Sliding member

Abstract

Disclosed herein is a sliding member having an alloy overlay layer that comes into sliding contact with a counterpart member thereof and has improved fatigue resistance. The sliding member comprises a base material layer and an alloy overlay layer formed on the base material layer, in which the alloy overlay layer has a soft metal phase made of tin and precipitated in a metallic matrix phase made of aluminum, and when an average aspect ratio of the soft metal phase is defined as A, and its standard deviation is defined as Aσ, A+Aσ is 3.0 or less. In this case, the soft metal phase has a shape close to a sphere without elongating in a certain direction.

Claims

1. A sliding member comprising: a base material layer; and an alloy overlay layer formed on the base material layer, wherein the alloy overlay layer has a soft metal phase precipitated in a metallic matrix phase, and when an average aspect ratio of the soft metal phase is defined as A, and its standard deviation is defined as Aσ, A+Aσ is 3.0 or less; and when an average particle diameter of the soft metal phase is defined as C, and its standard deviation is defined as Cσ, C+Cσ is 0.70 μm or less, and wherein a film thickness of the alloy overlay layer is in a range of 5 through 40 μm.

2. The sliding member according to claim 1, wherein when a standard deviation of areas of Voronoi polygons of the soft metal phase obtained by processing a cross-sectional image of the alloy overlay layer is defined as Bσ, the Bσ is 0.80 μm.sup.2 or less.

3. The sliding member according to claim 1, wherein the matrix phase is selected from aluminum, copper, and an alloy thereof, and the soft metal phase is at least one selected from tin, lead, and bismuth.

Description

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF DRAWINGS

(1) FIG. 1 is a sectional view showing a sliding member according to a first embodiment of the present invention.

(2) FIGS. 2A to 2D are schematic diagrams for explaining the aspect ratio properties of a soft metal phase, in which FIG. 2A is a cross-sectional image of an alloy overlay layer satisfying the requirement specified in the first aspect.

(3) FIG. 2B is a histogram showing the aspect ratio distribution of a soft metal phase appearing in the cross-sectional image.

(4) FIG. 2C is a cross-sectional image of an alloy overlay layer not satisfying the requirement specified in the first aspect.

(5) FIG. 2D is a histogram showing the aspect ratio distribution of a soft metal phase appearing in the cross-sectional image.

(6) FIG. 3 is an illustration for explaining Voronoi polygons.

(7) FIGS. 4A to 4D are schematic diagrams for explaining properties based on the standard deviation of areas of Voronoi polygons, in which FIG. 4A is a cross-sectional image of an alloy overlay layer satisfying the requirement specified in the second aspect.

(8) FIG. 4B is a histogram showing the distribution of areas of Voronoi polygons of a soft metal phase appearing in the cross-sectional image.

(9) FIG. 4C is a cross-sectional image of an alloy overlay layer not satisfying the requirement specified in the second aspect.

(10) FIG. 4D is a histogram showing the distribution of areas of Voronoi polygons of a soft metal phase appearing in the cross-sectional image.

(11) FIGS. 5A and 5B are schematic diagrams showing the average particle diameter properties of a soft metal phase, in which FIG. 5A is a histogram showing the distribution of particle diameter of a soft metal phase determined from the cross-sectional image of an alloy overlay layer satisfying the requirement specified in the third aspect.

(12) FIG. 5B is a histogram showing the distribution of particle diameter of a soft metal phase determined from the cross-sectional image of an alloy overlay layer not satisfying the requirement specified in the third aspect.

DESCRIPTION OF EMBODIMENTS

(13) Hereinafter, the present invention will be described in detail on the basis of embodiments.

(14) FIG. 1 shows the layer structure of a slide bearing 1 as a sliding member according to a first embodiment of the present invention.

(15) The slide bearing 1 includes a back metal layer 3 as a base material layer, a bearing alloy layer 7, and an alloy overlay layer 9.

(16) The back metal layer 3 is formed of a steel plate formed into a cylindrical or a semi-cylindrical shape. On the upper surface of the back metal layer 3, the bearing alloy layer 7 made of an alloy of Al, Cu, Sn, etc. is laminated by a method such as sintering, casting, or pressure welding.

(17) In order to improve adhesion between the bearing alloy layer 7 and the alloy overlay layer 9, the bearing alloy layer 7 is preferably subjected to surface treatment. A method used for the surface treatment may be, for example, ion milling such as argon bombardment.

(18) As shown in FIG. 2A, the alloy overlay layer 9 is formed by dispersing a soft metal phase 11 in a matrix phase 10.

(19) As the matrix phase 10, aluminum, copper, or an alloy thereof may be used.

(20) A hard phase made of silicon or the like may be used in combination with the soft metal phase 11.

(21) The soft metal phase 11 may be made of a metallic material having a hardness equal to or lower than that of the metallic material of the matrix phase and a melting point lower than that of the metallic material of the matrix phase. Examples of such a metallic material include tin, lead, and bismuth.

(22) The percentage of the amount of the soft metal phase to the amount of the matrix phase can appropriately be selected depending on the intended use of the sliding member, but is, for example, 10 wt. % to 40 wt. %.

(23) The film thickness of the alloy overlay layer 9 can also be appropriately selected depending on the intended use of the sliding member, but is, for example, 5 to 40 μm.

(24) When an average aspect ratio of the soft metal phase 11 is defined as A and its standard deviation is defined as Aσ, A+Aσ is 3.0 or less.

(25) Here, an aspect ratio can be determined in the following manner.

(26) The alloy overlay layer 9 is cut in its thickness direction, and an image of the cutting surface is taken with an electron microscope. The obtained image is analyzed to extract corresponding ellipses of the soft metal phase. All the corresponding ellipses within a predetermined region (e.g., 10×10 μm) in the processed image are extracted, and the aspect ratio b/a of each of the corresponding ellipses is calculated, wherein a and b represent the minor axis and major axis of the corresponding ellipse, respectively. An average aspect ratio A and a standard deviation Aσ are calculated from the aspect ratios of all the extracted ellipses.

(27) In the present invention, the sum of the average aspect ratio A and the standard deviation Aσ is 3.0 or less. Preferably, the sum is 2.0 or less.

(28) FIG. 2B shows an example of a histogram obtained when the sum of the average aspect ratio A and the standard deviation Aσ is 3.0 or less. As shown in the drawing, the histogram obtained when A+Aσ≤3.0 corresponds to a bimodal histogram. In either case, the aspect ratio distribution is narrow. Therefore, the soft metal phase 11 in the matrix phase 10 has a shape close to a sphere.

(29) When particles of a soft metal are coupled together so that a soft metal phase elongates in a certain direction as in the case of a conventional alloy overlay layer (see FIG. 2C), A+Aσ>3.0. It is to be noted that a histogram obtained when A+Aσ>3.0 corresponds to a bimodal histogram (see FIG. 2D). In either case, many particles of a soft metal phase 21 having a large aspect ratio are contained. When such a soft metal phase elongating in a certain direction is present, the stress of a matrix phase concentrates on knife-shaped portions of the soft metal phase, which is not preferred as has been described above.

(30) FIG. 3 shows the result of a Voronoi polygon tessellation using the centroids of the soft metal phase 11 as centers. This processing is performed by versatile image processing software, and the area of each Voronoi polygon is also calculated. Then, a standard deviation Bσ of areas of all the Voronoi polygons obtained in a predetermined image region is calculated.

(31) In this invention, the standard deviation Bσ is 0.80 μm.sup.2 or less. The value of Bσ is preferably 0.45 μm.sup.2 or less.

(32) When the standard deviation of areas of Voronoi polygons is such a small value, the distances between centroids of particles of the soft metal phase 11 are uniform. That is, the soft metal phase is uniformly dispersed in the matrix phase.

(33) FIG. 4A shows a state where the soft metal phase 11 (which has a shape close to a sphere) is uniformly dispersed in the matrix phase 10. FIG. 4B is a histogram of areas of Voronoi polygons in this case.

(34) On the other hand, FIG. 4C schematically shows how particles of the soft metal phase 11 are dispersed (particles of the soft metal phase 11 are agglomerated) when the standard deviation of a histogram of areas B of Voronoi polygons exceeds 0.80 μm.sup.2. The histogram of areas of Voronoi polygons in this case is shown in FIG. 4D. The reference sign 20 shown in FIGS. 4A and 4C denotes a counterpart member that comes into sliding contact with the sliding member.

(35) The comparison between FIG. 4A and FIG. 4C reveals that the soft metal phase 11 exposed at the surface of the alloy overlay layer 9 can surely have a larger area in the former case. Particularly, when the soft metal phase has a shape close to a sphere, the area of the soft metal phase exposed at the surface of the alloy overlay layer 9 is proportional to the number of particles of the soft metal phase exposed at the surface of the alloy overlay layer 9, and therefore the area of the soft metal exposed at the surface of the alloy overlay layer 9 can be maximized by achieving high dispersibility as shown in FIG. 4A.

(36) Further, the stress of the matrix phase 10 is uniformly distributed to the soft metal phase 11, and therefore the alloy overlay layer 9 can have stable mechanical strength over the entire region thereof, that is, the alloy overlay layer 9 has no fragile portions. As a result, the alloy overlay layer 9 has increased mechanical strength.

(37) In the cross-sectional image obtained in such a manner as described above, the length of a line connecting two points on the outer periphery of a particle of the soft metal phase and passing through the centroid of the particle is measured at intervals of 2° as a diameter. From the averages of the thus measured diameters, an average particle diameter C and its standard deviation Cσ are calculated.

(38) In this invention, the sum of the average particle diameter C and its standard deviation Cσ is 0.70 μm or less. Preferably, the sum is 0.55 μm or less.

(39) FIG. 5A shows an example of a histogram obtained when the sum of the average particle diameter C and the standard deviation Cσ is 0.7 μm or less. As shown in the drawing, the histogram obtained when C+Cσ≤0.70 μm corresponds to a bimodal histogram. In either case, the average particle diameter is small. Therefore, the alloy overlay layer has improved mechanical strength due to the Hall-Petch effect so that high fatigue resistance is imparted to the alloy overlay layer.

(40) On the other hand, a histogram obtained when this requirement is not satisfied, that is, C+Cσ>0.70 μm corresponds to a bimodal histogram (see FIG. 2D). In either case, many particles of the soft metal phase 21 having a large particle diameter are contained.

(41) Particles of the soft metal phase precipitated in the matrix phase have a shape close to a sphere due to surface tension when the particles themselves are individually present. Therefore, the soft metal phase can have a shape close to a sphere by preventing particles of the soft metal phase from being coupled together during precipitation. Studies by the present inventors have revealed that coupling of particles of the soft metal phase can be prevented by increasing the speed of forming a film as the alloy overlay layer 9 to some extent (e.g., 15 μm/min). Further, when a thermal history is given during and after the formation of a film as the alloy overlay layer 9, there is also a fear that particles of the soft metal phase having a melting point lower than that of the matrix are coupled together.

(42) From such a viewpoint, electron beam evaporation or boat heating evaporation achieving a high film-forming speed can be used as a method for forming a film as the alloy overlay layer 9 in which the soft metal phase having a shape close to a sphere is dispersed in the matrix phase. However, in order to reduce the influence of radiant heat from a heat source (i.e., thermal history during and after film formation), the shape of a boat-type heat source is preferably adjusted so that a virtual normal line of the surface thereof does not intersect with a workpiece. This is to prevent the workpiece from being directly irradiated with radiant heat of the heat source during film formation to prevent an excessive thermal history from being given to the workpiece.

(43) When the alloy overlay layer is produced in such a manner as described above, coupling of particles of the soft metal phase can be prevented. In addition to that, particularly, high dispersion and miniaturization of the particles in the soft metal phase can also be achieved by increasing the film-forming speed.

EXAMPLES

(44) Hereinbelow, examples will be described.

(45) Slide bearings of Examples and Comparative Examples were formed in the following manner.

(46) A so-called bimetal was produced by forming a Cu-based bearing alloy layer 7 as a lining on a steel back metal layer 3. This bimetal was formed into a semi-cylindrical shape, and the surface of the bearing alloy layer 7 was subjected to boring and surface finishing.

(47) Then, argon bombardment was performed as a pretreatment before an alloy overlay layer 9 was formed.

(48) A film was formed as an alloy overlay layer on the thus obtained workpiece by boat heating evaporation. The following conditions for film formation were common to Examples and Comparative Examples.

(49) (Evaporation Material)

(50) An evaporation material was an aluminum tin alloy, and the aluminum tin alloy had a composition of Al:Sn=75:25 (mass %).

(51) (Evaporation Source Temperature)

(52) An evaporation source temperature was 1300° C.

(53) (Ambient Pressure)

(54) An ambient pressure was 5.0×10.sup.−3 Pa.

(55) (Temperature of Workpiece)

Examples 1 and 2: 170 to 190° C.

Examples 3 and 4: 140 to 160° C.

Examples 5 and 6: 70 to 90° C.

Comparative Examples 1 and 2: 240 to 260° C.

(56) It has been found that the temperature of the workpiece has a great influence on the profile of soft metal phase of the alloy overlay layer.

(57) Results are shown in Table 1.

(58) TABLE-US-00001 TABLE 1 Eval- Average uation Aspect ratio Dis- particle of property persibility diameter fatigue (μm) property property (μm) resist- A + (μm.sup.2) C + ance A Aσ Aσ Bσ C Cσ Cσ (Mpa) Example 1 2.5 0.5 3.0 1.25 0.70 0.28 0.98 130 Example 2 0.4 1.6 2.0 1.15 0.90 0.25 1.25 130 Example 3 1.5 0.5 1.8 0.80 0.80 0.30 1.20 150 Example 4 1.5 0.5 1.8 0.45 0.25 0.90 1.15 150 Example 5 1.5 0.5 1.8 0.45 0.40 0.30 0.70 170 Example 6 1.5 0.5 1.8 0.45 0.25 0.30 0.55 170 Comparative 3.0 0.5 4.0 2.00 0.70 0.30 1.00 110 Example 1 Comparative 1.5 2.5 4.0 2.00 0.80 0.20 1.00 110 Example 2 Comparative 3.0 2.5 5.8 2.30 1.00 0.90 1.90 110 Example 3

(59) It is to be noted that in Comparative Example 3, the alloy overlay layer was formed by sputtering at a low film-forming speed in accordance with a conventional example.

(60) An AlSn alloy (75:25 wt. %) was used as a sputtering source, and the temperature of the workpiece was 140° C.

(61) A fatigue resistance test was performed in the following manner.

(62) A bearing used as a sliding member in each of Examples and Comparative Examples had a width of 15 mm, an outer diameter of 55 mm, and a thickness of 1.5 mm Here, the thickness of the alloy overlay layer was 15 μm.

(63) As a counterpart member of the bearing, a rotary shaft made of high-carbon steel (S55C) was selected. The rotary shaft was rotated for 20 hours at a rotation speed of 3250 rpm while a predetermined surface pressure was applied thereto and oil was supplied at a temperature of 100° C. After the completion of the test, the alloy overlay layer of the sliding member was visually observed to determine whether or not cracking had occurred.

(64) The above-described surface load applied to the rotary shaft was increased by 10 MPa increments from 100 MPa. Fatigue resistance was evaluated on the basis of the maximum surface pressure before the occurrence of cracking in the alloy overlay layer.

(65) The properties of the soft metal phase of the alloy overlay layer (aspect ratio property, dispersibility property, average particle diameter property) were determined in the following manner.

(66) The bearing of each of Examples and Comparative Examples was cut with a wet cutter in its axis direction, and the image of cross-section of the alloy overlay layer 9 was taken with an electron microscope. The obtained image was processed by imaging software “Image-Pro” manufactured by Media Cybernetics to determine an average aspect ratio A, its standard deviation Aσ, a standard deviation Bσ of areas of Voronoi polygons, an average particle diameter C, and its standard deviation C. It is to be noted that the size of region of the image to be processed was 10 μm×10 μm.

(67) The present invention is not limited to the description of the above embodiment. The present invention also includes various modified embodiments readily conceivable by those skilled in the art without departing from the scope of the claims. A bearing mechanism-using apparatus, such as an internal-combustion engine, using the sliding member according to the present invention exhibits excellent sliding properties.

(68) The above embodiment has been described with reference to a case where a slide bearing is used as a sliding member, but the present invention can be applied also to other sliding members such as plate-shaped thrust washers.

REFERENCE SIGNS LIST

(69) 1 Sliding member 3 Back metal layer 7 Bearing alloy layer 9 Alloy overlay layer 10 Matrix phase 11, 21 Soft metal phase 20 Counterpart member