BALANCED FEED FORMULATION BASED ON TROPICAL LEGUMES AND GRASSES WITH A HIGH PROTEIN CONTENT AND METHOD FOR THE PRODUCTION THEREOF

Abstract

The invention consists of an animal feed formulation based on tropical legumes and grasses with a high protein content, said formulation comprising, inter alia, a combination of grains, a first protein source, forage, a second protein source, a third protein source and a fourth mineral source. One of the protein sources can comprise Canavalia Canavalia ensiformis. The animal feed formulation can also include a forage legume of the Stylosanthes genus. In addition, the animal feed formulation can include a tropical fodder of the Brachiaria or Panicum genera. The synergistic combination of forage legumes and tropical fodder results in a balanced feed with a high concentration of tropical raw materials, which is easy to produce and affordable. Similarly, the invention also comprises a method for producing the feed in pellet form, based on the formulation described above, from which the anti-nutritional factors derived from Canavalia Canavalia ensiformis have been eliminated.

Claims

1. An animal feed formulation based on tropical legumes and grasses with a high protein content, comprising: 20% to 30% of a combination of grains, 10 to 15% of a first protein source, 30% to 45% of a forage, 5% to 25% of a second protein source, 5% to 15% of a third protein source, and 0.5% to 3% of a first mineral source; wherein the second protein source comprises Canavalia Canavalia ensiformis.

2. The animal feed formulation according to claim 1, wherein the combination of grains includes maize or sorghum.

3. The animal feed formulation according to claim 1, wherein the first protein source includes coconut paste.

4. The animal feed formulation according to claim 1, wherein the third protein source includes a forage legume of Stylosanthes genus.

5. The animal feed formulation according to claim 1, wherein the forage comprising a tropical fodder of Brachiaria genus.

6. The animal feed formulation according to claim 1, wherein the first mineral source comprises a mineral premix.

7. The animal feed formulation according to claim 1, wherein the feed formulation also includes 10% to 20% of a first by-product.

8. The animal feed formulation according to claim 7, wherein the first by-product includes bran, wheat, or both.

9. The animal feed formulation according to claim 1, wherein the feed formulation also includes 2% to 12% of a second by-product.

10. The animal feed formulation according to claim 9, wherein the second by-product comprises molasses.

11. The animal feed formulation according to claim 1, wherein the feed formulation also includes from 0.5% to 3% of a second mineral source.

12. The animal feed formulation according to claim 11, wherein the second mineral source comprise salt.

13. The animal feed formulation according to claim 1, wherein the feed formulation also includes from 0.1% to 1% of a fourth protein source.

14. The animal feed formulation according to claim 13, wherein the fourth protein source comprises urea.

15. The animal feed formulation according to claim 1, wherein the feed formulation also includes a variable percentage of lactobasillus.

16. The animal feed formulation according to claim 1, wherein the Canavalia Canavalia ensiformis can be fermented, pelletized or extruded.

17. The animal feed formulation according to claim 16, wherein the Canavalia ensiformis is pelleted at least at 78 C. and at least 2.67 kPa of pressure.

18. A manufacturing process using an animal feed formulation adapted to tropical areas, comprising: 20% to 30% of a combination of grains, 10 to 15% of a first protein source, 30% to 45% of forage, 5% to 25% of a second protein source which is Canavalia Canavalia ensiformis, 5% to 15% of a third protein source, and 0.5% to 3% of a first mineral source characterized in that it comprises: a grinding process; dosing; mixing process; and a pelletizing process wherein extrusion temperature reach at least 78 C. and at least 2.67 kPa of pressure.

19. The manufacturing process according to claim 18, wherein the grinding processes, dosing, mixing and pelletizing can be carry out by methods and machines known in the State of the Art.

20. An animal feed derived from manufacturing process in accordance with claim 18.

Description

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0017] To provide a better understanding of the invention the following drawing is included herein:

[0018] FIG. 1 is a diagram of the feed manufacturing process of the present invention.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

[0019] The present invention consists of a feed formulation for livestock, particularly ruminants, with tropical legumes and grasses with a high protein content, which incorporates components of abundant growth in tropical areas. Preferably, the feed is intended for ruminants like cattle and sheep. However, it shall be considered within the scope of the present invention, extended use to other animals that can apply the benefits described herein. This feed formulation is balanced and has a high protein content that achieve the nutritional requirements of sheep or cattle. Its main technical effect consists in weight gain and improvement in meat quality.

[0020] The essential components of the feed formulation of the present invention are described in the following table:

TABLE-US-00001 TABLE 1 Essential components of feed formulation Ingredient group Specific ingredient Range Grain Maize/Sorghum 20-30% Protein source Coconut Paste 10-15% Forage Tropical Fodder (Brachiaria 30-45% or Panicum) Protein source Forage Legume (Canavalia) 5-25% Protein source Forage Legume (Stylosantes) 5-15% Mineral source Mineral Premix 0.5-3%

[0021] On the other hand, the non-essential or optional components of the feed formulation of the present invention are included in the following table:

TABLE-US-00002 TABLE 2 Optional components of the feed formulation Ingredient group Specific ingredient Range By-product Bran/Wheat 10-20% By-product Molasses 2-12% Mineral source Salt 0.5-3% Mineral source Calcium Carbonate 0.1-1% Protein source Urea 0.1-3% Fermented Lactobacillus Vitafer Variable

[0022] In the feed formulation described in these tables it is proposed to use as a forage legume protein source. In the preferred embodiment of the invention, the forage legume is Canavalia Canavalia ensiformis. In a second embodiment of the invention, the forage legume is a species of the stylosanthes genus. Also, the preferred embodiment of the invention can include a tropical fodder as forage such as a species of the Brachiaria genus. In this way the feed formulation proposed herein contemplates the use of species whose growth and development is adapted to the tropical zones.

[0023] In spite of the benefits and advantages mentioned in the preceding paragraphs, it is known that Canavalia Canavalia ensiformis seeds have anti-nutritional factors (ANF), such as the canavanine and protein concanavalin A. The ANF are those compounds that affect the nutritional value some food, especially seeds, because hinder or inhibit the assimilation of nutrients of plant origin foods, generally, including proteins and minerals. From a biochemical point of view, these factors are varied in nature and can be toxic or cause undesirable physiological effects such as flatulence, stomach distension, pancreatic effects, agglutination of red blood cells, decreased the uptake of nutrients, among others. As mentioned above, the substitution of canavanine causes this protein, to be the cause of its toxic effect. The concanavalin A and B is water soluble so it can be removed by soaking the seeds of Canavalia Canavalia ensiformis. Moreover, the concanavalin A is a lectin with hemato-agglutinative activity, that also interferes with the absorption capacity of nutrients in the intestines, which destroys the cells of the intestinal mucus. These ANF have been eliminated through fermentation of Canavalia Canavalia ensiformis. Also, the mentioned ANF of the Canavalia Canavalia ensiformis can be removed by pelletizing by exposing to heat treatment. Preferably, the present invention comprises the pelletizing method of the described feed formulation, which is preferably at least 78 centigrade degrees and at least 56 pressure pounds (2.68 kPa).

[0024] Based on the above, the present invention provides an animal feed formulation effective for weight gain and meat quality. The effects of this formulation may be better described and explained based on the following practical experiment.

Example: The Effect of a Fermented Feed with Canavalia Canavalia Ensiformis on Productive Performance in Pelibuey Sheep in Finalization

General Objective

[0025] Studying on productive performance in pelibuey sheep in finalization that are fed with fermented Canavalia Canavalia ensiformis in solid state as a protein source of an integral diet.

Specific Objectives

Pelibuey Sheep in Finalization:

[0026] 1) Determining the influence of fermented Canavalia Canavalia ensiformis in solid state as a protein source of an integral diet on daily weight change.
2) Establishing the effect of fermented Canavalia Canavalia ensiformis in solid state as a protein source of an integral diet on feed efficiency.
3) Determining the quality of carcass in Pelibuey sheep in finalization.

Hypothesis

[0027] The use of grain of Canavalia Canavalia ensiformis in an integral diet that undergoes the process of solid-state fermentation to increase its nutritional value with respect to a integral diet with raw and unfermented in solid state Canavalia Canavalia ensiformis.

[0028] For Pelibuey sheep in finalization, the consumption of an integral diet prepared based on the process of solid-state fermentation, wherein the Canavalia Canavalia ensiformis is a major protein source, it can be obtained:

[0029] (a) a higher change in weight with respect to registered by means of the consumption of an integral diet prepared based on raw Canavalia Canavalia ensiformis (without been undergone the process of solid state fermentation) as a major protein source.

[0030] (b) a change in daily weight similar to that obtained with the consumption of integral diet where the soybean paste is the main protein source.

[0031] (c) a higher feed efficiency with respect to the use of integral diets which incorporate raw Canavalia Canavalia ensiformis or soybean paste.

[0032] (d) improved carcass quality in pelibuey sheep in finalization an integral diet prepared based on Canavalia Canavalia ensiformis.

Formulas Used in Animal Feed

[0033]

TABLE-US-00003 Formulation 1 Formulations with Canavalia ensiformis Ingredient % Maize 32.70 Canavalia ensiformis 25.00 Stylosantes guinensis 5.00 Hay grass MG5 12.70 Molasses 19.30 Mineral premix 2.00 Oil 3.00 Urea 0.30
This formulation presents a guaranteed analysis of:

TABLE-US-00004 Raw Protein 14% Raw Fiber 17% Ashes 5% Humidity 12% Raw lipids 5% N.F.E. 47%

TABLE-US-00005 Formulation 2 Formulations with fermented Canavalia ensiformis Ingredient % Maize 32.70 Canavalia ensiformis 25.00 Stylosantes guinensis 5.00 Hay grass MG5 12.70 Molasses 19.30 Mineral premix 2.00 Oil 3.00 Urea 0.30
This formulation presents a guaranteed analysis of:

TABLE-US-00006 Raw Protein 14% Raw Fiber 17% Ashes 5% Humidity 12% Raw lipids 5% N.F.E. 47%

TABLE-US-00007 Formulation 3 Formulations with soybean paste Ingredient % Maize 40.70 Stylosantes guinensis 15.00 Hay grass MG5 4.00 Soybean paste 20.00 Molasses 15.00 Mineral premix 2.00 Oil 3.00 Urea 0.30
This formulation presents a guaranteed analysis of:

TABLE-US-00008 Raw Protein 17% Raw Fiber 17% Ashes 5% Humidity 12% Raw lipids 5% N.F.E. 44%

Results

[0034] Least squares means (standard errors) of the initial and final weights, and daily change of weight in pelibuey sheep feed with integral diets prepared based on seeds of Canavalia ensiformis.

TABLE-US-00009 Diet Type Formulation Formulation 1 with non 2 with Formulation fermented fermented 3 without Canavalia Canavalia Canavalia Variable ensiformis ensiformis ensiformis Initial weight (kg) 21.0 1.1 20.8 1.1 22.2 1.2 Final weight (kg) 25.2 1.7.sup.a 28.0 1.7.sup.a 35.5 1.8.sup.b Change of daily weight 62.0 13.4.sup.a 107.0 13.4.sup.b 195.0 14.6.sup.c (g) Spleen (g) 55.3 9.7 54.5 6.9 80.8 9.7 Assesment duration 68 68 68 (days)

[0035] Where a, b, c values with different superscript within the same row indicate significant difference (p<0.01).

[0036] Influence of the diet type in finalization in body composition of pelibuey sheep.

TABLE-US-00010 Diet Type Formulation Formulation 1 with non 2 with Formulation fermented fermented 3 without Canavalia Canavalia Canavalia Variable ensiformis ensiformis ensiformis Living weight at 25.2 1.7.sup.a 28.0 1.7.sup.a 35.5 1.8.sup.b slaughtering (kg) Hot carcass weight (kg) 11.3 0.8.sup.a 12.4 0.8.sup.a 16.8 0.9.sup.b Cold carcass weight (kg) 11.1 0.8.sup.a 12.2 0.8.sup.a 16.6 0.9.sup.b Hot carcass performance 44.7 1.|1 44.2 1.1 47.5 1.2 (%) Chest circumference (cm) 63.2 1.3 63.2 1.3 67.4 1.4 Carcass lenght (cm) 49.6 1.5.sup.a 52.7 1.5.sup.a 59.2 1.7.sup.b Leg lenght (cm) 40.7 0.7 40.5 0.7 41.8 0.8 Major diameter of L. dorsi 4.8 0.2.sup.c 5.2 0.2.sup.d 5.8 0.2.sup.d muscle (cm.sup.2) Minor diameter of L. dorsi 2.2 0.1 2.3 0.1 2.7 0.2 muscle (cm.sup.2) Fat cover (mm) 0.9 0.4.sup.a 0.7 0.4.sup.a 2.8 0.4.sup.b Neck (kg) 1.1 0.1.sup.a 1.0 0.1.sup.a 1.6 0.1.sup.b Chest (kg) 3.0 0.3.sup.a 3.4 0.3.sup.a 4.8 0.3.sup.b Arm-shoulder (kg) 1.9 0.1.sup.a 2.2 0.1.sup.a 2.7 0.2.sup.b Abdomen (kg) 2.3 0.3.sup.a 2.8 0.3.sup.a 3.8 0.3.sup.b Leg (kg) 2.6 0.2.sup.a 2.6 0.2.sup.a 3.5 0.2.sup.b

[0037] Wherein: The least-squares mean (standard error) a, b values with different superscripts in the same row indicate significant difference (p<0.01); c, d values with different superscripts in the same row indicate significant difference (p<0.05).

CONCLUSIONS

[0038] The use of forage legumes such as Canavalia Canavalia ensiformis in an integral diet that undergoes the process of solid-state fermentation to increase its nutritional value with respect to an integral diet with unfermented in solid state and raw Canavalia ensiformis.

[0039] The use of forage legumes such as Canavalia Canavalia ensiformis in an integral diet obtains a higher change of weight with respect to registered with the consumption of an integral diet prepared based on raw Canavalia Canavalia ensiformis, and without been undergone to the process of solid state fermentation, as a major protein source.

[0040] The use of forage legumes such as Canavalia Canavalia ensiformis in an integral diet obtains change of daily weight similar to that obtained with the consumption of an integral diet where the soybean paste is the main protein source.

[0041] The use of forage legumes such as Canavalia Canavalia ensiformis in an integral diet obtains a greater feed efficiency with respect to the use of integral diets, which incorporates raw Canavalia ensiformis or soybean paste.

[0042] Better carcass quality in pelibuey sheep in finalization of an integral diet prepared based on forage legumes such as Canavalia Canavalia ensiformis.

[0043] The use of forage legumes such as Canavalia Canavalia ensiformis in an integral diet obtains sheep with better carcass quality in sheep carcass classification based on the fat/shaping relationship of light lambs according to the official standard MX-FF-CFIDS-2006 Mexico Extra (MEX EXT) are those carcasses from light lambs with surface fat of 1 mm to 3 mm and excellent conformation.

[0044] Based on the example described above, we found that a diet including Canavalia Canavalia ensiformis complies with the effect of weight gain and improvement in meat quality. However, this example also shows that the Canavalia Canavalia ensiformis which has not been treated (e.g. fermentation, for the experimental case described), then it may cause a negative non-desired effect.

[0045] Finally, FIG. 1 describes the method to carry out the manufacture of the feed formulation of the proposed invention. Accordingly, a first step consists in a milling process (100) of forages and legumes. The second step consists in a dosing (200) so that each specific ingredient or component percentage falls within the range specified in Table 1. The third step involves a mixing process (300) of all the selected components according to the feed formulation. It should be noted that the Canavalia Canavalia ensiformis must be present in the indicated percentages. Preferably, the milling process (100), dosing (200), and mixing (300) may be performed by methods known in the State of the Art. Finally, the fourth step consists in a pelletizing process (400) wherein the extrusion temperature reaches at least 78 C. and at least 2.67 kPa of pressure. Similarly, the pelletizing process (400) can be carried out by machines known in the State of the Art. In alternative embodiments of the invention, the feed can also be fermented or extruded.

[0046] Based on the previous disclosure, certain embodiments and details have been described in order to illustrate the present invention, and it will be evident to the experts that can make variations and modifications without departing from the scope of the present invention.