URETHANE COATING COMPOSITION FOR METAL SUBSTRATES

Abstract

A urethane composition useful in a variety of applications such as, for example, as a direct-to-metal coating, i.e. a coating composition that can be applied directly to the surface of a metal substrate without a primer or pretreatment is described. The coating composition preferably includes a polyol that is the reaction product of a resin of general formula (I) with an acid or a diol respectively, with the reaction being carried out in the presence of a catalyst. The coating composition also includes an isocyanate-functional compound as a crosslinker. The coating composition forms a corrosion-resistant film when applied directly to the substrate surface without a pretreatment or primer.

Claims

1. A urethane coating composition, comprising: (1) a polyol that is the reaction product of a) a resin having the general formula (I) ##STR00009## wherein: each A is independently a substituted or unsubstituted divalent aliphatic group having from 1 to about 6 carbon atoms, an unsubstituted divalent aromatic group having from 6 to about 10 carbon atoms, a divalent aromatic group substituted with an organic group having from 1 to 4 carbon atoms (C1-C4 alkyl or alkenyl), a halogen, ORO, wherein R is unsubstituted or substituted C.sub.1-C.sub.4 alkyl, C(O), O, S, S(O), or S(O).sub.2; each Ph is independently a an unsubstituted phenylene ring, or a phenylene ring substituted with H, C.sub.1-C.sub.4 alkyl, Cl, Br, or OR; each R is independently H, C.sub.1-C.sub.4 alkyl, or an epoxide of the formula ##STR00010## wherein R.sup.1 is independently H, unsubstituted C.sub.1-C.sub.4 alkyl, or C.sub.1-C.sub.4 alkyl substituted with OH, or C.sub.1-C.sub.4 alkoxy; m is 0 or 1; and n is between 0 and 6; and (b) an acid or diol present in an amount sufficient to react substantially all the epoxide groups, if present, in component (a), wherein the reaction is carried out in the presence of a reaction catalyst; and an isocyanate-functional compound.

2. The coating composition of claim 1, wherein each R in the general formula (I) is an epoxide wherein each R.sup.1 and R.sup.2 is independently CH.sub.2 or H.

3. The coating composition of claim 1, wherein each A in the general formula (I) is a methylene group and m is 1.

4. The coating composition of claim 1, wherein each A in the general formula (I) is a phenylene ring substituted with an ORO group, wherein R is CH.sub.2CH(OH)CH.sub.2, and m is 0.

5. The coating composition of claim 1, wherein each Ph is independently an unsubstituted phenylene ring or a phenylene ring substituted with an OR group, wherein R is an epoxide of the formula ##STR00011## wherein each R.sup.1 is independently CH.sub.2 or H.

6. The coating composition of claim 1, wherein each Ph is independently an unsubstituted phenylene ring or a phenylene ring substituted with a dimethylbenzyl group.

7. The coating composition of claim 1, wherein n is between 1.0 and 2.0.

8. The coating composition of claim 1, wherein the resin of general formula (I) has the structure: ##STR00012## wherein n is between 1.0 and 2.0.

9. The coating composition of claim 1, wherein the acid is an aromatic acid selected from an unsubstituted aromatic acid, alkyl substituted aromatic acid, alkenyl substituted aromatic acid, or hydroxy substituted aromatic acid.

10. The coating composition of claim 8, wherein the aromatic acid is benzoic acid.

11. The coating composition of claim 1, wherein the amount of acid or diol sufficient to react substantially all the epoxide groups is about 1 to 5 moles.

12. The coating composition of claim 1, wherein the amount of acid or diol sufficient to react substantially all the epoxide groups is about 2 to 4 moles.

13. The coating composition of claim 1, wherein the reaction catalyst is selected from trialkyl amines, dialkylaryl amines, salts of quarternary ammonium compounds, salts of quarternary phosphonium compounds, and alkali metal halides.

14. The coating composition of claim 1, wherein the polyol has an OH number of about 150 to 350.

15. The coating composition of claim 1, wherein the OH:NCO ratio of the urethane composition is about 0.5:1 to 2:1.

16. The coating composition of claim 1, wherein the resin of general formula (I) has the structure: ##STR00013## and n is 0.05 to 0.1.

17. The coating composition of claim 1, wherein the diol is an aliphatic diol selected from unsubstituted or alkyl-substituted propanediol, butanediol, pentanediol, hexanediol, and mixtures thereof.

18. The coating composition of claim 1, wherein the diol is 1,4-butanediol.

19. The coating composition of claim 1, wherein the reaction catalyst is dimethylbenzylamine.

20. The coating composition of claim 1, wherein the isocyanate-functional compound is a polyisocyanate selected from selected from 2,4-toluenediisocyanate, 2,6-toluenediisocyanate, 4,4-methylenediphenyldiisocyanate, hexamethylenediisocyanate, polymethylene-polyphenylisocyanate, cyclic trimers, cocyclic trimers, and mixtures thereof.

Description

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF ILLUSTRATIVE EMBODIMENTS

[0030] In one aspect, the present invention provides a urethane coating composition that includes a polyol that is a reaction product of a resin of general formula (I) with an acid or a diol. The composition also includes an isocyanate-functional compound as a crosslinker, and provides a corrosion-resistant film when applied to a metal substrate. Although the ensuing discussion focuses primarily on direct-to-metal coatings, it is contemplated that the composition described herein, as well as variations thereof, may be applied as primers or topcoats, and on a variety of different substrates, and for a variety of other end uses.

[0031] Coating compositions described herein preferably include at least a film-forming amount of the urethane described herein, along with a crosslinker. In addition, the coating composition may also include one or more additional ingredients such as, for example, a liquid carrier, and any other optional additives. Suitable additives include pigments, dispersing agents, uv stabilizers, adhesion promoters, and the like.

[0032] Coating compositions of the present invention may have utility in a variety of coating end uses, preferably end uses that employ a metal substrate. Preferred coating compositions exhibit a superior combination of coating properties, including optimal adhesion to the substrate, flexibility, impact resistance, corrosion resistance, durability, uv resistance (i.e. the coatings maintain optimal color and/or gloss after significant exposure to uv radiation), and a blister-free appearance. It is also contemplated that the coating composition may have utility in coating applications where a single-phase coating, i.e. a direct-to-metal coating that can be used without a primer or pretreatment of the substrate, is desired.

[0033] In preferred embodiments, the polyol described herein, is derived from a resin of the general formula (I):

##STR00003##

wherein: [0034] each A is independently a substituted or unsubstituted divalent aliphatic group having from 1 to about 6 carbon atoms (C1-C6 alkyl or alkenyl), an unsubstituted divalent aromatic group having from about 6 to about 10 carbon atoms, a divalent aromatic group substituted with an organic group having from 1 to 4 carbon atoms (C1-C4 alkyl or alkenyl), a halogen, ORO, wherein R is unsubstituted or substituted C.sub.1-C.sub.4 alkyl, C(O), O, S, S(O), or S(O).sub.2; [0035] each Ph is independently an unsubstituted phenylene ring, or a phenylene ring substituted with hydrogen, an organic group having from 1 to 4 carbon atoms (C1-C4 alkyl or alkenyl), a halogen, or OR [0036] each R is independently H, C1-C4 alkyl, or an epoxide group of the formula:

##STR00004##

wherein R.sup.1 and R.sup.2 are independently H, unsubstituted C1-C4 alkyl, or C1-C4 alkyl substituted with OH or C1-C4 alkoxy; [0037] m is 0 or 1; and [0038] n is between 0 and 6.

[0039] In preferred embodiments, each R in general formula (I) is an epoxide group, wherein when one of R.sup.1 and R.sup.2 is independently CH.sub.2, the other is hydrogen.

[0040] In some embodiments, in the general formula (I), each A is independently a organic group, such as, for example, a hydrocarbon group having from 1 to 6 carbon atoms (C1-C6 alkyl, alkenyl, or aryl), C(O), O, S, S(O), or S(O).sub.2. Although unsubstituted alkyl or aryl groups are preferred, each A is intended to include not only pure open chain saturated hydrocarbon alkyl groups, such as methyl, methylene, ethyl, propyl, t-butyl, and the like, but also alkyl substituents bearing further substituents known in the art, such as hydroxy, alkoxy, alkylsulfonyl, halogen atoms, cyano, nitro, amino, carboxyl, etc. Similarly, where A is an aryl group, each A is intended to include not only unsubstituted arylene rings, but also arylene rings substituted with saturated alkyl groups, alkenyl groups or aralkyl groups bearing further substituents known in the art, such as hydroxy, alkoxy, alkylsulfonyl, halogen atoms, cyano, nitro, amino, carboxyl, and the like. Each A may also include arylene rings substituted with other substituents known in the art, including, without limitation, halogen substituents (Cl, Br, I, and the like), ORO groups, wherein R is substituted or unsubstituted C1-C4 alkyl, or OR groups, wherein each R is independently H, C1-C4 alkyl, or an epoxide group of the formula:

##STR00005##

wherein R.sup.1 and R.sup.2 are independently H, unsubstituted C1-C4 alkyl, or C1-C4 alkyl substituted with OH or C1-C4 alkoxy. In a preferred embodiment, each A in general formula (I) is a methylene group, CH.sub.2, when m in general formula (I) is 1, and a phenylene ring substituted with an ORO group, wherein R is CH.sub.2CH(OH)CH.sub.2, when m in general formula (I) is 0.

[0041] In preferred embodiments, the group -Ph- in general formula (I) represents an aromatic ring, specifically a phenylene ring. In an aspect, the phenylene ring is unsubstituted at the carbon atoms not attached to the A or OR segments of general formula (I), i.e. Ph is a symbol representing a C.sub.6H.sub.4 group. In another aspect, each Ph is independently a phenylene ring substituted with hydrogen, a saturated or unsaturated hydrocarbon group with 1 to 4 carbon atoms, more preferably a saturated hydrocarbon group that may optionally include one or more heteroatoms other than carbon or hydrogen atoms (e.g., N, O, S, Si, a halogen atom, etc.). Examples of suitable hydrocarbon groups may include substituted or unsubstituted alkyl groups (e.g., methyl, ethyl, propyl, butyl groups, etc., including isomers thereof), alkenyl groups, alkynyl groups, alicyclic groups, aryl groups, or combinations thereof. Suitable other substitutes on the phenylene ring in general formula (I) also include halogens such as Cl, Br, and the like, ORO, wherein R is unsubstituted or substituted C.sub.1-C.sub.4 alkyl, or OR groups, wherein each R is independently H, C1-C4 alkyl, or an epoxide group of the formula:

##STR00006##

wherein each R.sup.1 is independently H, unsubstituted C1-C4 alkyl, or C1-C4 alkyl substituted with OH or C1-C4 alkoxy. In a preferred embodiment, each Ph in general formula (I) is independently an unsubstituted phenylene ring, or a phenylene ring substituted with hydrogen, or a phenylene ring substituted with OR, wherein R is an epoxide group of the formula:

##STR00007##

[0042] In the general formula (I), n is selected based on the desired molecular weight of the polyol described herein. In an aspect, the desired molecular weight (number average molecular weight, M.sub.n) is dictated by the ultimate end use of the urethane coating composition. Typically, the desired molecular weight of the polyol is preferably between 400 and 6000, and more preferably 1000 to 3000. Accordingly, in the general formula (I), n is between 0 and 6, preferably 0.05 to 4, more preferably 0.5 to 3.

[0043] In a preferred embodiment, the polyol described herein is derived from a resin with the following structure (A) or (B):

##STR00008##

The structure (A) represents a resin of the general structural formula (I) where R is an epoxide group with one of either R.sup.1 or R.sup.2 as CH.sub.2 and the remaining R.sup.1 and R.sup.2 as H, each A is CH.sub.2, each Ph (i.e. each phenylene ring) is independently unsubstituted or substituted with an OR group, wherein R is an epoxide group as shown, m is 1, and n is 1.6 to 3.5. The structure (B) represents a resin of the general structural formula (I), where each R is an epoxide group as defined above, each -Ph- is a phenylene ring substituted with a dimethylbenzyl group,each A is a phenylene ring substituted with ORO, wherein R is CH.sub.2CH(OH)CH.sub.2, m is 0, and n is 0.05 to 0.1.

[0044] In an embodiment, the polyol described herein is the product of the reaction of a resin of the general formula (I) with an acid or diol. Suitable acids include aliphatic and aromatic monocarboxylic and dicarboxylic acids, saturated and/or unsaturated fatty acids, and the like. In an aspect, aliphatic acids used in the preparation of the polyol described herein include monocarboxylic acids, such as, for example, acetic acid, butanoic acid, hexanoic acid, acrylic acid, methacrylic acid, 2-ethyl hexanoic acid, cyanoacrylic acid, crotonic acid, dodecanoic acid, fatty acid dimers, and the like. In another aspect, aliphatic acids used in the preparation of the polyol described herein include dicarboxylic acids such as, for example, succinic acid, glutaric acid, adipic acid, azelaic acid, suberic acid, sebacic acid, decane di-acid, dodecane di-acid, abietic acid, acid dimers, and the like. The aliphatic acids may be straight-chain or branched acids. In yet another aspect, aromatic acids used in the preparation of the polyol described herein include aromatic monocarboxylic acids, such as, without limitation, alkyl substituted aromatic acids, alkenyl substituted aromatic acids, or hydroxy substituted aromatic acids. Examples include benzoic acid, hydroxy benzoic acid, cinnamic acid, and the like. In another aspect, aromatic acids include dicarboxylic acids such as, for example, isophthalic acid, terephthalic acid, phthalic acid, naphthalene dicarboxylic acid, 1,4-cyclohexane dicarboxylic acid (CHDA), oxy dibenzoic acid and the like. In an embodiment, a monocarboxylic aromatic acid, preferably benzoic acid, is used.

[0045] Suitable diols used in the preparation of the polyol described herein include aliphatic diols selected from unsubstituted or alkyl-substituted aliphatic diols. Examples include, without limitation, ethylene glycol, diethylene glycol, triethylene glycol, 1,2-propanediol, 1,3-propanediol, 1,2-butanediol, 1,3-butanediol, 1,4-butanediol, pentanediol, hexanediol, trimethylol propane, glycerol, and the like. In an embodiment, an unsubstituted diol, preferably 1,4-butanediol, is used.

[0046] In an embodiment, the acid or diol is present in an amount sufficient to react substantially all the epoxide groups, if present, in general formula (I). In an aspect, the amount of acid or diol needed to react substantially all the epoxide groups depends on the value of n in general formula (I), i.e. larger amounts of the acid or diol may be required for larger values of n. In a preferred embodiment, where n is preferably between 0.05 and 3, the amount of acid or diol sufficient to react substantially all the epoxide groups in general formula (I) is preferably between about 1 to 4 moles, more preferably about 1.5 to 3.5 moles. As used herein, reacting substantially all the epoxide groups in the resin implies that the epoxy equivalent weight per 100 g of the polyol is about 0.0001 to 0.01.

[0047] In an embodiment, the polyol described herein is the product of a reaction between a compound of general formula (I) and an acid or diol. This reaction is carried out in the presence of a reaction catalyst. Suitable catalysts include trialkyl amines, monoalkyl diaryl amines, dialkylaryl amines, triaryl amines, trialkyl phosphines, monoalkyl diaryl phosphines, dialkyl aryl phosphines, trialkyl phosphines, quarternary ammonium compounds, quarternary phosphonium compounds, alkali metal halides, and the like. Quarternary ammonium or phosphonium compounds, and dialkyl aryl amines are preferred. In a preferred embodiment, the reaction catalyst is preferably present in an amount of at least 0.01 wt-%, and more preferably at least 0.1 wt-%, based on the weight of nonvolatile material in the coating composition. The reaction catalyst is preferably present in an amount of no greater than 3 wt-%, and more preferably no greater than 1 wt-%, based on the weight of nonvolatile material in the coating composition.

[0048] Coating compositions that include the urethane described herein are cured by crosslinking with one or more curing agents (i.e., crosslinking resins, sometimes referred to as crosslinkers). The choice of particular crosslinker typically depends on the particular product being formulated.

[0049] Suitable examples of such curing agents are hydroxyl-reactive curing resins such as phenoplasts, aminoplast, isocyanate-functional compounds, dianhydrides, or mixtures thereof.

[0050] Suitable phenoplast resins include the condensation products of aldehydes with phenols. Formaldehyde and acetaldehyde are preferred aldehydes. Various phenols can be employed such as phenol, cresol, p-phenylphenol, o-tert-butylphenol, p-tert-butylphenol, p-tert-amylphenol, cyclopentylphenol, and the like.

[0051] Suitable aminoplast resins are the condensation products of aldehydes such as formaldehyde, acetaldehyde, crotonaldehyde, furfural, benzaldehyde, and the like, with amino- or amido-group-containing substances such as urea, melamine, and benzoguanamine. Examples of suitable aminoplast crosslinking resins include, without limitation, benzoguanamine-formaldehyde resins, melamine-formaldehyde resins, etherified melamine-formaldehyde, and urea-formaldehyde resins.

[0052] Suitable isocyanate-functional compounds include, without limitation, blocked or unblocked aliphatic, cycloaliphatic or aromatic di-, tri-, or poly-valent isocyanates, such as hexamethylene diisocyanate, isophorone diisocyanate and the like. Further non-limiting examples of generally suitable unblocked or blocked isocyanates include isomers of isophorone diisocyanate, dicyclohexylmethane diisocyanate, toluene diisocyanate, diphenylmethane diisocyanate, phenylene diisocyanate, tetramethyl xylene diisocyanate, xylylene diisocyanate, and mixtures thereof. In some embodiments, unblocked or blocked isocyanates are used that have an M.sub.n of at least about 300, more preferably at least about 650, and even more preferably at least about 1,000.

[0053] Polymeric unblocked or blocked isocyanates are useful in certain embodiments. Some examples of suitable polymeric blocked isocyanates include a biuret or isocyanurate of a diisocyanate, a trifunctional trimer, or a mixture thereof. Examples of suitable blocked polymeric isocyanates include TRIXENE BI 7951, TRIXENE BI 7984, TRIXENE BI 7963, TRIXENE BI 7981 (TRIXENE materials are available from Baxenden Chemicals, Ltd., Accrington, Lancashire, England), DESMODUR BL 3175A, DESMODUR BL3272, DESMODUR BL3370, DESMODUR BL 3475, DESMODUR BL 4265, DESMODUR PL 340, DESMODUR VP LS 2078, DESMODUR VP LS 2117, and DESMODUR VP LS 2352 (DESMODUR materials are available from Bayer Corp., Pittsburgh, Pa., USA), or combinations thereof.

[0054] Suitable dianhydrides include, without limitation, anhydrides of saturated and unsaturated carboxylic acids.

[0055] The level of curing agent (i.e., crosslinker) used will typically depend on the type of curing agent, the time and temperature of the bake, the molecular weight of the binder polymer, and the desired coating properties. If used, the crosslinker is typically present in an amount of up to 50 wt %, preferably up to 30 wt %, and more preferably up to 15 wt-%. If used, a crosslinker is preferably present in an amount of at least 0.1 wt %, more preferably at least 1 wt-%, and even more preferably at least 1.5 wt %. These weight percentages are based upon the total weight of the resin solids in the coating composition.

[0056] Accordingly, in a preferred embodiment, the present invention provides a urethane coating composition that includes a polyol derived from resins of formula (I) as described above, and a curing agent or crosslinker. In an embodiment, the crosslinker is preferably an isocyanate-functional compound as described above, such as, for example, polyisocyanates such as 2,4-toluenediisocyanate, hexamethylenediisocyanate, polymethylene-polyphenyl diisocyanate, methylenediphenyldiisocyanate, cyclic trimers, cocyclic trimers, or mixtures thereof. In a preferred embodiment, the isocyanate-functional crosslinker is a trimer. Examples of suitable trimers include, without limitation, trimerization products prepared from on average three diisocyanate molecules or a trimer prepared from on average three moles of diisocyanate (e.g., HMDI) reacted with one mole of another compound such as, for example, a triol (e.g., trimethylolpropane).

[0057] In an embodiment, a method of making a urethane coating composition is described herein. The method includes providing a resin of the general formula (I) and reacting it with an acid or a diol to provide a polyol. In an aspect, the acid or diol is present in an amount sufficient to react all epoxide groups present in the resin of formula (I). In another aspect, the reaction is carried out in the presence of a reaction catalyst.

[0058] In an embodiment, the polyol formed by reaction of the resin of formula (I) with an acid or diol has a theoretical hydroxyl equivalent weight of about 100 to 400, preferably 150 to 350. In an embodiment, the polyol has a hydroxyl (OH) number of about 100 to 400, preferably 150 to 350.

[0059] In a preferred embodiment, a polyol formed by the reaction of a resin of general formula (I) with an acid has a theoretical hydroxyl equivalent weight of about 300 to 350, preferably 300 to 320, and a hydroxyl (OH) number of about 150 to 250, preferably 175 to 200. In an alternative preferred embodiment, a polyol formed by the reaction of a resin of general formula (I) with a diol has a theoretical hydroxyl equivalent weight of about 150 to 250, preferably about 170 to 200, and a hydroxyl (OH) number of about 200 to 400, preferably 300 to 350.

[0060] In an embodiment, the reaction of a resin of general formula (I) with an acid or diol results in a reaction product (i.e. the polyol described herein) having a non-volatile solids concentration of about 70 to 80%, and a viscosity of about 1000 to 5000 centipoise (Gardner viscosity of approximately X to Z-3).

[0061] The reaction to produce the polyol is carried out a temperature of about 50 C. to 250 C., preferably from 100 C. to 200 C., for about 2 hours to 15 hours, preferably 4 hours to 12 hours. Reaction temperatures and time can vary substantially, but are selected to obtain a polyol where substantially all epoxide groups in the resin of general formula (I) have been reacted.

[0062] In the methods described herein, the formed polyol is cured by crosslinking with an isocyanate-functional compound to produce a urethane coating composition. In an embodiment, the isocyanate-functional compound is used in an amount sufficient to produce an OH:NCO ratio from 1:1 to 3:1. In an embodiment, where the polyol is formed by the reaction of a resin of formula (I) with an acid, the OH:NCO ratio is preferably 3:1, more preferably 2.82:1. In another embodiment, where the polyol is formed by the reaction of a resin of formula (I) with a diol, the OH:NCO ratio is preferably 2:1, more preferably 1.63:1.

[0063] The present description is directed to a urethane composition that can be used as a corrosion-resistant coating applied to a substrate, preferably a metal substrate such as, for example, cold-rolled steel (CRS), iron phosphate-treated steel, or aluminum. In an aspect, the urethane coating composition may be used as a corrosion-resistant primer, pretreatment or direct-to-metal coating. In a preferred aspect, the urethane composition can be used to form a corrosion-resistant coating when applied directly to a metal substrate without the use of a primer or pretreatment, i.e. as a direct-to-metal coating. Conventionally, direct-to-metal coatings show poor or inconsistent adhesion over various substrates. Therefore, for optimal corrosion resistance, high quality pretreatments are applied to the metal substrate before the application of the direct-to-metal coating. Without pretreatment, the metal substrate shows poor corrosion resistance and significant blistering in a humid environment. Surprisingly, and in contravention of expectations in the art, the urethane coating composition described herein demonstrates good corrosion resistance without any blistering over various metal substrates when used as a direct-to-metal coating.

[0064] Conventionally, polyols derived from epoxy resins are used to make urethane coating compositions that provide good adhesion. However, such coatings do not typically provide optimal corrosion resistance or good weathering, with significant yellowing of the coating observed on exposure to uv radiation. Surprisingly, and contrary to expectations in the art, the urethane coating composition described herein, which is made from an epoxy resin-derived polyol, demonstrates excellent corrosion resistance as well as good weathering. Moreover, the urethane coating described herein has high gloss and retains strong color and gloss even after significant or prolonged uv exposure.

[0065] As discussed above, in certain preferred embodiments, the coating composition of the present invention is suitable as a corrosion-resistant direct-to-metal coating. Without limiting to theory, it is believed that the corrosion resistance of the coating composition described herein may depend on the glass transition temperature (T.sub.g) of the urethane polymer. In an embodiment, the urethane polymer of the present invention preferably has T.sub.g of at least 25 C., more preferably at least 30 C., and even more preferably at least 40 C. In preferred embodiments, the T.sub.g is less than 100 C., more preferably less than 80 C., and even more preferably less than 60 C. Varying the T.sub.g, for example by varying the structure of the resins of general formula (I), or by varying the isocyanate-functional crosslinker, can provide coating compositions with different properties for use in different applications. A different range of T.sub.g may be necessary if the urethane composition described herein is subject to an e-coat cure rather than a forced air dry, for example.

[0066] The polymers of the present invention can be applied to a substrate as part of a coating composition that includes a liquid carrier. The liquid carrier may be water, organic solvent, or mixtures of various such liquid carriers. Accordingly, liquid coating compositions of the present invention may be either water-based or solvent-based systems. Examples of suitable organic solvents include glycol ethers, alcohols, aromatic or aliphatic hydrocarbons, dibasic esters, ketones, esters, and the like, and combinations thereof. Preferably, such carriers are selected to provide a dispersion or solution of the polymer for further formulation. In an aspect, the properties of the urethane coating composition described herein may be altered if the coating is a high solids coating, i.e. the resin of general formula (I) is a solid resin rather than a liquid resin. In a preferred aspect, the coating composition described herein is dispersed in a liquid carrier and applied by standard commercial methods known in the art, such as for example, spraying, electrocoating, extrusion coating, laminating, powder coating, and the like.

[0067] The amount of the urethane polymer in the composition described herein may vary depending on a variety of considerations such as, for example, the method of application, the presence of other film-forming materials, whether the coating composition is water-based or solvent-based, etc. For liquid-based coating compositions, the urethane composition described herein will typically constitute at least 10 wt %, more typically at least 30 wt %, and even more typically at least 50 wt % of the coating composition, based on the total weight of resin solids in the coating composition.

[0068] In one embodiment, the coating composition is an organic solvent-based composition preferably having at least 50 wt % non-volatile components (i.e. solids), more preferably at least 60 wt % non-volatile components, and most preferably at least 70 wt % non-volatile components. In an embodiment, the non-volatile film-forming components preferably include at least 50 wt % of the urethane polymer described herein, more preferably at least 55 wt % of the polymer, and even more preferably at least 60 wt % of the polymer. For this embodiment, the non-volatile film-forming components preferably include no greater than 95 wt % of the polymer of the present invention, and more preferably no greater than 85 wt % of the polymer.

[0069] A coating composition of the present invention may also include other optional ingredients that do not adversely affect the coating composition or a cured coating composition resulting therefrom. Such optional ingredients are typically included in a coating composition to enhance coating aesthetics; to facilitate manufacturing, processing, handling, and application of the composition; and to further improve a particular functional property of a coating composition or a cured coating composition resulting therefrom. For example, the composition described herein invention may optionally include fillers, catalysts, lubricants, pigments, surfactants, dyes, colorants, toners, coalescents, extenders, anticorrosion agents, flow control agents, thixotropic agents, dispersing agents, antioxidants, adhesion promoters, light stabilizers, and mixtures thereof, as required to provide the desired film properties. Each optional ingredient is preferably included in a sufficient amount to serve its intended purpose, but not in such an amount to adversely affect a coating composition or a cured coating composition resulting therefrom.

[0070] Useful optional ingredients include pigments, such as, for example, titanium dioxide, iron oxide yellow, and the like. Suitable pigments for use with the composition described herein are known to those of skill in the art, and may be varied for a desired coating color or appearance. If used, a pigment is present in the coating composition in an amount of no greater than 70 wt %, more preferably no greater than 50 wt %, and even more preferably no greater than 40 wt %, based on the total weight of solids in the coating composition.

[0071] Wetting agents, dispersing agents and surfactants may be optionally added to the coating composition to aid in flow and wetting of the substrate. Examples of surfactants, include, but are not limited to, nonylphenol polyethers and salts and similar surfactants known to persons skilled in the art. If used, a surfactant is preferably present in an amount of at least 0.01 wt-%, and more preferably at least 0.1 wt-%, based on the weight of resin solids. If used, a surfactant is preferably present in an amount no greater than 10 wt-%, and more preferably no greater than 5 wt-%, based on the weight of resin solids.

[0072] The coating composition described herein may be used as a direct-to-metal coating, and the composition may be applied as a single layer, as two layers, or even multiple layers. Alternatively, the coating composition may also be used as a primer coating, a pretreatment coating, an intermediate coating, or a topcoat. The coating thickness of a particular layer and the overall coating system will vary depending upon the coating material used, the substrate, the coating application method, and the end use for the coated article. When used as a direct-to-metal coating, the thickness of the applied coating film is preferably about 0.5 to 3 mil, more preferably 1 to 2 mil, and even more preferably 1.2 to 1.8 mil.

[0073] The coating composition of the present invention may be applied to a substrate either prior to, or after, the substrate is formed into an article.

[0074] After applying the coating composition onto a substrate, the composition can be cured using a variety of processes, including, for example, oven baking by either conventional or convectional methods, or any other method that provides an elevated temperature suitable for curing the coating. The curing process may be performed in either discrete or combined steps.

[0075] The cure conditions will vary depending upon the method of application and the intended end use. The curing process may be performed at any suitable temperature, including, for example, oven temperatures in the range of from about 100 C. to about 300 C., and more typically from about 177 C. to about 250 C.

Test Methods

[0076] Unless indicated otherwise, the following test methods were utilized in the Examples that follow.

Adhesion

[0077] Adhesion testing is performed according to ASTM D 3359Test Method B. Adhesion is generally rated on a scale of 0B to 5B where a rating of 5B indicates no adhesion failure, i.e. no loss of paint from a crosshatch, a rating of 2B indicates 15 to 35% paint loss from the crosshatch, and a rating of 0B indicates greater than 65% paint loss from the crosshatch. Adhesion ratings of 5B and no less than 4B are typically desired for commercially viable coatings.

Impact Resistance

[0078] The direct and reverse impact resistance of cured coatings is tested using the methods described in ASTM D2794 (Standard Test Method for Resistance of Organic Coatings to the Effects of Rapid Deformation). Briefly, the coatings to be tested are applied to metal panels and cured. A standard weight is dropped a specific distance to strike an indenter that deforms the cured coating and the substrate to which it is applied. Results are expressed as the weight (in lb) dropped when the coating fails, typically by cracking.

Corrosion Resistance (Salt Fog)

[0079] The corrosion resistance of cured coatings prepared from the composition described herein is tested using the salt fog method, as described in ASTM B117 (Standard Practice for Operating Salt Fog Apparatus). Results are expressed on a scale of 0-10, where 0 indicates the coating is completely corroded, observed by bubbling or blistering of the film in all areas, and 10 indicates the coating is unchanged from before it was subjected to the corrosive environment. Rust ratings for coatings subjected to salt fog exposure in a humid environment are also expressed on a scale of 0-10 where 0 indicates complete surface rust, and 10 indicates no surface rust.

Corrosion Resistance (Creep)

[0080] The corrosion resistance of cured coatings prepared from the composition described herein is also tested by measuring creep after exposure to a corrosive environment, as described in ASTM D1654-08 (Standard Test Method for Evaluation of Painted or Coated Specimens Subjected to Corrosive Environments). A coating is applied to a panel and cured. The panel is then scribed to metal and exposed to salt fog for a given period of time. Paint loss from the scribe is measured, and results are expressed as the amount of creep (in mm) from the scribe. For commercially viable coatings, creep from scribe of 3 mm or less is desired.

Flexibility

[0081] The flexibility of cured coatings prepared from the composition described herein is tested using the mandrel bend test, as described in ASTM D522 (Standard Test Methods for Mandrel Bend test for Attached Organic Coatings). Results are expressed as the length (in mm) to which a coating film can be elongated (or bent) before the film cracks.

Pencil Hardness

[0082] The hardness of cured coatings prepared from the powder compositions is tested using by the pencil method, as described in ASTM D3363 (Standard Test Method for Film Hardness by Pencil Test). Results are reported in terms of the last successful pencil prior to film rupture. Thus, for example, if a coating does not rupture when tested with a 2H pencil, but ruptures when tested with a 3H pencil, the coating is reported to have a pencil hardness of 2H.

[0083] For the present evaluation, coatings were applied to panels of various substrates at a film thickness of about 1.4 mil and subjected to the tests described above.

EXAMPLES

[0084] The following examples are offered to aid in understanding of the present invention and are not to be construed as limiting the scope thereof. Unless otherwise indicated, all parts and percentages are by weight. The constructions cited were evaluated by tests as follows:

Example 1: Preparation of Polyol #1

[0085] A solution of 1059 g of a novolac epoxy resin (obtained from Dow) in methylethyl ketone or MEK was charged into a 4-neck, 3-liter round bottom flask, along with 610 g (approximately 5 moles) of benzoic acid in the presence of 1.5 g of tetramethyl ammonium chloride as a catalyst. The mixture was heated under a nitrogen blanket to a temperature of 130 C. and the MEK was allowed to boil off during the course of the reaction and was collected through a condenser. The reaction was sampled after four hours and the epoxy value was measured to be 10. The residual MEK was stripped off and 647 g of butyl acetate were added slowly through an additional funnel while the reactants were cooled to room temperature. The resulting reaction product was a polyol resin with 71.5% non-volatile content and a Gardner viscosity of X. The theoretical hydroxy equivalent (on a 100% solids basis) was 302, corresponding to OH number of 187.

Example 2: Preparation of Urethane Coating Composition

[0086] To prepare a urethane composition or paint with the polyol #1 (prepared as described in Example 1), 10.07 g of butyl acetate was added to a metal container, followed by 144.07 g of polyol #1. An additional quantity of butyl acetate was then added with agitation, along with the pigments, dispersing agents, flocculating agents and the like, required to formulate a paint of a specific volume. The mixture was ground in a horizontal media mill to a Hegman grind of 7. The mixture was let down into 17.09 g butyl acetate with slow agitation, and 346.20 g of polyol #1 was added, along with 94.82 g of butyl acetate, an acrylic-based tint paste, dibutyltindilaurate as a stabilizer, flow agents, pigments, and an adhesion promoter. The paint formulation was then mixed with a commercially available standard HDI trimer at a paint:isocyanate ratio of 2.82:1.

Example 3: Preparation of Polyol #2

[0087] A solution of 752 g of a conventional epoxy resin derived from BPA (EPON 828, obtained from Momentive) was charged into a 4-neck, 3-liter round bottom flask, along with 540 g of 1,4-butanediol in the presence of 1.5 g of dimethylbenzyl amine as a catalyst. The mixture was heated under a nitrogen blanket to a temperature of 190 C. and reacted for 12 hours. The reaction was sampled and the epoxy value was measured to be 11.5. The reactor contents were cooled to 120 C. and 681 g of butyl acetate were added slowly through an addition funnel while the reactants were cooled to room temperature. The resulting reaction product was a polyol resin with 72.9% non-volatile content and a Gardner viscosity of Z3. The theoretical hydroxy equivalent (on a 100% solids basis) was 170, corresponding to OH number of 330.

Example 4: Preparation of a Urethane Coating Composition

[0088] To prepare a urethane composition or paint with the polyol #2 (prepared as described in Example 3), 10.00 g of butyl acetate were added to a metal container, followed by 144.07 g of polyol #2. An additional quantity of butyl acetate was then added with agitation, along with the pigments, dispersing agents, flocculating agents, catalysts and the like, required to formulate a paint of a specific volume. The ingredients were thoroughly mixed and the mixture was ground in a horizontal media mill to a Hegman grind of 7. The ground mixture was let down into 17.09 g butyl acetate with slow agitation, and 154.7 g of polyol #2 were added, along with 67.06 g of butyl acetate, an acrylic-based tint paste, dibutyltindilaurate as a stabilizer, flow agents, pigments, and an adhesion promoter. The paint formulation was then mixed with a commercially available standard HDI trimer at a paint:isocyanate ratio of 1.63:1.

Example 5: Performance Testing of Coating Compositions

[0089] The paints from Examples 2 and 4 were sprayed onto unprimed or un-pretreated panels of cold rolled steel (CRS), aluminum or phosphate-treated steel, at an applied film build of about 1.4 mil. The sprayed panels were then flashed for 10 minutes and baked for 30 minutes at 180 F. The panels were scribed to metal and exposed to salt for 240 hours, followed by evaluation of various mechanical and physical properties. Results are shown in Table 1.

TABLE-US-00001 TABLE 1 Performance Testing Results Paint CRS Phosphate-treated Aluminum Composition substrate steel substrate substrate Pencil Hardness Example 2 2H 2H 2H Example 4 H H H Adhesion Example 2 5B 5B 5B Example 4 5B 5B 5B Mandrel bend (mm) Example 2 2.5 7.4 6.9 Example 4 0 0 0 Direct impact resistance (lb) Example 2 <30 <30 <30 Example 4 40 <30 <30 Reverse impact resistance (lb) Example 2 <10 <10 <10 Example 4 20 <10 20 504 h salt fog exposure (blister rating) Example 2 10 10 10 Example 4 10 10 10 504 h humidity exposure (rust rating) Example 2 10 10 10 Example 4 9 10 10 Creep from scribe (mm) Example 2 13.5 2 0 Example 4 8.3 1.4 0

[0090] The complete disclosure of all patents, patent applications, and publications, and electronically available material cited herein are incorporated by reference. The foregoing detailed description and examples have been given for clarity of understanding only. No unnecessary limitations are to be understood therefrom. The invention is not limited to the exact details shown and described, for variations obvious to one skilled in the art will be included within the invention defined by the claims. The invention illustratively disclosed herein suitably may be practiced, in some embodiments, in the absence of any element which is not specifically disclosed herein.