: SFD=SFD.sub.25 C.SFD.sub.190 C., ranges from 0.50 to 1.60.

Claims

1. A magnetic tape, which comprises a nonmagnetic layer comprising nonmagnetic powder and binder on a nonmagnetic support and a magnetic layer comprising ferromagnetic powder and binder on the nonmagnetic layer, wherein a fatty acid ester is contained in at least the magnetic layer; the ferromagnetic powder is ferromagnetic hexagonal ferrite powder; the ferromagnetic hexagonal ferrite powder has a crystallite volume as determined by X-ray diffraction analysis ranges from 1,000 nm.sup.3 to 2,400 nm.sup.3, and a ratio of a crystallite size D.sub.x(107) obtained from a diffraction peak of a (107) plane to a particle size in a direction of an easy axis of magnetization D.sub.TEM as determined by observation with a transmission electron microscope, D.sub.x(107/D.sub.TEM, is greater than or equal to 1.1; and SFD in a longitudinal direction of the magnetic tape as calculated with Equation 1 ranges from 0.50 to 1.60:
Equation 1
SFD=SFD.sub.25 C.SFD.sub.190 C. wherein, in Equation 1, SFD.sub.25 C. denotes a switching field distribution SFD as measured in the longitudinal direction of the magnetic tape in an environment with a temperature of 25 C., and SFD.sub.190 C. denotes a switching field distribution SFD as measured in the longitudinal direction of the magnetic tape in an environment with a temperature of 190 C.

2. The magnetic tape according to claim 1, wherein the D.sub.x(107)/D.sub.TEM of the ferromagnetic hexagonal ferrite powder falls within a range of 1.1 to 1.5.

3. The magnetic tape according to claim 1, wherein the crystallite volume as determined by X-ray diffraction of the ferromagnetic hexagonal ferrite powder falls within a range of 1,000 nm.sup.3 to 1,500 nm.sup.3.

4. The magnetic tape according to claim 2, wherein the crystallite volume as determined by X-ray diffraction of the ferromagnetic hexagonal ferrite powder falls within a range of 1,000 nm.sup.3 to 1,500 nm.sup.3.

5. The magnetic tape according to claim 1, wherein the SFD falls within a range of 0.50 to 1.00.

6. The magnetic tape according to claim 2, wherein. the SFD falls within a range of 0.50 to 1.00.

7. The magnetic tape according to claim 3, wherein the SFD falls within a range of 0.50 to 1.00.

8. The magnetic tape according to claim 4, wherein the SFD falls within a range of 0.50 to 1.00.

9. A method of manufacturing a magnetic tape, wherein the magnetic tape is a magnetic tape which comprises a nonmagnetic layer comprising nonmagnetic powder and binder on a nonmagnetic support and a magnetic layer comprising ferromagnetic powder and binder on the nonmagnetic layer, wherein a fatty acid ester is contained in at least the magnetic layer; the ferromagnetic powder is ferromagnetic hexagonal ferrite powder; the ferromagnetic hexagonal ferrite powder has a crystallite volume as determined by X-ray diffraction analysis ranges from 1,000 nm.sup.3 to 2,400 nm.sup.3, and a ratio of a crystallite size D.sub.x(107) obtained from a diffraction peak. of a (107) plane to a particle size in a direction of an easy axis of magnetization D.sub.TEM as determined by observation with a transmission electron microscope, D.sub.x(107)/D.sub.TEM, is greater than or equal to 1.1; and SFD in a longitudinal direction of the magnetic tape as calculated with Equation 1 ranges from 0.50 to 1.60:
Equation 1
SFD=SFD.sub.25 C.SFD.sub.190 C. wherein, in Equation 1, SFD.sub.25 C. denotes a switching field distribution SFD as measured in the longitudinal direction of the magnetic tape in an environment with a temperature of 25 C., and SFD.sub.190 C. denotes a switching field distribution SFD as measured in the longitudinal direction of the magnetic tape in an environment with a temperature of 190 C.; and wherein the method comprises forming a magnetic layer through preparation of a magnetic, layer-forming composition and coating of the magnetic layer-forming composition that has been prepared on a nonmagnetic layer that has been formed on a nonmagnetic support, wherein the preparation of the magnetic layer-forming composition comprises: a first stage of dispersing ferromagnetic hexagonal ferrite powder, binder, and solvent in the presence of first dispersion beads to obtain a dispersion, and a second stage of dispersing the dispersion obtained in the first stage in the presence of second dispersion beads of smaller bead diameter and lower density than the first dispersion beads.

10. The method of manufacturing a magnetic tape according to claim 9, wherein the second stage is conducted in the presence of a quantity of second dispersion beads that is greater than or equal to 10-fold the quantity of ferromagnetic hexagonal ferrite powder based on weight.

11. The method of manufacturing a magnetic tape according to claim 9, wherein the bead diameter of the second dispersion beads is less than or equal to 1/100 the bead diameter of the first dispersion beads.

12. The method of manufacturing a magnetic tape according to claim 9, wherein the bead diameter of the second dispersion beads falls within a range of 80 nm to 1,000 nm.

13. The method of manufacturing a magnetic tape according to claim 9, wherein the density of the second dispersion beads is less than or equal to 3.7 g/cm.sup.3.

14. The method of manufacturing a magnetic tape according to claim 9, wherein the second dispersion beads are diamond beads.

15. The method of manufacturing a magnetic tape according to claim 9, wherein the first stage obtains a liquid dispersion by dispersion processing solvent, binder, and ferromagnetic hexagonal ferrite powder having a SFD.sub.powder as calculated by Equation 2 that falls within a range of 0.05 to 1.90:
Equation 2
SFD.sub.powder=SFD.sub.powder100 C.SFD.sub.powder25 C. in the presence of first dispersion beads, wherein, in Equation 2, SFD.sub.powder100 C. denotes a switching field distribution SFD of the ferromagnetic hexagonal ferrite powder as measured in an environment with a temperature of 100 C., and SFD.sub.powder25 C. denotes a switching field distribution SFD of the, ferromagnetic hexagonal ferrite powder as measured in an environment with a temperature of 25 C.

16. The method of manufacturing a magnetic tape according to claim 9, wherein the D.sub.x(107)/D.sub.TEM of the ferromagnetic hexagonal ferrite powder contained in the magnetic layer of the magnetic tape falls within a range of 1/1 to 1.5.

17. The method of manufacturing a magnetic tape according to claim 9, wherein the crystallite volume as determined by X-ray diffraction of the ferromagnetic hexagonal ferrite powder contained in the magnetic layer of the magnetic tape falls within a range of 1,000 nm.sup.3 to 1,500 nm.sup.3.

Description

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE EMBODIMENTS

(1) Unless otherwise stated, a reference to a compound or component includes the compound or component by itself, as well as in combination with other compounds or components, such as mixtures of compounds.

(2) As used herein, the singular forms a, an, and the include the multiple reference unless the context clearly dictates otherwise.

(3) Except where otherwise indicated, all numbers expressing quantities of ingredients, reaction conditions, and so forth used in the specification and claims are to be understood as being modified in all instances by the term about. Accordingly, unless indicated to the contrary, the numerical parameters set forth in the following specification and attached claims are approximations that may vary depending upon the desired properties sought to be obtained by the present invention. At the very least, and not to he considered as an attempt to limit the application of the doctrine of equivalents to the scope of the claims, each numerical parameter should he construed in light of the number of significant digits and ordinary rounding conventions.

(4) Additionally, the recitation of numerical ranges within this specification is considered to be a disclosure of all numerical values and ranges within that range. For example, if a range is from about 1 to about 50, it is deemed to include, for example, 1, 7, 34, 46.1, 23.7, or any other value or range within the range.

(5) The following preferred specific embodiments are, therefore, to be construed as merely illustrative, and non-limiting to the remainder of the disclosure in any way whatsoever. In this regard, no attempt is made to show structural details of the present invention in more detail than is necessary for fundamental understanding of the present invention; the description making apparent to those skilled in the art how several forms of the present invention may be embodied in practice.

(6) Magnetic Tape

(7) An aspect of the present invention relates to:

(8) a magnetic tape having a nonmagnetic layer containing nonmagnetic powder and binder on a nonmagnetic support and a magnetic layer containing ferromagnetic powder and binder on the nonmagnetic layer, wherein

(9) a fatty acid ester is contained in at least the magnetic layer;

(10) the ferromagnetic powder is ferromagnetic hexagonal ferrite powder;

(11) the ferromagnetic hexagonal ferrite powder has a crystallite volume as determined by X-ray diffraction analysis ranges from 1,000 nm.sup.3 to 2,400 nm.sup.3, and a ratio of the crystallite size D.sub.x(107) obtained from a diffraction peak of a (107) plane to a particle size in a direction of an easy axis of magnetization D.sub.TEM as determined by observation with a transmission electron microscope, D.sub.x(107)/D.sub.TEM, is greater than or equal to 1.1; and

(12) SFD in a longitudinal direction of the magnetic tape as calculated with Equation 1 described above ranges from 0.50 to 1.60.

(13) The above magnetic tape will be described in greater detail. Unless specifically stated otherwise, the magnetic characteristic when no measurement temperature is given is a value measured in an environment with a temperature of 25 C.

(14) <Crystallite Volume as Determined by X-Ray Diffraction Analysis>

(15) The crystallite volume (referred to hereinafter as V.sub.XRD) that is determined by X-ray diffraction analysis (XRD) of the ferromagnetic hexagonal ferrite powder contained in the magnetic layer of the above magnetic tape is measured by the method set forth above. The present inventors presume that being the V.sub.XRD of the ferromagnetic hexagonal ferrite powder contained in the magnetic layer to less than or equal to 2,400 nm.sup.3 can contribute to raising the SNR by reducing noise. Investigation by the present inventors has revealed that a V.sub.XRD of greater than or equal to 1,000 nm.sup.3 could contribute to achieving a good SNR. Accordingly, the V.sub.XRD of the ferromagnetic hexagonal ferrite powder contained in the magnetic layer of the above magnetic tape is set to within a range of 1,000 nm.sup.3 to 2,400.sup.3. From the perspective of further raising the SNR, the V.sub.XRD desirably falls within a range of 1,000 nm.sup.3 to 2,000 mn.sup.3, preferably falls within a range of 1,000 nm.sup.3 to 1,700 nm.sup.3, and more preferably, falls within a range of 1,000 nm.sup.3 to 1,500 nm.sup.3. The V.sub.XRD can be adjusted by means of the size of the ferromagnetic hexagonal ferrite powder employed in the magnetic layer-forming composition, by means of the dispersion conditions during preparation of the magnetic layer-forming composition, and the like. The more intense the dispersion conditions, the lower the V.sub.XRD tends to be.

(16) <D.sub.x(107)/D.sub.TEM>

(17) The methods of measuring the D.sub.x(107) and D.sub.TEM are as set forth above. The D.sub.x(107)/D.sub.TEM of the ferromagnetic hexagonal ferrite powder contained in the magnetic layer of the above magnetic tape is greater than or equal to 1.1. Having a D.sub.x(107)/D.sub.TEM of greater than or equal to 1.1 is assumed by the present inventors to contribute to inhibiting increase in the coefficient of friction during running in a drive after storage of the magnetic tape in high-temperature, high-humidity environment. The presumptions of the present inventors in this regard are as set forth above. The D.sub.x(107)/D.sub.TEM is desirably greater than or equal to 1.2, and preferably, greater than or equal to 1.3. By way of example, the D.sub.x(107)/D.sub.TEM can be greater than or equal to 1.1 but less than or equal to 1.5. However, as set forth above, since the less the strain of the crystalline structure of the hexagonal ferrite, the higher and more desirable the value of the D.sub.x(107)/D.sub.TEM is assumed to become, a value in excess of 1.5 is acceptable. For example, the D.sub.x(107)/D.sub.TEM can be greater than or equal to 1.1 but less than or equal to 1.7, or greater than or equal to 1.1 but less than or equal to 1.6.

(18) The D.sub.TEM can be adjusted by means of the size of the ferromagnetic hexagonal ferrite powder employed in the magnetic layer-forming composition, by means of the dispersion conditions during preparation of the magnetic layer-forming composition, and the like. The more intense the dispersion conditions, the tower the D.sub.TEM tends to become.

(19) Additionally, the present inventors presume that the D.sub.x(107) decreases due to the strain on the crystalline structure of the hexagonal ferrite as set forth above. Accordingly, it is desirable to control the dispersion conditions during preparation of the magnetic layer-forming composition so as to inhibit the generation of strain in order to adjust D.sub.x(107). This point will be described further below. The D.sub.x(107), as well as D.sub.(110), can he adjusted by means of the size of the ferromagnetic hexagonal ferrite powder employed to prepare the magnetic layer-forming composition, the dispersion conditions during preparation of the magnetic layer-forming composition, and the like. For example, the longer the dispersion period, the lower D.sub.x(107) and D.sub.(110) tend to become.

(20) With regard to D.sub.TEM, D.sub.x(107), and D.sub.x(110), so long as D.sub.x(107)/D.sub.TEM is greater than or equal to 1.1, the value of D.sub.TEM is not specifically limited. Further, so long as D.sub.x(107)/D.sub.TEM is greater than or equal to 1.1 and the value of V.sub.XRD calculated using this value and D.sub.x(110) falls within the range set forth above, the value of D.sub.x(107) is not specifically limited. So long as the value of V.sub.XRD calculated using this value and D.sub.x(107) falls within the range set forth above, the value of D.sub.x(110) is not specifically limited. For example, D.sub.TEM can fall within a range of 1.0 nm to 10.0 nm, D.sub.x(107) can fall within a range of 1.0 nm to 15.0 nm, and D.sub.x(110) can fall within a range of 10.0 nm to 30.0 nm. However, there is no limitation to these ranges.

(21) <SFD Calculated with Equation 1>

(22) The SFD that is calculated with Equation 1 in the longitudinal direction of the magnetic tape falls within a range of 0.50 to 1.60. Having a SFD of less than or equal to 1.60 is thought to contribute to the formation of a liquid film of fatty acid ester adequate to suppress increase in the coefficient of friction on the surface of the magnetic layer. Having a SFD of greater than or equal to 0.50 is: also presumed to contribute to suppressing increase in the coefficient of friction. It is assumed that the lower the SFD value, the greater the quantity of fatty acid ester forming the liquid film on the surface of the magnetic layer, Excess amount of fatty acid ester present is assumed to cause rise in coefficient of friction. Thus, the SFD is set as being greater than or equal to 0.50. From the perspective of further suppressing increase in the coefficient of friction, the SFD is desirably less than or equal to 1.55, preferably less than or equal to 1.50, more preferably less than or equal to 1.40, still more preferably less than or equal to 1.20, even more preferably less than or equal to 1.00, and even still more preferably, less than or equal to 0.90. From the same perspective, the SFD is desirably greater than or equal to 0.55, preferably greater than or equal to 0.60, and more preferably, greater than or equal to 0.70. In a desirable embodiment, the SFD falls within a range of 0.50 to 1.40, and in a preferred embodiment, the SFD falls within a range of 0.50 to 1.00.

(23) The SFD is a value denoting the temperature dependence of the switching field distribution SFD as measured in the longitudinal direction of a magnetic tape. The smaller the value, the less the SFD changes due to temperature. The larger the value, the more the SFD changes due to temperature. The present inventors presume that setting the SFD, as calculated with Equation 1 indicating the difference between SFD.sub.25 C. and SFD.sub.190 C., fell within a range of 0.50 to 1.60 can contribute to suppression in rise in coefficient of friction of the magnetic tape during running in a drive after storage in high-temperature and high-humidity environment. The presumptions by the present inventors in this regard are described above. Based on research by the present inventors, the SFD could be controlled by the method used to prepare the magnetic tape. The following tendencies were observed:

(24) (A) the more dispersion of the ferromagnetic powder was increased in the magnetic layer, the lower the value became;

(25) (B) the lower the SFD temperature dependence of the ferromagnetic powder employed, the lower the value became; and

(26) (C) the more aligned the ferromagnetic powder in the longitudinal direction of the magnetic layer (the greater the orientation in the longitudinal direction), the smaller the value became, and the lower the orientation property in the longitudinal direction, the higher the value became.

(27) For example, as regards (A), examples are intensifying the dispersion conditions (lengthening the dispersion period, reducing the diameter and increasing packing of the dispersion beads used in dispersion, and the like) and using a dispersing agent. Known dispersing agents, commercial dispersing agents, and the like can be used without limitation as the dispersing agent.

(28) Additionally, as an example of (B), the ferromagnetic powderin which the difference SFD.sub.powder between the SFD as measured in an environment with a temperature of 100 C. and the SFD as measured in an environment with a temperature of 25 C. as calculated with Equation 2 below falls within a range of 0.05 to 1.50can be employed. However, even outside the above range, SFD can be kept within the range of 0.50 to 1.60.
Equation 2
SFD.sub.powder=SFD.sub.powder 100 C.SFD.sub.powder 25 C.
(In Equation 2, SFD.sub.powder 100 C. denotes the switching field distribution SFD of the ferromagnetic powder as measured in an environment with a temperature of 100 C. and SFD.sub.powder 25 C. denotes the switching field distribution SFD of the ferromagnetic powder as measured in an environment with temperature of 25 C.)

(29) As regards (C), the method of conducting vertical orientation treatment of the magnetic layer or the method of no orientation by conducting no orientation treatment can be adopted.

(30) Accordingly, for example, by employing one of means (A) to (C), or combining any two or more to effect controls, it is possible to obtain a magnetic tape in which SFD falls within a range of 0.50 to 1,60.

(31) <Lubricant>

(32) Generally, fatty acids and derivatives of fatty acids, such as fatty acid esters and fatty acid amides, are widely employed as lubricants in magnetic tapes. Lubricants can generally be roughly divided into the groups of fluid lubricants and boundary lubricants. While fatty acid esters are components thought to function as fluid lubricants, fatty acids and fatty acid amides are thought to be components that function as boundary lubricants. Fluid lubricants are thought to be lubricants that form a liquid film on the surface of the magnetic layer, with flowing of the liquid film reducing friction. Conversely, boundary lubricants are thought to be lubricants that diminish contact friction by adsorbing to the surface of powder (such as ferromagnetic powder) and forming a final lubricating film. In this manner, fatty acid esters are thought to function differently from fatty acids and fatty acid amides as lubricants. The present inventors, as set forth above presume that having a D.sub.x(107)/D.sub.TEM and a SFD that fall within the ranges set forth above can contribute to fatty acid ester forming a liquid film on the surface of the magnetic layer that is sufficient to suppress rise in the coefficient of friction after storage in high-temperature and high-humidity environment.

(33) Examples of fatty acid esters are esters of lauric acid, myristic acid, palmitic acid, stearic acid, oleic acid, linoleic acid, linolenic acid, behenic acid, erucic acid, and elaidic acid, such as butyl myristate, butyl palmitate, butyl stearate, neopentyl glycol dioleate, sorbitan monostearate, sorbitan distearate, sorbitan tristearate, oleyl oleate, isocetyl stearate, isotridecyl stearate, octyl stearate, isooctyl stearate, amyl stearate butoxyethyl stearate. The quantity of fatty acid ester in the magnetic layer-forming composition is, for example, 0 to 10.0 weight parts, desirably 1.0 to 7.0 weight parts, per 100.0 weight parts of ferromagnetic hexagonal ferrite powder. When two or more different fatty acid esters are added to the magnetic layer-forming composition, the content refers to the combined content thereof. Unless specifically stated otherwise, the same applies to the contents of other components in the present invention and the present specification. A composition containing fatty acid esters can also be employed as a nonmagnetic layer-forming composition to form a nonmagnetic layer. Such formation is desirable. The content of fatty acid esters in the nonmagnetic layer-forming composition is, for example, 0 to 10.0 weight parts, desirably 1.0 to 7.0 weight parts, per 100 weight parts of nonmagnetic powder. Lubricants such as fatty acid esters that are incorporated into the nonmagnetic layer-forming composition can move from the nonmagnetic layer to the magnetic layer during or after the manufacturing of a magnetic tape. Thus, the quantity of lubricant contained in the nonmagnetic layer-forming composition will not necessarily be the same as the quantity of lubricant contained in the nonmagnetic layer of the magnetic tape. Since lubricant can also move from the nonmagnetic layer to the magnetic layer, the quantity of lubricant contained in the magnetic layer-forming composition will not necessarily be the same as the quantity of lubricant contained in the magnetic layer of the magnetic tape.

(34) Fatty acids and/or fatty acid amides can be contained in the magnetic layer. Examples of fatty acids are the various fatty acids given by way of example above. Stearic acid, myristic acid, and palmitic acid are desirable. Stearic acid is preferred. Fatty acids can be contained in the magnetic layer in the form of salts such as metal salts. Examples of fatty acid amides are amides of the various fatty acids set forth above, such as amide laurate, amide myristate, amide palmitate, and amide stearate. In fatty acids and fatty acid derivatives (such as esters and amides), the moiety derived from the fatty acid in a fatty acid derivative desirably has a structure that is identical or similar to the fatty acid with which it is being used in combination. As an example, when employing stearic acid as a fatty acid, the use of stearic acid ester and/or amide stearate is desirable.

(35) The quantity of fatty acid in the magnetic layer-forming composition is, for example, 0.1 to 10.0 weight parts, desirably 1.0 to 7.0 weight parts, per 100.0 weight parts of ferromagnetic hexagonal ferrite powder. The content of fatty acid amide in the magnetic layer-forming composition is, for example, 0.1 to 3.0 weight parts, desirably 0.1 to 1.0 weight parts, per 100.0 weight parts of ferromagnetic hexagonal ferrite powder.

(36) Additionally, the content of fatty acid in the nonmagnetic layer-forming composition is, for example, 1.0 to 10.0 weight parts, desirably 1.0 to 7.0 weight parts, per 100.0 weight parts of nonmagnetic powder. The content of fatty acid amide in the nonmagnetic layer-forming composition is, for example, 0.1 to 3.0 weight parts, desirably 0.1 to 1.0 weight parts, per 100.0 weight parts of nonmagnetic powder.

(37) <Magnetic Layer>

(38) The magnetic layer will be described in greater detail below.

(39) (Ferromagnetic Hexagonal Ferrite Powder)

(40) The V.sub.XRD and D.sub.x(107)/D.sub.TEM of the ferromagnetic hexagonal ferrite powder are as set forth above. The hexagonal ferrite constituting the ferromagnetic hexagonal ferrite powder can be barium ferrite, strontium ferrite, lead ferrite, calcium ferrite, or a mixture of two or more of these crystals. Specific examples are magnetoplumbite-type (M-type) barium ferrite and strontium ferrite, magnetoplumbite-type ferrite in which the particles surfaces are coated with spinel, and composite magnetoplumbite-type barium ferrite and strontium ferrite containing a partial spinel phase.

(41) For the ferromagnetic hexagonal ferrite powder (starting material powder) employed in the magnetic layer-forming composition, by way of example, the activation volume, which is an indicator of particle size, can fall within a range of 800 nm.sup.3 to 4,000 nm.sup.3. The activation volume is a value obtained by the method described in Examples further below. For details regarding ferromagnetic hexagonal ferrite powder, reference can be made to Japanese Unexamined Patent Publication (KOKAI) No. 2011216149, paragraphs 0134 to 0136. The content of the above publication is expressly incorporated herein by reference in its entirety. In one embodiment, ferromagnetic hexagonal ferrite powder with SFD.sub.powder failing within the range set forth above is desirably employed as starting material powder.

(42) In one embodiment, the average particle size of the ferromagnetic hexagonal ferrite powder contained in the magnetic layer can fall within a range of 8 nm to 50 nm, and desirably falls within a range of 8 nm to 30 nm. The term average particle size of ferromagnetic hexagonal ferrite powder is measured by tracing the contours of particles (primary particles) as set forth above in a photograph of particles taken to determine the particle shape set forth above. Here, the term particle size refers to the plate diameter for plate-shaped particles, the major axis length for ellipsoid particles, the diameter for spherical particles, and the diameter of an equivalent circle for indeterminate shapes. The equivalent circle diameter is as set forth above. The arithmetic average of the particle size of 500 particles obtained by randomly extracting 500 particles is adopted as the average particle size. The average particle size is a value obtained by observation by transmission electron microscope without the particles that have been photographed having been subjected to an orientation treatment. It may thus not necessarily correspond to the value of the D.sub.TEM described above.

(43) Unless specifically stated otherwise, the average particle size of the various powders described in the present invention and present specification is a value measured by the method set forth above.

(44) The content (fill rate) of ferromagnetic powder (ferromagnetic hexagonal ferrite powder) in the magnetic layer desirably falls within a range of 50 weight % to 90 weight %, preferably within a range of 60 weight % to 90 weight %. The greater the fill rate the better from the perspective of increasing recording density.

(45) (Binder and Curing Agent)

(46) The above magnetic tape contains binder along with the ferromagnetic powder in the magnetic layer. One or a mixture of multiple resins from among polyurethane resins, polyester resins, polyamide resins, vinyl chloride resins, acrylic resins obtained by copolymerization of styrene, acrylonitrile, methyl methacrylate and the like, cellulose resins such as nitrocellulose, epoxy resins, phenoxy resins, polyvinyl alkyral resins such. as polyvinyl acetal and polyvinyl butyral, can be employed as binder. Of these, desirable examples are polyurethane resins, acrylic resins, cellulose resins, and vinyl chloride resins. These resins can be employed as binders in the nonmagnetic layer and backcoat layer, described further below. Reference can be made to paragraphs 0028 to 0031 of Japanese Unexamined Patent Publication (KOKAI) No. 2010-24113, which is expressly incorporated herein by reference in its entirety, regarding the above binder. Curing agents can be employed with suitable resins as the above binder. Polyisocyanate is suitable as a curing agent. Reference can be made to paragraphs 0124 and 0125 in Japanese Unexamined Patent Publication (KOKAI) No. 2011-216149 regarding polyisocyanate. The curing agent is employed, for example, in a quantity of 0 to 80.0 weight parts, desirably in a quantity of 50.0 to 80.0 weight parts from the perspective of enhancing the strength of the coating of the magnetic layer and the like, per 100.0 weight parts of binder.

(47) (Additives)

(48) The magnetic layer contains at least an additive in the form of fatty acid ester, and can further contain fatty acid and/or fatty acid amide as set forth above. As needed, additives can be added in addition to these lubricants. Examples of additives are nonmagnetic fillers, dispersing agents, dispersion adjuvants, antifungal agents, antistatic agents, oxidation inhibitors, and carbon black. The term nonmagnetic filler is synonymous with nonmagnetic powder. Examples of nonmagnetic fillers are nonmagnetic fillers that are capable of functioning as abrasives and nonmagnetic fillers that are capable of functioning as protrusion-forming agents that form protrusions suitably protruding from the surface of the magnetic layer (such as nonmagnetic colloidal particles). A desirable example of nonmagnetic colloidal particles is silica colloidal particles (colloidal silica). in the present invention and the present specification, the term colloidal particles refers to particles that are capable of dispersing without precipitating to form a colloidal dispersion when 1 g thereof is added per 100 mL of an organic solvent in the form of at least one from among methyl ethyl ketone, cyclohexanone, toluene, ethyl acetate, and mixtures of any two or more of these solvents any mixing ratio. The average particle size of the colloidal particles is a value determined by the method described as a method of measuring the average particle diameter in Japanese Unexamined Patent Publication (KOKAI) No. 2011-048878, paragraph 0015. The content of the above publication is expressly incorporated herein by reference in its entirety. In addition, examples of dispersing agents are known dispersing agents such as carboxyl group-containing compounds and nitrogen-containing compounds. Examples of nitrogen-containing compounds are primary amines denoted by NH.sub.2R, secondary amines denoted by NHR.sub.2, and tertiary amines denoted by NR.sub.3. In these formulas, R denotes any structure constituting a. nitrogen-containing compound. Multiple instances of R can be identical or different. The nitrogen-containing compound can be a compound (polymer) containing multiple repeating structures within the compound. The present inventors presume that the fact that the nitrogen-containing moiety of the nitrogen-containing compound can function as a moiety that adsorbs to the surface of the particles of ferromagnetic hexagonal ferrite powder is why nitrogen-containing compounds can work as a dispersing agent. Examples of carboxyl group-containing compounds are fatty acids such as oleic acid. The present inventors presume that the fact that the carboxyl groups in the carboxyl group-containing compound can function as a moiety that adsorbs to the surface of the particles of ferromagnetic hexagonal ferrite powder is why carboxyl group-containing compounds can work as a dispersing agent. It is also desirable to employ carboxyl group-containing compounds and nitrogen-containing compounds in combination.

(49) Additives can he suitably selected for use from among commercial products based on the properties that are desired.

(50) The above-described magnetic layer is disposed over a nonmagnetic layer on a nonmagnetic support. The nonmagnetic layer and nonmagnetic support will be described in detail further below.

(51) <Nonmagnetic Layer>

(52) In the above magnetic tape, a nonmagnetic layer containing nonmagnetic powder and binder can be present between the nonmagnetic support and the magnetic layer. The nonmagnetic powder that is employed. in the nonmagnetic layer can be an organic or an inorganic substance. Carbon black or the like can also be employed. Examples of inorganic materials are metals, metal oxides, metal carbonates, metal sulfates, metal nitrides, metal carbides, and metal sulfides. These nonmagnetic powders are available as commercial products and can be manufactured by known methods. Reference can be made to Japanese Unexamined Patent Publication (KOKAI) No. 2011-216149, paragraphs 0146 to 0150, for details. Reference can be made to Japanese Unexamined Patent Publication (KOKAI) No. 2010-24113, paragraphs 0040 and 0041, for details on carbon black that can be used in the nonmagnetic layer. The content (fill rate) of nonmagnetic powder in the nonmagnetic layer desirably falls within a range of 50 weight % to 90 weight %, preferably within a range of 60 weight % to 90 weight %.

(53) For other details regarding binder, additives, and the like in the nonmagnetic layer, known techniques relating to nonmagnetic layers can be applied. As a further example, known techniques relating to magnetic layers can be applied with regard to the quantity and type of binders and the quantity and type of additives.

(54) The nonmagnetic layer of the magnetic tape of an aspect of the present invention may be in the form of an essentially nonmagnetic layer containing small quantities of ferromagnetic powder, either in the form of impurities or by intention, for example, along with nonmagnetic powder. in the present invention, the term essentially nonmagnetic layer refers to a layer with a residual magnetic flux density of less than or equal to 10 mT or a coercive force of less than or equal to 7.96 kA/m (100 Oe), or a layer with a residual magnetic flux density of less than or equal to 10 mT and a coercive force of less than or equal to 7.96 kA/m (100 Oe). The no magnetic layer desirably has neither residual magnetic flux density nor coercive force.

(55) <Backcoat Layer>

(56) A backcoat layer containing nonmagnetic powder and binder can be present on the opposite side of the nonmagnetic support from that on which the magnetic layer and nonmagnetic layer are present. The backcoat layer desirably contains carbon black and/or inorganic powder. Known techniques relating to the formulas of the magnetic layer and/or nonmagnetic layer can be applied to the binder and various optionally contained additives.

(57) <Nonmagnetic Support>

(58) The nonmagnetic support will be described next. Known nonmagnetic supports in the form of biaxially stretched polyethylene terephthalate, polyethylene naphthalate, polyamide, polyamide-imide, aromatic polyamide, and the like are examples. Of these, polyethylene terephthalate, polyethylene naphthalate, and polyamide are desirable. These supports can be subjected in advance to treatments such as corona discharge, plasma treatments, adhesion-enhancing treatments, and heat treatments.

(59) <Thicknesses of the Nonmagnetic Support, Magnetic Layer, Nonmagnetic Layer, and Backcoat Layer>

(60) The thickness of the nonmagnetic support and various layers of the above magnetic tape are as follows, The thickness of the nonmagnetic support can falls within a range of, for example, 3.0 m to 80.0 m, desirably within a range of 3.0 m to 50.0 m, and preferably, within a range of 3.0 m to 10.0 m.

(61) The thickness of the magnetic layer can be optimized based on the saturation magnetization level and head gap length of the magnetic head employed, and the bandwidth of the recording signal. It is generally 10 nm to 100 nm. From the perspective of high density recording, it desirably falls within a range of 20 nm to 90 nm, preferably within a range of 30 nm to 70 nm. It suffices for the magnetic layer to be at least a single layer, and the magnetic layer can be divided into two or more layers with different magnetic characteristics. Known structures of multilayered magnetic layers can he applied.

(62) The thickness of the nonmagnetic layer is, for example, greater than or equal to 50 nm, desirably greater than or equal to 70 nm, and preferably, greater than or equal to 100 nm. The thickness of the nonmagnetic layer is desirably less than or equal to 800 nm, preferably less than or equal to 500 nm.

(63) The thickness of the backcoat layer is desirably less than or equal to 0.9 m, preferably falling within a range of 0.1 m to 0.7 m.

(64) The thickness of the various layers of the magnetic tape and the nonmagnetic support can be determined by known film thickness measuring methods. For example, a cross-section in the direction of thickness of the magnetic tape can be exposed by a known technique such as an ion beam or microtome, and the exposed cross-section can be observed by a scanning electron microscope. Various thicknesses can be determined, such as the thickness determined at one spot in the direction of thickness by observing the cross-section, or the arithmetic average thickness calculated at two or more spotsfor example, two randomly extracted spots. The thicknesses of the various layers can also be obtained as design. thicknesses calculated from manufacturing conditions.

(65) <Manufacturing Process>

(66) (Preparing the Various Layer-Forming Compositions)

(67) The process of preparing the compositions for forming the various layers, such as the magnetic laver, nonmagnetic layer, and backcoat layer, normally includes at least a kneading step, a dispersion step, and mixing steps provided before and after these steps as needed. Each of these steps can he divided into two or more stages. All of the starting materials in the form of ferromagnetic powder, hinder, nonmagnetic powder, various additives, solvent, and the like that are employed for the preparation of the compositions for forming the various layers can be added at the start, or part way through, any of these steps. One or more of the various solvents that are commonly employed in the manufacturing of particulate magnetic recording media can be employed as solvents. Reference can be made to Japanese Unexamined Patent Publication (KOKAI) No. 2011-216149, paragraph 0153, regarding solvents. An individual starting material can be divided for addition in two or more steps. For example, binder can be divided up and added in the kneading step, dispersing step, and in a kneading step after the dispersing step for viscosity adjustment. To manufacture the above magnetic tape, conventionally known manufacturing techniques can be employed, An open kneader, continuous kneader, pressurized kneader, extruder, or some other device with powerful kneading force is desirably employed in the kneading step. Details regarding these kneading processes are given in Japanese Unexamined Patent Publication (KOKAI) Heisei Nos. 1-106338 and 1-79274, which are expressly incorporated herein by reference in their entirety. A known disperser can be employed.

(68) With regard to dispersion of the magnetic layer-forming composition, the present inventors presume the fact that dispersion is conducted in a two-stage dispersion treatment as set forth above makes it possible to inhibit the generation of strain on the crystalline structure of ferromagnetic hexagonal ferrite powder. From this perspective, a desirable manufacturing method is:

(69) a method of manufacturing the magnetic tape set forth above, including:

(70) forming a magnetic layer through preparation of a magnetic layer-forming composition and coating of the magnetic layer-forming composition that has been prepared on a nonmagnetic layer that has been formed on a nonmagnetic support,

(71) wherein the preparation of the magnetic layer-forming composition includes:

(72) a first stage of dispersing ferromagnetic hexagonal ferrite powder, binder, and solvent in the presence of first dispersion beads to obtain a dispersion, arid

(73) a second stage of dispersing the dispersion obtained in the first stage in the presence of second dispersion beads of smaller bead diameter and lower density than the first dispersion beads.

(74) It is desirable for coarse aggregates of the ferromagnetic hexagonal ferrite powder to be crushed in the above first stage, and then subsequently dispersed in the second stage. In order to increase dispersibility of the ferromagnetic hexagonal ferrite powder, it is desirable for the first and second stages to be conducted prior to dispersion treatment in which the ferromagnetic hexagonal ferrite powder is mixed with other powder components. For example, when forming a magnetic layer containing the above nonmagnetic fillers (abrasive, protrusion-forming agent), it is desirable to conduct the first and second stages as a dispersion treatment of a liquid (magnetic liquid) containing the ferromagnetic hexagonal ferrite powder, binder, solvent, and optionally added additives prior to mixing in the nonmagnetic filler.

(75) The diameter of the second dispersion beads is desirably less than or equal to 1/100, preferably less than or equal to 1/500, the diameter of the first dispersion beads. By way of example, the diameter of the second dispersion heads is greater than or equal to 1/10,000 the diameter of the first dispersion beads. However, there is no limitation to this range. For example, the diameter of the second dispersion beads desirably falls within a range of 80 nm to 1,000 nm. Also by way of example, the diameter of the first dispersion beads can fall within a range of 0.2 nm to 1.0 mm.

(76) In the present invention and specification, the bead diameter is a value that is measured by the same method as that used to measure the average particle size of the powder that is set forth above.

(77) The second stage is desirably conducted under conditions where the second dispersion beads, based on weight, are present in a quantity that is greater than or equal to 10-fold, preferably under conditions where they are present in a quantity of 10-fold to 30-fold, the quantity of the ferromagnetic hexagonal ferrite powder

(78) The quantity of the first dispersion beads in the first stage also desirably falls within the above range.

(79) The second dispersion beads are of lower density than the first dispersion beads. The density being referred to here is calculated by dividing the weight (unit: g) of the dispersion beads by the volume (unit: cm.sup.3). Measurement is conducted by Archimedes' method. The density of the second dispersion beads is desirably less than or equal to 3.7 g/cm.sup.3, preferably less than or equal to 3.5 g/cm.sup.3. Examples of second dispersion beads that are desirable from the perspective of density are: diamond beads, silicon carbide beads, and silicon nitride beads. Diamond beads are an example of second dispersion beads that are desirable from the perspective of density and hardness.

(80) The first dispersion beads are desirably in the form of dispersion beads with a density exceeding 3.7 g/cm.sup.3, preferably a density of greater than or equal to 3.8/cm.sup.3, and more preferably a density of greater than or equal to 4.0 g/cm.sup.3. By way of example, the density of the first dispersion beads is less than or equal to 7.0 g/cm.sup.3, but can exceed 7.0 g/cm.sup.3. Zirconia beads, alumina beads, and the like are desirably employed as the first dispersion beads, with the use of zirconia. beads being preferred.

(81) The longer the dispersion period for example, the longer the dispersion period, of the second stagethe smaller V.sub.XRD and D.sub.x(107) tend to become. The longer the dispersion period, the smaller SFD tends to become. The dispersion period is not specifically limited, and can be set based on the type of disperser employed or the like.

(82) (Coating Step)

(83) The magnetic layer can be formed by successively or simultaneously multilayer coating the magnetic layer-forming composition and nonmagnetic layer-forming composition, The backcoat layer can be formed by coating the backcoat layer-forming composition on the opposite side of the nonmagnetic support from the side on which the magnetic layer and nonmagnetic layer are present on which these layers will be subsequently formed). Reference can be made to Japanese Unexamined Patent Publication (KOKAI) No. 2010-231843, paragraph 0066, for details on coating to form the various layers. The content of the above publication is expressly incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.

(84) (Other Steps)

(85) Reference can be made to Japanese Unexamined Patent Publication (KOKAI) No. 2010-231843, paragraphs 0067 to 0070, with regard to various other steps in the manufacturing of a magnetic tape.

(86) The magnetic tape of an aspect of the present invention as set forth above can run in a drive with a low coefficient of friction even after storage in high-temperature and high-humidity environment.

EXAMPLES

(87) The present invention will be described based on Examples below. However, the present invention is not intended to be limited by the embodiments described in Examples. The parts and % indicated below denote weight parts and weight % unless specifically indicated otherwise.

(88) The activation volume is a value that is measured and calculated using powder from. the same lot as the ferromagnetic hexagonal ferrite powder used in the magnetic layer-forming composition. Measurement was conducted at a 3-minute and 30-minutes magnetic field sweep rate of the coercive force He measuring element in a vibrating sample magnetometer (made by Toei Industry Co., Ltd.). The activation volume was calculated from the equation relating He due to thermal fluctuation and activation volume V that is given below. The measurements were made in an environment of 23 C.1 C.
He32 2Ku/Ms(1-((KuT/kV)1n(At/0.693))1/2)
(In the equation, Ku: anisotropy constant; Ms: saturation magnetization; k: Boltzmann constant; T: absolute temperature; V: activation volume; A: spin precession frequency; t: magnetic field inversion time)

(89) The weight average molecular weights given below are values measured under the following conditions by gel permeation chromatography (GPC) and converted with polystyrene conversion.

(90) GPC device: HLC-8120 (made by Tosoh)

(91) Column: TSK gel Multipore HXL-M (made by Tosoh, 7.8 min inner diameter (ID)30.0 cm)

(92) Eluent: tetrahydrofuran (THF)

(93) The specific surface area is a value measured for primary particles by the nitrogen adsorption method (also called the Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) single point method). The specific surface area obtained by this method will be referred to as the BET specific surface area hereinafter.

Example 1

(94) The formulas of the various layer-forming compositions are given below.

(95) <Formula of Magnetic Layer-Forming Composition>

(96) (Magnetic Liquid)

(97) Ferromagnetic hexagonal ferrite powder (M-type barium ferrite, SFD.sub.powder: see Table 1, activation volume: see Table 1): 100.0 parts

(98) Oleic acid: 2.0 parts

(99) Vinyl chloride copolymer (MR-104, made by Zeon Corp.): 10.0 parts

(100) SO.sub.3Na group-containing polyurethane resin (weight average molecular weight: 70,000; SO.sub.3Na groups: 0.07 meq/g): 4.0 parts

(101) Amine polymer (DISPERBYK-102, made by BYK Chemie): 6.0 parts

(102) Methyl ethyl ketone: 150.0 parts

(103) Cyclohexanone: 150.0 parts

(104) (Abrasive Liquid)

(105) -Alumina (BET specific surface area: 19 m.sup.2g): 6.0 parts

(106) SO.sub.3Na group-containing polyurethane resin (weight average molecular weight: 70,000; SO.sub.3Na groups: 0.1 meq/g): 0.6 part

(107) 2,3-Dihydroxynaphthalene: 0.6 part

(108) Cyclohexanone: 23.0 parts

(109) (Protrusion-Forming Agent Liquid)

(110) Colloidal silica (average particle size: 120 nm): 2.0 parts

(111) Methyl ethyl ketone: 8.0 parts

(112) (Lubricant and Curing Agent Liquid)

(113) Stearic acid: 3.0 parts

(114) Stearic amide: 0.3 part

(115) Butyl stearate: 6.0 parts

(116) Methyl ethyl ketone: 110.0 parts

(117) Cyclohexanone: 110.0 parts

(118) Polyisocyanate (Coronate (Japanese registered trademark) L made by Nippon Polyurethane Industry Co., Ltd.): 3.0 parts

(119) <Formula of Nonmagnetic Layer-Forming Composition

(120) Nonmagnetic inorganic powder -iron oxide (average particle size: 10 nm, BET specific surface area: 75 m.sup.2/g): 100.0 parts

(121) Carbon black (average particle size: 20 nm): 25.0 parts

(122) SO.sub.3Na-group containing polyurethane resin (weight average molecular weight: 70,000, SO.sub.3Na group content: 0.2 meq/g): 18.0 parts

(123) Stearic acid: 1.0 part

(124) Cyclohexanone: 300.0 parts

(125) Methyl ethyl ketone: 300.0 parts

(126) <Formula of Backcoat Layer-Forming Composition>

(127) Nonmagnetic inorganic powder: -iron oxide (average particle size: 0.15 m, BET specific surface area: 52 m.sup.2/g): 80.0 parts

(128) Carbon black (average particle size: 20 nm): 20.0 parts

(129) Vinyl chloride copolymer: 13.0 parts

(130) Sulfonate group-containing polyurethane resin: 6.0 parts

(131) Phenylphosphonic acid: 3.0 parts

(132) Cyclohexanone: 155.0 parts

(133) Methyl ethyl ketone: 155.0 parts

(134) Stearic acid: 3.0 parts

(135) Butyl stearate: 3.0 parts

(136) Polyisocyanate: 5.0 parts

(137) Cyclohexanone: 200.0 parts

(138) <Preparation of Magnetic Layer-Forming Composition>

(139) The magnetic layer-forming composition was prepared by the following method. The various components of the above magnetic liquid were dispersed for 24 hours using zirconia beads with a bead diameter of 0.5 mm (first dispersion beads, density: 6.0 g/cm.sup.3) in a batch-type vertical sand mill, and then filtered using a filter having an average pore diameter of 0.5 m to prepare dispersion A (first stage). The zirconia beads were employed in a 10-fold quantity relative to the ferromagnetic hexagonal barium ferrite powder based on weight.

(140) Subsequently, dispersion A was dispersed for 1 hour using diamond heads with a bead diameter of 500 (second dispersion beads, density: 3.5 g/cm.sup.3) in a batch-type vertical sand mill. The diamond beads were separated using a centrifuge to prepare a dispersion (dispersion B). The magnetic liquid indicated below is the dispersion liquid B that was obtained (second stage). A ten-fold quantity of diamond beads based on weight was employed relative to the ferromagnetic hexagonal barium ferrite powder.

(141) The abrasive liquid was prepared as follows. The various components of the abrasive liquid set forth above were mixed, the mixture was charged to a horizontal bead mill disperser together with zirconia beads with a head diameter of 0.3 mm, and the bead volume/(abrasive liquid volume+bead volume) was adjusted to 80%. The mixture was dispersed for 120 minutes in a bead mill disperser, the liquid was removed following processing, and a flow-type ultrasonic dispersion filter device was used to conduct ultrasonic dispersion filtration to prepare the abrasive liquid.

(142) The magnetic liquid and abrasive liquid that had been prepared, as well as the above-described protrusion-forming agent liquid as well as the lubricant and curing agent liquid, were charged to a dissolver stirrer and stirred for 30 minutes at a peripheral speed of 10 m/s. The mixture was then passed three times through a flow-type ultrasonic disperser at a flow rate of 7.5 kg/min and filtered with a filter having a pore diameter of 1 m to prepare a magnetic layer-forming composition.

(143) <Preparation of Nonmagnetic Layer-Forming Composition>

(144) The various components of the nonmagnetic layer-forming composition set forth above were dispersed for 24 hours using zirconia beads with a bead diameter of 0.1 mm in a batch-type vertical sand mill. Subsequently, the mixture was filtered using a filter having an average pore diameter of (0.5 m to prepare a nonmagnetic layer-forming composition.

(145) <Preparation of Backcoat Layer-Forming Composition>

(146) All of the various components of the backcoat layer-forming composition set forth above except for the lubricants (stearic acid and butyl stearate), polyisocyanate, and 200.0 parts of the cyclohexanone, were kneaded and diluted in an open kneader. The mixture was then subjected to 12 passes of dispersion, each pass including a retention time of 2 minutes at a rotor tip peripheral speed of 10 m/s and at a bead fill rate of 80 volume % using zirconia beads with a bead diameter of 1 mm in a horizontal-type bead mill disperser. Subsequently, the remaining components were added, the mixture was stirred in a dissolver, and the dispersion obtained was filtered with a filter having an average pore diameter of 1 m to prepare a backcoat layer-forming composition.

(147) <Fabrication of Magnetic Tapes>

(148) The nonmagnetic layer-forming composition prepared as set forth above was coated and dried to a dry thickness of 100 nm on the surface of a polyethylene naphthalate support 5.0 m in thickness, and the magnetic layer-forming composition prepared as set forth above was coated thereover in a quantity calculated to yield a dry thickness of 70 nm. While the magnetic layer-forming composition was still wet, a magnetic field with a field strength of 0.3 T was applied in a direction perpendicular to the coating surface in perpendicular orientation processing. The composition was then dried. Subsequently, the backcoat layer-forming composition that had been prepared as set forth above was coated and dried to a thickness of 0.4 m on the opposite surface of the support. The product obtained was calendered (treated to flatten the surface) at a roll surface temperature of 100 C., a liner pressure of 300 kg/cm, and a rate of 100 m/min with a calender comprised solely of metal rolls and then heat treated for 36 hours in a 70 C. environment. Following the heat treatment, the product was slit to inch. (0.0127 meter) width to obtain a magnetic tape.

Examples 2 to 5, Comparative Examples 1 I to 6

(149) With the exception that the ferromagnetic hexagonal barium ferrite powders (M-type barium ferrite) having the activation volumes given in Table 1 and the SFD.sub.powder given in Table 1 were employed and the second stage was conducted under the conditions given in Table 1 (with no second stage in Comparative Example 5) dispersion processing of the magnetic liquid, magnetic, tapes were fabricated in the same manner as in Example 1.

(150) <Measurement and Evaluation Methods>

(151) 1. Average Particle Size and Observation of the Shape of the Ferromagnetic Hexagonal Ferrite Powder

(152) A tape sample was obtained by cutting out a portion of the magnetic tape of each of Examples and Comparative Examples. The backcoat layer was removed with acetone, the tape sample was immersed in ethanol, and ultrasonic dispersion was conducted. The ethanol caused the magnetic layer to swell, separating the ferromagnetic hexagonal ferrite powder from the magnetic layer. The separated ferromagnetic hexagonal ferrite powder was then recovered by filtration. When nonmagnetic filler is recovered along with the ferromagnetic hexagonal ferrite powder, a magnet can be used to separate the ferromagnetic hexagonal ferrite powder and nonmagnetic filler.

(153) It is also possible to remove the backcoat layer with a solvent other than acetone. The magnetic layer can also be made to swell with solvent other than ethanol to separate the ferromagnetic hexagonal ferrite powder.

(154) A 1 mg quantity of the recovered ferromagnetic hexagonal ferrite powder (powder to be photographed) was placed in 5 mL of pure water and ultrasonically dispersed (28 kHz, 10 minutes) to prepare a dispersion. A 5 L quantity of the dispersion prepared was dripped onto a mesh (grid-like sample plate) and dried naturally (without orientation processing). The powder to be photographed was placed in a transmission electron microscope along with the grid mesh and photographed with the transmission electron microscope. The shape of the particles was observed in the photograph obtained. As a result, all of the particles of the ferromagnetic hexagonal ferrite powders employed in Examples and Comparative Examples were found to have plate-like shapes.

(155) When particle photographs that had been taken were used to determine the average particle size (average plate diameter) by the method set forth above, these values were found to fall within a range of 10 nm to 30 nm for both Examples and Comparative Examples.

(156) 2. Particle Size in the Direction of the Easy Axis of Magnetization D.sub.TEM as Determined by Observation With Transmission Electron Microscope

(157) A 1 mg quantity of the ferromagnetic hexagonal ferrite powder recovered in 1. above was placed in 5 mL of pure water and ultrasonically dispersed (28 kHz, 10 minutes) to prepare a dispersion, A 5 L quantity of the dispersion prepared was dripped onto a grid mesh (mesh-like sample dish) on both sides of which (right and left) magnets (each having a magnetic strength of 1.5 T) had been positioned, and allowed to dry naturally. The powder to be photographed was thus subjected to horizontal orientation processing. Each grid mesh of powder to be photographed that had been subjected to orientation processing was placed within a transmission electron microscope and the D.sub.TEM (average plate thickness) was determined by the method set forth above.

(158) 3. Crystallite Volume V.sub.XRD as Determined by X-Ray Diffraction Analysis

(159) The magnetic layers of the magnetic tapes of Examples and Comparative Examples were scraped off with a blade to obtain test specimens (in powder form) for X-ray diffraction analysis.

(160) A roughly 0.03 g quantity of test specimen was employed to conduct X-ray diffraction analysis under the conditions set forth above. A RINT 2500 made by Rigaku Corp. was employed as the powder X-ray diffraction measurement device. Based on the analysis results, D.sub.x(107) and D.sub.x(110) were calculated by the method set forth above. V.sub.XRD was calculated from D.sub.x(107) and D.sub.x(110) using the equation set forth above.

(161) 4. SFD.sub.powder of Ferromagnetic Hexagonal Ferrite Powder

(162) A vibrating sample magneto (made by Toei-Kogyo Co., Ltd.) was employed to measure the SFD at an applied magnetic field of 796 kA/m (10 Oe) in an environment with temperatures of 100 C. and 25 C. in the ferromagnetic powders. SFD.sub.powder was calculated using Equation 2 from the SFD measurement results.

(163) 5. SFD in the longitudinal direction of the Magnetic Tape

(164) A vibrating sample magnetometer (made by Toei-Kogyo Co., Ltd.) was employed to measure the SFD in the longitudinal direction of the magnetic tape at an applied magnetic field of 796 kA/m (10 Oe) in environments with temperatures of 25 C. and 190 C. The SFD was calculated using Equation 1 from the SFD measurement results.

(165) 6. Electromagnetic Characteristics (SNR)

(166) For the magnetic tapes of Examples and Comparative Examples, a recording head (metal-in-gap (MIG)), gap length 0.15 m, saturation magnetization density 1.8 T) and a reproduction-use giant magnetoresistive (GMR) head reproduction track width: 1 m) were mounted on a loop tester and a signal was recorded at a linear recording density of 200 kfci in an environment of 23 C.1 C. The SNR was then measured. The SNRs of Examples and Comparative Examples are given in Table 1 as values relative to the SNR of Comparative Example 4, which was adopted as 0 dB. A tape with an SNR of greater than or equal to +1.0 dB, desirably greater than or equal to +1.5 dB, was evaluated as having properties capable of meeting the stringent needs that are expected to accompany the higher recording densities of the future.

(167) 7. Measurement of the Coefficient After Storage in High-Temperature, High-Humidity Environment

(168) Each of the tapes of Examples and Comparative Examples was wound up on a reel and stored for one week in an environment with a temperature of 60 C. and a relative humidity of 90% in that state. After storage, the magnetic tape was subjected to 10 repeated passes of running at a speed of 14 mm/sec with the surface of the magnetic: layer in contact with an SUS (steel use stainless) 420 member in an environment at with a temperature of 23 C. and a relative humidity of 50% with application of a 50 g load. The coefficient of friction was measured on the 10th pass. The measurement results are given in Table 1. When the coefficient of friction with repeated running exceeded 0.80 (>0.80), surface of the magnetic layer ended up adhering to the SUS 420 member, precluding subsequent running. For such comparative examples, >0.80 (adhesion) has been recorded in Table 1.

(169) The above measurement results and evaluation results are given in Table 1.

(170) TABLE-US-00001 TABLE 1 Ex. 1 Ex. 2 Ex. 3 Comp. Ex. 1 Ferromagnetic Type Ferromagnetic Ferromagnetic hexagonal Ferromagnetic hexagonal Ferromagnetic hexagonal hexagonal hexagonal ferrite powder A ferrite powder A ferrite powder A ferrite powder ferrite powder A SFDpowder 1.80 1.80 1.80 1.80 Activation 1500 volume [nm.sup.3] Second stage Quantity of 10-fold 10-fold 20-fold 20-fold in dispersion dispersion beads treatment of (relative to magnetic ferromagnetic liquid hexagonal ferrite powder) Dispersion 1 h 2 h 1 h 2 h period V.sub.XRD [nm] 2400 1900 1400 1100 D.sub.x(107)/D.sub.TEM 1.5 1.2 1.1 0.9 SFD 1.58 1.40 1.52 1.20 SNR [dB] +1.0 +1.3 +1.6 +2.1 Coefficient of friction after 0.45 0.42 0.48 >0.80 storage in high-temperature (adhesion) and high-humidity environment Comp. Ex. 2 Ex. 4 Comp. Ex. 3 Ex. 5 Comp. Ex. 4 Comp. Ex. 5 Comp. Ex .6 Ferromagnetic Type Ferromagnetic Ferromagnetic Ferromagnetic Ferromagnetic Ferromagnetic Ferromagnetic Ferromagnetic hexagonal hexagonal hexagonal hexagonal hexagonal hexagonal hexagonal hexagonal ferrite powder ferrite ferrite ferrite ferrite ferrite ferrite ferrite powder B powder B powder B powder B powder B powder C powder D SFDpowder 0.82 0.82 0.82 0.82 0.82 0.60 1.95 Activation 1500 1500 1500 volume [nm.sup.3] Second stage Quantity of Second stage 10-fold 10-fold 20-fold 20-fold 10-fold 10-fold in dispersion dispersion beads was not treatment of (relative to conducted magnetic ferromagnetic liquid hexagonal ferrite powder) Dispersion 1 hr 2 h 1 hr 2 h 1 hr 1 h period V.sub.XRD [nm] 3800 2200 1800 1300 950 2350 2300 D.sub.x(107)/D.sub.TEM 1.5 1.5 1.3 1.1 1.0 1.5 1.5 SFD 0.82 0.62 0.45 0.53 0.40 0.38 1.65 SNR [dB] 0.2 +1.1 +1.3 +1.7 0 +1.0 +1.0 Coefficient of friction after 0.36 0.30 >0.80 0.40 >0.80 >0.80 >0.80 storage in high-temperature (adhesion) (adhesion) (adhesion) (adhesion) and high-humidity environment

(171) Based on the results given in Table 1, the magnetic tapes of Examples (magnetic tapes with multilayer structures) exhibited good electromagnetic characteristics, with the rise in the coefficient of friction being determined to have been suppressed after storage in high-temperature, high-humidity environment.

(172) An aspect of the present invention is useful in the technical field of high-density magnetic recording media such as backup tapes.

(173) Although the present invention has been described in considerable detail with regard to certain versions thereof, other versions are possible, and alterations, permutations and equivalents of the version shown will become apparent to those skilled in the art upon a reading of the specification and study of the drawings. Also, the various features of the versions herein can be combined in various ways to provide additional versions of the present invention. Furthermore, certain terminology has been used for the purposes of descriptive clarity, and not to limit the present invention. Therefore, any appended claims should not be limited to the description of the preferred versions contained herein and should include all such alterations, permutations, and equivalents as fall within the true spirit and scope of the present invention.

(174) Having now fully described this invention, it will be understood to those of ordinary skill in the art that the methods of the present invention can be carried out with a wide and equivalent range of conditions, formulations, and other parameters without departing from the scope of the invention or any Examples thereof.

(175) All patents and publications cited herein are hereby fully incorporated by reference in their entirety. The citation of any publication is for its disclosure prior to the filing date and should not be construed as an admission that such publication is prior art or that the present invention is not entitled to antedate such publication by virtue of prior invention.