PROCESS TO TREAT METAL OR MINERAL ORES AND COLLECTOR COMPOSITION THEREFOR

Abstract

A collector composition and process to treat ores with a collector composition that comprises a nitrile group-containing compound of the formula (I)

##STR00001##

wherein R is a saturated or unsaturated, linear or branched, hydrocarbon group containing 8 to 26 carbon atoms,

##STR00002##

R is a saturated or unsaturated, linear or branched, hydrocarbon group containing 1 to 26 carbon atoms or a hydrogen atom or (-(D).sub.j-C.sub.nH.sub.2nCN) group or R-((A).sub.m-(B)).sub.x group, A is (OCH.sub.2CH.sub.2); (OCH(CH.sub.3)CH.sub.2) or (OCH(CH.sub.2CH.sub.3)CH.sub.2), B is (OC.sub.pH.sub.2p), D is (CH.sub.2CH.sub.2O); (CH(CH.sub.3)CH.sub.2O) or (CH(CH.sub.2CH.sub.3)CH.sub.2O), x is 0 or 1, R is hydrocarbon group containing 1 to 4 carbon atoms, Y is halide or methylsulfate, m, j are each independently an integer of 0-5, R is a saturated or unsaturated, linear or branched, hydrocarbon group containing 1 to 26 carbon atoms, and n and p are each independently an integer of 1 to 5.

Claims

1. Process to treat metal or mineral ores, the process comprising: mixing the ores with a collector composition that comprises a nitrile group-containing compound of the formula (I) ##STR00013## wherein R is a saturated or unsaturated, linear or branched, hydrocarbon group containing 8 to 26 carbon atoms, ##STR00014## R is a saturated or unsaturated, linear or branched, hydrocarbon group containing 1 to 26 carbon atoms or a hydrogen atom or (-(D).sub.j-C.sub.nH.sub.2nCN) group or R-((A).sub.m-(B)).sub.x group, A is (OCH.sub.2CH.sub.2); (OCH(CH.sub.3)CH.sub.2) or (OCH(CH.sub.2CH.sub.3)CH.sub.2), B is (OC.sub.pH.sub.2p), D is (CH.sub.2CH.sub.2O); (CH(CH.sub.3)CH.sub.2O) or (CH(CH.sub.2CH.sub.3)CH.sub.2O), x is 0 or 1, R is a hydrocarbon group containing 1 to 4 carbon atoms, Y is halide or methylsulfate, m and j are each independently an integer from 0 to 5, R is a saturated or unsaturated, linear or branched, hydrocarbon group containing 1 to 26 carbon atoms, and n and p are each independently an integer of from 1 to 5.

2. Process of claim 1 wherein RO or NR, and the sum of m, j and x is from 0 to 10.

3. Process of claim 1 wherein the sum of m, j and x is from 0 to 5.

4. Process of claim 1 wherein the nitrile-containing compound is of the formula R(R).sub.yN(C.sub.nH.sub.2nCN).sub.z, wherein R is a saturated or unsaturated, linear or branched, hydrocarbon group containing 8 to 26 carbon atoms, R is a saturated or unsaturated, linear or branched, hydrocarbon group containing 1 to 26 carbon atoms or a hydrogen atom, z is 1 or 2, y is 0 or 1, the sum of z+y=2 or 3, and n is an integer of from 1 to 5.

5. Process of claim 1 wherein R and R each independently are an alkyl group or alkenyl group with 1 to 3 unsaturated bonds.

6. Process of claim 1 wherein R and R each independently are a linear alkyl or alkenyl group.

7. Process of claim 1 wherein the metal or mineral ore is a metallic sulfide ore containing copper, gold, platinum, silver, nickel, molybdenum, arsenic sulfides, cobalt, zinc, lead, tin, antimony, copper, gold, platinum, or silver.

8. Process of claim 1 wherein the collector composition further comprises at least one of a collector selected from the group of nitrile, xanthate, dithiophosphate, thionocarbamate, thiocarbamate, mercaptobenzylthiazole, monothiophosphate and dithiophosphinates and hydroximate collectors, or a frother selected from the group of phenols, alkyl sulfates, aliphatic alcohols, C5-C8 cyclic alcohols, alkoxyalkanes, polypropylene glycol ethers, polyglycol ethers, polyglycol glycerol ethers, pyridine base, natural oils, terpineol and cresols, mixed ethers, aldehydes and ketone co-products of oxo alcohol production, and ethoxylated alcohols.

9. Process of claim 1 comprising the steps of: conditioning a pulped metallic or mineral ore, in an aqueous solution optionally, concentrating the medium with magnetic separation; optionally, adding frothers; optionally, conditioning the mixture with a flotation depressant or flotation activator; optionally, adjusting the pH; adding the collector composition to the aqueous solution; optionally, adding other flotation aids to the aqueous solution; and performing a froth flotation process by introducing air into the conditioned water-ore mixture to form a froth, and skimming off the froth formed to recover the mineral and/or metals.

10. Collector composition comprising: a component (a) comprising 1 wt % to 99 wt % of a nitrile group-containing compound of the formula (I) ##STR00015## wherein R is a saturated or unsaturated, linear or branched, hydrocarbon group containing 8 to 26 carbon atoms, ##STR00016## R is a saturated or unsaturated, linear or branched, hydrocarbon group containing 1 to 26 carbon atoms or a hydrogen atom or (-(D).sub.j-C.sub.nH.sub.2nCN) group or R-((A).sub.m-(B)).sub.x group, A is (OCH.sub.2CH.sub.2); (OCH(CH.sub.3)CH.sub.2) or (OCH(CH.sub.2CH.sub.3)CH.sub.2), B is (OC.sub.pH.sub.2p), D is (CH.sub.2CH.sub.2O); (CH(CH.sub.3)CH.sub.2O) or (CH(CH.sub.2CH.sub.3)CH.sub.2O), x is 0 or 1, R is a hydrocarbon group containing 1 to 4 carbon atoms, Y is halide or methylsulfate, m and j are each independently an integer of from 0 to 5, R is a saturated or unsaturated, linear or branched, hydrocarbon group containing 1 to 26 carbon atoms, and n and p are each independently an integer of 1 to 5; and a component (b) comprising 1 to 99 wt % of at least one of a collector selected from the group of nitrile, xanthate, dithiophosphate, thionocarbamate, thiocarbamate, mercaptobenzylthiazole, monothiophosphate and dithiophosphinates and hydroximate collectors, or a frother selected from the group of phenols, alkyl sulfates, aliphatic alcohols, C5-C8, cyclic alcohols, alkoxyalkanes, polypropylene glycol ethers, polyglycol ethers, polyglycol glycerol ethers, pyridine base, natural oils, terpineol and cresols, mixed ethers, aldehydes and ketone co-products of oxo alcohol production, ethoxylated alcohols.

11. Collector composition of claim 10 containing 20 to 80 wt % of component (a) and 20 to 80 wt % of component (b).

12. Collector composition of claim 10 wherein RO or NR, and the sum of m, j and x is from 0 to 5.

13. Collector composition of claim 10 wherein the nitrile-containing compound is of the formula R(R).sub.yN(C.sub.nH.sub.2nCN).sub.z, wherein R is a saturated or unsaturated, linear or branched, hydrocarbon group containing 8 to 26 carbon atoms, R is a saturated or unsaturated, linear or branched, hydrocarbon group containing 1 to 26 carbon atoms or a hydrogen atom, z is 1 or 2, y is 0 or 1, the sum of z+y=2 or 3, and n is an integer between 1 and 5.

14. A pulp comprising crushed and ground copper or sulfidic ore and a collector composition comprising a nitrile group-containing compound of the formula (I) ##STR00017## wherein R is a saturated or unsaturated, linear or branched, hydrocarbon group containing 8 to 26 carbon atoms, ##STR00018## R is a saturated or unsaturated, linear or branched, hydrocarbon group containing 1 to 26 carbon atoms or a hydrogen atom or (-(D)j-C.sub.nH2nCN) group or R-((A).sub.m-(B)).sub.x group, A is (OCH.sub.2CH.sub.2); (OCH(CH.sub.3)CH.sub.2) or (OCH(CH.sub.2CH.sub.3)CH.sub.2), B is (OC.sub.pH.sub.2p), D is (CH.sub.2CH.sub.2O); (CH(CH.sub.3)CH.sub.2O) or (CH(CH.sub.2CH.sub.3)CH.sub.2O), x is 0 or 1, R is a hydrocarbon group containing 1 to 4 carbon atoms, Y is halide or methylsulfate, m, j are each independently an integer of from 0 to 5, R is a saturated or unsaturated, linear or branched, hydrocarbon group containing 1 to 26 carbon atoms, and n and p are each independently an integer of from 1 to 5.

Description

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0016] The present invention will hereinafter be described in conjunction with the following drawing figures, wherein like numerals denote like elements, and:

[0017] FIG. 1 is a graph illustrating recovery grade curves for three types of nitriles and a conventional collector for a copper ore with high pyrite content, with no lime added and having a natural pH of 7.5 to 7.9.

[0018] FIG. 2 is a graph illustrating efficiency curves for three types of nitriles and a conventional collector for a copper ore with high pyrite content, with no lime added and having a natural pH of from 7.5 to 7.9.

[0019] FIG. 3 is a graph illustrating recovery grade curves for six types of nitriles and a conventional collector in the absence or presence of a frother (MIBC) for a copper ore with high pyrite content, with no lime added and having a natural pH of 7.5 to 7.9.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

[0020] The present invention provides an improved process to treat metal or mineral ores, such as copper or sulfide ores, and collector compositions for use therein which provide an improved grade and recovery. The present invention additionally provides an improvement in that there is a reduced need for the addition of a depressant such as lime depressant.

[0021] The invention provides a process to treat metal or mineral ores with a collector composition that comprises a nitrile group-containing compound of the formula (I)

##STR00009##

wherein R is a saturated or unsaturated, linear or branched, hydrocarbon group containing 8 to 26 carbon atoms,

##STR00010##

[0022] R is a saturated or unsaturated, linear or branched, hydrocarbon group containing 1 to 26 carbon atoms or a hydrogen atom or (-(D).sub.j-C.sub.nH.sub.2nCN) group or R-((A).sub.m-(B)).sub.x group,

A is (OCH.sub.2CH.sub.2); (OCH(CH.sub.3)CH.sub.2) or (OCH(CH.sub.2CH.sub.3)CH.sub.2)
B is (OC.sub.PH.sub.2p)
D is (CH.sub.2CH.sub.2O); (CH(CH.sub.3)CH.sub.2O) or (CH(CH.sub.2CH.sub.3)CH.sub.2O)
x is 0 or 1
R is a hydrocarbon group containing 1 to 4 carbon atoms
Y is halide or methylsulfate
m, j are each independently an integer of 0-5
R is a saturated or unsaturated, linear or branched, hydrocarbon group containing 1 to 26 carbon atoms
n and p are each independently an integer of 1 to 5.

[0023] The invention furthermore provides collector compositions containing as component (a) 1 wt % to 99 wt % of a nitrile group-containing compound of the formula (I)

##STR00011##

wherein R is a saturated or unsaturated, linear or branched, hydrocarbon group containing 8 to 26 carbon atoms,

##STR00012##

R is a saturated or unsaturated, linear or branched, hydrocarbon group containing 1 to 26 carbon atoms or a hydrogen atom or (-(D).sub.j-C.sub.nH.sub.2nCN) group or R-((A).sub.m-(B)).sub.x group,
A is (OCH.sub.2CH.sub.2); (OCH(CH.sub.3)CH.sub.2) or (OCH(CH.sub.2CH.sub.3)CH.sub.2)
B is (OC.sub.PH.sub.2p)
D is (CH.sub.2CH.sub.2O); (CH(CH.sub.3)CH.sub.2O) or (CH(CH.sub.2CH.sub.3)CH.sub.2O) x is 0 or 1
R is a hydrocarbon group containing 1 to 4 carbon atoms
Y is halide or methylsulfate
m and j are each independently an integer of 0-5
R is a saturated or unsaturated, linear or branched, hydrocarbon group containing 1 to 26 carbon atoms and n and p are each independently an integer of 1 to 5, and
as component (b) 1 to 99 wt % of at least one of a collector selected from the group of nitrile, xanthate, dithiophosphate, thionocarbamate, thiocarbamate, mercaptobenzylthiazole, monothiophosphate and dithiophosphinates and hydroximate collectors, or a frother selected from the group of phenols, alkyl sulfates, aliphatic alcohols, generally C5-C8 cyclic alcohols, alkoxyalkanes, polypropylene glycol ethers, polyglycol ethers, polyglycol glycerol ethers, pyridine base, natural oils such as terpineol (as in pine oil) and cresols, mixed ethers, aldehydes and ketone co-products of oxo alcohol production, ethoxylated alcohols.

[0024] In preferred embodiments the nitrile group-containing compound has a log P value of higher than 3, preferably higher than 4. The log P value is preferably lower than 10.

[0025] Log P stands for partition-coefficient (P) and reflects the ratio of concentrations of a compound in a mixture of two immiscible phases at equilibrium. This ratio is therefore a measure of the difference in solubility of the compound in these two phases. One of the solvents is the hydrophilic solvent water while the second solvent is the hydrophobic 1-octanol. Hence the partition coefficient measures how hydrophilic (water-loving) or hydrophobic (water-fearing) a chemical substance is. Log P values for the purpose of this specification are calculated using the online ALOGPS 2.1 software available via the website http://www.vcclab.org/lab/alogps/ as existent in February 2018. The document R Mannhold, G Poda, C Ostermann, I Tetko, Calculation of Molecular Lipophilicity: State of the Art and Comparison of Log P Methods on More Than 96000 Compounds, Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences 2009, 98(3), 861-893 provides further information on log P.

[0026] Preferably, in the nitrile group-containing compound RO or NR, and the sum of m, j plus x is 0-10.

[0027] Even more preferably, in the nitrile group-containing compound RO or NR, and the sum of m, j and x is 0-5. Yet more preferably m and j are independently each 0, 1 or 2. Most preferably x is 0.

[0028] A in a preferred embodiment is (O-CH2CH2-) or (OCH(CH3)CH2-), and most preferably it is (O-CH2CH2-). In another preferred embodiment p is 3. D is preferably (CH2CH2-O) or (CH(CH3)CH2-O) and most preferably (CH2CH2-O).

[0029] Even more preferably, the nitrile group-containing compound is of the formula R(R)y-N(CnH2nCN)z, wherein R as defined above is a saturated or unsaturated, linear or branched, hydrocarbon group containing 8 to 26 carbon atoms, R as defined above is a saturated or unsaturated, linear or branched, hydrocarbon group containing 1 to 26 carbon atoms or a hydrogen atom, z is 1, 2 or 3, y is 0 or 1, the sum of z+y=2 or 3 and n as defined above is an integer between 1 and 5.

[0030] If in the above the sum z+y is 2, the compound is an amine compound; if the sum z+y is 3, the compound is an ammonium compound.

[0031] The process of the invention can be a direct or a reverse flotation process. For example, in an ore containing copper sulfide and zinc sulfide the zinc is depressed and the copper is floated off the zinc sulfide. The process in an embodiment is a reverse flotation of zinc sulfide. When copper ore is floated, the process in an embodiment is a direct flotation.

[0032] Preferably, R and R are each independently an alkyl group or an alkenyl group with 0 to 3 unsaturated bonds, even more preferably R or R are each independently a linear alkyl or alkenyl group, yet even more preferably a C10-C20 alkyl or alkenyl group, or even more preferably a C13-C20 group; most preferably R and R each independently are a fatty alkyl chain such as one that can be derived from coco, tallow, palm oil, palm kernel oil, soya oil, rape seed oil, cotton seed oil, corn oil.

[0033] In another preferred embodiment z is 1 or 2, even more preferred z is 2.

[0034] In yet another preferred embodiment the value of n is 2 or 3.

[0035] If component (b) in the collector compositions according to the invention is a nitrile collector, it should be understood that it is a nitrile compound different from the nitrile-containing compound as component (a). Preferably, component (b) is a xanthate, dithiophosphate, thionocarbamate collector.

[0036] The metal or mineral ore in some embodiments may be a metallic sulfide ore containing copper, gold, platinum, silver, nickel, molybdenum, asenic sulfides, cobalt, zinc, lead, tin, antimony, preferably, copper, zinc, lead, gold, platinum, or silver.

[0037] The process of the invention may involve other additives and auxiliary materials which are typically present in a froth flotation process, they can be added at the same time or, preferably, separately during the process. Further additives that may be present in the flotation process are further collectors (such as thiol-based collectors, like xanthate, dithiophosphate, thionocarbamate, thiocarbamate, mercaptobenzylthiazole, monothiophosphate and dithiophosphinates and hydroximate or other nitrile collectors), depressants (such as lime, starch, chromate, cyanide, sodium sulfide, zinc sulfate, sulfur dioxide, sodium hydrosulfide, polysulfides, copper sulfate, sodium hydrosulfide, polyphosphates, chromates, starch, cellulose-based reagents), dispersants (such as sodium silicate and polyacrylic acid (PAA)) and activators (such as copper sulfate, sodium sulfide, sodium hydrosulfide), frothers/froth regulators/froth modifiers/defoamers (such as aliphatic alcohols such as MIBC, Flottec FX120-01 and ethyl hexanol, polypropylene glycols and their ethers such as Dowfroth 200, Dowfroth 250, Dowfroth 1012, Flottec FX160-01, FX160-05, F160, F150; polyethylene glycols and their ethers such as FlottecFX120-02, Nassaco MasFroth240 and Sasol NovelFrother 234), and pH-regulators (such as sodium hydroxide, lime or sodium carbonate). In preferred embodiments, lime is used in an amount of about 10 to about 1,000 g/t of ore as a pH modifier and a depressant of iron pyrites.

[0038] In another aspect, the present invention relates to a pulp comprising crushed and ground ore, a collector composition as defined herein, and optionally further flotation aids. This pulp can be prepared by first grinding the ore and then adding collector composition or by adding at least part of the collector composition to the ore and milling the ore to pulp in the presence of at least part of the collector composition.

[0039] The metallic sulfide ores that can be used in the process of the invention may include stibnite, arsenopyrite, bismuthinite, greenockite, cobaltite, carrolite, linnaeite, chalcopyrite, chalcocite, bornite, cocellite, tennantite, tetrahedrite, enargite, argyrodite, pyrrhotite, pyrite, galena, jamesonite, cinnabar, molybdenite, penlandite, millerite, heazelwoodite, argentite, acanthite, patronite, sphalerite, wurtzite and marmatite-containing ores.

[0040] The amount of collector used in the process of reversed flotation of the present invention will depend on the amount of impurities present in the ore and on the desired separation effect, but in some embodiments will be in the range of from 1-500 g/ton dry ore, preferably in the range of from 5-100 g/ton dry ore, more preferably 5-30 g/ton dry ore.

EXAMPLES

Example 1

[0041] Flotation Procedure

[0042] 500 g of an iron pyrite-containing copper ore containing about 20 wt % of pyrite was milled without lime or any gangue suppressant. The milling time was adjusted to produce a product at 80% pass 45 microns (P80=45 m).

[0043] The milled ore was placed into a 1.4 L Denver flotation cell. Tap water (naturally containing 22 g/L of calcium) was added to the marked level in the cell (1.4 L) and the mixing started. The ore sample was left at its natural equilibrated pH during milling and flotation. The collector as indicated in Table 1 below (Thiocarbomate/dithiophosphate, Alkyl-nitrile (Coco), Alkyl-nitrile (Tallow) or N-alkyl-N-((di)cyanoethyl)amine) (Tallow) in an amount of 20 g/t of ore, and frother (methyl isobutyl carbinol (MIBC)) in an amount of 20 g/t of ore were added and conditioned for 3 minutes. The experiments were done with (Examples A-C) and without (Examples D to G) lime as a depressant. The rougher flotations followed by three cleaning steps were performed. All the fractions (rougher tailings, middlings and concentrate) were collected and analyzed.

TABLE-US-00001 TABLE 1 Treatment of iron pyrite-containing copper ore with several collectors with and without depressant Frother Depressant Collector (MIBC) (Lime) dose Modified Example Collector dose g/t dose g/t g/t pH A (comp) Thiocarbomate/dithiophosphate 20 20 600 10.4 B (comp) Alkyl-nitrile (Coco) 20 20 600 10.4 C N-alkyl-N-((di)cyanoethyl)amine 20 20 600 10.4 (Tallow)) D (comp) Thiocarbomate/dithiophosphate 20 20 0 7.5-7.9 E (comp) Alkyl-nitrile (Coco) 20 20 0 7.5-7.9 F (comp) Alkyl-nitrile (Tallow) 20 20 0 7.5-7.9 G N-alkyl-N-((di)cyanoethyl)amine 20 20 0 7.5-7.9 (Tallow)

[0044] Results

[0045] The results are shown in Table 2 and graphically represented in FIGS. 1 and 2

TABLE-US-00002 TABLE 2 % copper recovered for a copper ore, with and without lime added. % recovery Example Collector Cu A (comp) Thiocarbomate/dithiophosphate 67.7 B (comp) Alkyl-nitrile (Coco) 65.0 C N-alkyl-N-((di)cyanoethyl)amine (Tallow) 71.4 D (comp) Thiocarbomate/dithiophosphate 64.5 E (comp) Alkyl-nitrile (Coco) 57.6 F (comp) Alkyl-nitrile (Tallow) 35.2 G N-alkyl-N-((di)cyanoethyl)amine (Tallow) 81.4

[0046] N-alkyl-N-((di)cyanoethyl)amine performs better than the conventional collector for removing copper minerals with or without the addition of lime depressant. FIG. 1 shows that N-alkyl-N-((di)cyanoethyl)amine has the best grade recovery curve, followed by alkyl-nitrile (coco-nitrile).

[0047] The performance of a collector can also be demonstrated by plotting the % recovery of Cu against the total % recovery of all material in the concentrate. % recovery of all material is a combination of copper and unwanted gangue. Therefore, a reduced weight recovery and at the same time an increased Cu recovery is the most desirable situation. When no lime is added, N-alkyl-N-((di)cyanoethyl)amine has clearly the best performance. When lime is added and the pH is controlled at 10.3, the N-alkyl-N-((di)cyanoethyl)amine produced the best % recovery. All samples had the same % grade in the final concentrate.

Example 2

[0048] Flotation Procedure

[0049] 500 g of an iron pyrite-containing copper ore containing about 7 wt % of pyrite was milled without lime or any gangue suppressant. The milling time was adjusted to produce a product at 80% pass 33 microns (P80=33 m).

[0050] The milled ore was placed into a 1.4 L Denver flotation cell. Tap water (naturally containing 22 g/L of calcium) was added to the marked level in the cell (1.4 L) and the mixing started. The ore sample was left at its natural equilibrated pH during milling and flotation. The collector (N-alkyl-N-((di)cyanoethyl)amine (tallow), 3-(2methylpropoxy)propanenitrile (isobutyl cyano ethylether), 3-((2methylpropyl)amine)propanenitrile (isobutyl cyano ethylamine), 2-(hexylthio)ethanamine+2-(methylsulfanyl)hexane (50:50 weight ratio), N-alkyl-N-((di)cyanoethyl)amine (tallow)+2-(methylsulfanyl)hexane (50:50 weight ratio) in an amount of 20 g/t of ore, and no frother or frother (methyl isobutyl carbinol (MIBC)) in an amount of 20 g/t of ore were added and conditioned for 1 minute.

The collector components have a log P value as follows:

TABLE-US-00003 (N-alkyl-N-((di)cyanoethyl)amine (tallow) 6.4 3-(2methylpropoxy)propanenitrile 0.99 3-((2methylpropyl)amine)propanenitrile 0.46 2-(hexylthio)ethanamine 2.96 2-(methylsulfanyl)hexane 3.75

[0051] The rougher flotations followed by two cleaning steps were performed. All the fractions (rougher tailings, middlings and concentrate) were collected and analyzed.

[0052] Results

[0053] The results are shown in Table 3 and graphically represented in FIG. 3.

TABLE-US-00004 TABLE 3 % copper recovered for a copper ore, the used frother is MIBC % recovery Cu % grade Cu (final (final Example Collector(s) concentrate) concentrate) A N-alkyl-N-((di)cyanoethyl)amine (tallow) 96 28 B 3-(2methylpropoxy)propanenitile no frother 78 34 (comp) C 3-(2methylpropoxy)propanenitile + frother 89 26 (comp) D 3-((2methylpropyl)amine)propanenitrile + frother 87 27 (comp) E 3-((2methylpropyl)amine)propanenitrile no frother 45 34 (comp) F 2-(hexylthio)ethanamine + 2- 95 12 (comp) (methylsulfanyl)hexane G N-alkyl-N-((di)cyanoethyl)amine (tallow) + 2- 96 17 (methylsulfanyl)hexane

[0054] Collector compositions containing a compound as described herein perform better than conventional collectors for removing copper minerals, as can be seen in Examples A and G where not only the % recovery is high but also the % grade Cu. The collector compositions described herein perform better than using a compound that is not sufficiently lipophilic such as in comparative Examples B to E, but they also outperform state of the art nitrile compounds that are reasonably lipophilic such as those in comparative Example F. Example A delivers the best results as most of the nitrile compound as described herein is used

[0055] While at least one exemplary embodiment has been presented in the foregoing detailed description, it should be appreciated that a vast number of variations exist. It should also be appreciated that the exemplary embodiment or exemplary embodiments are only examples, and are not intended to limit the scope, applicability, or configuration of the invention in any way. Rather, the foregoing detailed description will provide those skilled in the art with a convenient road map for implementing an exemplary embodiment, it being understood that various changes may be made in the function and arrangement of elements described in an exemplary embodiment without departing from the scope of the invention as set forth in the appended claims and their legal equivalents.