Nano-Engineered Bioresorbable Polymer Composite for Bone-Soft Tissue Fixation Application

Abstract

Provided herein is a novel bioresorbable polymer composite for bone soft tissue fixation including i) Silk fibroin in an amount of 5 to 30%, ii) a bioresorbable polymer matrix in an amount of 40 to 90%, and iii) magnesium oxide or other ceramic fillers in an amount of 5 to 30%.

Claims

1.-8. (canceled)

9. A novel bioresorbable polymer composite for bone soft tissue fixation comprising: i) 5-30% silk fibroin; ii) 40-90% bioresorbable polymer matrix; and iii) 5-30% magnesium oxide or other ceramic fillers.

10. The novel bioresorbable polymer composite as claimed in claim 9, wherein the silk fibroin is extracted from Bombyx mori and degummed using a Na.sub.2CO.sub.3 hot bath method.

11. The novel bioresorbable polymer composite as claimed in claim 9 comprising at least one bioresorbable polymer selected from the group consisting of Polycaprolcatone (PCL), poly (L-lactide) (PLLA), poly (D,L-lactide) (PLDLA), poly (lactide-co-glycolide) (PLGA), poly (glycolide-co-trimethylene carbonate) (PGA-TMC), Polydioxanone (PDO).

12. The novel bioresorbable polymer composite as claimed in claim 9, wherein the said filler is selected from Magnesium Oxide (MgO), Hydroxyapatite (HA), -Tricalcium phosphate (-TCP), silicon dioxide (SiO.sub.2), Calcium oxide (CaO), Calcium Carbonate (CaCO.sub.3), calcium trisilicate, Magnesium calcium trisilicate, calcium monophosphate, calcium diphosphate, calcium triphosphate, and calcium octaphosphate.

13. The polymer composite as claimed in claim 9, further comprising a bioactive glass comprising a metal oxide.

14. A method of preparing the polymer composite as claimed in claim 9, comprising the steps of: chopping silk fibers into small pieces; mixing the chopped silk fibers, MgO nanoparticle powder, and pre-dried PCL polymer pellets; mixing of different concentration of MgO filler with silk fibers in different concentrations to obtain the bioresorbable polymer composite.

15. The method as claimed in claim 14, wherein said concentration of silk fibers in the polymer composite is from 5% to 30%.

16. The method as claimed in claim 14, wherein mixing of silk fibers and MgO filler with PCL takes place at a speed of 100-200 rpm, duration of 10-20 min and temperature of 140-180 C.

Description

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE ACCOMPANYING DRAWINGS

[0020] FIG. 1 shows a schematic representation of test biomaterial compositions prepared by micro-compounding and injection molding.

[0021] FIG. 2 shows the comparative analysis of tensile strength data of test samples.

[0022] FIG. 3 shows tensile modulus data of PCL and silk-PCL (5, 10, 20, 30, 40% filler) composites.

[0023] FIG. 4 shows a schematic of methodology for % hemolysis ratio assay.

[0024] FIG. 5 shows % Hemolysis ratio sample after incubation of test bioniaterial composites with human blood for 4 hours. ASaline (Negative), B5% silk-PCL, C10% silk-PCL, D20% silk-PCL, E30% silk-PCL, F40% silk-PCL, G0.1% Triton-X (positive).

[0025] FIG. 6 shows Microscopic images of A) Negative control and 40% silk-PCL B) Positive (Triton-X treated).

[0026] FIG. 7 shows % Hemolysis ratio of test biomaterial compositions (silk-PCL composites) compared to negative and positive control.

[0027] FIG. 8 shows a schematic of methodologies for APTT and PT assays; (A) preparation of platelet poor plasma (PPP), (B) and (C) Sequential steps in APTT and PT assay using PPP.

[0028] FIG. 9 shows a prothrombin time of test biomaterial compositions (silk-PCL composites) compared to negative control (physiological saline).

[0029] FIG. 10 shows a schematic of methodologies for platelet count (PC) assay; (A) Preparation of platelet rich plasma (PPP), (B) Sequential steps in PC assay using PRP.

[0030] FIG. 11 shows an effect of different test biomaterial compositions (silk-PCL composites) on platelet count compared to negative control (physiological saline) and positive control (0.1% Triton-X) after incubation with human blood.

[0031] FIG. 12 shows hemocompatibility data: (A) % hemolysis and B platelet count values for test samples (MgO-silk-PCL composites).

[0032] FIG. 13 shows hemocompatibility data: (A) aPTT and (B) PT values for test samples; M15% silk-10% MgO-PCL, M25% silk-20% MgO-PCL, M310% silk-10% MgO-PCL, M410% silk-20% MgO-PCL, M520% silk-10% MgO-PCL, M620% silk-20% MgO-PCL, M7Negative Control=Saline, M8Positive control=heparin for aPTT.

[0033] FIG. 14 shows as-molded dog bone-shaped tensile testing specimen of silk-PCL composites (ASTM D-638 type V).

[0034] FIG. 15 shows As-molded dog bone-shaped tensile testing specimens of MgO-silk-PCL composites (ASTM D-638 type V).

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

[0035] The present invention discloses a novel bioresorbable, biocompatible polymer composite for bone soft tissue fixation which can be used to prepare different orthopedic devices which eventually cater fixation of soft tissue injuries, small bone fractures, fractures in pediatrics etc.

[0036] The polymer composite is preferably composed of blend of bioresorbable polymer such as poly--caprolactone (PCL), natural fiber silk fibroin and an osteo conductive component like Magnesium oxide (MgO) in nanoparticle form.

[0037] Among them, natural fiber silk fibroin and MgO have been added as filler. However, the mechanical, thermal and degradation properties can be customized by the use of natural fiber silk fibroin which is extracted from Bombyx mori.

[0038] The ingredients used in this composition are FDA-approved.

[0039] The detailed composition along with weight percentages has been given below:

[0040] i) Magnesium Oxide (MgO) or other ceramic fillers.fwdarw.5 to 30%

[0041] ii) Silk fibroin or other natural fibers.fwdarw.5 to 30%

[0042] iii) a polymer matrix such as polycaprolactone and other bioresorbable polymers.fwdarw.40 to 90%

[0043] FIG. 1 illustrates this composition with the block diagram.

[0044] Hence, protection for degummed silk composition (5% to 30%) with or without MgO nanoparticles composition (5% to 30%) (or other ceramic fillers like HA, -TCP, SiO.sub.2, CaO, CaCO.sub.3, etc. in Polycaprolactone-quantity sufficient to 100% (or other bioresorbable polymer viz. PLLA, PLGA, etc.) is sought.

[0045] The tunability in mechanical properties, degradation rate and bioactivity/biomineralization is desired for different bone-soft tissue fixation applications which could be achieved by varying filler concentrations (MgO nanoparticles and silk fiber) viz. for low load bearing applications like soft tissue fixations lower mechanical strength is desired as compared to high load bearing applications viz. pediatric or small bone fracture fixations, etc. This could be achieved by varying filler concentration.

[0046] In this composition, PCL has been used a main polymer matrix which has some advantages over conventionally used PLLA, PLGA.

[0047] i) Mechanical property (Young's modulus) of human tissues viz. Cancellous bone, ligament, tendon, etc. ranges from 0.02-2.31 GPa, most of polymers viz. PLLA, PLGA, etc. ranges from 2-3 GPa which is at the upper limit of required range while that PLC is 0.2-0.5 GPa which can be tuned to match required mechanical properties by filler reinforcement with ceramic particles, natural fiber, etc. or ratio of polymers in polymer blends (PCL:PLLA/PLGA) can be varied to achieve desired mechanical profiles.

[0048] ii) lower melting point makes its processing easier

[0049] iii) It is nontoxic, biocompatible polymer

[0050] iv) It produces non-inflammatory degradation products like water and carbon dioxide

[0051] v) Environmental-friendly

[0052] vi) Good thermoplastic and mold ability

[0053] vii) Good compatibility with wide range of polymers

[0054] The PCL owing to high degree of crystallinity lowers the degradation that limits its application, however, its degradation rate can be tailored by addition of hydrophilic fillers which is in-turn responsible for polymer composite undergoing degradation by both bulk and surface erosion (unlike, only surface erosion in case of neat polymer), hence, enhanced degradation rate. Its mechanical properties, degradations kinetics, bioactivity, etc. are tailorable based on filler concentration.

[0055] Magnesium oxide nanoparticles have been incorporated in FDA-approved biocompatible polymers (like PLLA) to formulate composite biomaterials imparting improvement in mechanical and biological properties of neat polymer for various biomedical applications.

[0056] Some of the representative examples MgO nanoparticles as ceramic filler are given below:

[0057] 1) surface modified magnesia (g-MgO) nanoparticles (1, 2, 3, 4, 5% w/w) loaded PLLA composites with improved mechanical and biological properties in-vitro,

[0058] 2) MgO-Polystyrene composite (5, 10, 15% MgO w/w) to improve mechanical (tensile strength and modulus) properties of composites.

[0059] 3) 10% and 20% MgO w/w in PLLA with and without 10% HA w/w to improve in-vitro biological performance (osteoblast adhesion and proliferation, biodegradation) of composite.

[0060] Further, natural silk fibroin which is extracted from Bombyx mori also improves mechanical properties of PCL.

[0061] According to FIG. 2, the polymer composite has also characterized in substantially enhanced tensile properties (strength and modulus) and hence, some elaborate testing has been done so far.

[0062] To investigate mechanical properties of different fiber-polymer composites, dog-bone shaped tensile testing specimens were prepared according to ASTM standards (D638 TypeV). Mechanical properties (Tensile strength, tensile modulus) were extracted from stress-strain data and compared to understand the effect of increasing filler addition on mechanical behavior of silk-PCL composites.

[0063] FIG. 2 illustrates comparative analysis of tensile strength data of test samples (N=3).

[0064] From FIGS. 2 and 3 there are provided (A) Tensile strength data of PCL and silk-PCL (5, 10, 20, 30, and 40% filler) composites, P<0.05*, P<0.01**, P<0.001***, PCL Vs silk-PCL composites and P<0.05#, 5% Silk-PCL Vs 10% Silk-PCL; (B) Tensile modulus data of PCL and silk-PCL composites, P<0.05*, P<0.01**, P<0.001***, PCL Vs silk-PCL composites and P<0.05 #, P<0.01 # #, P<0.001 # # #, silk-PCL composites Vs 5% silk-PCL composite (SP=Silk-PCL, prefix digit=filler concentration).

[0065] Hence, from FIGS. 2 and 3, it can be concluded that there was significant improvement in tensile properties by addition of filler fibers with respect to neat polymer. Tensile strength increased approximately 2 times whereas modulus increased 10 folds with 40% filler, which was highest among all samples tested. Increase in tensile properties may be attributed to removal of hydrophilicity on native silk surface due to seric in by degumming, thus rendering silk fiber hydrophobic (fibroin), which helps in better interfacial bonding between filler and hydrophobic polymer matrix, thus, improving mechanical properties.

[0066] MgO nano-particles are explored as potential bioactive fillers to impart bioactivity, in addition to improving mechanical properties of PCL and taking advantage of its unique antibacterial property to combat against microbes responsible for implant related infections.

[0067] Although MgO has been considered as preferred bio-ceramic material in the present invention, other ceramic materials like HA, silicon dioxide, calcium carbonate, calcium oxide, calcium trisilicate, Magnesium calcium trisilicate, calcium containing compounds such as mono, di, octa, tri calcium phosphate and mixture thereof may also be used. Composition of the present invention may also contain a bioactive glass comprising metal oxides such as calcium oxide, silicon dioxide, sodium oxide, etc. and mixture thereof.

[0068] Thus, present biocomposite is blend of bioactive nanofiller viz. MgO, HA, etc. and silk fibroin in bioresorbable FDA-approved polymer matrix viz. PCL, PLLA, etc. or mixture thereof.

[0069] Biocomposites have been widely used in orthopedic application due to their biocompatibility, osteo conductivity and mechanical stability of the implants. However, implantation of such biocomposites leads to damage of bone matrix due to increase in bone resorption as it may imbalance the bone remodeling, followed by an inflammatory response which in turn induces implant loosening as a biological consequence of particulate debris.

[0070] To overcome this disadvantages bisphosphonates (BPs) analogues have been used as coating onto implant or incorporation in polymer matrix would inhibit osteolysis in the vicinity of implants by reacting directly with osteoclasts according to the present invention, Antibiotics may also be incorporated to treat osteomyelitis and inflammation at the site of implants.

[0071] MgO filler may also impart antibacterial and anti-bone-resorption activity to biocomposite to eliminate need of antibiotic and bis-phosphonate coating to bone implants.

[0072] The preparation of individual ingredients is as follows:

Materials and Methods

Materials Used in Fabrication

[0073] 1. Degummed silk: i) Silk cocoons Bombyx mori were procured from silkworm rearing farmer associated with Research Extension Centre, Central Silk Board C/o: District Sericulture Development Office, Yashatara Bunglow, Near Janade Saw Mill, Dwarka Circle, Nasik (Maharashtra)-422001, (more information can be found at Regional Office, Central Silk Board, No. 16, Second Floor, Mittal Chambers, Nariman Point, Mumbai-400021, Maharashtra), ii) sodium carbonate purchased from sigma Aldrich and iii) ultrapure water.

[0074] 2. Poly--caprolactone (molecular weight 80,000) was purchased from Sigma Aldrich (Germany).

[0075] 3. Magnesium oxide nanoparticles were synthesized using i) Magnesium chloride salt (SD chemicals, Mumbai), ii) NaOH (SD chemicals, Mumbai).

Methods and Procedure Used in Preparation Degumming of Silk Cocoons

[0076] Following protocol was followed given by Kaplan et at to remove sericin from silk fibroin:

[0077] i. Degummed silk fibers were prepared by processing Bombyx mori silk cocoons. 5-litres beaker was filled with 2 liters of ultrapure water and covered with aluminum foil followed by heating till boiling.

[0078] ii. Measured quantity of 0.02 M sodium carbonate was added to the boiling water and stirred thoroughly to dissolve completely.

[0079] iii. Cocoons were added to boiling sodium carbonate solution and stirred for 30 mins.

[0080] iv. After boiling, silk fibroin was removed with spatula and cooled by rinsing in ultrapure cold water, excess water squeezed out of the silk.

[0081] v. Silk fibroin was then rinsed in 1 liter of water for 20 min with stirring on a stir plate.

[0082] vi. Steps 4 and 5 were repeated twice for a total of three rinses.

[0083] vii. After the third wash, silk fibers were removed, squeezed well and then spread on a clean piece of aluminum foil.

[0084] viii. Silk fibroin eras allowed to dry in a fume hood overnight.

[0085] ix. Dried degummed silk fibroin was chopped to length of around 5-10 mm to use as filler.

Preparation of Magnesium Oxide Nanoparticles:

[0086] Magnesium oxide nanoparticles synthesis was carried out using simple hydroxide precipitation method.

[0087] i. Magnesium chloride salt (SD chemicals, Mumbai) solution (1 mol/L) was added to alkaline solution of NaOH (SD chemicals, Mumbai) (2 mol/L)

[0088] ii. It was stirred vigorously for 3 hr on water bath/hot plate, reaction mixture temperature maintained at 80 C.

[0089] iii. On precipitation white colored Magnesium hydroxide formed in mother liquor was allowed age at room temperature for 1 day.

[0090] iv. After aging, suspension was centrifuged at 10,000 rpm for 10 mins at 15 C.,

[0091] v. Supernatant was decanted and fresh MiliQ water added to give washing for 3 times followed by ethanol washings.

[0092] vi. Precipitate was then dried in oven for 4 hrs at 60 C.

[0093] vii. Dried sample was then subjected to hydrothermal treatment i.e. heated to 250 C. for 1 hr, 370 C. for 2 hrs and 450 C. for 3 hrs, to remove water molecule and obtain MgO nanoparticles from Mg(OH).sub.2

Fabrication of Composite with Micro-Compounding and Injection Molding PCL-Silk Composite

[0094] Micro-compounding (twin-screw extrusion) was selected as method of composite fabrication, because it: (i) ascertains uniform distribution and dispersion of the filler during mixing and, hence, more uniform nucleation sites for bioactivity, and (ii) provides an environment-friendly manufacturing method eliminating solvents, thus minimizing inflammatory in-vivo responses.

[0095] All the degummed silk fibers were chopped into 5-10 mm in length in order to avoid coiling with the micro-compounder screws and pre-dried for 24 hours at 50 C. to remove traces of moisture. Silk fiber/PCL composite samples were made using the Xplore DSM 5 cm.sup.3 twin-screw micro-extruder.

[0096] The silk fibers in different filler concentrations 10%, 20%, 30%, and 40% were used for melt-mixing with PCL. A uniform temperature of 160 C. was maintained at all mixing zones inside the micro-compounding machine. The operating conditions of the micro-compounder were set as screw speed, mixing temperature and mixing time at 150 rpm, 160 C. and 15 mins, respectively. Pre-weighed quantities of silk fibers and PCL were fed into the twin-screw extruder. At the end of mixing period, the extrudate was collected in Piston Cylinder that fits into injection molding machine (Xplore DSM 5 cm.sup.3). Injection molding was carried out with processing parameters viz. cylinder temperature, mold temperature and pressure set at 160 C., 30 C. and 3 bars, respectively. Tensile testing specimens were prepared in a dog bone-shape according to ASTM D638 type V (FIG. 1).

[0097] FIG. 14 shows as-molded dog bone-shaped tensile testing specimen (ASTM D-638 type V) A) PCL, B) 10% Silk-PCL, C) 20% Silk-PCL, D) 30% Silk-PCL and E) 40% Silk-PCL

MgO-Silk-PCL Composite

[0098] Before mixing, silk fibers were chopped into 5 mm fibers, MgO nanoparticles powder was pre-dried to remove moisture traces before melt-mixing.

[0099] MgO filler in concentration of 10%, 20% and 30% were mixed with silk fiber concentrations 5%, 10%, 20%, and 30% (FIG. 1) in PCL polymer matrix quantity sufficient to make 100% w/w. Thus, total of 12 sets of MgO-silk-PCL composites were prepared and one set of PCL alone for comparison analyses (FIG. 15) using micro-compounder and injection molding machine to obtain tensile specimens. These specimens were then subjected to various analyses to assess their potential for orthopedic biomaterial applications.

[0100] FIG. 14 illustrates molded As-molded dog bone-shaped tensile testing specimen of silk-PCL composites (ASTM D-638 type V); (A) PCL, (B) 5% Silk-PCL, (C) 10% Silk-PCL, (D) 20% Silk-PCL, (E) 30% Silk-PCL, (F) 40% Silk-PCL.

[0101] FIG. 15 illustrates different compositions for molded dog bone-shaped tensile testing specimen of MgO-silk-PCL composites (ASTM D-638 type V).

1) 5% silk-PCL:

[0102] A) 5% silk-10% MgO-PCL,

[0103] B) 5% silk-20% MgO-PCL,

[0104] C) 5% silk 30% Mgo-PCL,

2) 10% silk-PCL:

[0105] D) 10% silk-10% MgO-PCL,

[0106] E) 10% silk-20% MgO-PCL,

[0107] F) 10% silk 30% MgO-PCL,

3) 20% silk-PCL:

[0108] G) 20% silk-10% MgO-PCL,

[0109] H) 20% silk-20% MgO-PCL,

[0110] I) 20% silk-30% MgO-PCL,

4) 30% silk-PCL:

[0111] J) 30% silk-10% MgO-PCL,

[0112] K) 30% silk-20% MgO-PCL,

[0113] L) 30% silk 30% MgO-PCL

Some Clinical Test Results to Show the Enhanced Efficacy for the Bioresorbable Polymer Composite Used in the Present Invention.

[0114] The various test results for the novel bioresorbable composition have been given below:

[0115] Though, preclinical tests on rabbit models are in-progress to prove biosafety of as-developed orthopedic biomaterial, inventers could successfully perform hemocompatibility tests on said biomaterial compositions with human blood according to with prior permission from institute ethics committee and institute biosafety committee. Three parameters were assessed to check if biocomposite is harmless to human blood cells and doesn't affect its coagulation process adversely.

[0116] A) % Hemolysis ratio: To evaluate amount of erythrocyte lysis when test biomaterial is incubated in presence of human blood.

[0117] FIG. 4 illustrates schematic of methodology for % hemolysis ratio assay

[0118] FIG. 5 illustrates % Hemolysis ratio sample after incubation of test biomaterial composites with human blood for 4 hours.

[0119] A=Physiological saline (Negative control), B=PCL, C=5% silk-PCL, D=10% silk-PCL, E=20% silk-PCL, F=30% silk-PCL, G=40% silk-PCL and H=0.1% Triton-X (positive control). Red color of supernatant indicates hemolysis (positive control); Representative optical microscopic images of erythrocytes in blood incubated with (B) Test sample (40% Silk-PCL), (C) Negative control and (ID) Positive control, scalebar=50 m.

[0120] The microscopic images of A) Negative control and 40% silk-PCL B) Positive (Triton-X treated) has been illustrated by FIG. 6.

[0121] FIG. 7 illustrates % Hemolysis ratio of test biomaterial compositions (silk-PCL composites) compared to negative and positive control.

[0122] B) Activated Partial Thromboplastin Time (APTT) and Prothrombin Time (PT):

[0123] Blood plasma APTT and PT tests are commonly used to evaluate the effect of test biomaterial on blood coagulation properties.

[0124] FIG. 8 illustrates a schematic of methodologies for APTT and PT assays; (A) preparation of platelet poor plasma (PPP), (B) and (C) Sequential steps in APTT and PT assay using PPP.

[0125] A prothrombin time of test biomaterial compositions (silk-PCL composites) compared to negative control (physiological saline) has been shown in FIG. 9.

[0126] From FIG. 9, it shows that (A) Dynamic blood clotting time (s): Prothrombin time (PT) and activated partial thromboplastin time (APTT) of blood samples treated with test biomaterial samples (PCL and SP=Silk-PCL composites and prefix digit=filler concentration) compared to NC=negative control (physiological saline);

[0127] C) Platelet count (PC): To study the effect of biomaterial on platelet count. If biomaterial surface promotes platelet activation, it may lead to platelet adhesion/aggregation (finally thrombosis), hence, reduction in platelet count.

[0128] FIG. 10 illustrates as chematic of methodologies for platelet count (PC) assay; (A) Preparation of platelet rich plasma (PPP), (B) Sequential steps in PC assay using PRP.

[0129] According to FIG. 11, an effect of different test biomaterial compositions (silk-PCL composites) on platelet count compared to negative control (physiological saline) and positive control (0.1% Triton-X) after incubation with human blood has been illustrated.

Hemocompatibility Studies Data of MgO-Silk-PCL Composite Biomaterial:

[0130] Hemocompatibility of test samples was assessed on human blood with test parameters such as % hemolysis ratio, platelet count, activated partial Thromboplastin time and Prothrombin time.

[0131] FIG. 12 illustrates Hemocompatibility data: (A) % hemolysis and (B) platelet count values for test samples MgO-silk-PCL composites.

[0132] From FIG. 13, Hemocompatibility data: (A) aPTT and (B) PT values for test samples; M15% silk-10% MgO-PCL, M25% silk-20% MgO-PCL, M310% silk-10% MgO-PCL, M410% silk-20% MgO-PCL, M520% silk-10% MgO-PCL, M620% silk-20% MgO-PCL, M7Negative Control=Saline, M8Positive control=heparin for aPTT.

Results and Discussion:

[0133] All the test compositions showed no harmful effect on blood coagulation properties as Prothrombin time (9-15 seconds) and activated partial Thromboplastin time (25-35 seconds) are both within normal range, also, it doesn't affect blood cells adversely as % hemolysis ratio for all test composites is below 0.5% (<1%: Non-hemolytic, 1-3%: mild, 3-5: moderate and >5% severely hemolytic) and platelet count is also within normal range i.e. 1.5-3.5105 cell/L, of human blood (FIGS. 10 and 11).

[0134] Thus, all observations by studying various parameters for hemocompatibility using human blood indicate that biomaterial compositions under investigation are hemo-compatible i.e. do not interfere with normal blood cell viability, count, coagulation process, etc. and suitable for biomedical use involving human blood contact.

The Non-Limiting Advantages of the Present Invention are as Follows:

[0135] (1) Tunable mechanical, biological properties (as per filler loading) for wider clinical applications;

[0136] a) Matchable strength to bone or soft-tissue owing to silk fiber and MgO reinforcement: no stress-shielding

[0137] b) Higher biomineralization and biocompatibility

[0138] c) Tailorable biodegradation to match bone or soft tissue healing rate

[0139] (2) Localized infection resistant due to antibacterial properties of MgO nanoparticles

[0140] (3) Anti-resorption ability Mg.sup.2+ ions helping in proper bone remodeling

[0141] (4) No local inflammatory reactions (Like PLLA implants) due to neutralization effect of alkaline Mg.sup.2+ ions on acidic degradation byproducts of PCL

[0142] (5) Economic biomaterial composite owing to use of inexpensive/easily available/synthesizable raw material and well-established manufacturing process

[0143] The present composition can be used in wide range of process that can encompass any type of tissue modification (hard tissue like bone and/or soft tissue like tendon, ligament, etc.), including tissue repair, reconstruction, remodeling, also includes in the processes that affect the orifice such as mouth and nose (e.g. the composition described herein can be used in dental procedures).

[0144] The present invention is not limited to the human patients; it can be very well employed in developing bioresorbable orthopedic devices for veterinary applications addressing different bone anomalies in animals viz. pets (e.g., dogs and cats), farm animals (such as goats, sheep, cow, pigs, horses), laboratory animals (rodents like rats and mice and non-rodents such as rabbits) and wild animals.