Method for Production and Dispensing Carbonated Beer from Beer Concentrate

Abstract

An appliance for the production and dispensing of malt based fermented beverage has a malt based fermented beverage concentrated inlet, liquid lines, a water inlet, a pressurized gas inlet, a carbonation unit having a water inlet and a pressurized gas inlet, a mixing unit in which the carbonated water and malt based fermented beverage concentrate are mixed. The appliance further has a gas pressure regulating means for varying the gas at the inlet of the carbonation unit.

Claims

1. An appliance for the production and dispensing of malt based fermented beverage, wherein the appliance comprises malt based fermented beverage concentrated inlet, liquid lines, a water inlet, a pressurized gas inlet, an carbonation unit having a water inlet and a pressurized gas inlet, a mixing unit in which the carbonated water and malt based fermented beverage concentrate are mixed further comprising gas pressure regulating means for varying the gas at the inlet of the carbonation unit.

2. An appliance according to claim 1 further comprising a pressure control unit allowing control of the pressure on the water at the inlet of the carbonation unit and/or in the liquid line.

3. An appliance according to claim 1 whereby the water pressure controller allows the pressure in the liquid line to maintain the gas dissolved in the liquid.

4. An appliance according to claim 1 whereby the liquid water is pressurized up to 6 bar.

5. An appliance according to claim 1 whereby the carbonation unit is capable of generating gaseous bubbles having an average major dimension at the carbonated water outlet of the carbonation unit of less than 0.75 mm, preferably less than 0.50 mm, and highly preferably between 0.25 and 0.75 mm.

6. An appliance according to claim 1 whereby the water contains between 5 and 10 g C02/L at the mixing unit inlet.

7. An appliance according to claim 1 further comprising a flow rate controller at the liquid line which connects to the inlet of the carbonation unit and/or at the liquid line which fluidly connects the carbonation unit to the mixing unit.

8. An appliance according to claim 1, wherein the carbonation unit is adapted to the portion-wise carbonation of water.

9. An appliance according to claim 1, wherein the appliance comprises a cooling unit in which the water is cooled before carbonation.

10. An appliance according to claim 1, wherein the appliance further comprises a reservoir for gaseous C02 with communication that, in the C02 reservoir stored C02 can be introduced into the water.

11. An appliance according to claim 1 further comprising a sparger and a static mixer.

12. An appliance according to claim 1 which is a domestic appliance.

13. An appliance according to claim 1 whereby the volume ratio of carbonated water to concentrate is at least 3:1.

14. An appliance according to claim 1 whereby the carbonated water is subsequently mixed with a multi-variable serving concentrate.

15. An appliance according to claim 1 wherein said carbonation unit is an in-line carbonation unit.

16. An appliance according to claim 2 whereby the water pressure controller allows the pressure in the liquid line to maintain the gas dissolved in the liquid.

17. An appliance according to claim 16 whereby the liquid water is pressurized up to 6 bar.

18. An appliance according to claim 17 whereby the carbonation unit is capable of generating gaseous bubbles having an average major dimension at the carbonated water outlet of the carbonation unit of less than 0.75 mm, preferably less than 0.50 mm, and highly preferably between 0.25 and 0.75 mm.

19. An appliance according to claim 18 whereby the water contains between 5 and 10 g C02/L at the mixing unit inlet.

20. An appliance according to claim 19 further comprising a flow rate controller at the liquid line which connects to the inlet of the carbonation unit and/or at the liquid line which fluidly connects the carbonation unit to the mixing unit.

Description

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE FIGURES

[0049] For a fuller understanding of the nature of the present invention, reference is made to the following detailed description taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings in which:

[0050] FIG. 1 shows schematically, the carbonation unit integrated in the appliance in accordance with the teachings of the present invention;

[0051] FIG. 2 shows a schematic side view of an example of a carbonation unit

[0052] FIG. 3 shows the saturation concentration of CO2 in water and ethanol depending on pressure at 298 K.

[0053] FIG. 4. Shows schematic view of the dispensing appliance according to the present invention

[0054] According to one embodiment (FIG. 1), the appliance comprises a i) malt based fermented beverage concentrate inlet (8), ii) a diluent inlet (2), iii) a pressurized gas inlet (1) and iv) a carbonation unit (4) located along main fluid line (6) and adding carbon dioxide to the water flowing along the main fluid line (6).

[0055] According to another embodiment, the appliance further comprising a cooling unit whereby the cooling unit is located along main fluid line (6) to cool the water flowing along a first portion (up to inlet carbonation unit) of main fluid line (6), and to add carbon dioxide to the water flowing along a second portion of main fluid line (6) FIG. 1.

[0056] From FIG. 1 the appliance comprises a fluid line (7) connected to a supply source to receive a concentrated beer (8) and a metering valve (9) connected to main fluid line (6) to receive the carbonated water and designed to permit controlled outflow of water from main fluid line into a serving container positioned beneath metering valve.

[0057] In FIG. 1, a dispensing appliance according to the present invention is used as follows. A container (8) contains a malt based fermented beverage (MBFB) concentrate and is in fluid communication with a mixing chamber (9). A source (6) of carbonated diluent is in fluid communication with the same mixing chamber. After mixing the MBFB-concentrate with the carbonated beverage, the thus produced MBFB is dispensed out of an outlet of the mixing chamber (9), through a dispensing tube into a vessel (10) i.e. a glass.

[0058] From FIG. 4, the solubility of CO.sub.2 in water increases very steeply with increasing pressure (dashed curve) with about 0.1 to 0.2 mol. % CO.sub.2 at 2.5 bar. CO.sub.2 has a higher solubility in pure ethanol (EtOH) (=solid curve) with about 1.6 mol. % at the same pressure of 2.5 bar. Any aqueous diluent comprising ethanol would yield a CO.sub.2 solubility comprised between these two curves. The curves of FIG. 4 show that any variation of pressure in a carbonated diluent may result in CO.sub.2 bubbling or dissolving. This is particularly true for water as liquid diluent, because the straight dashed line in FIG. 4 has a very steep slope. This is critical with MBFB's because unlike sodas, once formed foam remains a long time.

[0059] According to one embodiment, cooling and carbonation device substantially comprises an in-line cooling unit and an in-line carbonation unit fluid line to respectively cool and add carbon dioxide to the water flowing along main fluid line (6).

[0060] More specifically, in-line cooling unit (3) is preferably located along main fluid line upstream from in-line carbonation unit (4), so as to cool the water along a first portion of main fluid line before the carbon dioxide is added.

[0061] In the FIG. 1, the in-line cooling unit comprises an inlet connected to the supply source by a portion of fluid line to receive water typically at ambient temperature; and an outlet supplying water at a predetermined cooled temperature.

[0062] The in-line carbonation unit is located along main fluid line (6) FIG. 1, between in-line cooling unit and metering valve and provides for adding carbon dioxide to the water flowing along the second portion of main fluid line (6) FIG. 1.

[0063] The in-line carbonation unit (4) receives both cooled water at a given pressure from in-line cooling unit and carbon dioxide at a given pressure, and appropriately mixes the two, i.e. water and carbon dioxide, to supply metering valve with cool sparkling water.

[0064] More specifically, in-line carbonation unit comprises the second portion of main fluid line (6) FIG. 1, which is defined by, preferably, an elongated tubular body in turn comprising an inlet connected to outlet of inline cooling unit to receive cooled water, an inlet connected to a carbon dioxide source and an outlet connected to and for supplying cool sparkling water to metering valve.

[0065] The carbonation unit comprises a mixing portion communicating with the inlet where cold/chilled water is introduced. A CO2 line introduces carbonation to the diluent such as water.

[0066] Water injectors can also be preferably used in order to produce atomized flow of water entering the CO2 path to enhance uptake of carbon dioxide into the water.

[0067] In the FIG. 2 for example, the carbonation unit has a tubular body with small inside volume, i.e. is sized to substantially contain a volume of water measurable in tens of milliliters, and preferably equal to 20-30 milliliters, for rapidly mixing the cooled water and carbon dioxide.

[0068] Preferred carbonator designs are those whereby the radial distance between the sparger surface and the internal carbonator wall is kept to a minimal (FIG. 2. (ID)) and/or whereby the length of the static mixture (FIG. 2 (5) is increased and/or whereby the effective area of the sparger is reduced all thereby reducing the bubble coalescence formation within the carbonator.

[0069] In another possible embodiment the tubular body may house a perforated tubular membrane or liner, over which water flows on the inside, and pressurized carbon dioxide on the outside. More specifically, water flows longitudinally through the perforated liner, which has a number of transverse holes designed to only let carbon dioxide through to the water, while at the same time preventing outflow of water from the liner. In this way, the carbon dioxide comes into contact with the water at a number of points to rapidly carbonate the water. In accordance with the appliance as defined within the present invention, it is clear that the user can select the desired carbonation level whereby the output is not influenced by the residual carbonated water in the carbonator from the previous dispense unlike batch carbonators. In batch carbonators, the carbonation level varies with residence time depending on the pressure of the gas head space inside the carbonator.

[0070] In a preferred embodiment of the appliance described above, fluid line (6) FIG. 1, may further comprise a static mixture (FIG. 1 (5)) post carbonation. The length of the static mixer post carbonation is sufficient such to avoid coalescence of the gas bubbles.

[0071] In accordance with the present invention, the in-line process of the water to be carbonated is carbonized during a conveying operation, that is, the water is with C02 enriched while being pumped.

[0072] According to the present invention, the appliance further comprises flow adapting means, which, on command, regulate the pressure of the cooled water and/or carbon dioxide to adjust the percentage of carbon dioxide added to the cooled water.

[0073] More specifically, flow adapting means may, for example, comprise a non-return valve interposed between outlet of in-line cooling unit and inlet of in-line carbonation unit to prevent carbon dioxide flow to in-line cooling unit in the event the carbon dioxide pressure exceeds the water pressure; and/or a pressurized-water supply pump interposed between outlet and to adjust the pressure of the water supply to in-line carbonation unit on command; and/or a flow regulating device interposed between carbon dioxide source and inlet of in-line carbonation unit to regulate the pressure of the carbon dioxide supply to inlet lib on command.

[0074] The flow adapting means are controlled by an electric control unit connected to a setting device, which may preferably, though not necessarily, be located at metering valve to allow the user to adjust the carbon dioxide level in the cool water for dispensing.

[0075] More specifically, the appliance may be designed to set two or more carbon dioxide levels ranging between a minimum to a maximum level of carbon dioxide, corresponding to a predetermined maximum value.

[0076] An electric control unit receives the set level, and controls flow adapting means accordingly. Flow regulating device may obviously be replaced with an on-off valve or any similar device designed to cut off source from inlet of in-line carbonation unit on command.

[0077] If the user selects an intermediate carbon dioxide level, electric control unit controls the flow regulating device to adjust the pressure of the carbon dioxide supply to the inlet of the in-line carbonation unit accordingly.

[0078] The supply source provides for continuously supplying the liquid diluent such as water or any other beverage at above atmospheric pressurenormally at about 2-bar pressureand may comprise a drinking water circuit of the premises in which the appliance is installed for example via filtered tap water supplied by a diaphragm pump. More preferably, the water supply source may be connected to the main fluid line via an on-off valve for isolating supply source from main fluid line on command.

[0079] Filters can be used to treat the water coming out of the tap if the quality is not satisfactory. If a carbonated diluent other than carbonated water is used, it can be stored in a vessel.

[0080] Alternatively the appliance may comprise a water tanks such as those by known dispensers.

[0081] Carbon dioxide source, on the other hand, may comprise a cylinder containing high-pressure carbon dioxide, and for supplying carbon dioxide at a predetermined bar, pressure via a pressure reducer.

[0082] Operation of the appliance follows that upon the user selecting a given carbon dioxide level and activated metering valve, the electric control unit controls the flow regulating device to supply the inlet of the in-line carbonation unit with carbon dioxide at a given pressure, and, at the same time, activates on-off valve to allow water to flow along the first portion of main fluid line, i.e. cooling fluid line, where it is cooled by, preferably, a inline cooling unit.

[0083] The cooled water then flows along the second portion of main fluid line i.e. through tubular body of in-line carbonation unit, where it is gradually mixed with carbon dioxide. The carbonated water then flows along the end portion of main fluid line to metering valve by which it is dispensed into the container.

[0084] In accordance with the specific architecture of the present invention, the appliance of the present invention further prevents, by eliminating the tanks, and the very small water containing capacity of in-with the present invention, line cooling unit (FIG. 1 (3)) and in-line carbonation unit FIG. 1 (4)measurable in tens of millilitersthe possibility of mould or bacteria forming in the dispenser, with obvious advantages in terms of user health and hygiene.

[0085] In addition, the appliance provides a continuous, fast supply of cooled water with a carbon dioxide percentage varying as required by the user. The user, in fact, can opt to dispense cooled water containing one of a predetermined range of carbon dioxide levels.

[0086] When a single container (8) containing an MBFB concentrate is illustrated in FIG. 1, more than one container can be used, each containing different components in a concentrated form. One container can also comprise several chambers, each containing corresponding concentrated components. The present invention is not restricted to the number and forms of the containers. The MBFB concentrate is in a liquid form (or pasty) so that it can flow under pressure from the container into the mixing chamber. The MBFB concentrate may comprise solid particles, but they must be in suspension in a liquid medium. A container may contain an amount of MBFB concentrate sufficient for a single dispensing operation into one glass (single dose container) or, alternatively it may contain an amount of MBFB concentrate sufficient for several dispensing operations (=multi-doses container). The latter is more economical in terms of packaging cost per unit volume of MBFB concentrate.

[0087] The MBFB concentrate contained in the container FIG. 1 (8)/FIG. 3 (8) can be obtained by producing a fermented beverage in a traditional manner (e.g., for a beer, by brewing it in any fashion known in the art), followed by concentrating the thus produced fermented beverage. Concentration occurs by removing, on the one hand, a fraction of the water contained therein and, on the other hand, a fraction of the ethanol contained therein. A substantial amount of both water and ethanol can be removed from the beverage by filtration, micro-filtration, ultra-filtration, or nano-filtration, using appropriate membranes well-known to a person skilled in the art.

[0088] The flow of MBFB concentrate into the mixing chamber can be driven by gravity only, and controlled by means of a valve but this embodiment is not preferred because it would impose the flow of carbonated diluent to be driven by gravity too, in order to not creating sharp pressure drops at the level of the diluent opening into the mixing chamber. It is therefore preferred to drive the flow of MBFB concentrate either with a pump (not shown) or by pressurizing the interior of the container FIG. 3 (8) by means of a source of pressurized gas FIG. 3 (11), preferably of pressurized CO.sub.2. The pressurized gas can be stored in a pressure canister. The gas can be pressurized with a pump. Alternatively, if available, a pressurized gas can be available from a network. It is important to be able to control the volume ratio of MBFB concentrate and carbonated diluent fed into the mixing chamber. For this reason, a valve can be provided to control the flow rate of MBFB concentrate and carbonated diluent. Alternatively a volumetric flow controller such as a volumetric pump can be used for controlling the volumes of MBFB concentrate and carbonated diluent fed into the mixing chamber.

[0089] For the purposes of the present invention, the term beer includes but is not limited to a particular subset of beverages defined as a beer under a particular state's laws, regulations, or standards. For example, the German Reinheitsgebot states that a beverage having ingredients other than water, barley-malt, and hops cannot be considered a beer but for the purposes of the present invention, the term beer has no such ingredient restrictions. Similarly, for the purposes of the present invention, the term beer does not import or imply a restriction on the alcoholic content of a beverage. The present invention both apply to alcoholic and non alcoholic beer beverages. As used herein, the term concentrate is given the definition of Oxford dictionary: A substance made by removing or reducing the diluting agent; a concentrated form of something (cf. http://www.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/english/concentrate). In line with this, the term beer concentrate or, alternatively (concentrated) beer base or beer syrup, is meant to relate to beer, respectively which had the majority of its solvent componenti.e. waterremoved, while retaining most of the dissolved components conferring such features as taste, smell, color, mouthfeel etc.

[0090] As those of skill in the art will recognize, the concentrated beverage produced by and for use in various embodiments of the present invention can be produced by a number of different processes, including nanofiltration, ultrafiltration, microfiltration, reverse osmosis, distillation, fractionation, carbon filtration, or frame filtration. The concentration process(es) can be performed with a semi-permeable membrane composed of one or more materials selected from the group consisting of cellulose acetate, polysulfone, polyamide, polypropylene, polylactide, polyethylene terephthalate, zeolites, aluminum, and ceramics. Concentration steps may involve any of the variety of techniques recognized in the art, which allow partial or substantial separation of water from the beer and thus retention of most of the dissolved therein components in a lower than initial volume. Many of the techniques currently used within the beverage industry rely on the so called membrane technologies, which provide a cheaper alternative to conventional heat-treatment processes and involve separation of substances into two fractions with the help of a semipermeable membrane. The faction comprising particles smaller than the membrane pore size passes through the membrane and, as used herein is referred to as permeate or filtrate. Everything else retained on the feed side of the membrane as used herein is referred to as retentate. As used herein the term concentration factor shall be understood as the ratio of the beer volume subjected to step A) to the volume of the obtained retentate at the end of the step A), i.e. the ratio of the feed volume to the volume of the retentate obtained in the step A) of the method of the present invention. In an particularly preferred embodiment, a method in accordance with the previous embodiments is provided, wherein the retentate obtained in step A) is characterized by concentration factor of 3 or higher, preferably 5 or higher, more preferably 10 or higher, most preferably 15 or higher.

[0091] The processes utilized to produce the concentrated beverage of the present invention can involve one or more concentration steps. In certain embodiments, for example, the beverage may be subjected to a first concentration step (for example, nanofiltration) to obtain a primary beer concentrate (the retentate) and a permeate. The retentate is composed of solids such as carbohydrates, proteins, and divalent and multivalent salts, and the permeate is made up of water, alcohol, and volatile flavor components. The permeate can then be subjected to one or more further concentration steps (for example, distillation or reverse osmosis) to obtain a permeate enriched in alcohol and other volatile flavor components, such as aromas. The retentate from the original step can then be combined with this concentrated permeate to produce a concentrated beer to be packaged in accordance with the methods and devices of the present invention. In certain embodiments of the invention, the resulting concentrated beverage has a sugar content of between about 30 degrees Brix and about 80 degrees Brix, and in further embodiments, a sugar content of between about 50 degrees Brix and about 70 degrees Brix. In other embodiments of the invention, the concentrated base liquid has a sugar content of between 10 and between 30 degrees Brix. In these embodiments, the concentrated beverage may have an alcohol content of between about 2 ABV to about 12 ABV, between about 10 ABV to about 14 ABV, or between about 50 ABV to about 70 ABV.

[0092] In preferred embodiments of the invention, to produce one or more variable servings of a beverage from the concentrated beer beverage, the container is unsealed (by puncturing the metal cap on the container or by other techniques well-known to those skilled in the art) to produce variable multi serving of the final resulting beer beverage.

[0093] The beer container can be in the form of a can, bag, cup or box having a single compartment or having a first compartment and a second compartment therein. Also preferably, the bag, cup or box is formed of aluminium, plastic, glass, and/or metal foil. Moreover, the first compartment and the second compartment can each include an opening mechanism such that the first compartment and the second compartment are simultaneously opened in the dispensing apparatus or prior to insertion into the dispensing apparatus in one or more locations by piercing, tearing, or removal of a lid portion from each of the first compartment and the second compartment. In addition, the beverage container includes a third compartment operable to contain an additional beverage concentrate or other desirable ingredient.

[0094] In certain exemplary embodiments of the invention, water added to the concentrated beverage to produce a beverage suitable for consumption is hyper carbonated water.

[0095] In some preferred embodiments, the concentrated beverage is a concentrated high-gravity beer to which water is added, which dilutes the beer and produces a beverage. In these embodiments, the addition of water results in a beer having a sugar content of about 1 degrees Brix to about 30 degrees Brix and an alcohol content of about 2 ABV to about 16 ABV. In an exemplary embodiment, the resulting beer has a sugar content of between 4 and 7 degrees Brix and an alcohol content of between 2 ABV and 8 ABV. In another exemplary embodiment, the resulting beer has a sugar content of about 17 degrees Brix and an alcohol content of between 8 ABV and 12 ABV. In various embodiments, the resulting beer has an alcohol content of between 2-4 ABV, between 4-6 ABV, between 6-8 ABV, between 8-10 ABV, or between 10-12 ABV.

[0096] While the above-described embodiments discuss diluting the concentrated beverage with liquid, those of skill in the art will readily recognize that other liquids besides water can be added to the concentrated beer beverage to produce a final beer beverage.

[0097] In certain embodiments of the present invention, one or more flavor ingredients can be added to the concentrated beverage to produce a final beverage. Examples of suitable flavor ingredients include (but are not limited to) a spice flavor, a fruit flavor, a hop flavor, a malt flavor, a nut flavor, a smoke flavor, other suitable flavors (such as a coffee flavor or a chocolate flavor), and mixtures of such flavors.

[0098] Moreover, other concentrated ingredients can be added or combined with the concentrated beverage to produce a final beverage, including but not limited to other concentrated beverages.

[0099] These concentrated ingredients can be, for example, solid or liquid ingredients such as hop concentrates, fruit concentrates, sweeteners, bittering additives, concentrated spices, foaming promoters, concentrated malt-based liquids, concentrated fermented liquids, concentrated beer, colorants, flavoring additives, and mixtures thereof. In some cases, the concentrated ingredients (for example, concentrated beers) may be alcoholic concentrated ingredients.

[0100] In accordance with the embodiments of the present invention, the quantity of concentrated beverage packaged in the container is measured so that multiple serving of a beverage can be prepared from the concentrated beverage in the container. In other embodiments of the present invention, the concentrated beverage is packaged in a quantity suitable for producing multiple servings of a beverage. In some of these embodiments, the multiple servings of the beverage are produced in a single mixing step. In other embodiments, the concentrated beverage can be repeatedly mixed with liquid to prepare successive single servings of the beverage.

[0101] In an exemplary embodiment of the present invention, an appliance for preparing a beverage from a beer beverage concentrate is provided. The appliance comprises a receptacle for intake of at least one container in which the beer beverage concentrates are packaged, at least one liquid intake for the intake of water (and equivalent liquids), at least one mixing element in which the beer beverage concentrate is mixed with the carbonated water (or other liquid) to produce a beverage, and an outlet from which the resulting beer beverage is dispensed.

[0102] By one portion according to the invention is meant an amount that corresponds to a domestic quantity of product to be produced beverage. In particular a beverage serving is an amount from about 20 ml to about 1000 ml, more preferably about 100 ml to about 500 ml, even more preferably about 100 ml to about 300 ml, more preferably about 200 ml. The serving size of a beverage can, for example, depend on a selected container size or glass size. Further, the serving size of a chosen mixing ratio of water and beverage concentrate may depend. Particularly preferably, the serving size of a user can be selected. A portion packaged beverage concentrate comprises according to one embodiment of the invention, a beverage concentrate quantity sufficient for producing a beverage serving. In another embodiment, a portion-wise packaged beverage concentrate comprises a lot of beverage concentrate, which is sufficient to produce the largest selectable beverage serving. For example, the largest selectable beverage serving approximately correspond to 400 ml beverage. However, should a user a beverage serving size of about 200 ml to be selected, is provided in a first embodiment, two servings are produced by means of portions packaged beverage concentrate. In a second embodiment, it is provided that by means of portions packaged beverage concentrate to a beverage serving is produced which particularly includes a higher concentration of the beverage concentrate. In a further embodiment, a portions packaged beverage concentrate on a lot of drink concentrate that is sufficient for the preparation of a beverage serving with an average amount, for example, about 200 ml. preferably, the concentration of the beverage concentrate can be varied by the portion size in the finished beverage that is increased or decreased to.

[0103] In one embodiment it is provided that the carbonation by means of an inline process water will have a CO 2 content of about 2 g/l to about 10 g/l, preferably about 4 g/L to about 8 g/l, more preferably about 4 g/l to about 8 g/l and in particular about 6 g/l. Preferably, the beverage concentrate comprises about C0 2 at concentration that is present in the final finished product or to be present. This has the advantage that the carbonated water produced in the domestic appliance must have not higher C0 2 concentration than is provided in the finished beverage. The addition of beverage concentrate thus does not reduce the total concentration of C0 2 in the finished beverage.

EXAMPLES

[0104] An appliance with an in line carbonation, mix and dispense system (FIG. 3) was developed and tested resulting in the reconstitution of single and variable serving volumes of beer from a concentrated beer at same dispense rate and at similar quality (carbonation, bubble and foam characteristics, mouth feel) compared to not constituted regular beer.

[0105] The examples also demonstrate that preferred carbonation unit include in line carbonation FIG. 3 (4) system including a static mixture as the carbonator operates at lower velocities compared to commercial in line carbonators.

[0106] A diaphragm pump can be used to pressure water feed into the in line carbonator. In turn, the dispense rate can be further controlled by the difference of between the gas pressure and the water pressure. Water can be carbonated up to 4.4 g L1 measured after dispense at atmospheric pressure. At a dispense rate of 1.1 L/min the carbonation was 4.1 g L1. Water temperature is typically at 2 C before carbonation.

[0107] Water feed into carbonator was pressurized to 3.6 bar and CO2 supplied at 3.9 bar dispense flow rate 1.3 L/min and carbonation of dispensed beer was 3.0 g/L.

[0108] Carbonation performance was further improved by increased water pressure, as long as the CO2 pressure ranged from 0 to 1.2 bar greater than the water pressure.

[0109] The beer concentrate used is a STELLA and LEFFE and is a 3 concentrate from an airline-pressurized keg at pressure up to 7 bar. Fluid line (7) FIG. 1. used is a 2.5 mm diameter tube.

[0110] Fluid line (6) FIG. 1. used is a 2.5 mm diameter tube coupled to a second tube with 8.4 mm diameter tube. Carbonator (FIG. 2) L: 5 cm; ID 2.0 cm, sparger (3Komax sparger: 2.2 cm. Radial distance between sparger and pipe wall 0.55 cm.

[0111] Static mixer (Komac) 1.27 cm diameter and 15.2 cm. Flow rate 1 L/min.

[0112] The carbonated water was mixed with the beer concentrate in line in a 2:1 ratio. Pneumatic airline Y-connections were used with different size diameter for the carbonated water inlet and the concentrate. Concentrate was supplied at 0.5 bar.

[0113] The reconstituted beer was dispensed at 1.5 L/min-2 L/min

Protocol:

[0114] The following protocol was designed to measure parameters relating to beer foam and beer bubbles to compare selected characteristics of reconstituted beer from the inline carbonation with commercially available bottled, canned and draft beers, as well as batch-carbonated reconstituted beers.

[0115] This Protocol Comprises: [0116] 1. Protocol for dispensing beer, detailing Glass type/Temperature of the beer and beer glass/Surface condition of the glass/Angle of beer dispense into glass [0117] 2. Bubble and foam measurement protocol, comprising Foam height and half-life measurements and measurement of representative bubble diameter within the foam and measurement of the bubble diameter and distribution within the beer and qualitative evaluation of foam creaminess

Protocol for Dispensing Beer:

[0118] In order to eliminate the impact of the glass on key foam and bubble parameters when cross comparing different beers, we standardize the glass type for our investigations

[0119] All beer products shall be poured into Perfect Pint Activator Max 20 oz Beer glasses. Made from toughened beer glass and CE marked and formed in a classic conical shape and 160 mm in height and has a laser etched bubble nucleation area at the bottom of the glass.

[0120] The temperature of beer glasses at the point of dispense is 153 C. controlled the glass temperature by submerging beer glasses in a water bath set at 15 C. measured by a thermocouple prior to testing

[0121] Dispensed beers shall be served chilled, with canned and bottled beers kept in the fridge prior to dispense, draft beers served at chilled temperature provided by the dispense system. Inline and batch-carbonated reconstituted beers served at a target temperature of 2 C. The temperature of the dispensed beer shall be measured after video footage has been taken, at 3 minutes after dispense. All glasses shall be cleaned using a soft sponge and tap water before being submerged in the temperature controlled water bath. Immediately prior to dispense, the glasses shall be removed from the water bath and dried crudely by shaking away excess water.

[0122] Standardize Beer Dispense Methods for Each Type of Beer Source

[0123] For Perfect Draft, the dispense procedure is as detailed on the user's manual. For bottled and canned beers, the glass is tilted 45 and pour the bottle/can close the glass but not touching the glass. Once the beer level reaches of the glass, we shall straighten up the glass and slowly pour more beer in until the beer level reaches of the glass (7 cm from the bottom). For batch carbonated beer, the beer dispensing tube shall be positioned vertically towards the beer glass while the glass shall be held at 45 degree angle. For in-line carbonated beer, the dispense nozzle angle is at approximately 30 to the vertical and initially line up the glass at 45. Flow is channeled down the side of the glass. Once the beer level reaches approximately half way up the glass, the glass shall be gradually tilted vertically. Draught dispense guide from the American Brewers Association can be further found on the website of Beer Advocate via the link https://www.beeradvocate.com/beer/101/pour/

Protocol for Bubble and Foam Measurement

[0124] Beer bubble and foam measurements are analyzed utilizing video and photography techniques. iDS cameras are used to record videos and pictures of bubbles in the beer and foam formed on the surface of the glass. Image J software is used to analyze the videos and photographs to quantify foam height and half-life, a representative bubble diameter within the foam, bubble diameter distribution within the beer. A separate hand-held camera is be used to capture visual information of the beer, which is used to support a qualitative evaluation of the foam.

Experimental Arrangement

[0125] A beer glass is placed onto the reference position on the test bench

[0126] Two iDS cameras are positioned on the test bench by two tripods, respectively

[0127] Camera 1 (color) focuses on the centreline of the beer enabling the monitoring beer bubbles rising along the central axis of the beer glass

[0128] Camera 2 (monochrome) focuses on the front surface of the glass to enable monitoring of the foam

[0129] A ring light is fixed behind the beer glass to provide uniform illumination

[0130] A black background behind the ring light enhances contrast

[0131] The height of the foam shall be measured as a function of time by noting the distance between the interface of beer/foam and the shadow line indicating the foam/air boundary at the central axis of the glass, at 30 second intervals from video footage captured by camera 2 Fitting a logarithmic equation to the height versus time data provides the foam half-life Record subsequent foam heights at 30 s, 1.0 minute, 1.5 minutes, 2.0 minutes and 4.0 after the first image and calculate the half-life by fitting the data to a logarithmic decay. A separate, hand-held camera is utilized to take photographs of the dispensed beer foam from the top of the glass, and from the side, to enable the v visual evaluation of creaminess. The creaminess of the foam based on v visual appearance on a scale of 1 to 5

Data:

[0132] Draft (via Perfect Draft system)

[0133] Carbonation level 3.2 g L1 (variation 0.29) measured by CarboQc analyzer.

[0134] Average Bubble size 0.3-0.4 mm

[0135] Foam (formation, stability, foam height and foam half life)

[0136] Creamy and stable for STELLA Perfect Draft STELLA Bottle STELLA Can.

[0137] STELLA Perfect Draft 47.34.2 mm, 71.311 s;

[0138] STELLA Bottle 71.5 mm, 18.72.8 s;

[0139] STELLA Can 9.22.7 mm, 161 s

[0140] Data re Reconstituted STELLA met the results of STELLA Can, STELLA bottled, STELLA Perfect Draft resulting in similar carbonation product requirements and foam formation and quality and bubble size parameters. Similar conclusion with LEFFE.

[0141] In accordance with the various experiments, preferred executions are those were the radial distance between the sparger surface and the internal carbonator wall is kept to a minimal to increase the annular velocity of the water leading to efficient distribution of CO2 within the water and improved dissolution of CO2 and limiting thereby coalescence of the bubbles within the carbonator.

[0142] In accordance with the various experiments, preferred executions are those were the length of the static mixture is increased leading to higher carbonation efficiency by improved dissolution of CO2 and limiting thereby coalescence of the bubbles within the carbonator, in turn smoothing the flow.

[0143] In accordance with the various experiments, reduction of the effective area of the sparger was found beneficial to smoothen the flow rate by reducing less gas and hence, less coalescence.