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ARTIFICIAL TEAR, CONTACT LENS AND DRUG VEHICLE COMPOSITIONS AND METHODS OF USE THEREOF

20200009044 ยท 2020-01-09

    Inventors

    Cpc classification

    International classification

    Abstract

    The invention provides artificial tear compositions, artificial tear-gel compositions, contact lens storage compositions, contact lens treatment compositions, ophthalmological drug vehicle compositions and topical drug vehicle compositions comprising one or more nonionic surfactants with one or more non-Newtonian viscosity enhancing excipients and one or more of a polyol and or an electrolyte and methods of their use.

    Claims

    1. An artificial tear composition comprising about 3.5% w/v polysorbate 80, a viscosity enhancer selected from about 0.8% to about 1.2% hydroxypropylmethyl cellulose and from about 1% to about 1.4% w/v carboxymethyl cellulose, about 0.75% w/v polyethylene glycol 400, from about 0.5% to about 0.75% w/v mannitol, from about 0.6% to about 1.25% w/v sodium chloride, from about 0.1 to about 3.0 millimolar menthol and from about 0.1% to about 0.12% w/v sorbate, wherein the composition has a pH from about 6 to about 6.5 and wherein w/v denotes weight by total volume of the composition.

    2. The composition of claim 1, further comprising about 0.25% w/v polyoxyl castor oil. The composition of claim 1, further comprising from about 0.5% to about 1.5% w/v hydroxypropyl gamma cyclodextrin.

    3. The composition of claim 1, further comprising about 4 millimolar citrate buffer.

    4. The composition of claim 1, wherein the menthol is at a concentration from about 0.1 to about 0.15 millimolar.

    5. The composition of claim 1, wherein the menthol is at a concentration from about 2.5 to about 3.0 millimolar.

    6. An artificial tear composition comprising about 1% w/v polysorbate 80, about 1% w/v poloxamer 407, about 0.2% w/v poloxamer 188, about 0.25% w/v polyoxyl castor oil, about 1.5% w/v hydroxypropyl gamma cyclodextrin, a viscosity enhancer selected from about 0.8% to about 1.2% hydroxypropylmethyl cellulose and from about 1% to about 1.4% w/v carboxymethyl cellulose, about 0.75% w/v polyethylene glycol 400, from about 0.5% to about 0.75% w/v mannitol, from about 0.6% to about 0.7% w/v sodium chloride and from about 0.1 to about 3.0 millimolar menthol, wherein the composition has a pH from about 6 to about 6.5 and wherein w/v denotes weight by total volume of the composition.

    7. The composition of claim 6, further comprising about 0.1% w/v ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid.

    8. The composition of claim 6, further comprising from about 0.1% to about 0.12% w/v sorbate.

    9. The composition of claim 6, further comprising about 4 millimolar phosphate buffer.

    10. The composition of claim 6, wherein the menthol is at a concentration from about 0.1 to about 0.2 millimolar.

    11. The composition of claim 6, wherein the menthol is at a concentration from about 2.0 to about 3.0 millimolar.

    12. A method of reducing biofilm formation comprising applying a composition comprising one or more nonionic surfactants and one or more viscosity enhancers to a contact lens surface.

    13. A method of reducing biofilm formation comprising applying a composition comprising one or more nonionic surfactants and one or more viscosity enhancers to an eye of a subject prior to insertion of a contact lens.

    Description

    BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

    [0133] The patent or application file contains at least one drawing executed in color. Copies of this patent or patent application publication with color drawing(s) will be provided by the Office upon request and payment of the necessary fee.

    [0134] FIG. 1. Graph of Moisture-Lock Index versus nonionic surfactant concentration. Moisture-Lock is a trademark owned by PS Therapies, Ltd.

    [0135] FIG. 2. Graph of Moisture-Lock effect values over time for various % w/v nonionic surfactant concentrations.

    [0136] FIG. 3. Tear breakup (percent vs. time) following inserting a contact lens into the eye that was stored in saline/Refresh CL.

    [0137] FIG. 4. Tear breakup (percent vs. time) following inserting a contact lens into the eye that was stored in Composition Y of the present invention.

    [0138] FIG. 5. Area under the curve (percent X sec) for tear breakup demonstrated in FIGS. 3 and 4.

    [0139] FIG. 6. Contact lens following storage in a composition of the present invention.

    [0140] FIG. 7. Shear rate of a composition containing 5.0% w/v poloxamer 407 and 0.75% w/v high molecular weight carboxymethyl cellulose.

    [0141] FIG. 8. Schirmer's test of tear volume after installation of Composition #C12 and Restasis.

    [0142] FIG. 9. Average micelle size of Composition #C12, panel A, and Restasis, panel B.

    DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

    Discoveries of the Invention

    Artificial Tears

    [0143] The present invention is directed to the surprising discovery that artificial tears can be formulated to cover a sufficient surface area of the eye to create an evaporative tear shield that can stabilize the aqueous and lipid layers of the tear film without the addition of lipids. Particularly surprising is the discovery that total concentration of nonionic surfactants may be increased in the presence of the compositions of the present invention to well above 1.0% w/v, which has been demonstrated as toxic in prior art ophthalmological preparations. Even more surprising is that compositions of the present invention with total nonionic surfactant concentrations up to 7.0% w/v may be routinely instilled in the eye without toxicity. Further, compositions of the present invention surprisingly cause an evaporative tear shield to form and can be formulated to induce natural tearing that is maintained under this evaporative tear shield. The discovery of such compositions is novel because present artificial tears that include lipids do not create an evaporative tear shield and leave an oily, unnatural feeling. Further, the artificial tear compositions of the present invention stabilize the lipid layer of the tear film as well as stabilize and spread the aqueous layer. Components of all three layers of the tear film are critical to successful tear function. Finally, the shape of the nano-micelles formed by the artificial tear compositions of the present invention provides an improved barrier to evaporation by covering a substantial portion of the surface of the eye. These nano-micelles may be from about 12 to about 20 nanometers in diameter, from about 12 to about 14 nanometers in diameter, from about 15 to about 20 nanometers in diameter or about 19 nanometers in diameter.

    [0144] In detail, the presence of the nano-micelle layer, created using nonionic surfactants at a particular concentration range, consists of a nonpolar and a polar surface. This dual surface allows compositions of the present invention to not only stabilizes the natural lipid and aqueous layers of the tear film, but also create an evaporative barrier. The nano-micelle layer finds its preferred lowest energy level when against any hydrophobic surface by spreading along that interface. Hydrophobic surfaces of the eye include both the original tear lipid layer and the air-tear interface. Perhaps most important is the effect provided by these specific interactions. Specifically, the 1) nonpolar seal, 2) polar and nonpolar stabilization of lipid and aqueous layers, 3) improved spreadability per blink, and 4) greater tear film prism provided by the compositions of the present invention create what is called the Moisture-Lock effect. The Moisture-Lock effect can be quantified somewhat with tear volume analysis via Schirmer's strip measurement or phenol thread. However, these tests are notoriously difficult to use accurately due to the many environmental variables including reflex tearing that can compromise these measurements. A more accurate representation of the effect is a qualitative measure of the duration of added wetting felt=. This has been found to be particularly sensitive to the particular combination of nonionic surfactant component(s) of the present invention, and more particularly to the total concentration of nonionic surfactants. Further, the viscosity of the composition and additional excipients play an important role in the present invention for a range of conditions that require these variables to be customized. However, analyzing the Moisture-Lock effect with these variables fixed produces a well-defined range where the Moisture-Lock effect occurs. See Example 1 below.

    [0145] The Moisture-Lock effect results from any natural secretion of tear components and particularly aqueous components being sealed under the nano-micelle layer created by compositions of the present invention. Such sequestration creates prolonged contact of critical aqueous factors resulting in great therapeutic and comfort benefits, much like found with blood serum eye drop application. It has been discovered that a mild to extreme degree of the Moisture-Lock effect may be triggered by creating even slight tearing, such as by adjusting pH or osmolarity, which then becomes amplified by the tear sequestration property of the present invention.

    [0146] Equally important, the concentration ranges and unique combinations of particular nonionic surfactants utilized in the present artificial tear compositions dissolve lipids that would otherwise plug Meibomian ducts. Meibomian ducts are responsible for secreting components of the natural tear that reduce tear evaporation. This clinical condition, known as Meibomian gland dysfunction, plagues not only many dry eye patients, but is a common affliction of glaucoma patients and others that must continually use eye drops.

    [0147] Artificial tear compositions of the present invention also, stimulate secretion of the aqueous component of the natural tear. The evaporative shield created then prevents evaporation of this natural aqueous layer in what is felt by the patient as the Moisture-Lock effect. The net effect of the stimulation of the natural tear, in combination with the ability to sequester it, may provide greater additional exposure of the eyes to natural tear elements than that provided by prescription medications such as Restasis and Xiidra (Restasis is a registered trademark of Allergan, Inc. and Xiidra is a registered trademark of SARcode Bioscience Inc.). In clinical studies, Restasis and Xiidra have each been found to only marginally enhance tear production with mixed clinical results in treatment of dry eye (i.e. 50% or less benefit requiring many months and often not or only marginally clinically significant over conventional artificial tears).

    [0148] Compositions of the present invention provide an extensive shield that seals in natural tear production via the discovered means of tear sequestration. Even the slightest trigger of natural tearing, which may be induced by pH adjustment, osmolarity adjustment, or addition of components such as menthol, may create an amplified benefit of the present invention by exposing the eye to greater volumes of natural tears. This tear volume exposure is greater than that provided by Restasis or Xiidra, which increase tear volume by natural tear secretion only. Further, these topical medications are prescription in nature and extremely costly at as much as $300 per month. However, the present invention discovers novel means of combining generally regarded as safe ingredients to formulate an artificial tear composition with truly surprising and unexpected results over these prior art formulations.

    [0149] Artificial tears are traditionally an external source of lubrication for the eye. However, the present artificial tear compositions further seal in natural tears for prolonged contact and wetting of the surface of the eye exposing the eye to growth factors, lysozymes, and other tear constituents that help heal and protect the eye. Not wishing to be held to a particular theory, the protective shield provided by the present artificial tear compositions decrease tear wetting angle with formation of large tightly packed nano-micellar structures sealing the entire surface area and providing the unexpected result of a Moisture-Lock effect. This effect has not been possible with any previous generation of artificial tear. The Moisture-Lock effect is equivalent to triggering natural tear synthesis for prolonged periods of time and possibly more substantial than plugging the punctal duct. Punctal duct plugging sequesters any tears a dry eye patient releases with reduced frequency and or less effectively than compositions of the present invention. Further, compositions of the present invention nominally trigger, sequester, and restrict tear drainage in the eye with only zero to tens of seconds of visual blur even for the most extreme viscosities, which are only necessary for the most extreme therapeutic needs. This is in stark contrast to prior art formulations, which for example at 400 centipoise requires ten or more minutes of visual blur to stabilize.

    [0150] In a preferred embodiment, the present invention is directed to artificial tear compositions comprising one or more nonionic surfactants and an electrolyte such that the compositions achieve desired fluid flow and non-Newtonian (nonlinear vs. lid shear) viscosity properties that are dramatically affected by electrolyte concentration and optimized by electrolyte concentrations that are preferably hypo-osmolar.

    [0151] In another preferred embodiment, the present invention is further directed to an artificial tear composition capable of increasing duration of the artificial tear composition on the eye and stabilizing the natural aqueous and lipid layers. Preferably, the composition further increases duration of exposure of the eye to the stabilized natural aqueous layer including growth factors, antimicrobial factors, and other proteins and nutritional elements.

    [0152] The benefits incurred from this prolonged exposure to the aqueous layer is currently possible only by spinning down blood and storing blood plasma or platelet rich plasma followed by topical instillation to the eye. The benefits from this prolonged exposure to the natural aqueous layer may be partially assessed by measure of the tear breakup time. However, tear breakup time is an antiquated means to quantify tear function and has less clinical relevance than the actual amount and duration of exposure of the corneal epithelium to the nutritional rich aqueous layer. Commercially, the leading market dominating formulations (Allergan Refresh product line) demonstrate the most refreshing sensation of added moisture rather than a synthetic oily feeling. For the present invention, a Moisture-Lock Index described in Example 1 below better correlates with extent and duration of this important sensation for an artificial tear to be most tolerated and desired.

    [0153] In another preferred embodiment, the present invention is further directed to a method of treating dry eye comprising administering a composition of the present invention to an eye of a subject in need thereof, wherein administration provides sequestration of a tear layer under a nonionic surfactant layer and preferably, wherein the nonionic surfactant layer allows the retention of the aqueous layer via the hydrophobic outer layer aligning with the hydrophobic lipid layer or air. This layer is impervious to water permeation and provides a hydrophilic opposing surface. This opposing surface stabilizes the aqueous layer, and results in the aqueous constituents of normal and induced tears, as well as the therapeutic constituents of the present invention such as the polyol and the electrolytes to maintain prolonged contact with the eye.

    [0154] A further advantage of the present invention is the surprising discovery that addition of viscosity enhancers, particularly cellulose derivatives, carbomers, gums, dextrans, polyvinyl alcohol, polyacrylic acids, povidone, polyethylene glycol, propylene glycol, chitosans, and hyaluronates and hyaluronic acids, provides a low shear non-Newtonian high viscosity between blinks and high shear low viscosity during blinks. The low shear viscosity between blinks helps spread the present artificial tear compositions over the eye and the high shear viscosity during blinks prevents the break up and drainage of the evaporative shield. Thus, the ability to change in viscosity helps amplify the Moisture-Lock effect by strongly retarding tear evaporation and drainage. Further, the addition of particular viscosity agents of the present invention provides a viscosity of 300-400 centipoise (cps) on instillation, yet within 60 seconds no longer result in visual blur. Further, these viscosity agents provide a differential of about 70 cps between blinks (low shear conditions) and below 30 cps, preferably below 20 cps, during each blink (high shear conditions.) This is about ten times quicker than the vision recovery of similarly viscous conventional drops such as Refresh Celluvisc.

    [0155] A still further discovery of the present invention is inclusion of a polyol and electrolytes that may protect the surface of the eye and facilitate healing. These additional excipients may also reduce effects of preservative toxicity from other prescribed drops such as antibiotics, steroids, nonsteroidals and or glaucoma drops. The present invention discovers that concentrations of polyols above about 0.5% w/v and, particularly, above about 1.25% w/v are preferred.

    [0156] In summary, surprising discoveries of the compositions of the present invention include: [0157] i) creation of a nano-micellar layer with sufficient surface coverage to provide a substantial evaporative shield by utilizing nonionic surfactant concentrations above the critical micellar concentration of 10.sup.3 M to 10.sup.4M from about 1.5% to about 7.0% w/v and preferably less than about 5.5% w/v; [0158] ii) dissolution of lipids and or lipid deposits on the surface of the eye or contact lens by adding a polyoxyl at greater than about 0.005% w/v but less than about 0.20% w/v, and more preferably from about 0.01% to about 0.10% w/v, and most preferably adding polyoxyl castor oils; [0159] iii) provision of a composition that has high viscosity on instillation that quickly equilibrates to normal tear viscosity and then fluctuates between normal and high viscosities between and during blinks, respectively, by adding particular viscosity agents thus reducing vision blur and prolonging the duration of the composition on the eye; and [0160] iv) provision of additional benefits including possible improvement in nerve regeneration and epithelial healing by adding a polyol and magnesium ions in the form of salts.

    [0161] Prior to the present invention, nonionic surfactants were used at very low concentrations in artificial tears or as storage/soaking solutions for contact lenses. It was thought that the use of nonionic surfactants at the concentration ranges of the present invention was too toxic for topical application. It is a discovery of the present invention that the inclusion of the unique combination of nonionic surfactants at a total concentration from about 1.25% to about 7.0% w/v, preferably from about 1.5% to about 6.0% w/v, from about 2.8% to about 5.9% w/v, from about 2.0% to about 4.0% w/v, and from about 3.0% to about 3.5% w/v, a polyol at a concentration of about 0.5% w/v or greater, and a viscosity agent providing a viscosity of 10 cps or greater, prevents toxicity.

    [0162] Several over-the-counter (OTC) drops provide an external source of lipid components of the natural tear. These drops include: Soothe XP (Soothe is manufactured by, available from and a registered trademark of Bausch & Lomb Incorporated) and Retaine (Retaine is manufactured by, available from and a registered trademark of OcuSoft, Inc.), which each contains light mineral oil and mineral oil; Systane Balance (Systane Balance is manufactured by, available from and a registered trademark of Alcon, Inc.), which contains propylene glycol; and Refresh Optive Advanced (Refresh Optive is manufactured by, available from and a registered trademark of Allergan, Inc.), which contains carboxymethyl cellulose sodium, glycerin and polysorbate 80.

    [0163] These OTC tear formulations have the disadvantage of: 1) minimal nonionic surfactant stabilization of the natural lipid layer, 2) minimal reduction of wetting angle to enhance spreading of the aqueous layer, 3) insufficient nonionic surfactant for the discovered advantages of improved nano-micelle geometries and 4) required surface area coverage for evaporative shield protection.

    [0164] It has been surprisingly discovered that the compositions of the present invention create a welling of tears for prolonged periods of time, reflected in creation of a large tear prism thickness along the lower lid margins. Without wishing to be held to a particular theory, it is believed natural and in some compositions induced tearing remains sequestered under a low evaporative nanomicellar robust shield creating an increased thickness of the aqueous layer and stabilized lipid layer. The sensation is further enhanced in most compositions of the present invention by the nonlinear (non-Newtonian) viscosity with increased interblink thickness and very low wetting angle, so that tears tend not to cross the hydrophobic air interface or run down the cheeks despite the larger tear prism along the lid margins. Where conventional tears may produce some additional comfort and lubrication for 10-20 minutes, the disclosed invention results in a novel sensation for an hour or longer. This novel sensation is the feeling of trapped tears, resulting from the lining of both lids flooding with moisture to the extent of an overflow onto the lid margin for as long as 60 minutes. As a result, a unique phenomenon of prolonged trapping of tears, with great therapeutic potential consequence and an extremely refreshing sensation for a dry eye patient of a welling of tears is produced. This phenomenon, herein hereafter referred to as the Moisture-Lock effect, is measured by the Moisture-Lock index.

    [0165] It is believed that the total nonionic surfactant concentration range creates a micellar layer that becomes sufficiently packed to dramatically cover the ocular surface and spread at an extremely low wetting angle acting like a lipid and aqueous stabilizer. This layer also spreads along the air or lipid hydrophobic interface aligning the nonpolar ends to create a robust non-evaporative surface. It is surprisingly discovered that at a critical concentration above the critical micellar concentration (CMC) of the added nonionic surfactant(s) there is therein created a concentration micelle trigger (CMT), which triggers confluence or near confluence along the ocular surface and reduced evaporation without needing the addition of lipids that give a synthetic oily feeling. Further, this CMT is surprisingly discovered to occur in a range which is about 15 to 600 times above each of the CMCs of the nonionic surfactant(s) resulting in the discovered non-evaporative shield and the resultant Moisture-Lock effect. This effect is maintained to a peak within this range and at an upper concentration limit (CUL) begins to have surface toxicity as well as reduced effect. This reduced effect is possibly a result of a change in the geometric configuration of the micellar layer(s).

    [0166] It is believed the micellar layer at or above the CMT provides a concentration range with the CUL as its upper limit within which a coating/shield effect results with two or more of several observed novel properties: [0167] i) creation of an evaporative shield causing reduced evaporation of the tear layer and less sensitivity to humidity, tear volume, or the tear breakup time, (tear breakup time is determined by tear chemistry driven beading vs. time and is a difficult variable to measure accurately because it is influenced by irritation and other factors); [0168] ii) providing extremely low surface tension for most immediate coverage of the corneal surface and any dellen (i.e. irregular topography along the corneal epithelium that creates dry spots); [0169] iii) a non-Newtonian fluid flow resulting in substantial stasis between blinks and easy flow during blinks primarily along the high shear vertical component of that blink, such that lacrimal drainage is minimized and tear film coverage along the corneal surface is optimized with recycling on each blink until the lid cul de sac depot of novel tear fill becomes slowly depleted; [0170] iv) no blur at lower viscosities and only slight blur for about 15 seconds or less even at viscosities as high as 400 cps, whereas conventional tear products (Liquigel 150 cps, Celluvisc 400 cps) result in blurred vision for about a 10 to 20-minute range, respectively, thus providing benefits above and beyond very viscous tear substitutes of conventional tear formulations with the comfort and vision of very minimally viscous conventional tears; [0171] v) sequestration, meaning an apparent trapping of produced tears under the non-evaporative shield unlike that found in conventional tears that results in a welling up effect along the lid margins for tens of minutes, and under conditions of added viscosity agent with enhanced nonlinear non-Newtonian shear effect of as much as an hour or longer, with provision of prolonged contact of human tear constituents with the corneal epithelium; [0172] vi) sequestration as in v above of induced natural tears, particularly in preferred embodiments where low pH, altered osmolarity, or addition of excipients such as menthol result in such induction and long duration retention; [0173] vii) added comfort, epithelial protection, and enhanced milieu for regenerative epithelial surface integrity by the addition of excipients in the form of a polyol and or magnesium ions; [0174] viii) a coating that once placed on a contact lens before insertion provides a long-lasting coating effect that reduces deposits on the contact lens surface and enhances vision on instillation and facilitates improved comfort when instilled during wear, particularly at least 16 hours after instillation of the contact, thus reducing epitheliopathy, with minimal tear dispersion surprisingly discovered for at least 24 seconds compared to a normal tear breakup at 8 seconds; [0175] ix) protection from saponification, as occurs in Meibomian gland dysfunction, reducing the accumulation of lipid deposits that stick to the palpebral conjunctiva and are difficult to remove, as well as irritating moieties within the tear film, including but not limited to cholesterol esters, preservatives from other drops that may be concomitantly prescribed or required for treatment of other conditionssuch as particularly antibiotics, nonsteroidals, steroidals, and glaucoma topical medications; and [0176] x) a cumulative effect from the combination of two or more of noted features above that improves comfort and health of the corneal surface, allowing growth factors from tears to provide prolonged beneficial protection and healing benefits for a variety of external surface related physiologic stresses and disease states.

    [0177] Not wishing to be held to a particular theory, it is believed that most nonionic surfactants available for ophthalmic use including, but not limited to, polysorbate 20, 60, and 80; tyloxapol, poloxamer 188 and 407; polyoxyl 30 and 40 castor oil; cyclodextrins including hydroxypropyl-gamma-cyclodextrin, gamma cyclodextrin, Brij 35, 78, 98, and 700 (polyoxyethyleneglycol alkyl ethers; Brij is a registered trademark of Uniqema Americas LLC); Span20, 40, 60, and 80 (sorbitan monolaurate, sorbitan monopalmitate, sorbitan monostearate, and sorbitan monooleate; Span is a registered trademark of Uniqema Americas Inc.), or combinations thereof in the concentration range of about 1.5% to about 5.5% w/v and where the critical micellar threshold ranges from about 110.sup.3 M to 110.sup.4 M, have been discovered to result in important characteristics such as: [0178] i) lowest energy geometries via layering due to the juxtaposition of hydrophobic surfaces upon instillation onto the eyefrom closest to furthest from the ocular surface being epithelium, lipid layer and air interface; [0179] ii) lowest energy geometries via layering due to juxtaposition to one or more hydrophobic surfaces upon instillation onto the eye to which they may be exposed including: corneal and conjunctival epithelium, natural lipid tear film layer and air interface, or similarly become so densely packed as to effectively function as a protective shield, or coating; [0180] iii) sufficient density within the preferred concentration range that when layered or densely packed on top of the aqueous layer it retards evaporation significantly; [0181] iv) smoothing out of the lipid layer to retain a smoother more uniform surface and dissolving Meibomian gland lipids to further increase its thickness; [0182] v) superior spreadability due to the low surface tension and wetting angle and coating of the epithelial surfaces with each high shear blink, particularly dellen (elevated regions of corneal topography tear film may not coat evenly or at all); [0183] vi) providing one or more nonionic surfactants whereby each of the above functions may be facilitated by different surfactants, and where the concentration range of about 1.5% to about 5.5% w/v represents the aggregate summation of individual surfactant concentrations; and [0184] vii) where polyoxyls and particularly polyoxyl castor oils may preferentially solubilize Meibomian gland secretions.

    [0185] The inclusion of hydroxypropyl gamma cyclodextrin in compositions of the present invention especially results in longer lasting tear sequestration.

    [0186] A further surprising discovery of the present invention is the prolonged Moisture-Lock effect of even mild hyperosmolarity, such as provided by increasing concentrations of the electrolyte to about 0.20% w/v or above. In particular, sodium chloride is preferred for this purpose. It is believed the very gentle but slight irritation created by a hyperosmolar tear triggers an initial increase in tearing, which becomes locked under the micellar layer. This tear secretion is then further sealed by non-Newtonian flow properties providing valuable inotropic growth factors and other nutrients and physiologic components to the surface of the eye. These non-Newtonian flow properties provide sealing by limiting lacrimal drainage via increased viscosity at the low shear between blinks while improving visual acuity by the low viscosity triggered at the high shear during a blink.

    [0187] An additional surprising finding is the novel discovery that a polyol, particularly mannitol, and or magnesium ions, and particularly the combination provide protection of the corneal surface from epitheliopathy, including but not limited to the effects of preservatives and or antioxidants.

    [0188] An additional unexpected finding is that the addition of an antioxidant adds increased duration of effect. This discovery is surprising in light of the long-held tenet that tear formulation antioxidants, particularly ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA), cause epithelial toxicity.

    [0189] Variations in the a) concentration, particularly of viscosity agent(s), b) epithelial protective excipients such as polyols such as mannitol and c) addition of electrolytes particularly magnesium ions and NaCl provide a means to titrate duration of wetting effect (i.e. Moisture-Lock effect), degree of initial blur (i.e. from about 0 to 15 seconds), and a range of other effects including protective and therapeutic effects. This variability of compositions of the present invention allow treatment of a range of conditions.

    [0190] Certain conditions, such as meibomian gland dysfunction (MGD) may benefit from lid massage and oil expression techniques, such as a cotton ball roll along the lid margins. These conditions may also benefit from the robust nonionic surfactant surface layer created in the CMT range for the total nonionic surfactant concentration (i.e. from about 1.5% to about 5.9% w/v, more preferably from about 2.5% to about 4.0% w/v). Where increased concentrations of particular nonionic surfactants such as polyoxyls, preferably polyoxyl castor oils, and most preferably polyoxyl 30 or 40 castor oil at a concentration from about 0.001% to about 2.0% w/v, and more preferably from about 0.010% to about 1.0% w/v may further enhance such formulations for treatment of MGD. It is additionally discovered that addition of a polyethylene glycol enhances the stability of the composition.

    [0191] The present invention combines a high degree of mucoadhesiveness and temperature sensitive alteration in rheological properties between and during blink. These rheological properties allow for physiologic blinking without blur, and after equilibration, within about 15 to 60 seconds depending on the embodiment selected, creates a thin tear film of about 5-10 m. It has been surprising that the present invention: [0192] a) creates prolonged wetting and hydration typically of about one hour or longer; [0193] b) creates minimal blur on instillation of tens of seconds, typically 30 seconds or less (See Table 2 above); [0194] c) produces no crusting of lids or lashes, only a prolonged wetting action felt along lid margins; [0195] d) allows comfortable instillations at very low (less than 4) or high (greater than 7) pH; [0196] e) provides prolonged tear sequestration and exposure to induced (Moisture-Lock effect) and natural tears via the robust hydrophobic barrier of the nonionic surfactant layer (See Table 12 and FIGS. 1 and 2); and [0197] f) provides potential for equal or greater incremental tear exposure to the ocular surface than current generation prescription dry eye products Restasis and or Xiidra, which demonstrate only marginal incremental increase in tear secretion.

    [0198] Excipients of the present invention that may reduce epithelial toxicity include one or more of polyols and electrolytes, where it is surprisingly discovered that the combination of nonionic surfactants of the present invention is further enhanced by from about 0.10% to about 0.90% w/v NaCl, more preferably from about 0.20 to about 02.00% w/v, and most preferably from about 0.25% to about 2.00% w/v. Normal isotonic solutions would typically require 2.00% w/v NaCl. A second electrolyte in preferred embodiments is magnesium ions. In a more preferred embodiment, the source of magnesium ions is MgCl.sub.2. In an even more preferred embodiment, the MgCl.sub.2 is at a concentration from about 0.01% to about 0.25% w/v, more preferably from about 0.05% to about 0.15% w/v, and most preferably from about 0.07% to about 0.125% w/v. The polyol is preferably mannitol and more preferably mannitol is at a concentration from about 0.25% to about 4.0% w/v, even more preferably from about 0.75% to about 4.0% w/v, and more preferably from about 1.5% to about 4.0% w/v. Not to be held to a particular theory, it is believed these excipients, alone or in combination, enhance epithelial healing, recovery of injured neuronal components, reduce pain, promote quicker epithelial surface smoothing and health, and reduce or eliminate superficial punctate keratopathy. Superficial punctate keratopathy is a common ocular surface abnormality from exposure to irritants. These irritants are particularly preservatives found in most eye drops including antibiotics, steroids, nonsteroidals, and glaucoma drugs. Accounting for toxicity after cataract surgery due to these irritants and for those on medications for chronic eye diseases, such as glaucoma, the compositions of the present invention may considerably alleviate associated symptoms.

    [0199] The present invention benefits from a total surfactant concentration of at least 1.0% w/v, preferably from about 1.0% to about 10% w/v, more preferably from about 1.0% to about 5.9% w/v, even more preferably from about 1.5% to about 5.9% w/v, even more preferably from about 2.5% to about 5.5% w/v, and most preferably from about 3.0% to about 5.0% w/v, where the nonionic surfactant or nonionic surfactants each have a critical micellar concentration (the concentration at which micelle formation occurs and surface tension is no longer reduced) in the range of 10.sup.3 to 10.sup.4M. The nonionic surfactant may consist of one or more of cyclodextrins (where hydroxy propyl gamma cyclodextrin, gamma cyclodextrin, and beta cyclodextrin are most preferred); polyoxyl sorbates, including all Tween sorbates (polysorbates; Tween is a registered trademark of Uniqema Americas, LLC), including Tween 80, 60, 40, or 20; other polyoxyls (most preferred being polyoxyl castor oils and polyoxyl stearates); alkyl aryl polyethers (most preferred being tyloxapols); alkyl ethers including all Brij alkyl ethers (most preferred being Brij 35, 78, 98, and 700; Span 20, 40, 60, and 80 (sorbitan monolaurate, sorbitan monopalmitate, sorbitan monostearate, and sorbitan monooleate) and tocopherols (Vitamin E).

    [0200] The non-Newtonian viscosity component is increasingly important proportional to the clinical need for treatment of a dry eye or dry eye related condition. The non-Newtonian viscosity component is especially important in the absence of an inserted device including contact lenses and punctum plugs. The non-Newtonian viscosity component provides reduced tear drainage between blinks when the viscosity is at more than about 30 cps, preferably from about 35 to about 50 cps, and most preferably from about 70 to about 400 cps between blinks; and during each blink less than about 30 cps, preferably less than about 25 cps, and most preferably about 20 cps or less. In a preferred embodiment, the nonlinear shear viscosity ratio is from about 5:1 to about 10:1 interblink to blink viscosity. Surprisingly the combination of nonionic surfactant in the preferred range and viscosity agents at low (less than about 20 cps or up to about 500 cps) creates a surprising equilibration of vision at high viscosity and improved flow properties. As seen in FIG. 4 for Composition #64, from Table 3 below, has an initial 400 cps formulation and visually equilibrates in 50 seconds to excellent vision. Commercial high viscosity tear formulations such as Refresh Celluvisc, also at 400 cps have been shown in numerous studies to require 10-15 minutes to equilibrate to normal vision, over ten times longer than the surprising discovery of preferred nonionic surfactant(s) and viscosity agents between 10 cps and 500 cps of the present invention. Viscosity agents for preferred embodiments of the present invention including, but not limited to, cellulose derivatives such as HPMC, HPC, HPEC and CMC; Carbopol compounds such as Carbopol 90 and 940; hyaluronates; and gums such as guar and locust gums.

    [0201] It is a surprising discovery of the present invention that application of preferred embodiments, particularly formulations utilizing poly sorbates, poloxamers, polyoxyls or cyclodextrins alone or in combination with each other and or other nonionic surfactants have properties of optimized tear film moisture retention. See FIG. 1. Even more unexpected, use of viscosity agents, particularly cellulose agents and or their derivatives, and more particularly hydroxypropyl methyl cellulose or carboxymethyl cellulose or carbomer 940 dramatically enhance tear film moisture retention and even at resting low shear viscosities in their packaged delivery bottle or unit dose tube as high as 200-400 cps have only transient blur of a few seconds to under 30 seconds. This tear film moisture retention is known herein as Moisture Lock. It is still more surprising that storing of soft contact lenses, including but not limited to those consisting of silicone and or hydrogel polymers, in blister packs, or other packaging that retains a liquid, with compositions of the present invention results in a substantial adherence of the composition to the contact lens surface reducing deposits. Once these contacts that were stored in the compositions of the present invention are placed on the eye of the subject the composition greatly increases tear break up times while reducing tear dispersion. This adherence creates a strongly bonded non-evaporative coating that stabilizes the tear film, increases comfort and provides an optional dry eye therapy even for contact lens intolerant subjects. As explained in Example 5, below, and shown in FIG. 3, the application of normal saline to the contact lenses and to the eye prior to insertion resulted in tear breakup beginning at 8 seconds and reaching 40% dispersion by 20 seconds. Replacing normal saline with Composition #64, of Table 3 below, 0% dispersion had occurred at 20 seconds, and only 8% dispersion had occurred at 24 seconds. Further, mesopic acuity is noticeably improved, and contact lens deposits are noticeably reduced. See FIG. 6B.

    [0202] One of the most serious complications of contact lens wearers is the incidence of serious keratitis, particularly pseudomonas, acanthamoeba, and fusarium infections which may result in severe vision loss. See, Simmons P A et al, Effect of patient wear and extent of protein deposition on adsorption of acanthamoeba to five types of hydrogel contact lenses, Optom Vis Sci, 1996 June, 73(6), 362-368 and Miller M J, et al., Adherence of Pseudomonas aeruginosa to hydrophilic contact lenses and other substrata, J Clin Microbiol, 1987 August, 25(8), 1392-1397. The dramatically reduced bioburden associated with reduced contact lens deposits following application of preferred embodiments of the present invention. as described in Example 5 and shown in FIG. 6B, is a surprising and unexpected finding that substantially reduces the risk of serious bacterial and or fungal keratitis in contact lens wearers. Such application prior to lens wear, with or without additional drops during wear, prevents deposits via long-term coating and or dissolves deposits upon application either prior to insertion or during wear. This reduction in deposits is likely to reduce the bio-burden of bacteria and or fungi.

    [0203] Artificial tear compositions 36-57 of Table 2 and 58-89 of Tables 3-8 offer superior wetting and Moisture-Lock effect over artificial tear compositions 1-35 of Table 2. This superior effectiveness is hypothesized to be caused by the unique combination and concentrations of nonionic surfactants. Further, the addition of a polyol and magnesium ions to compositions 36-57 is hypothesized to further enhance wetting and Moisture-Lock effect over those compositions that do not contain a polyol and magnesium ions.

    [0204] There clearly appears to be surprising effects within the combinations, concentrations and ratios of the invention. Particularly nonionic surfactant ranges and combinations, in relation to viscosity, electrolytes and protective excipients such as a polyol and magnesium ions provide surprising effects. Particularly surprising is the relation of electrolytes to final viscosity, blur or lack thereof, and comfort. Preferred embodiments result in increased tear film stability, prolonged Moisture-Lock effect and welling up of the aqueous layer from many tens of minutes to up to one hour with a single drop. Relative to the viscosity there is reduced time of blurred vision when compared to current artificial tears and more prolonged and clinically improved effect for a great variety of conditions.

    Contact Lens Compositions

    [0205] It has been further discovered that that the novel means of tear sequestration provided by compositions of the present invention can be applied to a contact lens surface. The application to a contact lens creates a robust sealing layer allowing dry eye, contact lens intolerant patients to achieve a therapeutic contact lens effect and treatment modality simply with coverage of the lens in packaging or upon instillation. It has further been discovered that the novel means of tear sequestration provided by compositions of the present invention can be applied to the surface of a punctum plug or pellets.

    [0206] It has been further discovered that soaking or applying compositions of the present invention with a total concentration of one or more nonionic surfactants from about 1.5% to about 5.9% w/v, preferably about 2.5% to about 3.5% w/v, and most preferably about 3.0% w/v to a contact lens prior to inserting in the eye results in dramatic reduction in tear break up time (TBUT) and tear dispersion over both saline and other commercially available contact lens comfort topical formulations. See Examples 8-11 below. The contact lens industry has failed to find an answer to the problem of loss of contact lens tolerance coinciding with the duration of wear throughout the day or cumulative time worn. Specifically, prior to the compositions of the present invention, no additive(s) have been found to be both safe and effective.

    [0207] When contact lenses are manufactured the resulting product is polished to create as smooth a surface as possible to aid in vision correction. However, no currently manufactured contact lenses have a completely smooth surface. It has been discovered that the nano-micelles formed by the compositions of the present invention penetrate and adhere to contact lenses and improve the vision correcting power of the lens by about 1 line on the Snellen Chart. Not wishing to be held to a particular theory, this vision improvement is likely due to the fact that the nano-micelles of the present invention bind water and hold it to the surface of the lens creating a much smoother lens surface providing both improved light transmission and reduced deposits. Additionally, the dilution of the compositions of the present invention in over-the-counter contact lens solutions does not reduce the ability of the nano-micelles to smooth the lens.

    [0208] Preferred embodiments also increase epithelial safety, which is an advantage of the present invention both topically and for application as a composition for contact lens storage and shelf life in blister packs. First, viscosity agents, including cellulose derivatives, carbomers, gums, dextrans, polyvinyl alcohol, polyacrylic acids, povidone, polyethylene glycol, propylene glycol, chitosans, and hyaluronates, hyaluronic acids and combinations thereof, further reduce the slight epithelial toxicity of nonionic surfactants that otherwise increases with concentration. In regard to toxicity, the following order appears to be from most to least toxic: Brij, polyoxyl stearates, polysorbate 20, polysorbate 40, polysorbate 60, polysorbate 80, poloxamers, polyoxyl aryl ethers, and polyoxyl castor oil. Second, polyols, such as mannitol further reduce epithelial toxicity. Preferred embodiments of the present invention for use as a contact lens storage composition or as a topical drop while using contact lenses contain a viscosity agent that result in a viscosity at low shear of 5 to 25 cps, and a polyol such as mannitol at a preferred concentration from about 0.50% to about 2.5% w/v. A further advantage of the present invention is the surprising discovery that when used as a contact lens storage composition the composition can be reactivated to provide all the original benefits of the composition simply by adding preservative free 0.09% saline solution.

    Ophthalmological Drug Vehicles

    [0209] A further surprising discovery of the present invention is that ophthalmological drugs added to the present invention increase duration of the drugs on the surface of the eye, increase permeation across the cornea, and reduce systemic absorption, creating an ideal platform vehicle for drug delivery while reducing dry eye symptoms and irritation that might otherwise occur for many such active agents such as non-steroidals, antibiotics, and glaucoma drugs. This drug vehicle may be particularly useful for enhancing the therapeutic duration and benefits of cyclosporine-A currently found in Restasis. These compositions may be capable of formulating up to 0.09% and from about 0.05% to about 0.09% cyclosporine-A without the need to create an emulsion. In a preferred embodiment, the cyclosporine-A drug vehicles of the present invention may not contain emulsifiers. The cyclosporine-A drug vehicle of the present invention provides from about 12 to about 20 nanometer diameter nano-micelles. Further, the cyclosporine-A drug vehicle of the present invention delivers suffusion of tears for up to 60 minutes.

    [0210] A further surprising discovery of the present invention is the suppression of preservative toxicity effect resulting from one or more of preservatives in the presence of the present invention, particularly therapeutic excipients such as a polyol and or magnesium ions. This discovery is surprising in light of the long-held tenet that tear formulation preservatives cause epithelial toxicity, and is potentially of great importance as many chronic use ophthalmic drugs, such as for glaucoma, or inflammation are compromised by the accrued effect of induced epithelial toxicity often limiting their duration of use.

    [0211] A further surprising discovery of the present invention is the sustained release of a drug. The peak concentration of the drug can be increased about 50% in duration, (e.g. from 2 to 4 hours).

    Skin Compositions and Drug Vehicles

    [0212] It is further discovered that compositions of the present invention may be used in anesthetic gels, as an anti-adhesion for prevention of scarring, in implantable devices, in time-release impregnated bandages, in parenterals, in inhalers, in sprays, in topical lotions, in topical gels, in topical liquids, in anti-aging skin products such as day and night product and under eye products, in sunscreens, in body wash, in therapeutic shampoos, in antiperspirant, for stretch marks, in shaving creams, as a blade glide coating, in OTC lidocaine compositions, in OTC cortisone compositions, in Ben-Gay like products including Ben-Gay, for treating acne, in collagen-based products, in retinal-based products, for treating dry skin, for treating dermatitis, psoriasis, for reducing or eliminating scars or port wine stains, for enhancing hair growth, as a non-irritating hair dye and for facial wasting disease.

    [0213] It is unexpected that the ophthalmological compositions of the present invention could be used for prevention, treatment and minimization or eradication of aging and other imperfections in the skin. However, the administration and use of a nanomicellar nonionic surfactant composition with a physiologically based pH, as disclosed herein, has the benefit of providing a cleansing, mildly exfoliating and reparative moisturizing effect on facial tissue. The effect can deliver, based on a proscribed treatment regimen, visible improvement in the areas of managing fine to moderate wrinkling, lightening and size reduction of sun, age and/or liver spots on the skin.

    [0214] The long-term moisturizing effect that penetrates the top skin layers can also provide long term hydration for the skin which maintains skin tone and texture. Further contemplated are eliminating of common blemishes, reducing skin thickness (supporting use on scar removal over time), improving dry skin as well as elasticity and collagen. Further contemplated as a use for the compositions of the present invention is maintenance of normal pore size as well as the increase in hydration, which can also increase the tightness of the facial skin, thus improving the overall smoothness.

    [0215] The compositions of the present invention may comprise droplets, and these droplets may comprise an aqueous phase, at least one oil, a mix of four or more nonionic surfactants, at a specific concentration range, in a topically applied lotion or other compatible and pharmaceutically accepted forms. In mild cases, this base composition may be used as the sole treatment method for the skin. However, in more severe cases, the highly compatible base formula can be combined with any of the known active drug substances, such as Botox, retinoids, and any other proven topical treatment. Specifically, the specific nonionic nanoparticles enhance permeation into the top layers of the skin, which enhances efficacy.

    [0216] Within the liquid cleanser category, the least irritating cleanser will contain non-ionic/silicone-based surfactants combined with moisturizers, as they will cause the least disruption to the moisture skin barrier and the normal skin flora. While this describes cleanser qualities, these same benefits, plus some new findings, indicate that use after cleansing provides benefit to a patient's skin conditions and, when used as directed, can effectively manage a host of dermatologic conditions that would otherwise negatively affect self-esteem and social acceptance. It is a discovery of the present invention that most issues surrounding aging skin can be effectively managed by the nonionic surfactant alone or when combined with a specific active drug treatment used on the skin.

    Definitions

    [0217] As used herein, the term composition is intended to encompass a product comprising the specified ingredients in the specified amounts, as well as any product which results, directly or indirectly, from a combination of the specified ingredients in the specified amounts.

    [0218] As used herein, all numerical values relating to amounts, weights, and the like, that are defined as about each particular value is plus or minus 10%. For example, the phrase about 5% w/v is to be understood as 4.5% to 5.5% w/v. Therefore, amounts within 10% of the claimed value are encompassed by the scope of the claims.

    [0219] As used herein % w/v refers to the percent weight of the total composition.

    [0220] As used herein the term subject refers but is not limited to a person or other animal.

    [0221] Throughout the application, the singular forms a, an, and the include plural reference unless the context clearly dictates otherwise.

    [0222] As used herein the term polyol refers to compounds with multiple hydroxyl functional groups available for organic reactions such as monomeric polyols such as glycerin, pentaerythritol, ethylene glycol and sucrose. Further, polyols may refer to polymeric polyols including glycerin, pentaerythritol, ethylene glycol and sucrose reacted with propylene oxide or ethylene oxide.

    [0223] As used herein the phrase means for inducing tears includes any means by which production of natural tears may be induced in the subject to which the compositions of the present invention are applied. Preferably, tears may be induced by modifying the pH of the composition to a range from about 5.0 to about 6.0, modifying the osmolarity of the composition to a range from about 350 to about 550 milliosmoles and or including a terpenoid, such as menthol. As used herein the phrase means for sequestering tears includes any means by which natural tears induced by the compositions of the invention and the artificial tears compositions of the invention may be sequestered on the eye. Preferably, a combination of particular concentrations and types of nonionic surfactants and particular concentrations and types of viscosity enhancers are used as the means for sequestering tears.

    Ingredients of the Invention

    [0224] Nonionic surfactants that can be used in accordance with the present invention include, but are not limited to, poloxamers, polysorbates, cyclodextrins, alkylaryl polyethers, polyoxyethyleneglycol alkyl ethers, tyloxapol, and polyoxyls. Poloxamers are nonionic triblock copolymers composed of a central hydrophobic chain of polyoxypropylene (poly(propylene oxide)) flanked by two hydrophilic chains of polyoxyethylene (poly(ethylene oxide)). Polysorbates are oily liquids derived from ethoxylated sorbitan esterified with fatty acids. Cyclodextrins are composed of 5 or more -D-glucopyranoside units linked together at position 1 and 4. Polyoxyls are a mixture of mono- and diesters of stearate and polyoxyethylene diols. Preferred embodiments include but are not limited to poloxamers-poloxamer 188 and poloxamer 407; polysorbates-polysorbate 20, polysorbate 60, polysorbate 80, tyloxapol, Brij 35, Brij 78, Brij 98 and Brij 700, Span 20, Span 40, Span 60, Span 80; cyclodextrins-2-HP-cyclodextrin, ionically charged (e.g. anionic) beta-cyclodextrins with or without a butyrated salt (Captisol; (sulfobutylether -cyclodextrin, Captisol is a registered trademark of Cydex Pharmaceuticals), hydroxypropyl-gamma-cyclodextrin, gamma cyclodextrin; and polyoxyls-polyoxyl 40 stearate, polyoxyl 30 castor oil, polyoxyl 35 castor oil, and polyoxyl 40 hydrogenated castor oil; or combinations thereof. Polyols are not included in the term nonionic surfactants. Total nonionic surfactant concentrations of the present invention are from about 1.0% to about 7.0% w/v, preferably, 1.5% to about 7.0% w/v, preferably from about 1.5% to about 6.0% w/v, more preferably from about 1.5% to about 5.9% w/v, more preferably from about 1.5% to about 5.5% w/v, more preferably above about 2.0% w/v and less than 6.0% w/v, from about 2% to about 4% w/v, more preferably from about 2.5% to less than about 5.9% w/v, more preferably from about 2.5% to about 5.5% w/v, more preferably from about 2.5% to about 3.5% w/v, more preferably from about 2.8% to about 5.9% w/v, more preferably from about 3% to about 5% w/v, more preferably from about 3% to about 3.5% w/v.

    [0225] In other preferred embodiments, the one or more nonionic surfactants include a poloxamer such as poloxamer 188 and or poloxamer 407, a polyoxyl such as a polyoxyl castor oil including polyoxyl 35 castor oil or polyoxyl 40 hydrogenated castor oil, a cyclodextrin, such as hydroxypropyl-gamma-cyclodextrin and tyloxapol.

    [0226] In other preferred embodiments the one or more nonionic surfactants include from about 0.01% to about 3.5% w/v polysorbate 20, preferably, from about 0.2% to about 3.5% w/v, preferably, about 0.1%, 0.2%, 0.7%, 1%, 3% and 3.5% w/v.

    [0227] In other preferred embodiments the one or more nonionic surfactants include from about 0.01% to about 3.5% w/v poloxamer 407, preferably, from about 0.2% to about 3.5% w/v, preferably, about 0.1%, 0.2%, 0.7%, 1%, 3% and 3.5% w/v.

    [0228] In other preferred embodiments the one or more nonionic surfactants include from about 0.01% to about 3% w/v poloxamer 188, preferably, from about 0.1% w/v to about 1% w/v, preferably about 0.01%, 0.1%, 0.14%, 0.2%, 0.4%, 0.5% and 0.75% w/v.

    [0229] In other preferred embodiments the one or more nonionic surfactants include from about 0.001% to about 2.0% w/v polyoxyl castor oil, preferably, from about 0.005% to about 0.25% w/v, preferably, from about 0.01% w/v to about 1% w/v, preferably, from about 0.01% to about 0.1% w/v, preferably, from about 0.15% to about 0.25% w/v, preferably about 0.001%, 0.01%, 0.1%, 0.15%, 0.18%, 0.25%, 0.5% and 1% w/v.

    [0230] In other more preferred embodiments, the one or more nonionic surfactants include from about 0.01% to about 5% w/v hydroxypropyl-gamma-cyclodextrin, preferably from about 0.5% to about 5% w/v, preferably, from about 1.5% to about 3.0% w/v, preferably, about 0.25%, 0.5%, 0.7%, 0.75%, 1%, 1.05%, 1.5%, 2%, 2.5%, 3%, 3.5%, 4% and 5% w/v.

    [0231] In other preferred embodiments, the addition of 0.005% to 4.0% w/v tyloxapol or from about 1.75% to about 3.00% w/v sorbitol may be added in combination or as a replacement for the one or more nonionic surfactants such that the total surfactant concentration does not exceed 7% w/v;

    [0232] In other preferred embodiments, the one or more nonionic surfactants may include polyoxyl 35 castor oil at an amount from about 0.25% to about 5.00% w/v; preferably from about 0.15% to about 0.25% w/v.

    [0233] Viscosity enhancers that can be used in accordance with the present invention are non-Newtonian viscosity enhancers, which include, but are not limited to cellulose derivatives, carbomers (Carbopol), gums, and hyaluronic acids (hyaluronates), dextrans, polyvinyl alcohol, polyacrylic acids, povidone, polyethylene glycol, propylene glycol and chitosans; where for cellulose derivatives particularly preferred are one or more of carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) high molecular weight blend, CMC low molecular weight blend, CMC moderate molecular weight blend, sodium CMC, methylcellulose, methyl cellulose 4000, hydroxymethyl cellulose, hydroxypropyl cellulose (HPC), hydroxypropylmethyl cellulose high molecular weight blend (HPMC), hydroxyl propyl methyl cellulose 2906, carboxypropylmethyl cellulose high molecular weight blend (CPMC), hydroxyethyl cellulose, or hydroxyethyl cellulose and hyaluronic acid, such that the concentrations cumulatively do not create a phase transition to an in situ gel. The non-Newtonian properties afforded to compositions of the invention by viscosity enhancers of this type can be seen in FIG. 7, which demonstrates the during blink and between blink difference in viscosity. This viscosity can be modified to target specific clinical treatments. Specific viscosities and viscosity enhancers may achieve an intrablink (high shear rate) viscosity of about 30 cps or less, more preferably about 25 cps or less, and most preferably about 20 cps or less. Specific clinical treatments may use the following interblink (low shear rate) viscosities:

    [0234] i. contact lens use: about 1 to about 5 cps;

    [0235] ii. artificial tears mild-moderate dry eye: about 5 cps to about 100 cps;

    [0236] iii. artificial tears moderate-severe dry eye: about 100 cps to about 250 cps; and

    [0237] iv. artificial tears severe dry eye: about 250 to about 5000 cps.

    [0238] In preferred embodiments, the viscosity enhancing excipient is selected from the group consisting of sodium CMC, CMC low molecular weight blend, CMC moderate molecular weight blend, CPMC, HPC, HPMC and carbomer 940 or a combination thereof.

    [0239] In more preferred embodiments the amount of CMC from about 0.01% to about 1.75% w/v including 0.05% w/v, 0.10% w/v, 0.20% w/v, 0.25% w/v, 0.3% w/v, 0.4% w/v, 0.5% w/v, 0.55% w/v, 0.62% w/v, 0.65% w/v, 0.75% w/v, 1.0% w/v, 1.25% w/v, 1.35% w/v, 1.38% w/v, 1.40% w/v and 1.45% w/v.

    [0240] In another more preferred embodiments the amount of sodium CMC from about 0.01% to about 1.5% w/v, more preferably from about 0.04% to about 1.25% w/v and most preferably at about 0.04%, about 1.00% and about 1.25% w/v.

    [0241] In other more preferred embodiments the amount of HPC is from about 0.10% to about 1.75% w/v including 1.0% w/v, 1.25% w/v, 1.40% w/v, 1.50% w/v or 1.75% w/v.

    [0242] In other more preferred embodiments the amount of HPMC is based on the molecular weight of Methocell (Dow-Corning) from about 0.10% to about 1.75% w/v, preferably from about 0.1% to about 1.5% w/v, from about 0.5% to about 1.25% w/v, from about 0.65% to about 1.0% w/v, from about 1% to about 1.35% w/v, from about 1.25% to about 1.35% w/v, from about 1.35% to about 1.5% w/v, from about 1.35% to about 1.45% w/v, preferably about 0.10% w/v, 0.20% w/v, 0.25% w/v, 0.3% w/v, 0.4% w/v, 0.5% w/v, 0.55% w/v, 0.62% w/v, 0.65% w/v, 0.75% w/v, 0.85% w/v, 1.0% w/v, 1.25% w/v, 1.3% w/v, 1.35% w/v, 1.38% w/v, 1.40% w/v, 1.45% w/v and 1.48% w/v.

    [0243] In more preferred embodiments the amount of carbomer 940 is from about 0.01% to about 2.0% w/v, preferably from about 0.8% to about 1.3% w/v and more preferably at about 0.01%, 0.8% 0.9%, 1.1%, 1.2% or 1.3% w/v.

    [0244] In certain embodiments polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) may be used as a viscosity enhancer in compositions of the present invention. Preferably, PVA is at a concentration from about 0.1% about 0.5% w/v.

    [0245] In other embodiments, the present invention further comprises glycerin in an amount from about 0.05% to about 2.0% w/v; preferably from about 0.1% to about 0.4% w/v.

    [0246] Polyols suitable for use in the present invention include, but are not limited to, mannitol, glycerol, erythritol, lactitol, xylitol, sorbitol, isosorbide, and maltitol. In a more preferred embodiment, the polyol is mannitol. In another more preferred embodiment, the polyol is at a concentration from about 0.1% to about 4% w/v, from about 0.25% to about 5.5% w/v, from about 0.25% to about 4.0% w/v, from about 0.25% to about 2.5% w/v, from about 1% to about 4% w/v, from about 1% to about 2.5% w/v, from about 1.5% to about 3.0% w/v, from about 1.5% to about 2.5% w/v, from about 2% to about 2.5% w/v and about 1% and 2.5% w/v.

    [0247] Electrolytes suitable for use in the present invention include, but are not limited to, magnesium ions, sodium chloride (NaCl), potassium chloride (KCl) and a combination thereof. In a more preferred embodiment, the magnesium ions are derived from magnesium chloride. In another more preferred embodiment, the total electrolyte concentration is at a concentration from about 0.01% to about 2.0% w/v. In a more preferred embodiment the magnesium ions are at a concentration from about 0.01% to about 0.90% w/v as MgCl.sub.2, preferably about 0.05% to about 0.15% w/v and from about 0.075% to about 0.125% w/v, and the NaCl is at a concentration from about 0.01% to about 2.0% w/v, preferably, from about 0.1% to about 2.0% w/v from about 0.2% to about 2.0% w/v, from about 0.25% to about 2.0% w/v, and more preferably about 0.01%, 0.07%, 0.2%, 0.25%, 0.3%, 0.35%, 0.37%, 0.4%, 0.5%, 0.62%, 0.7%, 0.75%, 1.0%, 1.25%, 1.5%, 1.75%, and 2.0% w/v, and the KCl is at a concentration from about 0.1% to about 0.5% w/v. In another embodiment, artificial tear compositions of the present invention do not contain magnesium ions, including magnesium chloride.

    [0248] Preservatives suitable for use in the present invention include, but are not limited to, benzalkonium chloride (BAK), sorbate, methylparaben, polypropylparaben, chlorobutanol, thimerosal, phenylmercuric acetate, perborate, phenylmercuric nitrate and combinations thereof. In a preferred embodiment, the preservative is BAK, sorbate or a combination thereof. In a preferred embodiment, the preservative is at a concentration from about 0.005% to about 0.15% w/v. In a more preferred embodiment BAK is at a concentration from about 0.005% to about 0.02% w/v and sorbate is at a concentration from about 0.015% to about 0.15% w/v.

    [0249] Antioxidants suitable for use in the present invention include, but are not limited to, citrate. EDTA, sodium metabisulfite, sodium thiosulfate, acetylcysteine, butylated hydroxyanisole and butylated hydroxytoluene and a combination thereof. In a preferred embodiment, the preservative is at a concentration from about 0.05% to about 0.2% w/v.

    [0250] In certain embodiments, a terpenoid may be used in compositions of the present invention. In a preferred embodiment, a terpenoid includes, but is not limited to, citral, WS-12, icilin and menthol.

    [0251] In certain embodiments menthol may be used in compositions of the present invention. Preferably, menthol is at a concentration from about 0.01 to about 4.00 mM, from about 0.01 to about 2.5 mM, from about 0.01 to about 2.0 mM, from about 0.025 to about 0.07 mM, from about 0.07 to about 0.3 mM, from about 0.07 to about 0.1 mM, from about 0.1 to about 0.40 mM, from about 0.1 to about 0.2 mM, from about 0.15 to about 0.25 mM, from about 0.02 to about 1.5 mM, from about 0.25 to about 2.0 mM and about 0.01, 0.07, 0.1, 0.14, 0.15, 0.2, 0.27, 0.30, 0.32, 0.34, 0.36, 0.37, 0.38, 0.40, 0.42, 0.44, 0.46, 0.48, 0.5, 0.6, 0.65, 0.7, 0.75, 0.8, 0.85, 1.0, 1.2, 1.5, 1.75, 2.0 or 4.0 mM.

    [0252] Buffers and pH adjustors that can be used in accordance with the present invention include, but are not limited to, acetate buffers, carbonate buffers, citrate buffers, phosphate buffers and borate buffers. In a preferred embodiment, the buffers and pH adjustors are at a concentration from about 1 to about 100 millimolar, more preferably from about 3 to about 10 millimolar and most preferably about 3, 4, 5, 5.5, 6, 6.5, 7, 7.5, 8, 8.5, 9, 9.5 or 10 millimolar It is understood that various acids or bases can be used to adjust the pH of the composition as needed. pH adjusting agents include, but are not limited to, sodium hydroxide and hydrochloric acid. Surprisingly, pH has not been found to alter comfort in the artificial tears compositions. pH of the compositions can be from 4.0 to 8.0, more preferably from about 5.0 to about 8.0 and from about 5.0 to about 6.0, and less than 6.0.

    Compositions of the Invention

    [0253] The present invention discovers a narrow therapeutic range of non-ionic surfactant(s) concentration(s) in a preferred embodiment requiring either a non-Newtonian viscosity excipient(s), electrolytes or other excipients that provide improved epithelial protection and healing such that with regular use or even on a single instillation both comfort and efficacy are improved. The ingredients and concentrations of the compositions represented herein are the best-known embodiments but are not intended to be all inclusive.

    [0254] In certain embodiments, the present invention is directed to artificial tear compositions comprising a means for inducing tears and a means for sequestering tears.

    [0255] In a preferred embodiment, the means for inducing tears is selected from a pH from about 5 to about 6, a terpenoid and an osmolarity of from about 270 to about 550 milliosmoles, preferably from about 350 to about 350 milliosmoles.

    [0256] In another preferred embodiment, the means for sequestering tears comprises from about 1.5% to about 5.9% w/v total volume of one or more nonionic surfactants and one or more viscosity enhancers, wherein the one or more viscosity enhancers provides a viscosity of from about 50 to about 10,000 centipoise at 0 shear to 1 second.

    [0257] In more preferred embodiment, the one or more nonionic surfactants are selected from the group consisting of polysorbates, poloxamers, polyoxyl castor oils, cyclodextrins and combinations thereof.

    [0258] In another more preferred embodiment, the one or more viscosity enhancers are selected from the group consisting of cellulose derivatives, carbomers, gums, and hyaluronic acids, dextrans, polyvinyl alcohol, polyacrylic acids, povidone, polyethylene glycols, propylene glycol, chitosans and combinations thereof, even more preferably the one or more viscosity enhancers are selected from the group consisting of cellulose derivatives, carbomers, polyvinyl alcohol, polyethylene glycols and combinations thereof.

    [0259] In another embodiment, the artificial tear compositions of the present invention further comprise a polyol, preferably selected from the group consisting of mannitol, xylitol, sorbitol, isosorbide, erythritol, glycerol, maltitol and a combination thereof.

    [0260] In another embodiment, the artificial tear compositions of the present invention further comprise one or more electrolytes, preferably selected from the group consisting of magnesium ions, sodium chloride, potassium chloride and a combination thereof.

    [0261] The present invention is further directed to an artificial tear composition comprising: [0262] one or more nonionic surfactants selected from the group consisting of poloxamers, polysorbates, cyclodextrins, alkylaryl polyethers, polyoxyethyleneglycol alkyl ethers, tyloxapol, and polyoxyls at a total concentration from about 1.5% to about 6.0% w/v; preferably the one or more nonionic surfactants are selected from the group consisting of from about 0.01% to about 4.0% w/v of a polysorbate, from about 0.01% to about 3.5% w/v of a poloxamer, from about 0.01% to about 2.0% w/v of a polyoxyl and from about 0.01% to about 5.0% w/v hydroxypropyl-gamma-cyclodextrin; [0263] one or more viscosity enhancers selected from the group consisting of cellulose derivatives, carbomers, gums, dextrans, polyvinyl alcohol, polyacrylic acids, povidone, polyethylene glycol, propylene glycol, chitosans, and hyaluronates and hyaluronic acids; [0264] from about 0.01% to about 2.0% w/v of one or more electrolytes selected from the group consisting of sodium chloride, potassium chloride and magnesium ions, preferably, the one or more electrolytes is selected from about 0.01% to about 0.25% w/v magnesium ions, from about 0.10% to about 2.0% w/v sodium chloride and from about 0.1% to about 0.5% w/v potassium chloride; [0265] optionally, from about 0.1% to about 4% w/v of a polyol, preferably the polyol is selected from 0.25% to about 4.0% w/v of mannitol or glycerol; [0266] optionally, from about 0.01% to about 2.0% w/v of a polyethylene glycol selected from the group consisting of polyethylene glycol 400, polyethylene glycol 6000, polyethylene glycol 10000, polyethylene glycol 20000 and a combination thereof; [0267] optionally, from about 0.01 to about 4.0 mM menthol and/or from about 0.1% to about 0.12% w/v sorbate; [0268] optionally, from about 3 to about 10 millimolar of a citrate buffer or a phosphate buffer wherein the concentration of the viscosity enhancers provides a composition with a viscosity from about 0.1 to about 1,000 centipoise (cps), preferably wherein a low shear viscosity is from 1 to 1000 cps and a final high shear viscosity is 30 cps or less.

    [0269] The present invention is further directed to an artificial tear composition comprising: [0270] one or more nonionic surfactants selected from the group consisting of polysorbate 80, poloxamer 407, poloxamer 188, polyoxyl castor oil and hydroxypropyl-gamma-cyclodextrin at a total concentration from about 0.1% to about 1.0% w/v or from 1.0% to about 5.9% w/v, wherein the upper range provides greater tear moisture retention and therapeutic efficacy for more severe dry eye; [0271] from about 0.1% to about 2.0% w/v hydroxypropylmethyl cellulose or a concentration of a cellulose derivative that yields a total viscosity of the composition equal to the total viscosity of the composition provided by from about 0.1% to about 1.5% w/v hydroxypropylmethyl cellulose, preferably from about 0.1% to about 1.35% w/v, including from about 0.9% to about 1.45% w/v of carboxymethyl cellulose or carbomer 940; [0272] from about 0.1% to about 2.0%% w/v sodium chloride, preferably from about 0.25% to about 1.0% w/v; [0273] from about 0.05% to about 0.1% w/v magnesium chloride; [0274] optionally, from about 0.25% to about 4.0% w/v mannitol, preferably from about 0.75% to about 2.5% w/v; [0275] optionally, from about 0.1% to about 0.75% w/v polyethylene glycol 400 or polyethylene glycol 20000; [0276] optionally, from about 4 to about 8 millimolar citrate buffer or phosphate buffer; [0277] optionally, menthol, preferably from about 0.1 to about 1.75 millimolar, more preferably from about 1.0 to about 1.75 millimolar; and [0278] optionally, sorbate, preferably at 0.1% or 0.12% w/v,
    wherein optionally, the composition has a pH from about 5.0 to about 7.0.

    [0279] In a preferred embodiment, the present invention is directed to artificial tear compositions comprising: [0280] from about 2.0% to about 4.0% w/v of one or more nonionic surfactants selected from the group consisting of polysorbates, poloxamers, polyoxyl castor oils and combinations thereof; [0281] from about 0.5% to about 2.0% w/v of a viscosity enhancer selected from the group consisting of carboxymethyl cellulose and carbomer 940; [0282] from about 1.0% to about 5.0% w/v mannitol; [0283] from about 0.5% to about 1.0% w/v of a polyethylene glycol having a molecular weight from about 400 to about 20,000 Daltons, preferably selected from polyethylene glycol 400, polyethylene glycol 6000, polyethylene glycol 10000, polyethylene glycol 20000 and a combination thereof; [0284] from about 0.1% to about 2.0% w/v sodium chloride; [0285] from about 0.1% to about 0.12% w/v sorbate; [0286] from about 3.0 to about 10.0 millimolar citrate buffer, [0287] wherein w/v denotes weight by total volume of the composition and wherein the composition has a pH from about 5.0 to about 7.4, preferably from about 5.0 to about 6.0.

    [0288] In another embodiment the polyoxyl castor oils have from at least 30 moles of ethylene oxide, preferably from about 30 to about 40 moles of ethylene oxide.

    [0289] In another embodiment artificial tear compositions of the present invention, further comprising from about 0.25 to about 4.00 millimolar menthol.

    [0290] In another embodiment artificial tear compositions of the present invention, further comprising about 0.1% w/v magnesium chloride.

    [0291] In another embodiment artificial tear compositions of the present invention, further comprising an excipient selected from the group consisting of about 0.1% w/v ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid, 0.5% w/v polyvinyl alcohol and a combination thereof.

    [0292] In a more preferred embodiment, the present invention is directed to artificial tear compositions comprising: [0293] a surfactant selected from the group consisting of about 3.50% w/v poloxamer 407 or about 0.25% w/v poloxamer 407 and 1.75% w/v sorbitol; [0294] about 0.25% w/v polyoxyl 40 castor oil; [0295] about 0.75% w/v of a polyethylene glycol having a molecular weight from about 400 to about 20,000 Daltons; [0296] about 1.00% w/v mannitol; [0297] from about 0.45% to about 0.75% sodium chloride; [0298] from about 0.90% to about 1.20% w/v carbomer 940; [0299] from about 0.4 to about 2.75 millimolar menthol; [0300] about 4.00 millimolar citrate buffer; [0301] about 0.10% w/v ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid; [0302] about 0.10% w/v polyvinyl alcohol; and [0303] about 0.12% w/v sorbate.

    [0304] The present invention is further directed to an artificial tear composition comprising: [0305] from about 0% to about 3.5% w/v polysorbate 80; [0306] from about 0% to about 2.75% w/v poloxamer 407; [0307] from about 0% to about 2.75% w/v poloxamer 188; [0308] from about 0% to about 2.0% w/v polyoxyl castor oil; [0309] from about 0.1% to about 2.0% w/v hydroxypropylmethyl cellulose; [0310] from about 0% to about 2.0% w/v polyethylene glycol 400; [0311] from about 0% to about 3.0% w/v mannitol; [0312] from about 0% to about 0.90% w/v sodium chloride; [0313] from about 0.04 to about 0.50 millimolar menthol; [0314] about 4 millimolar citrate buffer; and [0315] optionally, about 0.1% w/v sorbate,
    wherein the composition has a pH of about 7.0 and wherein the total nonionic surfactant concentration is from about 1.5% to about 5.0% w/v.

    [0316] The present invention is further directed to an artificial tear composition comprising: [0317] two or more nonionic surfactants selected from the group consisting of polysorbate 80, poloxamer 407, poloxamer 188, polyoxyl castor oil and hydroxypropyl-gamma-cyclodextrin at a total concentration from about 1.5% to about 5.9% w/v; [0318] about 1% w/v mannitol; [0319] about 0.1% w/v hydroxypropylmethyl cellulose or a concentration of carboxymethyl cellulose that yields a total viscosity of the composition equal to the total viscosity of the composition provided by about 0.1% w/v hydroxypropylmethyl cellulose; [0320] from about 0.1% to about 0.75% w/v sodium chloride, preferably from about 0.3% to about 0.4% w/v; [0321] about 0.1% w/v magnesium chloride; [0322] optionally, about 3 millimolar phosphate buffer or for pH less than 6.0 citrate buffer; [0323] optionally, from about 0.1 to about 0.50 millimolar menthol; and [0324] optionally, about 0.1% w/v sorbate,
    wherein optionally, the composition has a pH from about 5.0 to about 7.0.

    [0325] The present invention is further directed to an artificial tear composition comprising: [0326] two or more nonionic surfactants selected from the group consisting of polysorbate 80, poloxamer 407, poloxamer 188, polyoxyl castor oil and hydroxypropyl-gamma-cyclodextrin at a total concentration from about 1.5% to about 5.9% w/v; [0327] from about 1.0% to 2.5% w/v mannitol; [0328] from about 0.10% to about 1.5% w/v hydroxypropylmethyl cellulose or a concentration of carboxymethyl cellulose that yields a total viscosity of the composition equal to the total viscosity of the composition provided by from about 0.1% to about 1.5% w/v hydroxypropylmethyl cellulose; [0329] from about 0.1% to about 0.5% w/v sodium chloride, preferably from about 0.2% to about 0.4% w/v; [0330] about 0.1% w/v magnesium chloride; [0331] optionally, about 3 millimolar phosphate or citrate buffer; [0332] optionally, from about 0.1 to about 0.50 millimolar menthol; [0333] optionally, about 0.1% w/v sorbate,
    wherein optionally, the composition has a pH from about 5.0 to about 7.0.

    [0334] The present invention is further directed to an artificial tear composition comprising: [0335] two or more nonionic surfactants selected from the group consisting of polysorbate 80, poloxamer 407, poloxamer 188, polyoxyl castor oil and hydroxypropyl-gamma-cyclodextrin at a total concentration from about 1.5% to about 5.9% w/v; [0336] about 2.5% w/v mannitol; [0337] from about 0.65% to about 1.0% w/v hydroxypropylmethyl cellulose or a concentration of carboxymethyl cellulose that yields a total viscosity of the composition equal to the total viscosity of the composition provided by from about 0.65% to about 1.0% w/v hydroxypropylmethyl cellulose; [0338] from about 0.1% to about 0.75% w/v sodium chloride, preferably from about 0.3% to about 0.4% w/v; [0339] about 0.1% w/v magnesium chloride; [0340] optionally, about 3 millimolar phosphate buffer or about 4 millimolar citrate buffer; [0341] optionally, from about 0.1 to about 0.50 millimolar menthol; [0342] optionally, about 0.1% w/v sorbate, [0343] wherein optionally, the composition has a pH from about 5.5 to about 7.0.

    [0344] The present invention is further directed to an artificial tear composition comprising: [0345] two or more nonionic surfactants selected from the group consisting of polysorbate 80, poloxamer 407, poloxamer 188, polyoxyl castor oil and hydroxypropyl-gamma-cyclodextrin at a total concentration from about 1.5% to about 5.9% w/v; [0346] about 2.5% w/v mannitol; [0347] from about 1.0% to about 1.35% w/v hydroxypropylmethyl cellulose or a concentration of carboxymethyl cellulose that yields a total viscosity of the composition equal to the total viscosity of the composition provided by from about 1.0% to about 1.35% w/v hydroxypropylmethyl cellulose; [0348] from about 0.1% to about 0.75% w/v sodium chloride, preferably from about 0.3% to about 0.4% w/v; [0349] about 0.1% w/v magnesium chloride; [0350] optionally, about 3 millimolar phosphate buffer or about 4 millimolar citrate buffer; [0351] optionally, from about 0.1 to about 0.50 millimolar menthol; [0352] optionally, about 0.1% w/v sorbate,
    wherein optionally, the composition has a pH from about 5.5 to about 7.0.

    [0353] The present invention is further directed to an artificial tear composition comprising: [0354] two or more nonionic surfactants selected from the group consisting of polysorbate 80, poloxamer 407, poloxamer 188, polyoxyl castor oil and hydroxypropyl-gamma-cyclodextrin at a total concentration from about 1.0% to about 5.9% w/v; [0355] about 2.5% w/v mannitol; [0356] from about 1.35% to about 1.45% w/v hydroxypropylmethyl cellulose or a concentration of carboxymethyl cellulose that yields a total viscosity of the composition equal to the total viscosity of the composition provided by from about 1.35% to about 1.45% w/v hydroxypropylmethyl cellulose; [0357] from about 0.1% to about 0.75% w/v sodium chloride, preferably from about 0.3% to about 0.4% w/v; [0358] about 0.1% w/v magnesium chloride; [0359] optionally, about 3 millimolar phosphate buffer or about 4 millimolar citrate buffer; [0360] optionally, from about 0.1 to about 0.50 millimolar menthol; [0361] optionally, about 0.1% w/v sorbate,
    wherein optionally, the composition has a pH from about 5.5 to about 7.0.

    [0362] The present invention is further directed to an artificial tear composition comprising: [0363] two or more nonionic surfactants selected from the group consisting of polysorbate 80, poloxamer 407, poloxamer 188, polyoxyl castor oil and hydroxypropyl-gamma-cyclodextrin at a total concentration from about 1.5% to about 5.9% w/v, wherein one of the two or more nonionic surfactants is from about 0.25% to about 1.0% w/v polyoxyl castor oil; [0364] about 2.5% w/v mannitol; [0365] from about 1.25% to about 1.35% w/v hydroxypropylmethyl cellulose or a concentration of carboxymethyl cellulose that yields a total viscosity of the composition equal to the total viscosity of the composition provided by from about 1.25% to about 1.35% w/v hydroxypropylmethyl cellulose; [0366] from about 0.1% to about 0.75% w/v sodium chloride, preferably from about 0.3% to about 0.4% w/v; [0367] about 0.1% w/v magnesium chloride; [0368] optionally, about 3 millimolar phosphate or citrate buffer; [0369] optionally, from about 0.1 to about 0.50 millimolar menthol; [0370] optionally, about 0.1% w/v sorbate,
    wherein optionally, the composition has a pH from about 5.0 to about 7.0.

    [0371] The present invention is further directed to an artificial tear composition comprising: [0372] about 2.0% w/v polysorbate 80; [0373] about 0.2% w/v poloxamer 407; [0374] about 0.5% w/v poloxamer 188; [0375] about 1.0% w/v hydroxypropyl-gamma-cyclodextrin; [0376] from about 0.5% to about 1.25% w/v hydroxypropylmethyl cellulose or a concentration of a cellulose derivative that yields a total viscosity of the composition equal to the total viscosity of the composition provided by from about 0.5% to about 1.25% w/v hydroxypropylmethyl cellulose; [0377] from about 0.20% to about 0.75% w/v sodium chloride; [0378] about 0.1% w/v magnesium chloride; and [0379] about 0.025 to about 0.07 millimolar menthol.

    [0380] The present invention is further directed to an artificial tear composition for severe dry eye comprising: [0381] about 2.0% w/v polysorbate 80; [0382] about 0.2% w/v poloxamer 407; [0383] about 0.5% w/v poloxamer 188; [0384] about 1.0% w/v hydroxypropyl-gamma-cyclodextrin; [0385] from about 1.25% to about 1.35% w/v hydroxypropylmethyl cellulose or a concentration of a cellulose derivative that yields a total viscosity of the composition equal to the total viscosity of the composition provided by from about 1.25% to about 1.35% w/v hydroxypropylmethyl cellulose; [0386] from about 0.25% to about 0.75% w/v sodium chloride; [0387] about 0.1% w/v magnesium chloride; and [0388] about 0.07 to about 0.1 millimolar menthol.

    [0389] The present invention is further directed to an artificial tear composition for severe dry eye comprising: [0390] about 2.0% w/v polysorbate 80; [0391] about 0.2% w/v poloxamer 407; [0392] about 0.5% w/v poloxamer 188; [0393] about 1.0% w/v hydroxypropyl-gamma-cyclodextrin; [0394] from about 1.35% to about 1.5% w/v hydroxypropylmethyl cellulose or a concentration of a cellulose derivative that yields a total viscosity of the composition equal to the total viscosity of the composition provided by from about 1.35% to about 1.5% w/v hydroxypropylmethyl cellulose; [0395] from about 0.25% to about 0.75% w/v sodium chloride; [0396] about 0.1% w/v magnesium chloride; and [0397] about 0.1 to about 0.20 millimolar menthol.

    [0398] The present invention is further directed to an artificial tear composition comprising: [0399] about 3.5% w/v polysorbate 80; [0400] about 0.7% w/v poloxamer 407; [0401] about 1.0% w/v poloxamer 188; [0402] about 0.01% w/v polyoxyl castor oil; [0403] about 0.85% w/v hydroxypropylmethyl cellulose; [0404] about 2.5% w/v mannitol; [0405] about 0.1% w/v magnesium chloride; [0406] about 0.25% w/v sodium chloride; [0407] from about 0.07 to about 0.50 millimolar menthol, preferably 0.07, 0.10, 0.14 0.20 or 0.40 millimolar menthol; [0408] optionally, about 0.1% w/v sorbate; and [0409] about 3 millimolar phosphate buffer or about 4 millimolar citrate buffer, wherein the composition has a pH of about 7.0.

    [0410] The present invention is further directed to an artificial tear composition comprising: [0411] about 3.5% w/v polysorbate 80; [0412] about 0.2% w/v poloxamer 407; [0413] about 0.2% w/v poloxamer 188; [0414] about 0.01% w/v polyoxyl castor oil; [0415] about 0.70% to about 0.80% w/v hydroxypropylmethyl cellulose, preferably 0.70%, 0.75% or 0.80% w/v; [0416] about 2.5% w/v mannitol; [0417] about 0.1% w/v magnesium chloride; [0418] about 0.25% to about 0.35% w/v sodium chloride, preferably 0.25%, 0.30% or 0.35% w/v; [0419] from about 0.07 to about 0.14 millimolar menthol, preferably 0.07, 0.10, or millimolar menthol; [0420] optionally, about 0.1% w/v sorbate; and [0421] about 3 millimolar phosphate buffer or about 4 millimolar citrate buffer,
    wherein the composition has a pH of about 7.0.

    [0422] The present invention is further directed to an artificial tear composition comprising: [0423] about 2.0% w/v polysorbate 80; [0424] about 0.2% w/v poloxamer 407; [0425] about 0.5% w/v poloxamer 188; [0426] about 1.0% w/v hydroxypropyl-gamma-cyclodextrin; [0427] from about 0.5% to about 1.25% w/v hydroxypropylmethyl cellulose or a concentration of a cellulose derivative that yields a total viscosity of the composition equal to the total viscosity of the composition provided by from about 0.5% to about 1.25% w/v hydroxypropylmethyl cellulose; [0428] from about 0.2% to about 0.75% w/v sodium chloride; [0429] about 0.1% w/v magnesium chloride; and [0430] about 0.025 to about 0.07 millimolar menthol.

    [0431] The present invention is further directed to an artificial tear composition comprising: [0432] about 2.0% w/v polysorbate 80; [0433] about 0.2% w/v poloxamer 407; [0434] about 0.5% w/v poloxamer 188; [0435] about 1.0% w/v hydroxypropyl-gamma-cyclodextrin; [0436] from about 1.25% to about 1.35% w/v hydroxypropylmethyl cellulose or a concentration of a cellulose derivative that yields a total viscosity of the composition equal to the total viscosity of the composition provided by from about 1.25% to about 1.35% w/v hydroxypropylmethyl cellulose; [0437] from about 0.25% to about 0.75% w/v sodium chloride; [0438] about 0.1% w/v magnesium chloride; and about 0.07 to about 0.1 millimolar menthol.

    [0439] The present invention is further directed to an artificial tear composition comprising: [0440] about 3.0% w/v polysorbate; [0441] about 0.10% w/v poloxamer 188; [0442] about 0.01% w/v polyoxyl castor oil; [0443] from about 0.0% to about 2.0% w/v hydroxypropylmethyl cellulose; [0444] from about 0.5% to about 2.5% w/v mannitol; [0445] about 0.10% w/v magnesium ions; [0446] from about 0.0% to about 0.75% w/v NaCl; and [0447] a buffer at a concentration from about 1 mM to about 100 mM,
    wherein the composition has a pH from about 5.5 to about 8.0 and wherein the viscosity is less than or equal to 500 centipoise.

    [0448] The present invention is further directed to an artificial tear composition comprising: [0449] about 4.0% w/v Captisol; [0450] about 1.35% w/v HPMC; [0451] about 0.02% w/v BAK; [0452] about 0.10% w/v sorbate; [0453] about 0.10% w/v EDTA; [0454] about 3 mM Citrate buffer; and [0455] from about 0.3% to about 0.5% w/v NaCl,
    wherein the composition has a pH from about 6.0.

    [0456] An artificial tear composition comprising about 0.70% w/v polysorbate 80, about 0.7% w/v poloxamer 407, about 0.14% w/v poloxamer 188, about 0.18% w/v polyoxyl castor oil, about 1.05% w/v hydroxypropyl-gamma-cyclodextrin, about 0.04% w/v sodium carboxymethyl cellulose, about 0.70% w/v polyethylene glycol 400, about 0.53% w/v mannitol, about 0.07% w/v magnesium chloride, about 0.55% w/v sodium chloride, about 0.12% w/v potassium sorbate and 3 mM phosphate buffer, wherein the composition has a pH of about 7.

    [0457] An artificial tear composition comprising about 1.00% w/v polysorbate 80, about 1.00% w/v poloxamer 407, about 0.20% w/v poloxamer 188, about 0.25% w/v polyoxyl castor oil, about 1.50% w/v hydroxypropyl-gamma-cyclodextrin, about 1.00% w/v sodium carboxymethyl cellulose, about 0.75% w/v polyethylene glycol 400, about 0.50% w/v mannitol, about 0.65% w/v sodium chloride, about 0.15 millimolar menthol, about 0.12% w/v potassium sorbate and about 4.5 mM citrate buffer, wherein the composition has a pH of about 6.5.

    [0458] An artificial tear composition comprising about 1.00% w/v polysorbate 80, about 1.00% w/v poloxamer 407, about 0.20% w/v poloxamer 188, about 0.25% w/v polyoxyl castor oil, about 1.50% w/v hydroxypropyl-gamma-cyclodextrin, about 1.25% w/v sodium carboxymethyl cellulose, about 0.75% w/v polyethylene glycol 400, about 0.50% w/v mannitol, about 0.70% w/v sodium chloride, about 2.0 millimolar menthol, about 0.12% w/v potassium sorbate and about 2.0 mM menthol, wherein the composition has a pH of about 6.0.

    [0459] An artificial tear composition comprising about 3.5% w/v polysorbate 80, a viscosity enhancer selected from about 0.8% to about 1.2% hydroxypropylmethyl cellulose and from about 1% to about 1.4% w/v carboxymethyl cellulose, about 0.75% w/v polyethylene glycol 400, from about 0.5% to about 0.75% w/v mannitol, from about 0.6% to about 1.25% w/v sodium chloride, from about 0.1 to about 3.0 millimolar menthol, preferably from about 0.1 to about 0.15 millimolar or from about 2.5 to about 3.0 millimolar, and from about 0.1% to about 0.12% w/v sorbate, optionally, about 0.25% w/v polyoxyl castor oil, optionally, from about 0.5% to about 1.5% w/v hydroxypropyl gamma cyclodextrin and optionally, about 4 millimolar citrate buffer, wherein the composition has a pH from about 6 to about 6.5

    [0460] An artificial tear composition comprising about 1% w/v polysorbate 80, about 1% w/v poloxamer 407, about 0.2% w/v poloxamer 188, about 0.25% w/v polyoxyl castor oil, about 1.5% w/v hydroxypropyl gamma cyclodextrin, a viscosity enhancer selected from about 0.8% to about 1.2% hydroxypropylmethyl cellulose and from about 1% to about 1.4% w/v carboxymethyl cellulose, about 0.75% w/v polyethylene glycol 400, from about 0.5% to about 0.75% w/v mannitol, from about 0.6% to about 0.7% w/v sodium chloride and from about 0.1 to about 3.0 millimolar menthol, preferably from about 0.1 to about 0.2 millimolar or from about 2.0 to about 3.0 millimolar, and optionally, about 0.1% w/v ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid, optionally, about 0.1% w/v ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid, optionally, from about 0.1% to about 0.12% w/v sorbate, and optionally, about 4 millimolar phosphate buffer, wherein the composition has a pH from about 6 to about 6.5

    TABLE-US-00001 TABLE 1 Artificial Tear Compositions (% w/v) A B C D E F G H Polysorbate 80 3.00% 3.00% 3.00% 3.00% 2.50% 1.50% 1.50% 3.00% Poloxamer 407 0.20% 0.20% 0.20% Poloxamer 188 0.10% 0.10% 0.10% 0.10% 0.10% 0.10% 0.10% Polyoxyl castor oil 0.01% 0.01% 0.01% 0.01% 0.01% Hydroxypropyl- 1.00% 2.00% 1.00% gamma-cyclodextrin Mannitol 2.50% 2.50% 2.50% 2.50% 2.50% 2.50% 2.50% 2.50% HPMC 0.10% 0.65% 1.00% 1.35% 1.30% 1.40% 1.45% 1.25% NaCl 0.20% 0.75% 0.75% 0.75% 0.30% 0.40% 0.35% 0.30% MgCl.sub.2 0.10% 0.10% 0.10% 0.10% 0.10% 0.10% 0.10% 0.10% Menthol (mM) 0.07 0.1 0.1 Phosphate buffer or 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 Citrate buffer (mM) pH 7.0 7.0 7.0 7.0 5.5 5.5 5.5 (% w/v) I J K L M N O P Polysorbate 80 1.50% 1.50% 1.50% 3.00% 1.50% 1.50% 3.50% 1.50% Poloxamer 407 0.20% 0.20% 0.20% 0.20% 0.20% 0.20% 0.70% 0.20% Poloxamer 188 1.00% 1.00% 0.50% 0.10% 0.75% 0.75% 1.00% 0.50% Polyoxyl castor oil 0.01% 0.01% 1.00% 0.01% 0.01% 0.01% 0.01% 1.00% Hydroxypropyl- 0.50% 0.50% 0.50% 0.50% 1.50% 1.50% 0.50% gamma-cyclodextrin Mannitol 2.50% 2.50% 2.50% 1.00% 2.50% 2.50% 2.50% 2.50% HPMC 1.25% 1.35% 1.35% 0.10% 1.35% 1.45% 0.85% 1.25% NaCl 0.30% 0.30% 0.30% 0.30% 0.40% 0.25% 0.25% 0.30% MgCl.sub.2 0.10% 0.10% 0.10% 0.10% 0.10% 0.10% 0.10% 0.10% Menthol (mM) 0.15 0.15-0.25 0.07-0.20 Phosphate buffer or 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 Citrate buffer (mM) pH 7.0 5.5 5.5 7 (% w/v) Q R S T U V W Polysorbate 80 1.00% 3.00% 1.00% 1.50% 1.50% 2.00% 3.00% Poloxamer 407 0.20% 0.20% 0.20% 0.20% 0.20% 0.20% Poloxamer 188 0.10% 0.10% 0.10% 0.10% 0.50% 0.20% Polyoxyl castor oil 0.01% Hydroxypropyl- 0.50% 1.00% 1.00% 1.00% gamma-cyclodextrin Mannitol 1.00% 1.00% 1.00% 2.50% 2.50% 1.00% HPMC 0.10% 0.10% 0.10% 1.30% 1.40% 0.10% NaCl 0.40% 0.40% 0.40% 0.30% 0.30% 0.75% 0.30% MgCl.sub.2 0.10% 0.10% 0.10% 0.10% 0.10% 0.10% 0.10% Menthol (mM) 0.07 0.1 0.1-0.2 Phosphate buffer or 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 Citrate buffer (mM) pH 5.5 5.5 7.0

    TABLE-US-00002 TABLE 2 More Artificial Tear Compositions (% w/v) 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Polyoxyl 40 4.50% 5.00% 5.50% 5.00% 5.00% 5.00% 5.00% 5.00% 5.00% stearate Poloxamer 407 0.20% 0.20% 0.20% 0.20% 0.20% 0.20% 0.20% Poloxamer 188 0.10% 0.10% 0.10% 0.10% Polysorbate 80 Polysorbate 20 Polyoxyl 35 castor oil CMC 0.55% 0.55% 0.55% 0.55% 0.55% 0.25% HPC HPMC 0.40% 0.62% 0.55% 0.25% Glycerin NaCl 0.25% BAK 0.01% Visual Blur 30-60 30-60 30-60 30-60 10 20-30 30-60 10 (sec) (% w/v) 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 Polyoxyl 40 5.00% 5.00% 5.00% 5.00% 5.00% 5.00% 3.70% 3.70% 4.75% stearate Poloxamer 407 0.20% 0.20% 0.20% 0.20% 0.20% 0.20% 0.20% 0.20% 0.20% Poloxamer 188 0.10% 0.10% 0.10% 0.10% 0.10% 0.10% 0.10% 0.10% 0.10% Polysorbate 80 1.00% 1.00% 1.00% 1.00% 1.00% 1.00% Polysorbate 20 0.05% Polyoxyl 35 castor oil CMC 0.25% 0.55% 0.75% 0.62% HPC 1.25% 1.75% 1.40% HPMC 0.25% 0.55% 0.75% Glycerin NaCl 0.25% BAK 0.01% Visual Blur 10 30-40 90-180 60-90 5 30 10-20 (sec) (% w/v) 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 Polyoxyl 40 5.00% 5.00% 5.00% 5.00% 5.00% 5.00% 5.00% stearate Poloxamer 407 0.20% 0.20% 0.20% 0.20% 0.20% 0.20% 0.20% 0.20% Poloxamer 188 0.10% 0.10% 0.10% 0.10% 0.10% 0.10% 0.10% 0.10% Polysorbate 80 5.00% Polysorbate 20 Polyoxyl 35 castor oil CMC 0.50% 0.75% HPC 1.50% HPMC 0.30% 0.30% 0.50% 0.10% 0.20% 0.30% Glycerin NaCl 0.25% BAK 0.01% Visual Blur 45 2 5 20 30 15 3.5 5 5 Wetting Effect 90 30 30 60 90 45 45 45 45 (min) Comfort 3.5 3.5 3.0 3.5 3.5 3.5 3.5 3.5 3.5 (4 is best) Visual Quality 3.7 3.7 3.5 3.5 3.5 3.8 3.7 3.8 3.8 (4 is best) Overall 2.0 3.0 3.0 3.0 3.1 3.1 3.2 3.2 3.2 Performance (% w/v) 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 Polyoxyl 40 5.00% 5.00% 5.00% 5.00% stearate Poloxamer 407 0.20% 5.00% 0.20% 0.20% 5.00% 0.20% 0.20% 0.20% Poloxamer 188 0.10% 0.10% 0.10% 0.10% 0.10% 0.10% Polysorbate 80 1.00% Polysorbate 20 Polyoxyl 35 0.25% 1.00% 1.50% castor oil CMC 0.50% 0.50% HPC 1.75% 1.00% HPMC 0.30% 0.30% 0.30% 0.30% Glycerin 0.30% NaCl 0.25% BAK 0.01% Visual Blur 45 40 7 15 20 0 1 1 Wetting Effect 30 60 45 60 60 90 180 180 (min) Comfort 3.0 3.5 3.7 3.5 3.5 4.0 4.0 4.0 (4 is best) Visual Quality 3.5 3.5 3.5 3.5 3.5 3.9 4.0 4.0 (4 is best) Overall 3.2 3.2 3.5 3.5 3.5 3.8 4.0 4.0 Performance (% w/v) 36 37 38 39 40 41 Polysorbate 80 3.00% 3.00% 3.00% 3.00% 3.00% 3.00% Poloxamer 188 0.10% 0.10% 0.10% 0.10% 0.10% 0.10% Polyoxyl Castor oil 0.01% 0.01% 0.01% 0.01% 0.01% 0.01% Mannitol 1.00% 1.00% 1.00% 1.00% 2.50% 2.50% HPMC 0.10% 0.10% 0.10% 0.10% 0.50% 0.50% NaCl 0.20% 0.25% 0.50% 0.75% 0.00% 0.20% MgCl.sub.2 0.10% 0.10% 0.10% 0.10% 0.10% 0.10% Glycerin 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% Phosphate buffer mM 3.00 3.00 3.00 3.00 3.00 2.00 pH 7.00 7.00 7.00 7.00 7.00 7.00 Osmolarity (mOsm) 284 369 Shear Rate 10-1000 10-1000 Viscosity (cps) 72 100 (% w/v) 42 43 44 45 46 Polysorbate 80 3.00% 3.00% 3.00% 3.00% 3.00% Poloxamer 188 0.10% 0.10% 0.10% 0.10% 0.10% Polyoxyl Castor oil 0.01% 0.01% 0.01% 0.01% 0.01% Mannitol 2.50% 2.50% 2.50% 2.50% 2.50% HPMC 0.50% 0.50% 0.50% 0.65% 0.75% NaCl 0.50% 0.50% 0.75% 0.20% 0.00% MgCl.sub.2 0.10% 0.10% 0.10% 0.10% 0.10% Glycerin 0.00% 1.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% Phosphate buffer mM 2.00 2.00 2.00 3.00 3.00 pH 7.00 7.00 7.00 7.00 7.00 Osmolarity (mOsm) 32 39 10 (d) Shear Rate 10-1000 10-1000 10-1000 Viscosity (cps) 100 110 147 (% w/v) 47 48 49 50 51 52 Polysorbate 80 3.00% 3.00% 3.00% 3.00% 3.00% 3.00% Poloxamer 188 0.01% 0.10% 0.10% 0.10% 0.10% 0.10% Polyoxyl Castor oil 0.01% 0.00% 0.0001% 0.001% 0.01% 0.01% Mannitol 2.50% 2.50% 2.50% 2.50% 2.50% 2.50% HPMC 0.75% 1.00% 1.00% 1.00% 1.00% 1.00% NaCl 0.20% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.20% MgCl.sub.2 0.10% 0.10% 0.10% 0.10% 0.10% 0.10% Glycerin 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% Phosphate buffer mM 3.00 3.00 3.00 3.00 3.00 3.00 pH 7.00 7.00 7.00 7.00 7.00 7.00 Osmolarity (mOsm) 15 (d) 15 (d) 12 (d) 12 (d) 16 (d) Shear Rate 10-1000 10-1000 10-1000 10-1000 10-1000 Viscosity (cps) 164 214 181 233 192 (% w/v) 53 54 55 56 57 Polysorbate 80 5.00% 7.00% 3.00% 3.00% 3.00% Poloxamer 188 0.10% 0.10% 0.10% 0.10% 0.10% Polyoxyl Castor oil 0.01% 0.01% 0.01% 0.01% 0.01% Mannitol 2.50% 2.50% 2.50% 2.50% 2.50% HPMC 1.00% 1.00% 1.35% 1.48% 1.48% NaCl 0.20% 0.20% 0.50% 0.50% 0.70% MgCl.sub.2 0.10% 0.10% 0.10% 0.10% 0.10% Glycerin 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% 0.00% Phosphate buffer mM 3.00 3.00 3.00 3.00 3.00 pH 7.00 7.00 7.00 7.00 7.00 Osmolarity (mOsm) Shear Rate Viscosity (cps) (d) denotes diluted ten times

    [0461] AQus CL-Tears may represent compositions with the following ingredients and concentrations: [0462] 3.0% polysorbate 80 [0463] 0.10% poloxamer 188 [0464] 0.01% polyoxyl castor oil [0465] 0.50% HPMC [0466] 0.5% to 2.5% mannitol (1.0% preferred) [0467] 0.10% MgCl.sub.2 [0468] 0.1% to 0.75% NaCl, preferably 0.2% to 0.5% [0469] optionally 1.0% glycerin [0470] 2-3 mM phosphate buffer [0471] pH 7.0

    [0472] AQus CL-Tears may also represent compositions with the following ingredients and concentrations: [0473] 0.0% to 1.5% polysorbate 80 [0474] 0.10% poloxamer 188 [0475] 0.01% polyoxyl castor oil [0476] 1.5% to 3.0% hydroxy propyl gamma cyclodextrin [0477] 0.50% HPMC [0478] 0% to 2.5% mannitol (1.0% preferred) [0479] 0% to 0.10% MgCl.sub.2 [0480] 0.1% to 0.75% NaCl, preferably 0.2% to 0.5% [0481] optionally 1.0% glycerin [0482] 2-3 mM phosphate buffer [0483] pH 7.0

    [0484] AQus CL-Tears may also represent compositions may represent composition of Table 3.

    TABLE-US-00003 TABLE 3 AQus CL-Tears Compositions (% w/v) 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 Polysorbate 80 3.00% 3.00% 3.00% 2.50% 2.00% 1.50% 1.50% 1.50% 1.00% Poloxamer 407 0.20% 0.20% 0.10% 0.20% 0.20% 0.20% 0.20% 0.20% Poloxamer 188 0.10% 0.10% 0.10% 1.00% 0.50% 1.00% 0.10% 1.00% 0.10% Polyoxyl Castor oil 0.01% 0.01% 0.01% 0.01% 0.01% 0.01% 0.01% 0.01% 0.01% Hydroxypropyl-gamma- 0.50% 0.25% 1.00% 0.50% 1.50% 1.00% 1.50% cyclodextrin HPMC 0.10% 0.10% 0.10% 0.10% 0.10% 0.10% CMC (% HPMC 0.10% 0.10% 0.10% equivalent) PEG 400 0.50% 0.25% Mannitol 1.00% 1.00% 1.00% 2.50% 1.00% 1.00% 1.00% MgCl.sub.2 0.10% 0.10% 0.10% 0.10% 0.10% 0.10% 0.10% 0.10% 0.10% NaCl* 0.30% 0.30% 0.30% 0.30% 0.30% 0.40% 0.40% 0.40% 0.30% Phosphate buffer (mM) 3.00 3.00 3.00 3.00 3.00 3.00 3.00 3.00 3.00 pH 7.00 7.00 7.00 7.00 7.00 7.00 7.00 7.00 7.00 Menthol (mM) viscosity (cps) 2.00 2.00 2.00 >100 2.00 2.00 2.00 2.00 2.00 (% w/v) 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 Polysorbate 80 1.00% 1.00% 1.00% 1.00% 1.00% 1.00% 0.50% 0.50% 1.50% Poloxamer 407 0.20% 0.20% 0.20% 1.00% 1.00% 1.00% 0.20% Poloxamer 188 0.10% 0.50% 1.00% 1.00% 1.00% 1.00% 0.10% 0.10% 0.10% Polyoxyl Castor oil 0.50% 0.10% 0.01% 0.01% 0.01% 0.01% 0.01% 0.01% 1.00% Hydroxypropyl-gamma- 1.50% 1.50% 1.50% 2.50% 3.00% 0.50% cyclodextrin HPMC 0.10% 0.10% 0.10% 0.10% 0.10% 0.10% CMC (% HPMC equivalent) 0.10% 0.10% PEG 400 1.00% Mannitol 1.00% 1.00% 1.00% 1.00% 1.00% MgCl.sub.2 0.10% 0.10% 0.10% 0.10% 0.10% 0.10% 0.10% 0.10% 0.10% NaCl* 0.30% 0.30% 0.30% 0.30% 0.40% 0.40% 0.40% 0.40% 0.40% Phosphate buffer (mM) 3.00 3.00 3.00 3.00 3.00 3.00 3.00 3.00 3.00 pH 7.00 7.00 7.00 7.00 7.00 7.00 7.00 7.00 7.0 Menthol (mM) 0.05 viscosity (cps) 2.00 2.00 2.00 2.00 2.00 2.00 2.00 2.00 2.00 (% w/v) 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 Polysorbate 80 1.00% 1.00% 2.00% 2.00% 2.00% 2.00% 2.00% 2.00% 2.00% Poloxamer 407 0.50% 0.50% 0.10% 0.10% 0.10% 0.10% 0.10% 0.10% 0.10% Poloxamer 188 1.00% 1.00% 0.10% 0.10% 0.10% 0.10% 0.10% 0.10% 0.10% Polyoxyl Castor oil 0.01% 0.01% 0.01% 0.01% 0.01% 0.01% 0.01% 0.01% 0.01% HPMC 0.50% 0.50% 0.50% 0.20% 0.50% 0.50% 0.50% 0.50% 0.50% PEG 400 0.25% 0.25% 0.25% 0.20% 0.25% 0.25% 0.25% 0.25% 0.25% Mannitol 0.25% 0.25% 0.25% 0.20% 0.25% 1.00% 0.25% 0.50% 0.50% MgCl.sub.2 0.10% 0.10% 0.10% 0.10% 0.10% 0.10% 0.10% 0.10% 0.10% NaCl* 0.30% 0.30% 0.25% 0.25% 0.25% 0.35% 0.25% 0.40% 0.40% Citrate buffer (mM) 4.00 4.00 4.00 pH 7.00 7.00 7.00 7.00 7.00 7.00 7.00 7.00 7.00 Menthol (mM) 0.04 0.04 0.02 0.02 0.08 0.08 0.12 0.13 Sorbate 0.1% 0.1% 0.1% (% w/v) 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 Polysorbate 80 2.00% 2.00% 2.00% 2.00% 2.00% 2.00% 2.00% 2.00% 2.00% Poloxamer 407 0.10% 0.10% 0.10% 0.10% 0.10% 0.10% 0.10% 0.10% 0.10% Poloxamer 188 0.10% 0.10% 0.10% 0.10% 0.10% 0.10% 0.10% 0.10% 0.10% Polyoxyl Castor oil 0.01% 0.01% 0.01% 0.01% 0.01% 0.01% 0.01% 0.01% 0.01% HPMC 0.50% 0.50% 0.50% 0.20% 0.50% 0.50% 0.50% 0.50% 0.50% PEG 400 0.25% 0.25% 0.25% 0.20% 0.25% 0.25% 0.25% 0.25% 0.25% Mannitol 0.50% 0.50% 0.50% 0.20% 0.25% 1.00% 0.25% 0.50% 0.50% MgCl.sub.2 0.10% 0.10% 0.10% 0.10% 0.10% 0.10% 0.10% 0.10% 0.10% NaCl* 0.40% 0.40% 0.40% 0.25% 0.25% 0.25% 0.25% 0.40% 0.40% Citrate buffer (mM) 4.00 4.00 4.00 4.00 4.00 4.00 pH 7.00 7.00 7.00 7.00 7.00 7.00 7.00 7.00 7.00 Menthol (mM) 0.14 0.15 0.16 0.08 0.08 0.12 0.13 Sorbate 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 EDTA 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 (% w/v) 94 95 96 Polysorbate 80 2.00% 2.00% 2.00% Poloxamer 407 0.10% 0.10% 0.10% Poloxamer 188 0.10% 0.10% 0.10% Polyoxyl Castor oil 0.01% 0.01% 0.01% HPMC 0.50% 0.50% 0.50% PEG 400 0.25% 0.25% 0.25% Mannitol 0.50% 0.50% 0.50% MgCl.sub.2 0.10% 0.10% 0.10% NaCl* 0.40% 0.40% 0.40% Citrate buffer (mM) 4.00 4.00 4.00 pH 7.00 7.00 7.00 Menthol (mM) 0.14 0.15 0.16 Sorbate 0.1 0.1 0.1 EDTA 0.1 0.1 0.1 *NaCl may be at a concentration from 0.1% to 0.75%, preferably from 0.2% to 0.5% % HPMC equivalent denotes an amount of CMC necessary to result in a final viscosity equivalent to the final viscosity achieved if the given % w/v of HPMC were used.

    [0485] AQus Tears Plus may represent compositions of Table 4.

    TABLE-US-00004 TABLE 4 AQus Tears Plus Compositions (% w/v) 97 98 99 100 101 102 103 104 Polysorbate 80 3.50% 3.00% 3.00% 3.00% 2.75% 2.00% 2.00% 1.50% Poloxamer 407 0.20% 0.10% 0.10% 0.20% 0.20% 0.20% 0.20% Poloxamer 188 0.10% 0.50% 0.10% 0.10% 0.50% 0.10% 0.75% Polyoxyl Castor oil 0.01% 0.01% 0.01% 0.01% 0.01% 0.01% 0.01% 0.01% Hydroxypropyl-gamma- 0.25% 0.70% 0.75% 1.00% 1.50% 1.50% cyclodextrin HPMC 0.85% 1.25% 1.00% 0.65% 1.00% 1.25% 1.25% 1.00% CMC (% HPMC equivalent) PEG 400 0.25% Mannitol 2.50% 2.50% 2.50% 2.50% 2.50% 2.50% 2.50% 2.50% MgCl.sub.2 0.10% 0.10% 0.10% 0.10% 0.10% 0.10% 0.10% 0.10% NaCl* 0.25% 0.30% 0.30% 0.30% 0.40% 0.25% 0.30% 0.30% Phosphate buffer (mM) 3.00 3.00 3.00 3.00 Citrate buffer (mM) 3.00 3.00 3.00 3.00 pH 7.00 7.00 5.50 7.00 7.00 5.50 6.00 5.50 Menthol (mM) 0.07 0.12 0.07 0.15 0.17 0.15 0.15 Sorbate 0.10% (% w/v) 105 106 107 108 109 110 111 112 Polysorbate 80 1.50% 1.50% 1.00% 1.00% 0.50% 0.50% 0.50% 0.50% Poloxamer 407 0.20% 0.20% 1.00% Poloxamer 188 0.50% 0.10% 1.00% 0.10% 0.10% 0.10% 0.10% 0.10% Polyoxyl Castor oil 0.01% 0.01% 0.01% 0.01% 0.01% 0.01% 0.01% Hydroxypropyl-gamma- 1.50% 1.50% 2.00% 3.00% 3.00% 3.00% 3.00% cyclodextrin HPMC 1.35% 0.65% 0.75% 0.75% 0.75% 0.75% CMC (% HPMC equivalent) 1.00% 0.75% PEG 400 Mannitol 1.00% 2.50% 2.50% 2.50% 2.50% 2.50% 2.50% 2.50% MgCl.sub.2 0.10% 0.10% 0.10% 0.10% 0.10% 0.10% 0.10% 0.10% NaCl* 0.40% 0.30% 0.30% 0.40% 0.40% 0.40% 0.40% 0.40% Phosphate buffer (mM) 3.00 3.00 3.00 3.00 3.00 3.00 3.00 3.00 Citrate buffer (mM) pH 7.00 6.00 7.00 7.00 6.00 6.00 6.00 6.00 Menthol (mM) 0.12 0.10 0.10 0.10 Sorbate 0.10% (% w/v) 113 114 115 115B 115C 115D 115E Polysorbate 80 1.5% 1.5% 3.0% 1.00% 1.00% 1.00% 1.00% Poloxamer 407 0.7% 0.7% 0.1% 0.50% 0.50% 1.00% 1.00% Poloxamer 188 1.0% 1.0% 0.1% 1.00% 1.00% 0.20% 0.20% Polyoxyl Castor oil 0.01% 0.01% 0.01% 0.01% 0.01% 0.01% 0.01% Hydroxypropyl-gamma- 1.50% 1.50% cyclodextrin HPMC 0.95% 0.95% 0.95% 0.50% 0.50% 0.20% 0.20% CMC (% HPMC equivalent) PEG 400 1.0% 1.0% 2.0% 0.25% 0.25% 0.50% 0.50% Mannitol 0.5% 0.5% 0.5% 0.25% 0.25% 1.00% 1.00% MgCl.sub.2 0.1% 0.1% 0.1% 0.10% 0.10% 0.10% 0.10% NaCl* 0.35% 0.35% 0.4% 0.30% 0.30% 0.35% 0.4% Phosphate buffer (mM) 3.00 3.00 Citrate buffer (mM) 4.00 4.00 4.00 4.00 4.00 pH 7 7 7 7.00 7.00 7.0 7.0 Menthol (mM) 0.09 0.09 0.09 0.02 0.02 0.10 0.01 Sorbate 0.1% 0.1% 0.1% *NaCl may be at a concentration from 0.1% to 0.75%, preferably from 0.2% to 0.5% % HPMC equivalent denotes an amount of CMC necessary to result in a final viscosity equivalent to the final viscosity achieved if the given % w/v of HPMC were used

    [0486] AQus Tears Advanced may represent compositions of Table 5.

    TABLE-US-00005 TABLE 5 AQus Tears Advanced Compositions (% w/v) 116 117 118 119 120 121 122 123 Polysorbate 80 3.50% 3.00% 2.75% 2.00% 1.50% 1.50% 1.50% 1.50% Poloxamer 407 0.20% 0.10% 0.20% 0.20% 0.20% 0.20% 0.20% 0.20% Poloxamer 188 0.10% 0.10% 0.10% 0.10% 0.75% 0.50% 0.50% 0.10% Polyoxyl Castor oil 0.01% 0.01% 0.01% 0.01% 0.01% 0.01% 0.01% 0.01% Hydroxypropyl-gamma- 0.70% 0.75% 1.50% 1.50% 1.50% 1.50% 2.00% cyclodextrin HPMC 1.25% 1.40% 1.25% 1.30% 1.35% 1.35% 1.35% 1.35% CMC (% HPMC equivalent) PEG 400 0.25% Mannitol 2.50% 2.50% 2.50% 2.50% 2.50% 2.50% 2.50% 2.50% MgCl.sub.2 0.10% 0.10% 0.10% 0.10% 0.10% 0.10% 0.10% 0.10% NaCl* 0.25% 0.30% 0.25% 0.30% 0.40% 0.40% 0.40% 0.25% Citrate Buffer (mM) 3.00 3.00 3.00 3.00 3.00 3.00 3.00 3.00 pH 5.50 5.00 5.50 5.50 5.50 5.50 5.50 5.00 Menthol (mM) 0.15 0.20 0.15 0.17 0.15 0.17 0.15 0.17 Sorbate 0.10% (% w/v) 124 125 126 127 128 129 130 Polysorbate 80 0.50% 0.50% 0.50% 0.50% 0.50% 2.00% 0.50% Poloxamer 407 0.20% Poloxamer 188 0.10% 0.10% 0.10% 0.10% 0.10% 0.10% Polyoxyl Castor oil 0.01% 0.01% 0.01% 0.01% 0.01% 0.01% Hydroxypropyl-gamma- 3.50% 3.50% 4.00% 4.00% 4.00% 1.50% 4.00% cyclodextrin HPMC 1.00% 1.00% 1.25% 1.25% 1.25% CMC (% HPMC equivalent) 1.25% 1.30% Mannitol 2.50% 2.50% 2.50% 2.50% 2.50% 2.50% 2.50% PEG 400 MgCl.sub.2 0.10% 0.10% 0.10% 0.10% 0.10% 0.10% 0.10% NaCl* 0.30% 0.40% 0.40% 0.40% 0.40% 0.30% 0.40% Citrate Buffer (mM) 3.00 3.00 3.00 3.00 3.00 3.00 3.00 pH 6.00 7.00 5.50 5.50 5.50 5.50 5.50 Menthol (mM) 0.10 0.10 0.10 Sorbate 0.10% 0.10% (% w/v) 131B 131C 131D 131E 131F 131G Polysorbate 80 1.00% 1.00% 1.00% 1.00% 1.00% 1.00% Poloxamer 407 0.50% 0.50% 0.50% 0.50% 1.00% 1.00% Poloxamer 188 1.00% 1.00% 1.00% 1.00% 0.20% 0.20% Polyoxyl Castor oil 0.01% 0.01% 0.5% 0.5% 0.01% 0.25% Hydroxypropyl-gamma- 1.50% 1.50% cyclodextrin HPMC 0.50% 0.50% 0.85% 0.85% 0.75% 1.00% Mannitol 0.25% 0.25% 0.25% 0.25% 1.00% 1.00% PEG 400 0.25% 0.25% 0.25% 0.25% 0.50% 0.50% MgCl.sub.2 0.10% 0.10% 0.10% 0.10% 0.10% 0.10% NaCl* 0.30% 0.30% 0.30% 0.30% 0.35% 0.35% Phosphate Buffer (mM) 4.00 4.00 Citrate Buffer (mM) 4.00 4.00 4.00 4.00 pH 7.00 7.00 7.00 7.00 6.0 6.2 Menthol (mM) 0.04 0.04 0.06 0.06 0.30 0.27 Sorbate 0.10% 0.10% 0.11% 0.10% *NaCl may be at a concentration from 0.1% to 0.75%, preferably from 0.2% to 0.5% % HPMC equivalent denotes an amount of CMC necessary to result in a final viscosity equivalent to the final viscosity achieved if the given % w/v of HPMC were used

    [0487] AQus Tears Advanced Plus or AQus Tears Extreme may represent compositions of Table 6.

    TABLE-US-00006 TABLE 6 AQus Tears Advanced Plus and AQus Tears Extreme Compositions (% w/v) 131 132 133 134 135 136 137 138 Polysorbate 80 3.50% 2.75% 2.00% 2.00% 1.50% 1.50% 0.50% 0.50% Poloxamer 407 0.20% 0.20% 0.20% 0.20% 0.20% 0.20% Poloxamer 188 0.10% 0.10% 0.10% 0.10% 0.75% 0.10% 0.40% 0.40% Polyoxyl Castor oil 0.01% 0.01% 0.01% 0.01% 0.01% 0.01% 0.01% 0.01% Hydroxypropyl-gamma- 0.75% 1.50% 1.50% 1.50% 2.00% 4.50% 4.50% cyclodextrin HPMC 1.45% 1.40% 1.40% 1.45% 1.40% 1.35% 1.40% CMC (% HPMC equivalent) 1.40% PEG 400 0.25% Mannitol 2.50% 2.50% 2.50% 2.50% 2.50% 2.50% 2.50% 2.50% MgCl.sub.2 0.10% 0.10% 0.10% 0.10% 0.10% 0.10% 0.10% 0.10% NaCl* 0.25% 0.25% 0.40% 0.30% 0.25% 0.35% 0.40% 0.40% Citrate Buffer (mM) 3.00 3.00 3.00 3.00 3.00 3.00 3.00 3.00 pH 5.00 5.00 5.00 5.50 5.00 5.00 7.00 5.50 Menthol (mM) 0.15 0.17 0.25 0.15 0.25 0.20 0.10 Sorbate 0.10% (% w/v) 139 140 141 142 143 144 145 Polysorbate 80 0.50% 0.50% 0.50% 0.50% 1.75% 1.75% 3.5% Poloxamer 407 0.75% 0.75% 0.1% Poloxamer 188 0.40% 0.40% 0.40% 0.40% 1.25% 1.25% 0.1% Polyoxyl Castor oil 0.01% 0.01% 0.01% 0.01% 0.01% 0.01% 0.01% Hydroxypropyl-gamma- 5.00% 5.00% 5.00% 5.00% cyclodextrin HPMC 1.40% 1.45% 1.40% 1.1% 1.1% 1.1% CMC (% HPMC equivalent) 1.40% PEG 400 0.25% 0.25% 2.5% Mannitol 2.50% 2.50% 2.50% 2.50% 0.75% 0.75% 1.0% MgCl.sub.2 0.10% 0.10% 0.10% 0.10% 0.05% 0.05% 0.1% NaCl* 0.40% 0.40% 0.40% 0.40% 0.40% 0.40% 0.40% Citrate Buffer (mM) 3.00 3.00 3.00 3.00 4.00 4.00 4.00 pH 7.00 5.50 5.50 5.50 7 7 7 Menthol (mM) 0.15 0.15 0.15 0.12 0.12 0.12 Sorbate 0.10% 0.1% 0.1% (% w/v) 145B 145C 145D 145E 145F 145G 145H 145I Polysorbate 80 1.00% 1.00% 1.00% 1.00% 1.00% 1.00% 1.00% 1.00% Poloxamer 407 0.50% 0.50% 0.50% 0.50% 0.50% 0.50% 0.50% 0.50% Poloxamer 188 1.00% 1.00% 1.00% 1.00% 1.00% 1.00% 1.00% 1.00% Polyoxyl Castor oil 0.01% 0.01% 0.01% 0.01% 0.01% 0.01% 0.01% 0.01% HPMC 0.50% 0.50% 0.50% 0.50% 0.50% 1.1% 1.1% 1.2% Mannitol 0.25% 0.25% 0.25% 0.25% 0.25% 0.25% 0.25% 0.25% PEG 400 0.25% 0.25% 0.25% 0.25% 0.25% 0.25% 0.25% 0.25% MgCl.sub.2 0.10% 0.10% 0.10% 0.10% 0.10% 0.10% 0.10% 0.10% NaCl* 0.30% 0.30% 0.30% 0.30% 0.30% 0.30% 0.30% 0.30% Citrate Buffer (mM) 4.00 4.00 4.00 4.00 4.00 4.00 4.00 4.00 pH 7.00 7.00 7.00 7.00 7.00 7.00 7.00 7.00 Menthol (mM) 0.06 0.09 0.09 0.12 0.15 0.09 0.09 0.09 Sorbate 0.10% 0.10% (% w/v) 145J 145K 145L 145M 145N 145O 145P Polysorbate 80 1.00% 1.00% 1.00% 1.50% 1.50% 1.50% 1.00% Poloxamer 407 0.50% 0.50% 0.50% 0.70% 0.70% 0.70% 1.00% Poloxamer 188 1.00% 1.00% 1.00% 1.00% 1.00% 1.00% 0.20% Polyoxyl Castor oil 0.01% 0.75% 0.75% 0.25% 0.25% 0.25% 0.15% Hydroxypropyl-gamma- 1.50% cyclodextrin HPMC 1.2% 1.15% 1.15% 1.10% 1.10% 1.10% 1.00% Mannitol 0.25% 1.75% 1.75% 2.50% 2.50% 2.50% 1.00% PEG 400 0.25% 0.25% 0.25% 0.50% MgCl.sub.2 0.10% 0.05% 0.05% 0.10% 0.10% 0.10% 0.10% NaCl* 0.30% 0.25% 0.25% 0.25% 0.25% 0.25% 0.35% Citrate Buffer (mM) 4.00 4.00 4.00 4.00 Phosphate Buffer (mM) 3.00 3.00 3.00 pH 7.00 7.00 7.00 5.7 5.7 5.7 5.7 Menthol (mM) 0.09 0.09 0.09 0.20 0.25 0.30 Sorbate 0.10% 0.10% 0.10% 0.10% 0.10% 0.11% (% w/v) 145Q 145R 145S 145T 145U 145V 145W Polysorbate 80 1.00% 1.00% 1.00% 1.00% 1.00% 1.00% 1.00% Poloxamer 407 1.00% 1.00% 1.00% 1.00% 1.00% 1.00% 1.00% Poloxamer 188 0.20% 0.20% 0.20% 0.20% 0.20% 0.20% 0.20% Polyoxyl Castor oil 0.25% 0.25% 0.25% 0.25% 0.25% 0.25% 0.30% Hydroxypropyl-gamma- 1.50% 1.50% 1.50% 1.50% 1.50% 1.50% 1.50% cyclodextrin HPMC 1.20% 1.20% 1.20% 1.20% 1.20% 1.20% 1.20% Mannitol 1.00% 1.00% 1.00% 1.00% 1.00% 1.00% 1.00% PEG 400 0.50% 0.50% 0.50% 0.50% 0.50% 0.50% 0.50% MgCl.sub.2 0.10% 0.10% 0.10% 0.10% 0.10% 0.10% 0.10% NaCl* 0.35% 0.35% 0.35% 0.35% 0.35% 0.35% 0.35% Phosphate Buffer (mM) 3.00 4.00 3.00 4.00 3.00 4.00 3.00 pH 5.7 5.7 6.0 6.0 6.2 6.2 6.2 Menthol (mM) 0.27 0.27 0.27 0.27 0.27 0.27 0.27 Sorbate 0.10% 0.10% 0.10% 0.10% 0.10% 0.10% 0.10% (% w/v) 145X 145Y 145Z 145AA 145AB 145AC 145AD Polysorbate 80 1.50% 1.50% 1.50% 1.50% 1.50% 1.50% 1.50% Poloxamer 407 0.70% 0.70% 0.70% 0.70% 0.70% 0.70% 0.70% Poloxamer 188 1.00% 1.00% 1.00% 1.00% 1.00% 1.00% 1.00% Polyoxyl Castor oil 0.25% 0.25% 0.25% 0.25% 0.25% 0.25% 0.30% Hydroxypropyl-gamma- 1.50% 1.50% 1.50% 1.50% 1.50% 1.50% 1.50% cyclodextrin HPMC 1.20% 1.20% 1.20% 1.20% 1.20% 1.20% 1.20% Mannitol 1.00% 1.00% 1.00% 1.00% 1.00% 1.00% 1.00% PEG 400 0.50% 0.50% 0.50% 0.50% 0.50% 0.50% 0.50% MgCl.sub.2 0.10% 0.10% 0.10% 0.10% 0.10% 0.10% 0.10% NaCl* 0.35% 0.35% 0.35% 0.35% 0.35% 0.35% 0.35% Phosphate Buffer (mM) 3.00 4.00 3.00 4.00 3.00 4.00 4.00 pH 5.7 5.7 6.0 6.0 6.2 6.2 6.2 Menthol (mM) 0.27 0.27 0.27 0.27 0.27 0.27 0.27 Sorbate 0.10% 0.10% 0.10% 0.10% 0.10% 0.10% 0.11% (% w/v) 145AE 145AF 145AG 145AH 145AI 145AJ 145AK Polysorbate 80 1.00% 1.00% 1.00% 1.00% 1.00% 1.00% 1.00% Poloxamer 407 1.00% 1.00% 1.00% 1.00% 1.00% 1.00% 1.00% Poloxamer 188 0.20% 0.20% 0.20% 0.20% 0.20% 0.20% 0.20% Polyoxyl Castor oil 0.25% 0.25% 0.25% 0.25% 0.25% 0.01% 0.25% Hydroxypropyl-gamma- 1.50% 1.50% 1.50% 2.50% 1.50% 1.50% 1.50% cyclodextrin HPMC 0.20% 1.00% 1.20% 0.20% 0.70% Mannitol 1.00% 1.00% 1.00% 1.00% 1.00% 1.00% 1.00% PEG 400 0.50% 0.50% 0.50% 1.00% 0.50% 0.50% 0.50% MgCl.sub.2 0.10% 0.10% 0.10% 0.10% 0.10% 0.10% 0.10% NaCl* 0.35% 0.35% 0.35% 0.35% 0.35% 0.45% 0.45% Phosphate Buffer (mM) 4.00 4.00 4.00 4.00 3.00 Citrate Buffer (mM) 3.00 3.00 pH 6.2 6.2 6.2 6.2 6.2 7.0 7.0 Menthol (mM) 0.15 0.25 0.01 0.37 0.01 0.10 0.27 Vitamin E (alpha-tocopherol) 129.1 10 International units Sorbate 0.10% 0.10% 0.10% 0.10% 0.10% 0.10% (% w/v) 145AL 145AM 145AN 145AO 145AP 145AQ 145AR Polysorbate 80 1.00% 1.00% 1.00% 1.00% 1.00% 1.00% 1.00% Poloxamer 407 1.00% 1.00% 1.00% 1.00% 1.00% 1.00% 1.00% Poloxamer 188 0.20% 0.20% 0.20% 0.20% 0.20% 0.20% 0.20% Polyoxyl Castor oil 0.25% 0.25% 0.01% 0.25% 0.25% 0.25% 0.25% Hydroxypropyl-gamma- 1.50% 1.50% 1.50% 1.50% 1.50% 1.50% 1.50% cyclodextrin HPMC 0.85% 0.50% 0.20% 1.00% 1.20% 0.50% 1.10% Mannitol 1.00% 0.75% 1.00% 1.00% 1.00% 0.75% 0.75% PEG 400 0.50% 0.50% 0.50% 0.50% 0.50% 0.50% 0.50% MgCl.sub.2 0.10% 0.10% 0.10% 0.10% 0.10% 0.10% 0.10% NaCl* 0.45% 0.35% 0.40% 0.35% 0.35% 0.35% 0.35% Phosphate Buffer (mM) 3.00 4.00 4.00 4.00 4.00 Citrate Buffer (mM) 4.00 3.00 3.00 3.00 pH 6.5 7.0 7.0 6.2 6.2 7.0 7.0 Menthol (mM) 0.32 0.32 0.01 0.27 0.27 0.30 0.30 Vitamin E (alpha-tocopherol) 15 35 International units Sorbate 0.10% 0.10% 0.10% 0.10% 0.10% 0.10% (% w/v) 145AS 145AT 145AU 145AV 145AW 145AX 145AY Polysorbate 80 1.00% 1.00% 1.00% 1.00% 1.00% 1.00% 1.00% Poloxamer 407 1.00% 1.00% 1.00% 1.00% 1.00% 1.00% 1.00% Poloxamer 188 0.20% 0.20% 0.20% 0.20% 0.20% 0.20% 0.20% Polyoxyl Castor oil 0.25% 0.25% 0.25% 0.25% 0.25% 0.25% 0.25% Hydroxypropyl-gamma- 1.50% 1.50% 2.00% 2.00% 2.00% 2.00% 2.00% cyclodextrin HPMC 0.85% 0.50% CMC 0.80% 0.80% 1.00% 1.10% 1.20% Mannitol 1.00% 1.00% 0.75% 0.75% 0.75% 0.75% 0.75% PEG 400 0.50% 0.50% 0.75% 0.75% 0.75% 0.75% 0.75% MgCl.sub.2 0.10% 0.10% 0.10% 0.10% 0.10% 0.10% 0.10% NaCl* 0.45% 0.45% 0.35% 0.35% 0.35% 0.35% 0.35% Citrate Buffer (mM) 4.00 4.00 4.00 4.00 4.00 4.00 4.00 pH 6.5 6.5 7.0 7.0 7.0 7.0 7.0 Menthol (mM) 0.32 0.36 0.38 0.32 0.32 0.32 0.32 Vitamin E (alpha-tocopherol) 15 35 30 International units Sorbate 0.10% 0.10% 0.10% 0.10% 0.10% 0.10% 0.10% (% w/v) 145AZ 145BA 145BB 145BC 145BD Polysorbate 80 1.00% 1.00% 1.00% 1.00% 1.00% Poloxamer 407 1.00% 1.00% 1.00% 1.00% 1.00% Poloxamer 188 0.20% 0.20% 0.20% 0.20% 0.20% Polyoxyl Castor oil 0.25% 0.25% 0.25% 0.25% 0.25% Hydroxypropyl-gamma- 2.00% 2.00% 2.00% 2.00% 2.00% cyclodextrin CMC 0.80% 1.40% 1.45% 1.40% 1.45% Mannitol 0.75% 0.75% 0.75% 0.75% 0.75% PEG 400 0.75% 0.75% 0.75% 0.75% 0.75% MgCl.sub.2 0.10% 0.10% 0.10% 0.10% 0.10% NaCl* 0.35% 0.35% 0.35% 0.35% 0.35% Citrate Buffer (mM) 4.00 4.00 4.00 4.00 4.00 pH 7.0 7.0 7.0 7.0 7.0 Menthol (mM) 0.38 0.32 0.34 0.30 0.34 Vitamin E (alpha-tocopherol) 30 International units Sorbate 0.10% 0.10% 0.10% 0.10% 0.11% *NaCl may be at a concentration from 0.1% to 0.75%, preferably from 0.2% to 0.5% % HPMC equivalent denotes an amount of CMC necessary to result in a final viscosity equivalent to the final viscosity achieved if the given % w/v of HPMC were used.

    [0488] AQus Tears MGD may represent compositions of Table 7.

    TABLE-US-00007 TABLE 7 AQus Tears MGD Compositions (% w/v) 146 147 148 149 150 151 152 153 Polysorbate 80 1.00% 1.00% 1.00% 1.00% 0.50% 0.50% 0.50% 1.00% Poloxamer 407 0.20% 0.20% 0.20% 0.20% 0.50% Poloxamer 188 1.00% 0.50% 0.50% 0.10% 0.10% 0.10% 0.10% 1.00% Polyoxyl Castor oil 0.01% 0.50% 0.01% 1.00% 0.25% 0.25% 0.25% 0.50% Hydroxypropyl-gamma- 1.50% 1.50% 1.50% 1.50% 3.00% 3.00% 3.50% cyclodextrin HPMC 0.75% 1.25% 0.65% 1.35% 1.35% 0.50% CMC (% HPMC equivalent) 1.25% 1.25% 0.25% PEG 400 0.10% 0.50% 0.10% 0.25% Mannitol 2.50% 2.50% 2.50% 2.50% 2.50% 2.50% 2.50% 0.10% MgCl.sub.2 0.10% 0.10% 0.10% 0.10% 0.10% 0.10% 0.10% 0.30% NaCl 0.40% 0.40% 0.50% 0.30% 0.40% 0.40% 0.40% 4.00 Phosphate Buffer (mM) 3.00 3.00 3.00 3.00 3.00 3.00 3.00 pH 7.00 7.00 7.00 7.00 7.00 7.00 7.00 7.00 Menthol (mM) 0.15 0.17 0.06 Sorbate 0.10% (% w/v) 154 155 156 157 158 159 160 161 Polysorbate 80 1.00% 1.00% 1.00% 1.00% 1.50% 1.50% 1.50% 1.00% Poloxamer 407 0.50% 0.50% 0.50% 0.50% 0.70% 0.70% 0.70% 1.00% Poloxamer 188 1.00% 1.00% 1.00% 1.00% 1.00% 1.00% 1.00% 0.20% Polyoxyl Castor oil 0.50% 0.50% 0.50% 0.50% 0.01% 0.01% 0.01% 0.15% HPMC 0.50% 0.50% 0.50% 1.35% 1.30% 1.30% 1.30% 0.90% PEG 400 0.25% 0.25% 0.25% 0.25% 0.50% Mannitol 0.25% 0.25% 0.25% 1.75% 2.50% 2.50% 2.50% 1.00% MgCl.sub.2 0.10% 0.10% 0.10% 0.05% 0.10% 0.10% 0.10% 0.10% NaCl* 0.30% 0.30% 0.30% 0.25% 0.35% 0.35% 0.35% 0.35% Citrate Buffer (mM) 4.00 4.00 4.00 4.00 Phosphate Buffer (mM) 3.00 3.00 3.00 4.00 pH 7.00 7.00 7.00 7.00 5.5 5.5 5.5 6.5 Menthol (mM) 0.09 0.12 0.15 0.09 0.20 0.25 0.30 Sorbate 0.10% 0.10% 0.10% 0.10% 0.11% (% w/v) 162 163 164 165 166 167 Polysorbate 80 1.00% 1.00% 1.00% 1.00% 1.00% 1.00% Poloxamer 407 1.00% 1.00% 1.00% 1.00% 1.00% 1.00% Poloxamer 188 0.20% 0.20% 0.20% 0.20% 0.20% 0.20% Polyoxyl Castor oil 0.15% 0.15% 0.15% 0.15% 0.15% 0.25% HPMC 0.90% 0.90% 1.00% 1.00% 1.00% 1.20% PEG 400 0.50% 0.50% 0.50% 0.50% 0.50% 0.50% Mannitol 1.00% 1.00% 1.00% 1.00% 1.00% 1.00% MgCl.sub.2 0.10% 0.10% 0.10% 0.10% 0.10% 0.10% NaCl* 0.35% 0.35% 0.35% 0.35% 0.35% 0.35% Citrate Buffer (mM) Phosphate Buffer (mM) 3.00 3.00 4.00 4.00 3.00 4.00 pH 6.0 6.5 6.0 5.7 6.5 6.2 Menthol (mM) 0.25 0.25 0.25 0.25 0.25 0.27 Sorbate 0.10% 0.10% 0.10% 0.10% 0.10% 0.10% d-alpha tocopherol (IU) 50 *NaCl may be at a concentration from 0.1% to 0.75%, preferably from 0.2% to 0.5% % HPMC equivalent denotes an amount of CMC necessary to result in a final viscosity equivalent to the final viscosity achieved if the given % w/v of HPMC were used.

    TABLE-US-00008 TABLE 8 Additional AQus Tears Compositions (% w/v) 168 169 170 171 172 173 174 175 Polysorbate 80 1.00% 1.00% 1.00% 1.00% 1.00% 1.00% 1.00% 1.00% Poloxamer 407 1.00% 1.00% 1.00% 1.00% 1.00% 1.00% 1.00% 1.00% Poloxamer 188 0.20% 0.20% 0.20% 0.20% 0.20% 0.20% 0.20% 0.20% Polyoxyl Castor oil 0.25% 0.25% 0.25% 0.25% 0.25% 0.25% 0.25% 0.25% Hydroxypropyl-gamma- 2.00% 2.00% 2.00% 2.00% 2.00% 2.00% 2.00% 2.00% cyclodextrin CMC 1.40% 1.40% 1.40% 1.40% 1.40% 1.40% 1.40% 1.40% PEG 400 0.75% 0.75% 0.75% 0.75% 0.75% 0.75% 0.75% 0.75% Mannitol 0.75% 0.75% 0.75% 0.75% 0.75% 0.75% 0.75% 0.75% MgCl.sub.2 0.10% 0.10% 0.10% 0.10% 0.10% 0.10% 0.10% 0.10% NaCl 0.35% 0.35% 0.35% 0.35% 0.35% 0.35% 0.35% 0.90% Citrate Buffer (mM) 4.00 4.00 4.00 4.00 4.00 4.00 4.00 4.00 pH 7.0 7.0 7.0 7.0 7.0 7.0 7.0 6.0 Menthol (mM) 0.32 0.34 0.36 0.38 0.40 0.42 0.44 0.36 Sorbate 0.10% 0.10% 0.10% 0.10% 0.10% 0.10% 0.10% 0.10% (% w/v) 176 177 178 179 180 181 182 183 Polysorbate 80 1.00% 1.00% 1.00% 1.00% 1.00% 1.00% 1.00% 1.00% Poloxamer 407 1.00% 1.00% 1.00% 1.00% 1.00% 1.00% 1.00% 1.00% Poloxamer 188 0.20% 0.20% 0.20% 0.20% 0.20% 0.20% 0.20% 0.20% Polyoxyl Castor oil 0.25% 0.25% 0.25% 0.25% 0.25% 0.25% 0.25% 0.25% Hydroxypropyl-gamma- 2.00% 2.00% 2.00% 2.00% 2.00% 2.00% 2.00% 2.00% cyclodextrin CMC 1.40% 1.40% 1.40% 1.40% 1.40% 1.40% 1.40% 1.40% PEG 400 0.75% 0.75% 0.75% 0.75% 0.75% 0.75% 0.75% 0.75% Mannitol 0.75% 0.75% 0.75% 0.75% 0.75% 0.75% 0.75% 0.75% MgCl.sub.2 0.10% 0.10% 0.10% 0.10% 0.10% 0.10% 0.10% 0.10% NaCl 1.25% 1.50% 1.75% 1.50% 1.75% 2.00% 2.00% 2.00% Citrate Buffer (mM) 4.00 4.00 4.00 4.00 4.00 4.00 4.00 4.00 pH 6.0 6.0 6.0 6.0 6.0 6.0 5.5 5.5 Menthol (mM) 0.36 0.36 0.36 0.38 0.38 0.38 0.38 0.40 Sorbate 0.10% 0.10% 0.10% 0.10% 0.10% 0.10% 0.10% 0.10% (% w/v) 184 185 186 187 188 189 190 191 Polysorbate 80 1.00% 1.00% 1.00% 1.00% 1.00% 1.00% 1.00% 1.00% Poloxamer 407 1.00% 1.00% 1.00% 1.00% 1.00% 1.00% 1.00% 1.00% Poloxamer 188 0.20% 0.20% 0.20% 0.20% 0.20% 0.20% 0.20% 0.20% Polyoxyl Castor oil 0.25% 0.25% 0.25% 0.25% 0.25% 0.25% 0.25% 0.25% Hydroxypropyl-gamma- 2.00% 2.00% 2.00% 2.00% 2.00% 2.00% 2.00% 2.00% cyclodextrin CMC 1.40% 1.40% 1.40% 1.40% 1.40% 1.40% 1.40% 1.40% PEG 400 0.75% 0.75% 0.75% 0.75% 0.75% 0.75% 0.75% 0.75% Mannitol 0.75% 0.75% 0.75% 0.75% 0.75% 0.75% 0.75% 0.75% MgCl.sub.2 0.10% 0.10% 0.10% 0.10% 0.10% 0.10% 0.10% 0.10% NaCl 0.35% 0.35% 0.35% 1.25% 1.50% 2.00% 0.35% 1.50% Citrate Buffer (mM) 4.00 4.00 4.00 4.00 4.00 4.00 4.00 4.00 pH 7.0 7.0 7.0 6.0 6.0 5.5 7.0 6.0 Menthol (mM) 0.34 0.40 0.44 0.36 0.38 0.40 0.38 0.38 Sorbate 0.10% 0.10% 0.10% 0.10% 0.10% 0.10% 0.10% 0.10% Camphor (mM) 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 Alpha-linolenic acid 0.1% 0.1% (% w/v) 192 193 194 195 196 197 198 199 Polysorbate 80 1.00% 3.50% 3.50% 3.50% 1.00% 1.00% 1.00% 1.00% Poloxamer 407 1.00% 1.00% 1.00% 1.00% Poloxamer 188 0.20% 0.20% 0.20% 0.20% Polyoxyl Castor oil 0.25% 0.25% 0.25% 0.25% Hydroxypropyl-gamma- 2.00% 2.00% 2.00% 2.00% cyclodextrin CMC 1.40% 1.40% 1.40% 1.40% 1.40% 1.40% 1.40% 1.40% PEG 400 0.75% 0.75% 0.75% 0.75% 0.75% 0.75% 0.75% 0.75% Mannitol 0.75% 0.75% 0.75% 0.75% 0.75% 0.75% 0.75% 0.75% MgCl.sub.2 0.10% 0.10% 0.10% 0.10% 0.10% 0.10% 0.10% 0.10% NaCl 0.90% 0.90% 0.90% 0.90% 0.90% 0.90% 0.90% 0.90% Citrate Buffer (mM) 4.0 4.0 4.0 4.0 4.0 4.0 4.0 4.0 pH 6.00 6.00 6.00 6.00 6.00 6.00 6.00 6.00 Menthol (mM) 0.50 0.50 0.44 0.46 0.48 0.48 0.20 0.34 Sorbate 0.1% 0.1% 0.1% 0.1% 0.1% 0.1% 0.1% 0.1% (% w/v) 200 201 202 203 204 205 206 207 Polysorbate 80 3.50% 3.50% 3.50% 3.50% 3.50% 3.50% 3.50% 3.50% CMC 1.40% 1.40% 1.40% 1.40% 1.40% 1.40% 1.40% 1.40% PEG 400 0.75% 0.75% 0.75% 0.75% 0.75% 0.75% 0.75% 0.75% Mannitol 0.75% 0.75% 0.75% 0.75% 0.75% 0.75% 0.75% 0.75% MgCl.sub.2 0.10% 0.10% 0.10% 0.10% 0.10% 0.10% 0.10% 0.10% NaCl 0.90% 0.90% 0.90% 0.90% 0.90% 0.90% 0.90% 0.90% Citrate Buffer (mM) 4.0 5.0 4.0 4.0 4.0 4.0 4.0 4.0 pH 6.0 5.0 6.0 6.0 6.0 6.0 6.0 6.0 Menthol (mM) 0.5 1.2 2.0 4.0 0.75 0.4 0.2 Sorbate 0.1% 0.1% 0.1% 0.1% 0.1% 0.1% 0.1% 0.1% (% w/v) 208 209 210 211 212 213 214 215 Polysorbate 80 3.50% 3.50% 3.50% 3.50% 3.50% 3.50% 3.50% 3.50% CMC 1.40% 1.40% 1.40% 1.40% 1.40% 1.40% 1.40% 1.40% PEG 400 0.75% 0.75% 0.75% 0.75% 0.75% 0.75% 0.75% 0.75% Mannitol 0.75% 0.75% 0.75% 0.75% 0.75% 0.75% 0.75% 0.75% MgCl.sub.2 0.10% 0.10% 0.10% 0.10% 0.10% 0.10% 0.10% 0.10% NaCl 0.90% 1.75% 1.25% 1.50% 1.75% 2.00% 2.00% Citrate Buffer (mM) 5.0 4.0 4.0 4.0 4.0 4.0 4.0 4.0 pH 5.0 6.0 6.0 6.0 6.0 6.0 6.0 6.0 Menthol (mM) 1.0 0.75 2.0 4.0 1.75 0.4 0.2 Sorbate 0.1% 0.1% 0.1% 0.1% 0.1% 0.1% 0.1% 0.1% (% w/v) 216 217 218 219 220 221 222 223 Polysorbate 80 4.00% Poloxamer 407 2.00% Poloxamer 188 2.00% Polyoxyl Castor oil 2.00% CMC 1.40% 1.40% 1.40% 1.40% 1.40% 1.40% 1.40% 1.40% Oleic Acid 0.20% 0.20% 0.20% 0.20% 0.20% 0.20% 0.20% PEG 400 2.00% PEG 20000 2.00% Mannitol 2.00% 2.00% 2.00% 2.00% 2.00% 2.00% 2.00% MgCl.sub.2 0.10% 0.10% 0.10% 0.10% 0.10% 0.10% 0.10% 0.10% NaCl 1.50% 1.50% 1.50% 1.50% 1.50% 1.50% 1.50% 1.50% Zinc Sulfate 0.10% 0.15% 0.20% 0.25% 0.25% 0.25% 0.25% Citrate Buffer (mM) 5.0 5.0 5.0 5.0 5.0 5.0 5.0 5.0 pH 5.0 5.0 5.0 5.0 5.0 5.0 5.0 5.0 BAK 0.02% 0.02% 0.02% 0.02% 0.02% 0.02% 0.02% 0.02% Sorbate 0.1% 0.1% 0.1% 0.1% 0.1% 0.1% 0.1% 0.1% (% w/v) 224 225 226 227 228 229 230 231 Polysorbate 80 1.00% 1.00% 1.00% 3.50% 3.50% 3.50% 3.50% Poloxamer 407 1.00% 1.00% 1.00% Poloxamer 188 1.00% 1.00% 1.00% Polyoxyl Castor oil 1.00% 1.00% 1.00% Hydroxypropyl-gamma- 4.00% 1.00% 1.00% 1.00% cyclodextrin CMC 1.40% 1.40% 1.40% 1.40% 1.40% 1.40% 1.40% 1.40% Oleic Acid 0.20% 0.20% 0.20% 0.20% PEG 400 2.00% 0.75% 0.75% 0.75% 0.75% PEG 20000 2.00% Mannitol 2.00% 2.00% 2.00% 2.00% 0.75% 0.75% 0.75% 0.75% MgCl.sub.2 0.10% 0.10% 0.10% 0.10% 0.10% 0.10% 0.10% 0.10% NaCl 1.50% 1.50% 1.50% 1.50% 0.90% 0.90% 0.90% 0.90% Menthol (mM) 0.5 0.55 0.6 0.65 Zinc Sulfate 0.25% 0.25% 0.25% 0.25% Citrate Buffer (mM) 5.0 5.0 5.0 5.0 4.0 4.0 4.0 4.0 pH 5.0 5.0 5.0 5.0 6.0 6.0 6.0 6.0 BAK 0.02% 0.02% 0.02% 0.02% Sorbate 0.1% 0.1% 0.1% 0.1% 0.1% 0.1% 0.1% 0.1% (% w/v) 232 233 234 235 236 237 238 239 Polysorbate 80 3.50% 3.50% 1.00% 1.00% 1.00% 1.00% 1.00% 1.00% Poloxamer 407 1.00% 1.00% 1.00% 1.00% 1.00% 1.00% Poloxamer 188 0.20% 0.20% 0.20% 0.20% 0.20% 0.20% Polyoxyl Castor oil 0.25% 0.25% 0.25% 0.25% 0.25% 0.25% CMC 1.40% 1.40% 1.40% 1.40% 1.40% 1.40% 1.40% 1.40% PEG 400 0.75% 0.75% 0.75% 0.75% 0.75% 0.75% 0.75% 0.75% Mannitol 0.75% 0.75% 0.75% 0.75% 0.75% 0.75% 0.75% 0.75% MgCl.sub.2 0.10% 0.10% 0.10% 0.10% 0.10% 0.10% 0.10% 0.10% NaCl 0.90% 0.90% 0.90% 0.90% 0.90% 0.90% 0.90% 0.90% Menthol (mM) 0.7 0.75 0.5 0.6 0.65 0.7 0.85 1.0 Citrate Buffer (mM) 4.0 4.0 4.0 4.0 4.0 4.0 4.0 4.0 pH 6.0 6.0 6.0 6.0 6.0 6.0 6.0 6.0 Sorbate 0.1% 0.1% 0.1% 0.1% 0.1% 0.1% 0.1% 0.1% (% w/v) 240 241 242 243 244 245 246 247 Polysorbate 80 3.50% 3.50% Poloxamer 407 3.00% 3.00% 3.00% 3.00% 3.00% 3.00% CMC 1.40% 1.40% 1.40% 1.40% 1.40% 1.40% 1.40% 1.45% PEG 400 0.75% 0.75% 0.75% 0.75% 0.75% 0.75% 0.75% 0.75% Mannitol 0.75% 0.75% 4.00% MgCl.sub.2 0.10% 0.10% 0.10% 0.10% 0.10% 0.10% 0.10% 0.10% NaCl 0.90% 1.25% 0.25% 0.25% Citrate Buffer (mM) 4.0 4.0 6.0 8.0 10.0 6.0 8.0 10.0 pH 6.0 6.0 5.0 5.0 5.0 5.0 5.0 5.0 Menthol (mM) 1.2 Sorbate 0.1% 0.1% 0.1% 0.1% 0.1% 0.1% 0.1% 0.1% (% w/v) 248 249 250 251 252 253 254 255 Poloxamer 407 3.00% 3.00% 3.00% 3.00% 3.00% 3.00% 3.00% 3.00% CMC 1.45% 1.45% 1.40% 1.45% 1.45% 1.45% Carbopol 940 0.80% 1.00% PEG 400 0.75% 0.75% 0.75% 0.75% 0.75% 0.75% 0.75% 0.75% Mannitol 4.00% 4.00% 4.00% 4.00% 4.00% 4.00% 4.00% 4.00% MgCl.sub.2 0.10% 0.10% 0.10% 0.10% 0.10% 0.10% 0.10% 0.10% NaCl 0.25% 0.25% 1.00% 1.00% 1.00% Citrate Buffer (mM) 8.0 8.0 8.0 8.0 8.0 8.0 8.0 8.0 pH 5.0 5.0 5.0 5.0 5.0 5.0 5.0 5.0 Menthol (mM) 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.4 Sorbate 0.1% 0.1% 0.1% 0.1% 0.1% 0.1% 0.1% 0.1% (% w/v) 256 257 258 259 260 261 262 263 Polysorbate 80 3.50% 3.00% 3.00% Poloxamer 407 3.00% 3.00% 3.00% 3.00% 3.00% CMC 1.40% 1.40% 1.45% 1.45% Carbopol 940 1.20% 0.80% 0.01% PEG 400 0.75% 0.75% 0.75% 0.75% 0.75% 0.75% 0.01% PEG 20000 0.75% Mannitol 4.00% 4.00% 0.75% 1.50% 1.50% 2.50% 2.50% 0.04% MgCl.sub.2 0.10% 0.10% 0.10% 0.10% 0.10% 0.10% 0.10% NaCl 1.00% 1.00% 1.25% 0.25% 0.25% 0.50% 0.62% 0.01% Citrate Buffer (mM) 8.0 8.0 4.0 7.0 7.50 5.50 5.00 5.00 pH 5.0 5.0 6.00 5.0 5.0 5.0 5.0 5.0 Menthol (mM) 0.8 1.5 1.2 1.5 1.0 Sorbate 0.1% 0.1% 0.10% 0.10% 0.10% 0.10% 0.10% (% w/v) 264 265 266 267 268 269 270 271 Polysorbate 80 3.00% 3.00% Poloxamer 407 3.00% 3.50% 3.00% 3.00% 3.00% 3.00% CMC 1.40% 1.40% 1.45% 1.45% Carbopol 940 0.90% 1.20% 1.00% 1.00% PEG 400 0.01% 0.01% 0.75% 0.75% 0.75% 0.75% 0.75% 0.75% Mannitol 0.03% 0.02% 1.50% 1.50% 4.00% 4.00% 4.00% 2.50% MgCl.sub.2 0.10% 0.10% 0.10% 0.10% 0.10% 0.10% NaCl 0.01% 0.01% 0.75% 0.75% 0.75% 0.65% Citrate Buffer (mM) 5.50 5.50 6.0 6.0 8.0 8.0 8.0 7.0 pH 5.0 5.0 5.0 5.0 5.0 5.0 5.0 5.0 Menthol (mM) 1.2 1.0 1.0 1.0 Sorbate 0.1% 0.1% 0.1% 0.1% 0.1% 0.1% 0.1% 0.1% (% w/v) 272 273 274 275 276 277 278 279 Polysorbate 80 3.00% 3.50% Poloxamer 407 3.00% 3.00% 3.00% 3.50% 3.50% 3.50% Polyoxyl Castor oil 0.15% 0.15% 0.25% 0.25% 0.25% 0.25% 0.25% 0.25% CMC 1.40% 1.40% 1.45% 1.45% Carbopol 940 1.00% 0.90% 1.10% 1.20% PEG 400 0.75% 0.75% 0.75% 0.75% 0.75% 0.75% PEG 20000 0.75% 0.75% 0.75% Mannitol 2.00% 1.50% 1.50% 2.50% 2.50% 4.00% 3.00% 2.00% MgCl.sub.2 0.10% 0.10% 0.10% 0.10% 0.10% NaCl 0.50% 0.25% 0.25% 0.50% 0.50% 0.25% 0.37% 0.50% EDTA 0.1% 0.1% 0.1% 0.1% 0.1% 0.1% 0.1% 0.1% PVA 0.50% 0.50% 0.50% 0.50% 0.50% 0.50% Citrate Buffer (mM) 6.0 7.0 7.5 5.5 5.0 5.5 5.5 5.5 pH 5.0 5.0 5.0 5.0 5.0 5.0 5.0 5.0 Menthol (mM) 1.0 1.2 1.5 1.0 1.5 1.75 Sorbate 0.1% 0.1% 0.1% 0.1% 0.1% 0.12% 0.12% 0.12% (% w/v) 280 281 282 283 284 285 286 287 Polysorbate 80 1.00% 1.00% 1.00% Poloxamer 407 0.25% 3.50% 3.50% 3.50% 0.25% 1.00% 1.00% 1.00% Poloxamer 188 0.20% 0.20% 0.20% Polyoxyl Castor oil 0.25% 0.25% 0.25% 0.25% 0.25% 0.25% 0.25% 0.25% Sorbitol 3.00% 1.75% CMC 0.05% Carbopol 940 1.20% 0.90% 1.00% 1.20% 1.20% PEG 400 0.75% 0.75% 0.75% 0.75% PEG 6000 0.75% PEG 20000 0.75% 0.75% 0.75% 0.75% Mannitol 2.00% 1.00% 1.00% 1.00% 1.00% 0.75% 0.75% 0.75% MgCl.sub.2 0.10% 0.10% 0.10% NaCl 0.50% 0.75% 0.65% 0.70% 0.45% 0.40% 0.40% 0.40% EDTA 0.1% 0.1% 0.1% 0.1% 0.1% PVA 0.50% 0.10% 0.10% 0.10% 0.10% Citrate Buffer (mM) 5.5 4.0 4.0 4.0 4.0 2.5 2.5 2.5 pH 5.0 5.5 6.0 6.0 6.0 6.5 6.5 6.5 Menthol (mM) 1.75 0.40 1.00 1.25 1.75 Sorbate 0.12% 0.12% 0.12% 0.12% 0.12% 0.12% 0.12% 0.12% (% w/v) 288 289 290 291 292 293 294 295 Polysorbate 80 1.00% 1.00% 1.00% 1.00% 1.00% 1.00% 1.00% 1.00% Poloxamer 407 1.00% 1.00% 1.00% 1.00% 1.00% 1.00% 1.00% 1.00% Poloxamer 188 0.20% 0.20% 0.20% 0.20% 0.20% 0.20% 0.20% 0.20% Polyoxyl Castor oil 0.25% 0.25% 0.25% 0.25% 0.25% 0.25% 0.25% 0.25% Hydroxypropyl gamma 1.00% 1.25% 1.50% 1.75% 2.00% cyclodextrin CMC 0.05% 0.05% 0.10% 0.50% 0.75% 1.00% 1.10% 1.20% PEG 400 0.75% 0.75% 0.75% 0.75% 0.75% PEG 6000 0.75% PEG 20000 0.75% 0.75% 0.75% Mannitol 0.75% 0.75% 0.75% 0.75% 0.75% 0.75% 0.75% 0.75% MgCl.sub.2 0.10% 0.10% 0.10% 0.10% 0.10% 0.10% 0.10% 0.10% NaCl 0.40% 0.40% 0.60% 0.70% 0.75% 0.65% 0.85% 0.85% Citrate Buffer (mM) 2.5 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 4.5 5.0 5.5 pH 6.5 6.5 6.0 6.0 6.0 6.0 6.0 6.0 Menthol (mM) 0.10 0.15 0.20 0.25 0.30 0.40 Sorbate 0.12% 0.12% 0.12% 0.12% 0.12% 0.12% 0.12% 0.12% (% w/v) 296 297 298 299 300 301 302 303 Polysorbate 80 1.00% 1.00% 1.00% 1.00% 1.00% 1.00% 1.00% 1.00% Poloxamer 407 1.00% 1.00% 1.00% 1.00% 1.00% 1.00% 1.00% 1.00% Poloxamer 188 0.20% 0.20% 0.20% 0.20% 0.20% 0.20% 0.20% 0.20% Polyoxyl Castor oil 0.25% 0.25% 0.25% 0.25% 0.25% 0.25% 0.25% 0.25% Hydroxypropyl gamma 0.60% 0.75% 0.75% 0.65% cyclodextrin CMC 1.30% 1.40% 1.50% 1.60% 0.1% 1.2% 1.2% PEG 400 0.75% 0.75% 0.75% 0.75% PEG 6000 0.75% 0.50% 0.50% 0.50% PEG 20000 0.75% 0.75% 0.75% 0.75% 0.75% Mannitol 0.70% 0.75% 0.75% 0.75% 0.50% 0.50% 0.50% 0.50% MgCl.sub.2 0.10% 0.10% 0.10% 0.10% 0.07% 0.07% 0.07% 0.07% NaCl 0.60% 0.85% 0.85% 0.85% Citrate Buffer (mM) 6.0 6.5 7.0 7.5 2.5 3.5 4.0 3.5 pH 6.0 5.5 5.5 5.0 6.5 6.0 6.0 5.5 Menthol (mM) 0.45 0.75 1.00 1.50 0.1 0.2 0.4 Sorbate (% w/v) 304 305 306 307 308 309 310 311 Polysorbate 80 1.00% 3.50% 3.50% 3.50% 3.50% 3.50% 3.50% 3.50% Poloxamer 407 1.00% Poloxamer 188 0.20% Polyoxyl Castor oil 0.25% 0.25% 0.25% 0.25% 0.25% 0.25% 0.25% Hydroxypropyl gamma 0.50% 0.50% 0.50% 1.00% 1.50% 1.50% cyclodextrin HPMC 1.20% 1.20% 1.20% CMC 1.30% 1.40% 1.40% 1.40% 1.40% PEG 400 0.75% 0.75% 0.75% 0.75% 0.75% 0.75% 0.75% PEG 6000 0.50% PEG 20000 Mannitol 0.50% 0.75% 0.75% 0.75% 0.75% 0.75% 0.75% 0.75% MgCl.sub.2 0.07% NaCl 1.25% 0.70% 0.70% 0.70% 0.70% 0.70% 0.70% Citrate Buffer (mM) 4.0 4.00 4.00 4.00 4.00 4.00 4.00 4.00 pH 5.5 6.0 6.0 6.0 6.0 6.0 6.0 6.0 Menthol (mM) 0.6 2.00 2.00 2.00 2.50 2.50 3.00 3.00 Sorbate 0.12% 0.12% 0.12% 0.12% 0.12% 0.12% 0.12% Osmolarity 541 374 373 374 377 380 380 (% w/v) 312 313 314 315 316 317 318 319 Polysorbate 80 1.00% 1.00% 1.00% 1.00% 1.00% 1.00% 1.00% 1.00% Poloxamer 407 1.00% 1.00% 1.00% 1.00% 1.00% 1.00% 1.00% 1.00% Poloxamer 188 0.20% 0.20% 0.20% 0.20% 0.20% 0.20% 0.20% 0.20% Polyoxyl Castor oil 0.25% 0.25% 0.25% 0.25% 0.25% 0.25% 0.25% 0.25% Hydroxypropyl gamma 1.50% 1.50% 1.50% 1.50% 1.50% 1.50% 1.50% 1.50% cyclodextrin HPMC 1.20% 1.20% 1.20% CMC 1.40% 1.40% 1.40% 1.40% 1.40% PEG-400 0.75% 0.75% 0.75% 0.75% 0.75% 0.75% 0.75% 0.75% Mannitol 0.75% 0.75% 0.75% 0.50% 0.75% 0.75% 0.50% 0.75% NaCl 0.60% 0.65% 0.70% 0.60% 0.65% 0.70% 0.60% 0.65% EDTA 0.10% 0.10% Phosphate Buffer (mM) 4.00 4.00 4.00 4.00 4.00 4.00 4.00 4.00 pH 6.0 6.0 6.0 6.0 6.0 6.0 6.0 6.0 Menthol (mM) 2.00 2.50 3.00 2.00 2.50 3.00 2.00 2.50 Sorbate 0.12% 0.12% 0.12% 0.12% 0.12% 0.12% 0.12% 0.12% Osmolarity 342 360 378 329 360 378 332 364 (% w/v) 320 321 322 323 324 325 326 327 Polysorbate 80 1.00% 1.00% 1.00% 1.00% 1.00% 1.00% 1.00% 1.00% Poloxamer 407 1.00% 1.00% 1.00% 1.00% 1.00% 1.00% 1.00% 1.00% Poloxamer 188 0.20% 0.20% 0.20% 0.20% 0.20% 0.20% 0.20% 0.20% Polyoxyl Castor oil 0.25% 0.25% 0.25% 0.25% 0.25% 0.25% 0.25% 0.25% Hydroxypropyl gamma 1.50% 1.50% 1.50% 1.50% 1.50% 1.50% 1.50% 1.50% cyclodextrin HPMC 1.20% 1.20% 1.20% 1.20% CMC 1.40% 1.40% 1.40% 1.40% PEG-400 0.75% 0.75% 0.75% 0.75% 0.75% 0.75% 0.75% 0.75% Mannitol 0.75% 0.50% 0.75% 0.75% 0.50% 0.75% 0.75% 0.50% NaCl 0.70% 0.60% 0.65% 0.70% 0.60% 0.65% 0.70% 0.60% EDTA 0.10% 0.10% 0.10% 0.10% Phosphate Buffer (mM) 4.00 4.00 4.00 4.00 4.00 4.00 4.00 4.00 pH 6.0 6.0 6.0 6.0 6.0 6.0 6.0 6.0 Menthol (mM) 3.00 2.00 2.50 3.00 2.00 2.50 3.00 2.00 Sorbate 0.12% 0.12% 0.12% 0.12% Osmolarity 381 332 363 381 313 344 362 313 (% w/v) 328 329 330 331 332 333 334 335 Polysorbate 80 1.00% 1.00% 3.50% 3.50% 3.50% 3.50% 1.00% 1.00% Poloxamer 407 1.00% 1.00% 1.00% 1.00% Poloxamer 188 0.20% 0.20% 0.20% 0.20% Polyoxyl Castor oil 0.25% 0.25% 0.25% 0.25% 0.25% 0.25% 0.25% Hydroxypropyl gamma 1.50% 1.50% 0.50% 0.50% 0.50% 1.50% 1.50% cyclodextrin HPMC 1.20% 1.20% 0.80% 0.80% 0.80% CMC 1.40% 1.40% 1.00% 1.00% 1.00% PEG-400 0.75% 0.75% 0.75% 0.75% 0.75% 0.75% 0.75% 0.75% Mannitol 0.75% 0.75% 0.50% 0.50% 0.50% 0.50% 0.50% 0.50% NaCl 0.65% 0.70% 0.60% 0.60% 0.60% 0.60% 0.60% 0.60% Phosphate Buffer (mM) 4.00 4.00 pH 6.0 6.0 6.5 6.5 6.5 6.5 6.5 6.5 Menthol (mM) 2.50 3.00 0.10 0.10 0.15 0.15 0.10 0.10 Sorbate 0.12% 0.12% 0.12% 0.12% 0.12% 0.12% Osmolarity 344 362 294 316 316 316 323 323 (% w/v) 336 337 338 339 340 341 342 343 Polysorbate 80 1.00% 1.00% 1.00% 1.00% 1.00% 1.00% 1.00% 1.00% Poloxamer 407 1.00% 1.00% 1.00% 1.00% 1.00% 1.00% 1.00% 1.00% Poloxamer 188 0.20% 0.20% 0.20% 0.20% 0.20% 0.20% 0.20% 0.20% Polyoxyl Castor oil 0.25% 0.25% 0.25% 0.25% 0.25% 0.25% 0.25% 0.25% Hydroxypropyl gamma 1.50% 1.50% 1.50% 1.50% 1.50% 1.50% 1.50% 1.50% cyclodextrin HPMC 0.80% 0.80% 0.80% 0.90% 0.90% CMC 1.00% 1.00% 1.00% PEG-400 0.75% 0.75% 0.75% 0.75% 0.75% 0.75% 0.75% 0.75% Mannitol 0.50% 0.50% 0.50% 0.50% 0.50% 0.50% 0.50% 0.50% NaCl 0.60% 0.60% 0.60% 0.60% 0.60% 0.60% 0.60% 0.60% EDTA 0.10% 0.10% 0.10% 0.10% pH 6.5 6.5 6.5 6.5 6.5 6.5 6.5 6.5 Menthol (mM) 0.15 0.15 0.17 0.20 0.10 0.10 0.15 0.15 Sorbate 0.12% 0.12% 0.12% 0.12% 0.12% 0.12% 0.12% 0.12% Osmolarity 323 323 323 323 326 326 326 326 (% w/v) 344 345 346 347 348 349 350 Polysorbate 80 1.00% 1.00% 1.00% 1.00% 1.00% 1.00% 1.00% Poloxamer 407 1.00% 1.00% 1.00% 1.00% 1.00% 1.00% 1.00% Poloxamer 188 0.20% 0.20% 0.20% 0.20% 0.20% 0.20% 0.20% Polyoxyl Castor oil 0.25% 0.25% 0.25% 0.25% 0.25% 0.25% 0.25% Hydroxypropyl gamma 1.50% 1.50% 1.50% 1.50% 1.50% 1.50% 1.50% cyclodextrin HPMC 0.90% 0.90% CMC 1.00% 1.00% 1.00% 1.00% 1.00% PEG-400 0.75% 0.75% 0.75% 0.75% 0.75% 0.75% 0.75% Mannitol 0.50% 0.50% 0.50% 0.50% 0.50% 0.50% 0.50% NaCl 0.60% 0.60% 0.60% 0.60% 0.60% 0.60% 0.60% EDTA Phosphate Buffer (mM) Citrate Buffer (mM) pH 6.5 6.5 6.5 6.5 6.5 6.5 6.5 Menthol (mM) 0.20 0.10 0.10 0.15 0.15 0.12 0.20 Sorbate 0.12% Osmolarity 323 307 307 307 307 307 307

    [0489] In a preferred embodiment, artificial tear compositions of the present invention do not contain polyacrylates such as Pemulen (Pemulen was a registered trademark of B.F. Goodrich Company for polymeric emulsifiers and is now owned by and available from Lubrizol Advanced Materials, Inc.). Pemulen materials including acrylate/C10-30 alkyl acrylate cross-polymers, or high molecular weight co-polymers of acrylic acid and a long chain alkyl methacrylate cross-linked with allyl ethers of pentaerythritol.

    Contact Lens Compositions

    [0490] In one embodiment, all artificial tear compositions of the present invention are capable of being used as contact lens compositions.

    [0491] Contact lens composition of the present invention include contact lens storage compositions, contact lens infusion compositions, and contact lens wetting solutions.

    [0492] In another preferred embodiment, contact lens storage compositions of the present invention may be combined with or used as enhancers for available contact lens soaking solutions including but not limited to Optifree PureMoist, Optifree Replenish and Complete Moisture Plus; Renu; Clear Care; Biotrue, Suaflon One Step; All Comfort Formula; Purecon Puresoft; Members Mark Multi-Purpose Solution; and Aquify Multi-Purpose Solutions. These compositions may be used in blister packaging.

    [0493] As used herein, available contact lens soaking solutions refers to contact lens soaking solutions that may be purchased by the end-user.

    [0494] When an available contact lens soaking solution such as Puremoist or Replenish are used as a vehicle the contact lens storage compositions of the present invention may exclude the addition of sodium chloride and phosphate buffer.

    [0495] When an available contact lens soaking solutions such as Puremoist or Replenish are used as a vehicle for the contact lens storage compositions of the present invention, the vehicle may further be diluted in 0.9% sodium chloride. In a preferred embodiment, the vehicle comprises from about 45% to about 55% of an available contact lens soaking solution, preferably about 45% or about 55%, and from about 45% to about 55% of 0.9% sodium chloride, preferably about 45% or about 55%.

    [0496] In another embodiment, the contact lens storage compositions of the present invention may be diluted with 0.9% sodium chloride, preferably the dilution is from about 45% to about 55% of a contact lens storage composition of the present invention, preferably about 45% or about 55%, and from about 45% to about 55% of 0.9% sodium chloride, preferably about 45% or about 55%.

    [0497] In a preferred embodiment, the contact lens storage composition comprises: [0498] 2.0% w/v polysorbate 80; [0499] 0.2% w/v poloxamer 407; [0500] 1.0% w/v poloxamer 188; [0501] 0.5% w/v hydroxypropyl-gamma-cyclodextrin; [0502] 1.0% w/v mannitol; [0503] 0.1% or 0.2% w/v hydroxypropylmethyl cellulose; [0504] 0.1% w/v magnesium chloride; [0505] 0.35% w/v sodium chloride; and [0506] 3 mM phosphate buffer, [0507] wherein the composition is used for soaking a contact lens sold under the tradename Oasys Accuvue or Air Optix Aqua.

    [0508] In a preferred embodiment, the contact lens storage composition comprises: [0509] 3.0% w/v polysorbate 80; [0510] 0.2% w/v poloxamer 407; [0511] 0.1 or 0.2% w/v poloxamer 188; [0512] 0.01% w/v polyoxyl castor oil; [0513] 1.0% w/v mannitol; [0514] 0.1% or 0.2% w/v hydroxypropylmethyl cellulose; [0515] 0.1% w/v magnesium chloride; and [0516] 0.3% w/v sodium chloride, [0517] wherein the composition further comprises a contact lens soaking solution under the tradename Puremoist or Replenish.

    [0518] In another embodiment, the present invention is directed to a method of improving distance vision in a contact lens wearer comprising the steps of: [0519] soaking a monovision contact lens in a composition of the present invention; and [0520] inserting the monovision contact lens into an eye of the contact lens wearer,
    wherein the distance vision of the contact lens wearer is improved compared to the distance vision of the contact lens wearer after inserting a monovision contact lens that was not soaked in a composition of the present invention.

    [0521] As used herein, Optifree PureMoist, refers to a sterile, buffered, aqueous solution containing sodium citrate, sodium chloride, boric acid, sorbitol, aminomethylpropanol, disodium EDTA, two wetting agents (TETRONIC 1304 and HydraGlyde Moisture Matrix [EOBO-41-polyoxyethylene-polyoxybutylene]) with POLYQUAD (polyquaternium-1) 0.001% and ALDOX (myristamidopropyl dimethylamine) 0.0006% preservatives. HydraGlyde Moisture Matrix is a proprietary multi-functional block copolymer that is primarily designed for wetting and lubricating silicone hydrogel lenses.

    [0522] As used herein, Optifree Replenish, refers to a sterile, buffered, isotonic, aqueous solution containing sodium citrate, sodium chloride, sodium borate, propylene glycol, TEARGLYDE proprietary dual action reconditioning system (TETRONIC 1304, nonanoyl ethylenediaminetriacetic acid) with POLYQUAD (polyquaternium-1) 0.001% and ALDOX (myristamidopropyl dimethylamine) 0.0005% preservatives.

    [0523] As used herein, Renu Clear Care, refers to a sterile solution containing micro-filtered hydrogen peroxide 3%, sodium chloride 0.79%, stabilized with phosphonic acid, a phosphate buffered system, and PLURONIC 17R4.

    [0524] As used herein, Biotrue, refers to a sterile, isotonic solution that contains hyaluronan, sulfobetaine, poloxamine, boric acid, sodium borate, edetate disodium and sodium chloride and preserved with a dual disinfection system (polyaminopropyl biguanide) 0.00013% and polyquaternium 0.0001%.

    [0525] As used herein, Complete, refers to sterile, isotonic, buffered solution, preserved with polyhexamethylene biguanide (0.0001%), a phosphate buffer, Poloxamer 237, edetate disodium, sodium chloride, potassium chloride, and purified water.

    [0526] In another more preferred embodiment the artificial tears composition described herein further comprise a contact lens cleaning capability.

    [0527] The present invention is further directed to a contact lens storage composition comprising: [0528] two or more nonionic surfactants selected from the group consisting of polysorbate 80, polyoxyls, poloxamer 407, poloxamer 188, polyoxyl castor oil, hydroxypropyl-gamma-cyclodextrin at a total concentration from about 1.5% to about 5.9% w/v; [0529] a polyol from about 0.1% to about 0.4% w/v; [0530] a viscosity agent selected from the group consisting of cellulose derivatives, carbomers, gums, dextrans, polyvinyl alcohol, polyacrylic acids, povidone, polyethylene glycol, propylene glycol, chitosans, and hyaluronates and hyaluronic acids wherein the composition has a viscosity from about 5 to about 500 centipoise.

    [0531] The present invention is further directed to a contact lens storage composition comprising: [0532] two or more nonionic surfactants selected from the group consisting of polysorbate 80, polyoxyls, poloxamer 407, poloxamer 188, polyoxyl castor oil, hydroxypropyl-gamma-cyclodextrin at a total concentration from about 1.5% to about 5.9% w/v, preferably the two or more nonionic surfactants are selected from the group consisting of from about 0.01% to about 4.0% w/v of polysorbate 80, from about 0.01% to about 3.0% w/v of poloxamer 407, from about 0.01% to about 3.0% w/v of poloxamer 188, from about 0.01% to about 0.25% w/v of polyoxyl castor oil and from about 0.01% to about 5.0% w/v hydroxypropyl-gamma-cyclodextrin; [0533] from about 0.5% to about 2.5% w/v mannitol; [0534] from about 0.05% to about 1.5% w/v of a cellulose derivative, preferably from about 0.05% to about 0.37% w/v carboxymethyl cellulose; [0535] from about 0.1% to about 0.75% w/v sodium chloride; and about 0.1% w/v magnesium chloride.

    [0536] The present invention is further directed to a contact lens storage composition comprising: [0537] about 3.0% w/v polysorbate 80; [0538] about 0.2% w/v poloxamer 407; [0539] about 0.1% w/v poloxamer 188; [0540] about 1.0% w/v mannitol; [0541] about 0.1% w/v magnesium chloride; [0542] about 0.25% to about 0.4% w/v sodium chloride; [0543] from about 0.1% to about 0.25% w/v hydroxypropyl methyl cellulose or a concentration of a cellulose derivative that yields a total viscosity of the composition equal to the total viscosity of the composition provided by from about 0.1% to about 1.5% w/v hydroxypropylmethyl cellulose; and [0544] 3 millimolar phosphate buffer.

    [0545] The present invention is further directed to a contact lens coating composition comprising: [0546] two or more nonionic surfactants selected from the group consisting of polysorbate 80, poloxamer 407, poloxamer 188, polyoxyl castor oil and hydroxypropyl-gamma-cyclodextrin at a total concentration from about 1.5% to about 5.9% w/v; [0547] from about 0.1% to about 2.5% w/v mannitol; [0548] from about 0.1% to about 2.0% w/v of a cellulose derivative, preferably from about 0.05% to about 0.37% w/v carboxymethyl cellulose; [0549] from about 3.0 to about 5.5 millimolar phosphate or citrate buffer; [0550] optionally, from about 0.1% to about 0.3% w/v magnesium chloride; [0551] optionally, from about 0.25% to about 5.0% w/v of a polyethylene glycol, propylene glycol or a combination thereof; [0552] optionally, from about 0.1% to about 0.75% w/v sodium chloride; and optionally, about 0.1% to about 0.12% w/v sorbate.

    [0553] The present invention is further directed to a contact lens storage composition comprising: [0554] two or more nonionic surfactants selected from the group consisting of from about 2.0% to about 3.5% w/v polysorbate 80, from about 0.1% to about 0.2% w/v poloxamer 407, from about 0.1% to about 0.5% w/v poloxamer 188, about 0.01% w/v polyoxyl castor oil and from about 0.25% to about 1.5% w/v hydroxypropyl-gamma-cyclodextrin at a total concentration from about 1.5% to about 5.9% w/v; [0555] from about 3.0 to about 5.5 millimolar phosphate or citrate buffer; [0556] from about 0.1% to about 2.5% w/v mannitol; [0557] about 0.1% w/v magnesium chloride; [0558] optionally, from about 0.25% to about 0.45% w/v sodium chloride; [0559] from about 0.1% to about 0.75% w/v of a cellulose derivative, preferably from about 0.05% to about 0.37% w/v carboxymethyl cellulose; [0560] and [0561] optionally, about 0.1% w/v sorbate.

    [0562] The present invention is further directed to a contact lens storage composition comprising: [0563] about 3.0% w/v polysorbate 80; [0564] about 0.2% w/v poloxamer 407; [0565] about 0.2% w/v poloxamer 188; [0566] about 0.01% w/v polyoxyl castor oil; [0567] about 1.0% w/v mannitol; [0568] about 0.1% w/v magnesium chloride; [0569] about 0.3% w/v sodium chloride; [0570] about 0.1% or 0.2% w/v hydroxypropyl methyl cellulose or a concentration of a cellulose derivative that yields a total viscosity of the composition equal to the total viscosity of the composition provided by about 0.1% w/v hydroxypropylmethyl cellulose; and 3 millimolar phosphate buffer.

    [0571] The present invention is further directed to a contact lens storage composition comprising: [0572] about 1.0 w/v polysorbate 80; [0573] about 1.0% w/v poloxamer 407; [0574] about 0.2% w/v poloxamer 188; [0575] about 0.25% w/v polyoxyl castor oil; [0576] from about 0.05% to about 0.37% w/v carboxymethyl cellulose; [0577] from about 0.5% to about 1.75% w/v of a polyethylene glycol selected from the group consisting of polyethylene glycol 400, polyethylene glycol 6000, polyethylene glycol 10000, polyethylene glycol 20000 and a combination thereof; [0578] about 0.75% w/v mannitol; [0579] about 0.1% w/v magnesium chloride; [0580] from about 0.4% to about 0.9% w/v sodium chloride; [0581] 3 millimolar phosphate buffer; [0582] optionally, about 1.5% w/v hydroxypropyl gamma cyclodextrin; and [0583] optionally, from about 0.1 to about 0.2 millimolar menthol.

    TABLE-US-00009 TABLE 9 Contact Lens Storage Compositions % w/v CL1 CL2 CL3 CL4 CL5 CL6 CL7 CL8 Polysorbate 80 3.00% 0.50% 1.00% 1.00% 2.50% 3.00% 1.50% 3.50% Poloxamer 407 1.00% 0.20% 0.20% 0.20% 0.20% Poloxamer 188 0.10% 0.10% 1.00% 0.10% 1.00% 1.00% 0.10% Polyoxyl castor oil 0.01% 0.01% 0.01% 0.01% 0.01% Hydroxypropyl-gamma- 2.50% 1.50% 0.50% 0.50% cyclodextrin HPMC* 0.10% 0.10% 0.10% 0.10% 0.10% 0.10% 0.75% PEG-400 Mannitol 1.00% 1.00% 1.00% 1.00% 1.00% 1.00% 2.50% MgCl.sub.2 0.10% 0.10% 0.10% 0.10% 0.10% 0.10% 0.10% 0.10% NaCl 0.30% 0.30% 0.40% 0.30% 0.40% 0.40% 0.40% 0.25% Phosphate buffer (mM) 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3.00 Citrate buffer (mM) Sorbate pH 7 7 7 7 7 % w/v CL9 CL10 CL11 CL12 CL13 CL14 CL15 CL16 Polysorbate 80 3.00% 3.00% 3.00% 3.00% 2.00% 3.00% 3.00% 2.00% Poloxamer 407 0.10% 0.10% 0.20% 0.10% 0.20% Poloxamer 188 0.50% 0.10% 0.10% 0.50% 0.10% Polyoxyl castor oil 0.01% 0.01% 0.01% 0.01% 0.01% 0.01% 0.01% 0.01% Hydroxypropyl-gamma- 0.25% 0.70% 1.50% 0.25% 1.50% cyclodextrin HPMC* 0.75% 0.75% 0.75% 0.75% 0.75% 0.10% 0.10% 0.10% PEG-400 0.25% 2.50% 2.50% 0.25% 2.50% 2.50% Mannitol 2.50% 2.50% 0.10% 2.50% 0.10% 2.50% 0.10% 0.10% MgCl.sub.2 0.1% 0.10% 0.30% 0.10% 0.10% 0.10% 0.30% 0.10% NaCl 0.3% 0.30% 0.45% 0.30% Phosphate buffer (mM) 3.00 3.00 3.00 3.00 3.00 Citrate buffer (mM).sup. 3.00 3.00 5.50 3.00 5.50 Sorbate 0.10% pH 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 % w/v CL17 CL18 CL19 CL21 CL22 CL23 CL24 CL25 Polysorbate 80 3.50% 3.50% 3.50% 3.50% 3.50% 3.50% 3.50% 3.50% Poloxamer 407 0.20% 0.20% 0.20% 0.20% 0.20% 0.20% 0.20% 0.20% Poloxamer 188 0.10% 0.10% 0.10% 0.10% 0.10% 0.10% 0.10% 0.10% Polyoxyl castor oil 0.01% 0.01% 0.01% 0.01% 0.01% 0.01% 0.01% 0.01% HPMC* 0.20% 0.20% 0.20% 0.20% 0.20% 0.20% 0.20% 0.20% PEG-400 1.5% 2.5% 2.5% PEG-3350 0.25% 0.35% 0.50% PEG-8000 0.15% 0.30% Mannitol 0.10% 0.10% 0.10% 0.10% 0.10% 0.10% 0.10% 0.10% MgCl.sub.2 0.10% 0.30% 0.30% 0.30% 0.30% 0.30% NaCl 0.40% 0.15% 0.20% Citrate buffer (mM).sup. 4.00 4.00 4.00 4.00 4.00 4.00 4.00 4.00 pH 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 Polysorbate 80 3.50% 3.50% 3.50% 3.50% 3.50% 3.50% 3.50% 3.50% Poloxamer 407 0.20% 0.20% 0.20% 0.20% 0.20% 0.20% 0.20% 0.20% Poloxamer 188 0.10% 0.10% 0.10% 0.10% 0.10% 0.10% 0.10% 0.10% Polyoxyl castor oil 0.01% 0.01% 0.01% 0.01% 0.01% 0.01% 0.01% 0.01% HPMC* 0.20% 0.20% 0.20% 0.20% 0.20% 0.20% 0.20% 0.20% Propylene Glycol 2.5% 1.00% 1.00% 1.00% PEG-400 2.5% PEG-3350 0.35% PEG-8000 0.50% 0.30% PEG-12000 0.10% 0.30% 0.40% Mannitol 0.10% 0.10% 0.10% 0.10% 0.10% 0.10% 0.10% 0.10% MgCl.sub.2 0.30% 0.30% 0.30% 0.30% 0.30% 0.30% 0.30% NaCl 0.10% 0.10% 0.15% 0.15% Citrate buffer (mM).sup. 4.00 4.00 4.00 4.00 4.00 4.00 4.00 4.00 pH 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 % w/v CL26 CL27 CL28 CL29 CL30 CL31 CL32 CL33 Polysorbate 80 3.50% 3.50% 3.50% 1.00% 3.00% 3.00% 3.00% 3.00% Poloxamer 407 0.20% 0.20% 0.20% 0.20% 0.20% 0.20% 0.20% 0.20% Poloxamer 188 0.10% 0.10% 0.10% 1.00% 0.20% 0.20% 0.20% 0.20% Polyoxyl castor oil 0.01% 0.01% 0.01% 0.01% 0.01% 0.01% 0.01% 0.01% HPMC* 0.20% 0.20% 0.20% 0.10% 0.20% 0.20% 0.20% 0.20% Propylene Glycol 1.00% 1.00% 2.00% PEG-400 0.10% 1.00% 2.50% PEG-3350 0.30% PEG-12000 0.10% 0.10% Mannitol 0.10% 0.10% 0.10% 1.00% 0.10% 0.10% 0.10% 0.10% MgCl.sub.2 0.30% 0.30% 0.30% 0.10% NaCl 0.20% 0.40% Citrate buffer (mM).sup. 4.00 4.00 4.00 4.00 4.00 5.00 pH 7 7 7 7 7 8 7 7 % w/v CL34 CL35 CL36 CL37 CL38 CL39 CL40 CL41 Polysorbate 80 2.00% 3.00% 2.00% 3.00% 3.00% 2.00% 3.00% 3.00% Poloxamer 407 0.20% 0.20% 0.20% 0.20% 0.20% 0.20% 0.20% 0.20% Poloxamer 188 0.20% 0.20% 0.20% 0.20% 0.20% 0.20% 0.20% 0.20% Polyoxyl castor oil 0.01% 0.01% 0.01% 0.01% 0.01% 0.01% 0.01% 0.01% Hydroxypropyl-gamma- 1.00% 1.00% 1.00% cyclodextrin HPMC* 0.20% 0.20% 0.20% 0.20% 0.20% 0.20% 0.20% 0.20% Propylene Glycol 1.00% 2.00% 1.00% 1.00% 2.00% PEG-400 2.50% 2.50% 2.50% 2.50% PEG-6000 2.50% 2.50% 2.50% 2.50% Mannitol 0.10% 0.10% 0.10% 0.10% 0.10% 0.10% 0.10% 0.10% MgCl.sub.2 NaCl Citrate buffer (mM).sup. pH 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 % w/v CL42 CL43 CL44 CL45 CL46 CL47 CL48 CL49 Polysorbate 80 2.00% 1.00% 3.00% 1.00% 1.00% 1.00% 2.00% 3.00% Poloxamer 407 0.20% 0.20% 0.20% 0.20% 0.20% 0.20% 0.20% 0.20% Poloxamer 188 0.20% 1.00% 0.20% 1.00% 1.00% 1.00% 0.20% 0.20% Polyoxyl castor oil 0.01% 0.01% 0.01% 0.01% 0.01% 0.01% 0.01% 0.01% Hydroxypropyl-gamma- 1.00% 1.50% 1.50% 1.50% 1.50% 1.00% cyclodextrin HPMC* 0.20% 0.10% 0.10% 0.10% 0.10% 0.10% 0.20% 0.20% Propylene Glycol 1.00% 1.00% 1.00% PEG-400 2.50% 0.10% 0.10% 0.25% 0.50% 2.50% PEG-6000 2.50% 1.00% Mannitol 0.10% 1.00% 1.00% 1.00% 1.00% 1.00% 0.10% 0.10% MgCl.sub.2 0.10% 0.10% 0.10% 0.10% 0.10% NaCl 0.40% 0.40% 0.40% 0.35% 0.40% Phosphate buffer (mM).sup. 3.00 3.00 3.00 3.00 3.00 3.00 3.00 pH 7 7 or 7 7 7 7 7 7 7.1 % w/v CL50 CL51 CL52 CL53 CL54 CL55 CL56 CL57 Polysorbate 80 3.00% 2.00% 3.00% 3.00% 2.00% 3.00% 3.00% 2.00% Poloxamer 407 0.20% 0.20% 0.20% 0.20% 0.20% 0.20% 0.20% 0.20% Poloxamer 188 0.20% 0.20% 0.20% 0.20% 0.20% 0.20% 0.20% 0.20% Polyoxyl castor oil 0.01% 0.01% 0.01% 0.01% 0.01% 0.01% 0.01% 0.01% Hydroxypropyl-gamma- 1.00% 1.00% 1.00% cyclodextrin HPMC* 0.20% 0.20% 0.20% 0.20% 0.20% 0.20% 0.20% 0.20% Propylene Glycol 1.00% 2.00% 1.00% 1.00% 2.00% 1.00% PEG-400 2.50% 2.50% 2.50% PEG-6000 2.50% 2.50% 1.00% 2.50% 2.50% Mannitol 0.10% 0.10% 0.10% 0.10% 0.10% 0.10% 0.10% 0.10% MgCl.sub.2 NaCl Citrate buffer (mM).sup. 4.00 4.00 4.00 4.00 4.00 4.00 4.00 4.00 pH 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 % w/v CL58 CL59 CL60 CL61 Polysorbate 80 1.00% 1.00% 1.00% 1.00% Poloxamer 407 1.00% 1.00% 1.00% 1.00% Poloxamer 188 0.20% 0.20% 0.20% 0.20% Polyoxyl castor oil 0.01% 0.01% 0.25% 0.25% Hydroxypropyl-gamma- 1.50% 1.50% 1.50% 1.00% cyclodextrin HPMC* 0.10% 0.20% 0.10% 0.10% PEG-400 0.50% 0.50% 0.50% 0.50% Mannitol 1.00% 1.00% 0.75% 0.75% MgCl.sub.2 0.10% 0.10% 0.10% 0.10% NaCl 0.40% 0.40% 0.40% 0.40% Phosphate buffer (mM).sup. 3.00 3.00 3.00 3.00 Menthol (mM) 0.01 pH 7 7 7 7 Sorbate 0.10% 0.10% Povidone 1.00% 0.9% saline (% of total 30% 30% composition when combined with remaining ingredients) % w/v CL62 CL63 CL64 CL65 CL66 CL67 CL68 CL69 Polysorbate 80 1.00% 1.00% 1.00% 1.00% 1.00% 1.00% 1.00% 1.00% Poloxamer 407 1.00% 1.00% 1.00% 1.00% 1.00% 1.00% 1.00% 1.00% Poloxamer 188 0.20% 0.20% 0.20% 0.20% 0.20% 0.20% 0.20% 0.20% Polyoxyl castor oil 0.25% 0.25% 0.25% 0.25% 0.25% 0.25% 0.25% 0.25% Hydroxypropyl-gamma- 1.50% 1.50% 1.50% 1.50% 1.50% 1.50% 1.50% 1.50% cyclodextrin CMC 0.05% 0.05% 0.05% 0.05% 0.25% 0.37% 0.05% 0.05% PEG-400 0.50% 1.00% 0.50% 0.50% PEG-6000 0.50% 1.00% PEG-10000 0.50% 1.00% Mannitol 0.75% 0.75% 0.75% 0.75% 0.75% 0.75% 0.75% 0.75% MgCl.sub.2 0.10% 0.10% 0.10% 0.10% 0.10% 0.10% 0.10% 0.10% NaCl 0.40% 0.40% 0.40% 0.40% 0.40% 0.40% 0.40% 0.40% Phosphate buffer (mM) 3.0 3.0 3.0 3.0 3.0 3.0 3.0 3.0 Menthol (mM) 0.1 0.2 pH 7.0 7.0 7.0 7.0 7.0 7.0 7.0 7.0 % w/v CL70 CL71 CL72 CL73 CL74 CL75 CL76 Polysorbate 80 1.00% 1.00% 1.00% 1.00% 1.00% 1.00% 1.00% Poloxamer 407 1.00% 1.00% 1.00% 1.00% 1.00% 1.00% 1.00% Poloxamer 188 0.20% 0.20% 0.20% 0.20% 0.20% 0.20% 0.20% Polyoxyl castor oil 0.25% 0.25% 0.25% 0.25% 0.25% 0.25% 0.25% Hydroxypropyl-gamma- 1.50% 1.50% 1.50% 1.50% cyclodextrin CMC 0.05% 0.05% 0.05% 0.05% 0.05% 0.05% 0.05% PEG-400 0.50% 1.00% 0.75% 0.75% 0.75% PEG-6000 1.00% 1.00% PEG-20000 1.00% 1.00% Mannitol 0.75% 0.75% 0.75% 0.75% 0.75% 0.75% 0.75% MgCl.sub.2 0.10% 0.10% 0.10% 0.10% 0.10% 0.10% 0.10% NaCl 0.40% 0.40% 0.90% 0.40% 0.40% 0.40% 0.40% Phosphate buffer (mM) 3.0 3.0 3.0 3.0 3.0 3.0 3.0 Menthol (mM) pH 7.0 7.0 7.0 7.0 7.0 7.0 7.0 *All HPMC concentrations may also be 0.2% w/v .sup.4.00 mM Citrate buffer and 3.00 mM Phosphate buffer are interchangeable

    [0584] All contact lens and artificial tear compositions of the present invention may include either 3 millimolar phosphate buffer or 4 millimolar citrate buffer with 0.1% w/v sorbate.

    [0585] In a preferred embodiment, contact lens compositions of the present invention do not contain polyacrylates such as Pemulen materials including acrylate/C10-30 alkyl acrylate cross-polymers, or high molecular weight co-polymers of acrylic acid and a long chain alkyl methacrylate cross-linked with allyl ethers of pentaerythritol.

    Drug Vehicles

    [0586] In one embodiment, all artificial tear compositions of the present invention are capable of being used as drug vehicle compositions.

    [0587] The present invention is further directed to a drug vehicle composition comprising: [0588] an active agent, preferably selected from the group consisting of diquafosol, an antibiotic, a steroidal anti-inflammatory, a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory, a glaucoma drug, a prostaglandin, a muscarinic receptor agonist, a miotic agent, acetylsalicylic acid (ASA) and a combination thereof, more preferably the active agent is selected from the group consisting of diquafosol, bimatoprost, cyclosporine-A, GLC, prednisolone forte, ketorolac, gentamycin, polytrim, ciprofloxacin, moxifloxacin, gatifloxacin, lifitegrast, besifloxacin, pilocarpine, brimonidine, timolol, dexmedetomidine, timoptic, dorzolamide, latanoprost and a combination thereof; [0589] about 2.0% w/v polysorbate 80; [0590] about 1.0% w/v poloxamer 188; [0591] about 1.0% w/v hydroxypropyl-gamma-cyclodextrin; [0592] about 1.35% w/v HPMC; [0593] about 2.5% w/v mannitol; [0594] about 0.10% w/v magnesium chloride; [0595] about 0.30% w/v sodium chloride; and [0596] about 3 millimolar citrate buffer, and an optional preservative combination of one or more of: [0597] about 0.005% to 0.02% BAK, 0.10% EDTA, and sorbate 0.10%.
    wherein the composition has a pH of about 5.0. This latter combination of preservatives and anti-oxidants has demonstrated enhanced anterior chamber permeation, and duration to achieve greater clinical benefit in some cases.

    [0598] The present invention is further directed to A drug vehicle gel composition comprising: [0599] an active agent; [0600] one or more nonionic surfactants selected from the group consisting of poloxamers, polysorbates, cyclodextrins, alkylaryl polyethers, polyoxyethyleneglycol alkyl ethers, tyloxapol, and polyoxyls at a total concentration from about 1.5% to about 5.9% w/v; [0601] from about 0.5% to about 5% w/v hydroxypropylmethyl cellulose (hypromellose) or an amount of a viscosity agent selected from the group consisting of cellulose derivatives, carbomers, gums, dextrans, polyvinyl alcohol, polyacrylic acids, povidone, polyethylene glycol, propylene glycol, chitosans, and hyaluronates and hyaluronic acids that yields a total viscosity of the composition equal to the total viscosity of the composition provided by from about 0.5% to about 5% w/v hydroxypropylmethyl cellulose; [0602] about 2.5% w/v mannitol; [0603] about 0.10% w/v magnesium chloride; [0604] from about 0.20% to about 0.30% w/v sodium chloride; [0605] about 3 millimolar citrate or phosphate buffer; and [0606] optionally, from about 0.07 millimolar to about 0.2 millimolar menthol,
    wherein the composition has a pH of at least 5.0.

    [0607] The present invention is further directed to a drug vehicle composition comprising: [0608] from about 0.05% to about 2.0% w/v cyclosporine-A, preferably, from about 0.05% to about 0.09% w/v; [0609] from about 1% to about 5% w/v of Captisol, -cyclodextrin or a combination of Tween -cyclodextrin, preferably from about 3% to about 4% w/v; [0610] optionally, about 0.25% w/v polyoxyl 40 castor oil; [0611] optionally, about 0.1% to about 1% w/v of an alcohol, preferably from about 0.5% to about 1% w/v and preferably, the alcohol is selected from the group consisting of a polyvinyl alcohol, glycofurol, octoxynol 40 and a combination thereof; [0612] optionally, from about 0.5% to about 1.25% hydroxypropylmethyl cellulose or a concentration of carboxymethyl cellulose that yields a total viscosity of the composition equal to the total viscosity of the composition provided by from about 0.5% to about 1.25% w/v hydroxypropylmethyl cellulose; [0613] optionally, from about 0.1% to about 0.9% w/v sodium chloride, preferably, about 0.3% w/v; [0614] optionally, from about 0.5% to about 2.5% w/v mannitol; [0615] optionally, about 0.1% magnesium chloride, [0616] optionally, about 3 millimolar phosphate buffer or about 4 millimolar citrate buffer; [0617] optionally, about 0.1% w/v sorbate; and [0618] optionally, about 0.1 millimolar menthol,
    wherein optionally, the composition has a pH of about 7.0.

    [0619] The present invention is further directed to a drug vehicle composition comprising: [0620] about 0.09% w/v cyclosporine-A; [0621] about 3.0% to about 4.0% w/v poloxamer 407, [0622] about 0.25% w/v sodium chloride; [0623] about 0.2% or about 0.75% w/v hydroxypropylmethyl cellulose; [0624] about 3 millimolar phosphate buffer or about 4 millimolar citrate buffer; [0625] optionally, about 1.0% w/v polysorbate 80; [0626] optionally, about 0.01% w/v polyoxyl castor oil; [0627] optionally, about 0.1% w/v sorbate; [0628] optionally, about 0.1 millimolar menthol,
    wherein the composition has a pH of about 7.0.

    [0629] The present invention is further directed to a drug vehicle composition comprising: [0630] from about 0.01% to about 2.0% w/v cyclosporine-A, preferably from about 0.05% to about 0.09% w/v, more preferably about 0.05%, about 0.075% or about 0.09% w/v; [0631] from about 1.0% to about 5.0% w/v polysorbate 80, preferably from about 1.0% to about 4.0% w/v, more preferably from about 1.0% to about 1.5% w/v; [0632] from about 0.1% to about 2.0% w/v poloxamer 407, preferably from about 0.5% to about 0.7% w/v, more preferably about 0.5% or about 0.7% w/v; [0633] from about 0.1% to about 2.0% w/v poloxamer 188, preferably from about 0.5% to about 1.5% w/v, more preferably about 1.0% w/v; [0634] from about 0.001% to about 1.0% w/v polyoxyl castor oil, preferably from about 0.005% to about 0.01% w/v, even more preferably about 0.01% w/v; [0635] from about 0.5% to about 4.0% w/v mannitol, preferably from about 0.5% to about 3.0% w/v, more preferably from about 0.5% to about 2.5% w/v; [0636] from about 0.05% to about 0.1% w/v magnesium chloride, more preferably about 0.05% w/v; [0637] from about 0.1% to about 2.0% w/v hydroxypropylmethyl cellulose, preferably from about 0.5% to about 1.35% w/v; [0638] from about 0.1% to about 0.5% w/v polyethylene glycol 400 (PEG-400), preferably about 0.25% w/v; [0639] from about 0.0% to about 0.9% w/v sodium chloride, preferably from about 0.1% to about 0.40% w/v; [0640] about 3 millimolar phosphate buffer or about 4 millimolar citrate buffer; [0641] from about 0.05% to about 2% w/v sorbate, preferably about 0.10% w/v, [0642] optionally, from about 0.07 to about 0.3 millimolar menthol; and [0643] optionally, a preservative combination of one or more of: [0644] about 0.005% to 0.02% BAK and 0.10% EDTA
    wherein the composition has a pH of about 7.0.

    [0645] The present invention is further directed to a drug vehicle composition comprising: [0646] optionally, from about 3.0% to about 3.5% w/v diquafosol, preferably about 3.0% or about 3.37% w/v; [0647] from about 2.0% to about 6.0% w/v of one or more nonionic surfactants, preferably the one or more nonionic surfactants is selected from the group consisting of polysorbates, poloxamers, polyoxyl castor oils, and cyclodextrins, more preferably selected from the group consisting of polysorbate 80, poloxamer 407, poloxamer 188, polyoxyl castor oil and hydroxypropyl gamma cyclodextrin; [0648] from about 0.5% to about 0.75% w/v of a polyethylene glycol having a molecular weight from about 400 to about 20,000 Daltons; [0649] from about 0.75% to about 3.0% w/v mannitol; [0650] about 0.1% w/v magnesium chloride; [0651] from about 1.1% to about 1.45% w/v carboxymethyl cellulose; [0652] from about 0.4% to about 1.25% w/v sodium chloride; [0653] about 3 millimolar phosphate buffer or from about 4 to about 5 millimolar citrate buffer; [0654] from about 0.1% to about 0.12% w/v sorbate; [0655] optionally, from about 0.1 to about 5.0 millimolar menthol, preferably from about 0.2 to about 2.5 millimolar, more preferably from about 0.2 to about 1.6 millimolar and most preferably from about 0.1 to about 0.45 millimolar; and [0656] optionally, about 2.0% w/v hydroxy-propyl-gamma-cyclodextrin,
    wherein the composition has a pH from about 5.5 to about 7.0.

    [0657] The present invention is further directed to a drug vehicle composition comprising: [0658] about 3.0% w/v diquafosol; [0659] about 3.00% w/v polysorbate 80; [0660] about 0.75% w/v polyethylene glycol 400; [0661] about 1.50% w/v mannitol; [0662] about 0.1% w/v magnesium chloride; [0663] about 1.40% w/v carboxymethyl cellulose; [0664] about 0.90% w/v sodium chloride; [0665] about 0.5 millimolar menthol; [0666] about 4 millimolar citrate buffer; [0667] about 1.0% w/v sorbate; and [0668] about 2.0% w/v hydroxy-propyl-gamma cyclodextrin.

    [0669] The present invention is further directed to a drug vehicle composition comprising: [0670] optionally, from about 1.0% to about 1.5% w/v trehalose; [0671] from about 2.0% to about 6.0% w/v of one or more nonionic surfactants, preferably the one or more nonionic surfactants is selected from the group consisting of polysorbates, poloxamers, polyoxyl castor oils, and cyclodextrins, more preferably selected from the group consisting of polysorbate 80, poloxamer 407, poloxamer 188, polyoxyl castor oil and hydroxypropyl gamma cyclodextrin, preferably comprising about 1.00% w/v polysorbate 80, about 1.00% w/v poloxamer 407, about 0.20% w/v poloxamer 188 and about 0.25% w/v polyoxyl castor oil; [0672] from about 0.50% to about 1.50% w/v of a polyethylene glycol having a molecular weight of from about 400 to about 20,000 Daltons; [0673] from about 0.50% to about 0.75% w/v mannitol; [0674] from about 0.07% to about 0.10% w/v magnesium chloride; [0675] from about 2.5 to about 6.0 millimolar citrate buffer; [0676] optionally, from about 0.1% to about 1.30% w/v carboxymethyl cellulose; [0677] optionally, from about 0.4% to about 0.65% w/v sodium chloride; [0678] optionally, from about 0.1 to about 0.45 millimolar menthol; [0679] optionally, about 0.12% w/v sorbate, [0680] wherein the composition has a pH from about 5.5 to about 6.5.

    TABLE-US-00010 TABLE 10 Cyclosporine-A Drug Vehicles Formula #C1 #C2 #C3 #C4 #C5 #C6 #C7 #C8 #C9 #C10 #C11 #C12 Cyclosporine-A 0.05% 0.05% 0.05% 0.05% 0.075% 0.075% 0.075% 0.075% 0.09% 0.09% 0.09% 0.09% Polysorbate 80 1.0% 1.5% 1.5% 1.5% 1.0% 1.5% 1.5% 1.5% 1.0% 1.5% 1.5% 1.5% Poloxamer 407 0.5% 0.5% 0.7% 0.7% 0.5% 0.5% 0.7% 0.7% 0.5% 0.5% 0.7% 0.7% Poloxamer 188 1% 1% 1% 1% 1% 1% 1% 1% 1% 1% 1% 1% Polyoxyl Castor 0.01% 0.01% 0.01% 0.01% 0.01% 0.01% 0.01% 0.01% 0.01% 0.01% 0.01% 0.01% Oil HPMC 1.35% 1.35% 1.35% 1.35% 1.35% 1.35% 1.35% 1.35% 1.35% 1.35% 1.35% 1.35% PEG-400 0.25% 0.25% 0.25% 0.25% 0.25% 0.25% 0.25% 0.25% 0.25% 0.25% 0.25% 0.25% Mannitol 1.75% 1.25% 2.5% 0.5% 1.75% 1.25% 1.5% 0.5% 1.75% 1.25% 1.5% 0.5% MgCl.sub.2 0.05% 0.05% 0.05% 0.05% 0.05% 0.05% 0.05% 0.05% 0.05% 0.05% 0.05% 0.05% NaCl 0.25% 0.35% 0.25% 0.1% 0.25% 0.35% 0.4% 0.1% 0.25% 0.35% 0.4% 0.1% Citrate 4 mM 4 mM 4 mM 4 mM 4 mM 4 mM 4 mM 4 mM 4 mM 4 mM 4 mM 4 mM Buffer Sorbate 0.1% 0.1% 0.1% 0.1% 0.1% 0.1% 0.1% 0.1% 0.1% 0.1% 0.1% 0.1% pH 7.0 7.0 7.0 7.0 7.0 7.0 7.0 7.0 7.0 7.0 7.0 7.0 Formula #C13 #C14 #C15 #C16 #C17 #C18 #C19 #C20 #C21 Cyclosporine-A 0.09% 0.05% 0.05% 0.09% 0.09% 0.05% 0.05% 0.05% 0.05% Polysorbate 1.5% 1.5% 1.5% 1.5% 1.5% 1.5% 1.5% 1.75% 1.75% 80 Poloxamer 0.7% 0.7% 0.7% 0.7% 0.7% 0.7% 407 Poloxamer 1% 1% 1% 1% 1% 0.7% 1.0% 188 Polyoxyl 0.01% 0.01% 0.01% 0.01% 0.01% 0.01% 1.25% 1.25% 1.25% Castor Oil HPMC 1.35% 1.35% 1.35% 1.35% 1.35% 1.3% 1.3% 1.3% 1.3% Mannitol 2.5% 2.5% 2.5% 1.75% 1.75% MgCl.sub.2 0.1% 0.1% 0.1% 0.05% 0.05% NaCl 0.25% 0.25% 0.25% 0.25% 0.25% 0.9% 0.75% 0.9% 0.9% Phosphate 3 mM 3 mM 3 mM 3 mM 3 mM 3 mM 3 mM Buffer Sorbate 0.1% 0.1% Glycerin 2.0% 2.0% 2.0% 2.0% pH 7.0 7.0 7.0 7.0 7.0 6.5 6.5 6.5 6.5

    TABLE-US-00011 TABLE 11 Diquafosol Drug Vehicles Formula D1 D2 D3 D4 D5 D6 D7 D8 Diquafosol 3.00% 3.00% 3.00% Polysorbate 80 1.00% 1.00% 1.00% 1.00% 1.00% 1.00% 3.00% 3.50% Poloxamer 407 1.00% 1.00% 1.00% 1.00% 1.00% 1.00% Poloxamer 188 0.20% 0.20% 0.20% 0.20% 0.20% 0.20% Polyoxyl Castor Oil 0.25% 0.25% 0.25% 0.25% 0.25% 0.25% Hydroxypropyl gamma 2.00% 2.00% 1.50% 1.50% 2.00% 2.00% cyclodextrin PEG-400 0.75% 0.75% 0.75% 0.75% 0.50% 0.50% 0.75% 0.75% Mannitol 0.75% 0.75% 0.75% 0.75% 0.75% 0.75% 1.50% 3.00% MgCl.sub.2 0.10% 0.10% 0.10% 0.10% 0.10% 0.10% 0.10% 0.10% CMC 1.40% 1.40% 1.40% 1.40% 1.10% 1.10% 1.40% 1.45% NaCl 0.90% 0.90% 0.90% 0.90% 0.40% 0.40% 0.90% 1.25% Menthol (mM) 0.36 0.36 0.36 0.36 0.5 1.0 Vehicle Diquas Diquas Diquas Diquas Diquas Diquas Diquas Diquas Citrate Buffer (mM) 4.0 4.0 4.0 4.0 4.0 5.0 Phosphate Buffer (mM) 3.0 3.0 Sorbate 0.1% 0.1% 0.1% 0.1% 0.1% 0.1% 0.1% 0.1% pH 6.00 6.00 6.00 6.00 7.00 7.00 5.5 5.5 Formula D9 D10 D11 D12 D13 D14 D15 D16 Diquafosol 3.00% 3.00% 3.00% 3.37% 3.37% Polysorbate 80 3.00% 3.50% 1.00% 1.00% Poloxamer 407 1.00% 1.00% 3.50% 3.50% 3.50% 3.50% Poloxamer 188 0.20% 0.20% Polyoxyl 0.25% 0.25% 0.25% 0.25% 0.25% 0.25% Castor Oil Hydroxypropyl 2.00% 2.00% gamma cyclodextrin PEG-400 0.75% 0.75% 0.50% 0.50% PEG-6000 0.75% 0.75% PEG-20000 0.75% 0.75% Mannitol 1.50% 3.00% 0.75% 0.75% 0.75% 0.75% 0.75% 0.75% MgCl.sub.2 0.10% 0.10% 0.10% 0.10% 0.10% 0.10% 0.10% 0.10% CMC 1.40% 1.45% 1.10% 1.10% 1.25% 1.25% 1.40% 1.40% NaCl 0.90% 1.25% 0.90% 0.90% 0.90% 0.80% 0.90% 0.80% Menthol (mM) 0.5 1.0 0.60 0.60 0.8 0.8 Vehicle Diquas Diquas Diquas Diquas Diquas Diquas Diquas Diquas Citrate Buffer 4.0 5.0 4.0 4.0 4.0 4.0 4.5 4.5 (mM) Phosphate Buffer (mM) Sorbate 0.1% 0.1% 0.1% 0.1% 0.12% 0.12% 0.12% 0.12% pH 5.5 5.5 7.0 7.0 6.0 6.0 6.0 5.5 Formula D10 Diquafosol 3.00% Polysorbate 80 3.50% Poloxamer 407 Poloxamer 188 Polyoxyl Castor Oil Hydroxypropyl gamma Cyclodextrin PEG-400 0.75% PEG-6000 PEG-20000 Mannitol 0.75% MgCl.sub.2 0.10% CMC 1.40% NaCl Menthol (mM) Vehicle Diquas Citrate Buffer 5.0 (mM) Phosphate Buffer (mM) Sorbate 0.1% pH 5.0

    TABLE-US-00012 TABLE 12 Trehalose Drug Vehicles Formula T1 T2 T3 T4 T5 T6 T7 T8 Trehalose 1.50% 1.50% 1.50% 1.00% Polysorbate 80 1.00% 1.00% 1.00% 1.00% 1.00% 1.00% 1.00% 1.00% Poloxamer 407 1.00% 1.00% 1.00% 1.00% 1.00% 1.00% 1.00% 1.00% Poloxamer 188 0.20% 0.20% 0.20% 0.20% 0.20% 0.20% 0.20% 0.20% Polyoxyl Castor Oil 0.25% 0.25% 0.25% 0.25% 0.25% 0.25% 0.25% 0.25% Hydroxypropyl 1.50% 0.60% gamma cyclodextrin PEG-400 0.75% 0.75% 0.75% 0.75% PEG-6000 0.75% 0.50% 0.50% PEG-20000 0.75% 0.75% 0.75% Mannitol 0.75% 0.75% 0.75% 0.70% 0.50% 0.50% 0.50% 0.50% MgCl.sub.2 0.10% 0.10% 0.10% 0.10% 0.07% 0.07% 0.07% 0.07% CMC 0.10% 1.00% 1.30% 0.10% 1.20% NaCl 0.40% 0.60% 0.65% 0.60% Menthol (mM) 0.10 0.25 0.45 0.10 0.20 Citrate Buffer (mM) 2.5 3.0 4.5 6.0 2.5 3.5 2.5 4.00 Sorbate 0.12% 0.12% 0.12% pH 6.5 6.0 6.0 6.0 6.5 6.5 6.5 6.0 Formula T9 T10 T11 T12 Trehalose 1.50% Polysorbate 80 1.00% 1.00% 1.00% 1.00% Poloxamer 407 1.00% 1.00% 1.00% 1.00% Poloxamer 188 0.20% 0.20% 0.20% 0.20% Polyoxyl Castor Oil 0.25% 0.25% 0.25% 0.25% Hydroxypropyl 1.25% 1.50% gamma cyclodextrin PEG-400 0.75% 0.75% PEG-6000 0.50% 0.50% PEG-20000 Mannitol 0.50% 0.50% 0.75% 0.75% MgCl.sub.2 0.10% 0.10% 0.10% 0.10% CMC 1.20% 1.30% 0.75% 1.00% NaCl 0.75% 0.65% Menthol (mM) 0.4 0.6 0.20 0.35 Citrate Buffer (mM) 3.5 4.0 4.0 4.5 Sorbate pH 5.5 5.5

    [0681] The present invention is further directed to a drug vehicle composition comprising: [0682] from about 0.05% to about 0.09% w/v cyclosporine-A, preferably 0.05%, 0.075% or 0.09% w/v; [0683] from about 1.0% to about 3.5% w/v polysorbate 80, preferably 1.5% or 3.5% w/v; [0684] from about 0.5% to about 0.7% w/v poloxamer 407, preferably about 0.7% w/v; [0685] about 1.0% w/v poloxamer 188; [0686] from about 0.01% to about 0.75% polyoxyl castor oil, preferably about 0.01% w/v polyoxyl castor oil; [0687] from about 1.75% to about 2.5% w/v mannitol; [0688] from about 0.05% to about 0.1% w/v magnesium chloride; [0689] from about 0.5% to about 1.35% w/v hydroxypropylmethyl cellulose, preferably from about 1.25% to about 1.35% w/v, more preferably about 0.5%, 0.75%, 0.85%, 1.0%, 1.25% or 1.35% w/v; [0690] about 0.25% w/v sodium chloride; [0691] about 3 millimolar phosphate buffer or about 4 millimolar citrate buffer; [0692] optionally, from about 0.02 to about 0.09 millimolar menthol, preferably about 0.02, 0.04, 0.06 or 0.09; and [0693] optionally, a preservative combination of one or more of: [0694] about 0.005% to 0.02% BAK, 0.10% EDTA, and sorbate 0.10%,
    wherein the composition has a pH of about 7.0.

    [0695] The present invention is further directed to a drug vehicle composition comprising: from about 0.1 to about 1% w/v ketorolac tromethamine, preferably 0.5% w/v; [0696] from about 1.0 to about 3.5% w/v polysorbate 80, preferably 1.5% or 3.5% w/v; [0697] from about 0.5% to about 0.7% w/v poloxamer 407, preferably about 0.7% w/v; [0698] about 1.0% w/v poloxamer 188; [0699] from about 0.01% to about 0.75% polyoxyl castor oil, preferably about 0.01% w/v polyoxyl castor oil; [0700] from about 1.75% to about 2.5% w/v mannitol; [0701] from about 0.05% to about 0.1% w/v magnesium chloride; [0702] from about 0.5% to about 1.35% w/v hydroxypropylmethyl cellulose, preferably from about 1.25% to about 1.35% w/v, more preferably about 0.5%, 0.75%, 0.85%, 1.0%, 1.25% or 1.35% w/v; [0703] about 0.25% w/v sodium chloride; [0704] about 3 millimolar phosphate buffer or about 4 millimolar citrate buffer; [0705] optionally, from about 0.02 to about 0.09 millimolar menthol, preferably about 0.02, 0.04, 0.06 or 0.09; and [0706] optionally, a preservative combination of one or more of: [0707] about 0.005% to 0.02% BAK, 0.10% EDTA, and sorbate 0.10%,
    wherein the composition has a pH of about 7.0.

    [0708] The present invention is further directed to a drug vehicle composition comprising: [0709] about 0.09% w/v cyclosporine-A; [0710] about 3.5% w/v polysorbate 80; [0711] about 0.25% w/v sodium chloride; [0712] optionally, about 0.7% w/v poloxamer 407; [0713] optionally, about 1.0% w/v poloxamer 188; [0714] optionally, about 2.5% w/v mannitol; [0715] optionally, about 0.5% w/v hydroxypropylmethyl cellulose; [0716] about 3 millimolar phosphate buffer or about 4 millimolar citrate buffer; [0717] optionally, about 0.07 millimolar menthol; and [0718] optionally, a preservative combination of one or more of: [0719] about 0.005% to 0.02% BAK, 0.10% EDTA, and sorbate 0.10%,
    wherein the composition has a pH of about 7.0.

    [0720] In a preferred embodiment, the ratio of cyclosporine A to polyoxyl castor oil is greater than 0.08:1, more preferably from about 10:1 to about 9:1, even more preferably from about 5:1 to about 9:1.

    [0721] The present invention is further directed to a drug vehicle composition comprising: [0722] about 0.06% w/v dexmedetomidine; [0723] about 3.5% w/v polysorbate 80; [0724] about 0.7% w/v poloxamer 407; [0725] about 1.0% w/v poloxamer 188; [0726] about 0.01% w/v polyoxyl castor oil; [0727] about 2.5% w/v mannitol; [0728] about 0.1% w/v magnesium chloride; [0729] about 1.25% w/v hydroxypropylmethyl cellulose; [0730] about 0.25% w/v sodium chloride; and [0731] about 3 millimolar phosphate buffer,
    wherein the composition has a pH of about 7.0.

    [0732] The present invention is further directed to a drug vehicle composition comprising: [0733] an effective amount of lifitegrast; [0734] about 3.5% w/v polysorbate 80; [0735] about 0.7% w/v poloxamer 407; [0736] about 1.0% w/v poloxamer 188; [0737] about 0.01% w/v polyoxyl castor oil; [0738] from about 0.65% to about 1.25% w/v hydroxypropylmethyl cellulose, preferably 0.65%, 0.85%, 1.0% or 1.25% w/v; [0739] about 2.5% w/v mannitol; [0740] about 0.1% w/v magnesium chloride; and [0741] about 3 mM phosphate buffer;
    wherein the composition has a pH of about 7.0.

    [0742] The present invention is further directed to a drug vehicle composition comprising: [0743] about 0.09% w/v cyclosporine-A; [0744] about 4% w/v polysorbate 80; and [0745] about 0.01% w/v polyoxyl castor oil.

    [0746] The present invention is further directed to a drug vehicle composition comprising: [0747] about 0.09% w/v cyclosporine-A; [0748] about 3.5% w/v polysorbate 80; [0749] about 4.0% w/v poloxamer 407; and [0750] about 0.01% w/v polyoxyl castor oil.

    [0751] The present invention is further directed to a drug vehicle composition comprising: [0752] about 0.09% w/v cyclosporine-A; and [0753] about 0.5% glycofurol. [0754] The present invention is further directed to a drug vehicle composition comprising: [0755] about 1.0% w/v ASA; [0756] about 3.5% w/v polysorbate 80; [0757] about 0.7% w/v poloxamer 407; [0758] about 1.0% w/v poloxamer 188; [0759] about 0.01% w/v polyoxyl castor oil; [0760] about 2.5% w/v mannitol; [0761] about 0.25% w/v sodium chloride; [0762] about 0.1% w/v magnesium chloride; [0763] about 1.25% w/v hydroxypropylmethyl cellulose; [0764] about 3 millimolar phosphate buffer or about 4 millimolar citrate buffer; [0765] about 1.0% w/v polyethylene glycol 400; and [0766] about 0.12% w/v sorbate,
    wherein the composition has a pH of about 7.0 and wherein optionally, the composition is for MGD or allergies.

    [0767] The present invention is further directed to a drug vehicle composition comprising: [0768] about 5.0% w/v ASA; [0769] about 3.5% w/v polysorbate 80; [0770] about 0.7% w/v poloxamer 407; [0771] about 1.0% w/v poloxamer 188; [0772] about 0.01% w/v polyoxyl castor oil; [0773] about 2.5% w/v mannitol; [0774] about 0.25% w/v sodium chloride; [0775] about 0.1% w/v magnesium chloride; [0776] about 1.25% w/v hydroxypropylmethyl cellulose; [0777] about 3 millimolar phosphate buffer or about 4 millimolar citrate buffer; [0778] about 1.0% w/v polyethylene glycol 400; and [0779] about 0.12% w/v sorbate,
    wherein the composition has a pH of about 7.0 and wherein optionally, the composition is for acne.

    [0780] The present invention is further directed to a drug vehicle composition comprising from about 5.0% to about 10% w/v ASA in a composition of the present invention and optionally, from about 1% to about 10% w/v benzoyl peroxide or octynol including octynol 11 or 309.

    [0781] The present invention is further directed to a drug vehicle gel composition comprising:

    [0782] an active agent, preferably selected from the group consisting of an antibiotic, a steroid anti-inflammatory, a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory, a glaucoma drug, a prostaglandin, a muscarinic receptor agonist, a miotic agent, acetylsalicylic acid and a combination thereof, more preferably the active agent is selected from the group consisting of bimatoprost, cyclosporine-A, GLC, prednisolone forte, ketorolac, gentamycin, polytrim, ciprofloxacin, moxifloxacin, gatifloxacin, lifitegrast, besifloxacin, pilocarpine, brimonidine, timolol, dexmedetomidine, timoptic, dorzolamide, latanoprost and a combination thereof; [0783] one or more nonionic surfactants selected from the group consisting of poloxamers, polysorbates, cyclodextrins, alkylaryl polyethers, polyoxyethyleneglycol alkyl ethers, tyloxapol, and polyoxyls at a total concentration from about 1.5% to about 5.9% w/v, preferably about 2.0% w/v polysorbate 80, about 1.0% w/v poloxamer 188 and about 1.0% w/v hydroxypropyl-gamma-cyclodextrin; [0784] from about 0.5% to about 20% w/v HPMC, preferably from about 0.5% to about 10% w/v and even more preferably from about 0.5% to about 5.0% w/v; [0785] about 2.5% w/v mannitol; [0786] about 0.10% w/v magnesium chloride; [0787] from about 0.2% about 0.30% w/v sodium chloride; [0788] about 3 millimolar citrate or phosphate buffer; and [0789] optionally one or more excipients selected from about 0.01% to about 0.12% w/v sorbate, from about 0.01% to about 0.12% w/v EDTA, and from about 0.005% to about 0.02% benzalkonium chloride,
    wherein the composition has a pH of about 5.0.

    [0790] The present invention is further directed to a drug vehicle gel composition comprising from about 0.0075% to about 0.02% w/v brimonidine, preferably from about 0.015% to about 0.02% w/v and one or more nonionic surfactants selected from the group consisting of poloxamers, polysorbates, cyclodextrins, alkylaryl polyethers, polyoxyethyleneglycol alkyl ethers, tyloxapol, and polyoxyls at a total concentration from about 1.5% to about 5.9% w/v, preferably about 2.0% w/v polysorbate 80, about 1.0% w/v poloxamer 188 and about 1.0% w/v hydroxypropyl-gamma-cyclodextrin.

    [0791] The present invention is further directed to a composition comprising one or more nonionic surfactants and at least one excipient selected from the group consisting of one or more viscosity enhancers, a polyol and an electrolyte, wherein micelles having an average diameter from about 12 to about 20 nanometers are formed, preferably from about 15 to about 20 nanometers and more preferably about 16 nanometers.

    [0792] The present invention is further directed to a composition comprising an active agent selected from the group consisting of bimatoprost, cyclosporine-A, GLC, prednisolone forte, ketorolac, gentamycin, polytrim, ciprofloxacin, moxifloxacin, gatifloxacin, lifitegrast, besifloxacin, pilocarpine, brimonidine, timolol, dexmedetomidine, timoptic, dorzolamide, latanoprost, acetylsalicylic acid and a combination thereof, preferably cyclosporine-A, one or more nonionic surfactants and at least one excipient selected from the group consisting of one or more viscosity enhancers, a polyol and an electrolyte, wherein micelles having an average diameter from about 12 to about 20 nanometers are formed, preferably from about 15 to about 20 nanometers and more preferably about 16 nanometers.

    [0793] In a preferred embodiment, drug vehicle compositions of the present invention do not contain polyacrylates such as Pemulen materials including acrylate/C10-30 alkyl acrylate cross-polymers, or high molecular weight co-polymers of acrylic acid and a long chain alkyl methacrylate cross-linked with allyl ethers of pentaerythritol.

    Lidocaine Gel Compositions

    [0794] In one embodiment, the present invention is directed to a topical ophthalmological lidocaine gel composition comprising lidocaine or a salt thereof and magnesium chloride.

    [0795] In a preferred embodiment, lidocaine is lidocaine hydrochloride.

    [0796] In another preferred embodiment, the lidocaine or salt thereof is at a concentration from about 1% to about 5% w/v.

    [0797] In another preferred embodiment, the present invention further comprises one or more excipients selected from the group consisting of a nonionic surfactant, a polyethylene glycol, mannitol, carboxymethyl cellulose and sodium chloride.

    [0798] In another preferred embodiment, magnesium chloride is from about 0.01% to about 0.5% w/v.

    [0799] In another preferred embodiment, the nonionic surfactant is polysorbate 80.

    [0800] In another preferred embodiment, polysorbate 80 is at a concentration from about 1.5% to about 5.9% w/v.

    [0801] In another preferred embodiment, the polyethylene glycol having a molecular weight of from about 400 to about 20,000 Daltons including polyethylene glycol 400 and polyethylene glycol 20000. Preferably, polyethylene glycol is at a concentration from about 0.1% to about 5% w/v.

    [0802] In another preferred embodiment, mannitol is at a concentration from about 0.1% to about 5% w/v.

    [0803] In another preferred embodiment, carboxymethyl cellulose is at a concentration from about 1% to about 5% w/v.

    [0804] In another preferred embodiment, sodium chloride is at a concentration from about 0.1% to about 2% w/v.

    [0805] In a preferred embodiment, the present invention is directed to a topical ophthalmological lidocaine gel composition comprising lidocaine or a salt thereof, magnesium chloride, a nonionic surfactant, a polyethylene glycol, mannitol, a viscosity enhancer and sodium chloride.

    [0806] In another preferred embodiment, the present invention is directed to a topical ophthalmological lidocaine gel composition comprising: [0807] from about 3% to about 4% w/v lidocaine hydrochloride; [0808] from about 3% to about 4% w/v polysorbate 80; [0809] from about 0.25% to about 2.5% w/v of a polyethylene glycol having a molecular weight of from about 400 to about 20,000 Daltons; [0810] from about 0.25% to about 1.5% w/v mannitol; and [0811] from about 0.05% to about 0.2% w/v magnesium chloride.

    [0812] In another preferred embodiment, the present invention is directed to a topical ophthalmological lidocaine gel composition comprising: [0813] about 3.5% w/v lidocaine hydrochloride; [0814] about 3.5% w/v polysorbate 80; [0815] from about 0.75% to about 1.50% w/v of a polyethylene glycol having a molecular weight of from about 400 to about 20,000 Daltons; [0816] about 0.75% w/v mannitol; [0817] about 0.1% w/v magnesium chloride; [0818] from about 0.9% to about 1.25% w/v sodium chloride; [0819] about 3 millimolar citrate buffer; [0820] from about 1.25% to about 1.50% w/v carboxymethyl cellulose; and [0821] about 0.1% w/v sorbate.

    [0822] In another preferred embodiment, the present invention is directed to a topical ophthalmological lidocaine gel composition comprising: [0823] about 3.5% w/v lidocaine hydrochloride; [0824] about 3.5% w/v polysorbate 80; [0825] about 0.75% w/v polyethylene glycol 400; [0826] about 0.75% w/v mannitol; [0827] about 0.1% w/v magnesium chloride; [0828] about 0.9% w/v sodium chloride; [0829] about 3 millimolar citrate buffer; [0830] about 1.25% w/v carboxymethyl cellulose; and [0831] about 0.1% w/v sorbate.

    [0832] In another preferred embodiment, the present invention is directed to a topical ophthalmological lidocaine gel composition comprising: [0833] about 3.5% w/v lidocaine hydrochloride; [0834] about 3.5% w/v polysorbate 80; [0835] about 0.75% w/v polyethylene glycol 400; [0836] about 0.75% w/v mannitol; [0837] about 0.1% w/v magnesium chloride; [0838] about 1.25% w/v sodium chloride; [0839] about 3 millimolar citrate buffer; [0840] about 1.40% w/v carboxymethyl cellulose; and [0841] about 0.1% w/v sorbate.

    [0842] In another preferred embodiment, the present invention is directed to a topical ophthalmological lidocaine gel composition comprising: [0843] about 3.5% w/v lidocaine hydrochloride; [0844] about 3.5% w/v polysorbate 80; [0845] about 1.5% w/v polyethylene glycol 20000; [0846] about 0.75% w/v mannitol; [0847] about 0.1% w/v magnesium chloride; [0848] about 1.25% w/v sodium chloride; [0849] about 3 millimolar citrate buffer; [0850] about 1.50% w/v carboxymethyl cellulose; and [0851] about 0.1% w/v sorbate.
    In another embodiment, the present invention is directed to a method of inducing local anesthesia in an eye of a patient comprising topically applying compositions of the present invention to the eye of the patient.

    [0852] Methods of the Invention

    [0853] Conditions that may be treated by combining the micellar nonionic surfactant discovered range for Moisture-Lock effect evaporative shield (from about 1.5% to about 5.5% w/v) are limited on the upper limit by increased risk of epithelial toxicity. Within this critical range with variations in viscosity, electrolytes, and preferred excipients allows for a wide range of characteristics appropriate for differentiated treatment opportunity. These treatment opportunities range from enhanced moisture and protection to more effective potential treatment of severe eye disease. Greater and more prolonged exposure to natural tears that may be locked in by the discoveries herein along with prolonged exposure to excipients found to be protective to the corneal epithelium may enhance the currently inadequate treatments available for surface eye disease, particularly related to corneal irritation and inadequate tear function and or volume.

    [0854] Autologous serum is often used to treat severe dry eye with greater effectiveness than any other drug to date. Autologous serum consists of spinning down blood and removing serum for topical application. This plasma is believed to contain many growth factors useful in optimizing therapeutic benefit to the ocular surface and corneal epithelium in particular. The sequestration of induced plasma triggered by the discovered formulation properties of the present invention combined with the trigger of the trigeminal nerve via TPV stimulation, of which terpenoids are an example, provides a surrogate autologous serum with great potential therapeutic benefit. The induced plasma may be maintained on the surface longer than autologous serum and is less costly and more practical to apply than autologous serum. Additional benefit derives from the combined discovery of tear sequestration and induction of tearing consisting primarily of plasma is the creation of a surrogate autologous serum effect.

    [0855] The present invention is further directed to a method of treating eye discomfort comprising administering an artificial tear composition comprising: [0856] 1) from 0.2% to 7.0% w/v of at least one nonionic surfactant; and [0857] 2) one or more non-Newtonian viscosity enhancing excipients of high molecular weight blend having from about 0.1 centipoise (cps) to about 3,000 cps @ 1% 27 C; to a subject in need thereof.

    [0858] The artificial tear compositions of the present invention are suitable for administration two, three or four times per day to a subject in need thereof.

    TABLE-US-00013 TABLE 13 Conditions to be Treated by Commercial Compositions ALL PRODUCT LINE AQus CL-Tears AQus Tears Plus AQus Tears Advanced BASE: combines proprietary NIS blend + 0.10% 0.50% 1.00% V + electrolyte + epithelial protectants DEWS CLASSIFICATION I, II II+ III Visual blur Duration CONDITION: CL CL insertion coating protection CL pre, during wear enhancement COMPUTER +, ++ ++, +++ +++, ++++ COSMETIC SHIELD +, ++ ++, +++ +++, ++++ ENVIRONMENTAL +, ++ ++, +++ +++, ++++ ALLERGIC +, ++ ++, +++ +++, ++++ PRESERVATIVE SHIELD +, ++ ++, +++ +++, ++++ DRY EYE THERAPY +, ++ ++, +++ +++, ++++ SPK THERAPY +, ++ ++, +++ +++, ++++ MGD THERAPY +, ++ ++, +++ +++, ++++ GLAUCOMA DROP +, ++ ++, +++ +++, ++++ TOLERANCE SURGERY START: GLAUCOMA SURGERY ++, +++ +++, ++++ LASIK ++, +++ +++, ++++ PRK ++, +++ +++, ++++ CORNEAL TRANSPLANT ++, +++ +++, ++++ CATARACT SURGERY ++, +++ +++, ++++ ALL PRODUCT LINE AQus Tears Advanced Plus AQus Tears Extreme BASE: combines proprietary NIS blend + 1.35% VISCOSITY TO 350 V + electrolyte + epithelial protectants DEWS CLASSIFICATION III+, IV V Visual blur Duration CONDITION: CL COMPUTER COSMETIC SHIELD ENVIRONMENTAL ALLERGIC ++++, +++++ PRESERVATIVE SHIELD ++++, +++++ DRY EYE THERAPY ++++, +++++ +++++! SPK THERAPY ++++, +++++ +++++! MGD THERAPY ++++, +++++ +++++! GLAUCOMA DROP ++++, +++++ +++++! TOLERANCE SURGERY GLAUCOMA SURGERY ++++, +++++ +++++! LASIK ++++, +++++ +++++! PRK ++++, +++++ +++++! CORNEAL TRANSPLANT ++++, +++++ +++++! CATARACT SURGERY ++++, +++++ +++++! Each + refers to disease status: early (1), moderate (2), moderate-severe (3), severe (4), extreme (5 or 5!).

    [0859] As seen in Table 13, varying the concentration of the viscosity enhancer and polyol provides different compositions that may serve different purposes. For example, a viscosity enhancer concentration of 0.10% w/v and polyol concentration of 1.00% w/v may be best suited for use on dry eye diseases classified as either a I or II by the international DEWS classification system. Further, subjects with a disease that has reached a severe state may benefit from a composition of the present invention comprising Captisol or hydroxypropyl-gamma-cyclodextrin.

    [0860] AQus CL-Tears may be used to treat mild dry eye and/or contact lens dryness. AQus CL-Tears is especially useful for the International Dry Eye Workshop (DEWS) classification I and II dry eye diseases. Further, AQus CL-Tears has an osmolarity less than about 320 osmoles and causes no visual blur upon instillation.

    [0861] AQus Tears plus may be used to treat moderate dry eye. AQus CL-Tears is especially useful for DEWS classification III dry eye diseases. Further, AQus CL-Tears has an osmolarity less than about 340 osmoles and causes about 5 seconds of visual blur upon instillation.

    [0862] AQus Tears Advanced may be used to treat moderate to severe dry eye. AQus Tears Advanced is especially useful for DEWS classification IV dry eye diseases. Further, AQus Tears Advanced has an osmolarity less than about 360 osmoles and causes about 15-30 seconds of visual blur upon instillation.

    [0863] AQus Tears Advanced Plus and AQus Tears Extreme may be used to treat moderate to severe dry eye. AQus Tears Advanced Plus and AQus Tears Extreme are especially useful for DEWS classification V dry eye diseases. Further, AQus Tears Advanced Plus and AQus Tears Extreme have an osmolarity greater than about 360 osmoles and causes about 30-60 seconds of visual blur upon instillation.

    [0864] AQus Tears MGD may be used to treat Meibomian Gland Dysfunction (MGD). AQus Tears MGD is especially useful for DEWS classification I-IV dry eye diseases. Further, AQus Tears MGD has an osmolarity from about 300 to about 360 osmoles and causes about 10-15 seconds of visual blur upon instillation. Finally, AQus formulations noted to treat DEWS classification III-IV dry eye diseases may also be used to treat MGD.

    [0865] AQus is a trademark owned by PS Therapies, Ltd.

    EXAMPLES

    Example 1Moisture-Lock Effect as a Function of Nonionic Surfactant Concentration

    [0866] Moisture-Lock is defined by the Moisture-Lock Index. The Moisture-Lock Index is calculated by multiplying the duration of the wetting effect in minutes by the qualitative wetness felt along the tear menisci of the lower lids, rated from 0 to 4.0, maximum, for a specific duration of time sampled in equal increments. Alternatively, it can be calculated by multiplying the duration of the wetting effect by the tear prism in millimeters, which is coined Moisture-Lock Index 2. The value of the qualitative method over the quantitative is the sensation of moisture. Moisture is the exact corollary to dryness from which 10 million U.S. citizens alone are afflicted. In most cases of dry eye syndrome, it is the sensation of dryness and related burning and irritation that are the most common debilitating symptoms. Additional symptoms include reduced contrast acuity, Snellen acuity, increasingly severe discomfort and frank pain. The lower threshold for the Moisture-Lock Index that denotes Moisture-Lock effect is 10. For example, for a 40-minute duration sampled in 10-minute increments, a Moisture-Lock Index from 10 to 20 indicates slight Moisture-Lock effect, from 21 to 75 indicates a moderate Moisture-Lock effect, from 76 to 100 indicates a high Moisture-Lock and greater than 100 indicates a very high Moisture-Lock effect. Shown below in Table 12 is Moisture-Lock Index for increments of total nonionic surfactant (NIS) concentration from 0.0% w/v to 7% w/v.

    TABLE-US-00014 TABLE 14 Moisture-Lock effect as a property of nonionic surfactant concentration Wetness Rating NIS Duration (0 to 4.0; Moisture-Lock (% w/v) (minutes) 4.0 maximum) Index Description 0% 1 1.5 1.5 10 0.5 5 20 0 0 30 0 0 40 0 0 Total 6.5 no ML 1% 1 2.0 2 10 1.5 15 20 0.5 10 30 0 0 40 0 0 Total 27 mod ML 3% 1 3.25 3.25 10 2.5 25 20 1.5 30 30 0.75 22.5 40 0.5 20 Total 100.75 high ML 5% 1 4 4 10 3.75 37.5 20 1.5 30 30 0.75 22.5 40 0.5 20 Total 114 very high ML 7% 1 3.5 3.5 10 3 30 20 1.25 25 30 0.5 15 40 0.25 10 Total 83.5 high ML [0867] no ML denotes no Moisture-Lock effect [0868] mod ML denotes moderate Moisture-Lock effect [0869] high ML denotes high Moisture-Lock effect [0870] very high ML denotes very high Moisture-Lock effect [0871] NIS denotes nonionic surfactant

    [0872] As can be seen in Table 14 and FIG. 1 the Moisture-Lock effect peaks around 5.0% w/v total nonionic surfactant concentration with a normal distribution as denoted by the bell-shaped curve in FIG. 1. Further, as can be seen in Table 14 and FIG. 2 use of about 5.0% w/v total nonionic surfactant results in the greatest Moisture-Lock effect.

    Example 2Moisture-Lock Effect after Induced Tearing

    [0873] The following experiment was conducted to test the enhanced Moisture-Lock effect of compositions of the present invention that induce tearing. The Moisture-Lock effect was measured as duration of sensation of increased moisture and compared to a control artificial tear (Nanotears XP). 2 drops of a composition of the present invention comprising polysorbate 1.5% w/v, poloxamer 407 0.20% w/v, poloxamer 188 1.0% w/v, hydroxy propyl gamma cyclodextrin 1.0% w/v; mannitol 2.5% w/v; MgCl.sub.2 0.10% w/v; hydroxypropyl methyl cellulose 1.30% w/v, NaCl 0.45% w/v, citrate buffer 3 mM; and menthol 0.07 mM with a pH of 5.5 (composition S2-2) was instilled in one eye of the first patient. 2 drops of Nanotears XP were instilled in one eye of a second patient. Moisture was quantified from 1-4 at 5-minute intervals from 5 to 50 minutes. Results can be seen in Table 15 below.

    TABLE-US-00015 TABLE 15 Sensation of Moisture following instillation of a composition of the present invention Time (sec) Composition S2-2 Nanotears XP 5 4 4 10 4 3.5 15 3.5 2 20 2.75 1 25 2.5 0 30 2 35 1.5 40 1 45 0.5 50 0

    [0874] As demonstrated in Table 15, composition S2-2 maintained moisture for at least twice as long as Nanotears XP.

    Example 3Enhanced Comfort and Initial Instillation Qualities

    [0875] Composition X: [0876] 3.00% Polysorbate 80 [0877] 0.10% Poloxamer 188 [0878] 0.01% Polyoxyl Castor oil [0879] 0.50% HPMC [0880] 2.50% Mannitol [0881] 0.10% MgCl.sub.2 [0882] 0.75% NaCl [0883] 3 mM Phosphate buffer [0884] pH 7.00

    Method

    [0885] One drop of Composition X was applied to the right eye and one drop of Refresh Liquigel applied to the left eye. After 30 minutes, a qualitative tear breakup time was calculated. A qualitative test was considered more meaningful in terms of assessment of clinical benefit because observing and measuring quantity typically require addition of a stain such as fluorescein. Further, the purpose of measuring the tear break up time is to assess when the tear film breaks up and dellen formation (dry spots) begin to form. This test was based on a) onset of stinging and b) onset of reflex tearing vs. time without a blink. Visual blur following instillation was assessed as the time required to read 4-point font at 40 cm that could be maintained for two blink cycles (initially blinking may cause viscous film resurfacing).

    Results

    [0886] Visual blur in the right eye lasted for fifteen seconds compared to ninety seconds for the left eye. This six-times reduction in visual blur was unexpected over the commercially available Refresh Liquigel. Sting onset was delayed by four seconds over Refresh Liquigel as Composition X did not induce sting until twelve seconds after instillation as compared to eight seconds for Refresh Liquigel. Finally, reflex tearing onset was also delayed by four seconds over Refresh Liquigel as Composition X did not induce reflex tearing until twenty seconds after installation as compared to sixteen seconds for Refresh Liquigel.

    Example 4(Hypothetical) Lid Wipes

    [0887] Applications of preferred embodiments were applied to lid wipes, particularly compositions 86, 87, and 88 from Table 4 above. Preferably the user first applied a warm pack or in some manner heated the lid wipe and then vigorously rubs along the lid margins in the region of the meibomian glands. Lid massage in the form of a rolled Q-tip following the vigorous lid wipe with compositions of the current invention may be beneficial. The result is a greatly reduced incidence, if performed prophylactically, and a substantial therapeutic benefit to patients with Meibomian gland dysfunction (MGD). Dissolution of lipid deposits, with reduction in blocked lacrimal ducts, is augmented by this application of the present invention.

    Example 5Reduction of Contact Lens Deposits

    [0888] One drop of composition #36 from Table 2, above, was placed on an Air Optix Night and Day contact lens surface and within the eye prior to insertion of a contact lens in the right eye (Air Optix and Night and Day are registered trademarks of Novartis AG corporation). A contact lens received storage solution overnight followed by a saline rinse. The contact lens was then placed in the fellow left eye.

    Results

    [0889] As seen in Table 16, below, composition #36 from Table 2 above, reduced deposits on the contact lens surface much more effectively than a storage solution. Specifically, use of composition #36 resulted in a deposit score of 0.75 out of 4 where 4 is the highest level of deposit as opposed to storage solution, which resulted in a deposit score of 2.5 out of 4. See FIG. 3. Further, composition #36 resulted in no stinging, burning or dry eye sensation. Finally, composition #36 was four times as effective as storage solution at reducing glare halo.

    TABLE-US-00016 TABLE 16 Reduction of contact lens deposits Glare halo or reduction in Grading of Stinging or night vision deposits on Dry eye Time after burning 0-4 acuity 0-4 lens surface 0-4 sensation 0-4 insertion (worst) (worst) (worst) (worst) Composition #36 15 hours 0 0.5 0.75 0 Storage Solution 15 hours 1.75 2.0 2.5 2

    Example 6Creation of an AQus Thera-Lens Dry Eye Contact Lens Treatment

    [0890] Composition #36 was applied to a Night and Day plano (non-prescription) contact lens surface and the right eye of a 64-year old subject with moderate dry eye. The left eye was given Blink artificial tears on instillation only (Blink is a registered trademark of Abbott Medical Optics Inc.) Vision testing was done with the contact lens placed on the right eye and fully corrected distance vision with spectacle lenses in both eyes. Thera-lens is a trademark owned by PS Therapies, Ltd.

    Results

    [0891]

    TABLE-US-00017 TABLE 17 Composition #36 versus Blink artificial tears Near Acuity Stinging or corrected equally Glare-halo Dry eye Time after burning 0-4 both eyes for headlights/traffic sensation 0-4 EYE insertion (worst) presbyopia lights 0-4 (worst) (worst) Composition #36 15 hours 0 4 point 0.75 0 Blink artificial 15 hours 1.0 6 point 1.0 1.25 tear

    [0892] Applying Composition #36 of Table 2 to a contact lens surface prior to instillation provided greater alleviation of dry eye symptoms than a single application of artificial tears. While it is possible the primarily nonionic formulation was slow released by the contact lens, the absence/reduction of deposits, as described in Example 5, indicates that a protective coating on the lens surface allowed the lens to act as a more permanent evaporative shield, while facilitating tear stability, most particularly the lipid surface tear layer to which the contact lens is most superficially exposed.

    Example 7Creation of a Contact Lens with Nonionic Surfactant Bonded to the Material

    [0893] A contact lens may be created that is either infused or coated with compositions of the present invention or the unique combinations and concentration ranges of nonionic surfactants of the present invention. Infusion or coating may be accomplished using methods known in the art.

    Example 8Enhanced Tear Film Stability after Application to Contact Lens and Eye Prior to Insertion

    [0894] Composition Y [0895] 3.00% Polysorbate 80 [0896] 0.10% Poloxamer 188 [0897] 0.01% Polyoxyl Castor oil [0898] 0.10% HPMC [0899] 2.50% Mannitol [0900] 0.10% MgCl2 [0901] 0.30% NaCl [0902] 3 mM Phosphate buffer [0903] pH 7.00

    Method

    [0904] On day 1, a saline solution was applied to the surface of daily wear, 2-week, disposable contact lenses (Alcon Aqua Air Optix Lenses) and to the eyes of a 64-year-old subject with moderate dry eye at 8 am. The contact lenses were then inserted into the eye and no other drops were used throughout the day. After 5 hours of wear time, the contact lenses were analyzed using an Oculus Keratograph Tear Analyzer for rate of tear film dispersion (i.e. the tear break up time TBUT). At 12 hours, irritation was determined for both eyes on a scale of 0-4 with 4 being the most severe irritation. At 14 hours of wear time mesopic acuity was analyzed on a scale of 0-4 with 4 being the poorest acuity. On day 2, the same procedure was followed except Composition N was substituted for the saline solution.

    Results

    [0905] The tear break up time occurred after 8 seconds with the saline solution and between 19 and 22 seconds for Composition Y. Compare FIG. 3 (saline/Refresh CL) and FIG. 4 (Composition Y). The measure of the area under the curve (AUC) (plotting tear dispersion % vs time (sec)) was 576% sec for saline/Refresh CL and 53.7% sec for Composition Y. See FIG. 5 Thus, Composition Y demonstrated 10.72 times less tear dispersion than Refresh CL. Mean irritation in both eyes at 12 hours was 1.5+ for saline and 0.25 for Composition Y. Mesopic acuity at 14 hours was 1.5 glare/halo for saline and 0.5 glare/halo for Composition Y. Saline solution resulted in a high deposit load whereas Composition N resulted in low deposit load. Lenses were capable of being worn for 13.5 hours with the saline solution and 18.0 hours with Composition Y. Thus, there is significant increase in lens wear duration, decrease in contact lens deposits, and decrease in symptoms after application of preferred embodiments of the present invention.

    Example 9Enhanced Tear Film Stability after Application to Contact Lens and Eye Prior to Insertion

    [0906] A Vistakon contact lens was immersed in Composition #74B from Table 3 above, for 5 minutes. The contact lens was then inserted into the eye of a subject. 5 hours after insertion of the contact lens TBUT was measured at more than 20 seconds.

    Example 10Contact Lens Storage Composition

    Method

    [0907] Contact lenses were stored in each of compositions CL1-CL4 of Table 9, above, overnight. The next morning 1 drop of saline solution was instilled in each eye of the wearer prior to inserting the contact lenses. No drops were used throughout the rest of the day.

    Results

    [0908] It was surprisingly discovered that storage of contact lenses in a blister pack filled with any of compositions CL1-CL4 overnight prior to inserting into the eye of the wearer resulted in prolonged tear breakup time and reduced or absent lipid deposits. It was noted, for each of compositions CL1-CL4, after 16-17 hours lens removal was extremely friction free and free of contact lens deposits. See Table 16 below. Further, FIG. 6B demonstrates the lack of lipid deposits following overnight storage in Composition #59 followed by all day use.

    TABLE-US-00018 TABLE 18 Efficacy of Compositions CL1-CL4 after use as an overnight storage solution Initial Blur Sting Average Tear Breakup Time (seconds) Composition (seconds) (0-4) Baseline 1 hour 3 hours 5 hours 12 hours 16-17 hours CL1 0 0.5 8 11 15 20 20 20 CL2 0 0 8 10 14 19 21 22 CL3 0 0 8 10 16 20 21 24 CL4 0 0 8 9 11 12 15 15

    Example 11Tear Breakup Time of a Contact Lens Composition

    Method

    [0909] The following experiment was conducted to assess the ability of a composition of the present invention as a contact lens solution to reduce tear breakup time over a saline solution. First, an Air-Optix Aqua Alcon contact lens was washed in saline 0.9% w/v NaCl solution and inserted in one eye. Next, an Air-Optix Aqua Alcon contact lens was washed in Composition #59 and inserted into the fellow eye. Tear breakup time (TBUT) was then indirectly assessed by timing the first appearance of abnormal light diffraction of an LED diode 1 meter away.

    TABLE-US-00019 TABLE 19 Tear breakup time after insertion of contact lens washed in solution Hours Post Saline Composition Insertion (0.9% w/v NaCl) #59 1 8 8 2 8 8 3 8 15 5 8 19 10 8 19 15 6 19 17 5 19

    Results

    [0910] Composition #59 demonstrates improved TBUT over saline after prolonged contact lens wear. Specifically, washing a contact lens in Composition #59 prior to insertion into the eye resulted in a 350% greater TBUT by 17 hours post insertion. These results suggest an increased bonding of the coating of the present invention as aqueous tear film becomes reduced providing added non-evaporative shielding and corneal surface protection.

    [0911] Further, after 24 hours of continuous wear the Air-Optix Aqua Alcon contact lens washed in saline solution prior to insertion into the eye had an extensive biofilm demonstrated by the irregular opaque coating over the lens surface in FIG. 6A. In contrast, after 24 hours of continuous wear the Air-Optix Aqua Alcon contact lens washed in Composition #59 prior to insertion into the eye had a nearly transparent lens surface as demonstrated in FIG. 6B. This demonstrates the ability of compositions of the present invention to reduce biofilm formation.

    Example 12Contact Lens Storage Solutions

    Method

    [0912] A contact lens wearing subject was used to determine the results of Tear break-up time (TBUT) baseline after Air-Optix Aqua contact lenses (5.25 right eye and 2.75 left eye) inserted into the eye of a subject. TBUT was determined immediately, 15 minutes later and 14 hours later using the single slit test without blinking. Time to degradation was recorded separately for each eye.

    [0913] Two days later, a new set of identical contact lenses were opened. While the contact lenses remained in the packaging the packaging solution was replaced with the following composition of the present invention in OPTI-FREE Puremoist multi-purpose contact lens solution or OPTI-FREE Replenish multi-purpose contact lens solution and left to soak overnight: [0914] about 3.0% w/v polysorbate 80; [0915] about 0.2% w/v poloxamer 407; [0916] about 0.2% w/v poloxamer 188; [0917] about 0.01% w/v polyoxyl castor oil; [0918] about 0.1% w/v hydroxypropylmethyl cellulose; [0919] about 1.0% w/v mannitol; [0920] about 0.3% w/v sodium chloride; [0921] about 0.1% w/v magnesium chloride; [0922] optionally, about 0.1% w/v sorbate; and [0923] about 3 millimolar phosphate buffer or about 4 millimolar citrate buffer,
    wherein the composition has a pH of about 7.0.

    [0924] OPTI-FREE Replenish multi-purpose contact lens solution is available from Alcon, Inc. and is a sterile, buffered, isotonic, aqueous solution containing sodium citrate, sodium chloride, sodium borate, propylene glycol, TEARGLYDE proprietary dual action reconditioning system (TETRONIC 1304, nonanoyl ethylenediaminetriacetic acid) with POLYQUAD (polyquaternium-1) 0.001% and ALDOX (myristamidopropyl dimethylamine) 0.0005% preservatives. OPTI-FREE Puremoist multi-purpose contact lens solution is available from Alcon, Inc. and is a sterile, buffered, aqueous solution containing sodium citrate, sodium chloride, boric acid, sorbitol, aminomethylpropanol, disodium EDTA, two wetting agents (TETRONIC 1304 and HydraGlyde Moisture Matrix [EOBO-41-polyoxyethylene-polyoxybutylene]) with POLYQUAD (polyquaternium-1) 0.001% and ALDOX (myristamidopropyl dimethylamine) 0.0006% preservatives. The following morning the contact lenses were inserted. TBUT was determined immediately, 15 minutes and 14 hours after insertion.

    Results

    [0925] TBUT after storage in Air-Optix Aqua contact lens packaging solution was about 8 seconds at all times tested. TBUT after replacing Air-Optix Aqua contact lens packaging solution with the above composition of the present invention was 8 seconds immediately after insertion, 15 seconds at 15 minutes after insertion and about 20 seconds at 14 hours after insertion. Thus, use of compositions of the present invention as contact lens storage solutions result in delayed TBUT. No deposits were noted on the contact lenses that were stored in the composition of the present invention as compared to 2-3+/4.0 density noted with commercial packaged solution.

    Example 13Tear Breakup Time of an Additional Contact Lens Composition

    [0926] A contact lens wearing subject was used to determine the results of Tear break-up time (TBUT) baseline after Air-Optix Hydraglyde and Johnson & Johnson Vistakon Accuvue Moist contact lenses inserted at different times into the eye of a subject. TBUT was determined immediately using the single slit test without blinking. Each of the contact lenses were then washed in Composition CL11 from Table 9, above. The contact lenses were inserted at different times into the eye of the subject.

    [0927] Composition CL11 demonstrates improved TBUT over saline after prolonged contact lens wear. Specifically, washing a contact lens in Composition CL11 prior to insertion into the eye resulted in a 750% greater TBUT. Specifically, with the use of saline to wash each of the contact lenses the subject TBUT was 8 seconds. Following washing of the contact lenses in Composition CL11 and insertion into the subject eye the subjects TBUT was unexpectedly, and surprisingly, at least 1 minute. These results suggest an increased bonding of the coating of the present invention as aqueous tear film becomes reduced providing added non-evaporative shielding and corneal surface protection.

    Example 14Tear Breakup Time of an Additional Contact Lens Composition

    [0928] A contact lens wearing subject was used to determine the results of TBUT baseline after Alcon Dailies AquaComfort PLUS contact lenses inserted into the eye of a subject every morning for 3 days. TBUT was determined immediately using the single slit test without blinking. Each of the contact lenses were then washed in Composition CL29 from Table 9, above and TBUT was determined again.

    [0929] Composition CL29 demonstrates improved TBUT over blister pack solution after prolonged contact lens wear. Specifically, washing a contact lens in Composition CL29 prior to insertion into the eye resulted in a 750% greater TBUT. Specifically, with the use of saline to wash each of the contact lenses the subject TBUT was 8 seconds. Following washing of the contact lenses in Composition CL29 and insertion into the subject eye the subjects TBUT was unexpectedly, and surprisingly, at least 1 minute. No stinging occurred with use of Composition CL29. These results suggest an increased bonding of the coating of the present invention as aqueous tear film becomes reduced providing added non-evaporative shielding and corneal surface protection.

    [0930] Further, Composition CL29 demonstrated improved vision quality over blister pack solution. Specifically, monovision improved from 4.50 when contact lens was inserted after storage in blister pack solution to 2.75 when contact lens was washed in Composition CL29.

    Example 15Improved Distance Vision in a Monovision Contact Lens Wearer

    Composition AA

    [0931] 2.0% w/v polysorbate 80; [0932] 0.2% w/v poloxamer 407; [0933] 1.0% w/v poloxamer 188; [0934] 0.5% w/v hydroxypropyl-gamma-cyclodextrin; [0935] 1.0% w/v mannitol; [0936] 0.1% or 0.2% w/v hydroxypropylmethyl cellulose; [0937] 0.1% w/v magnesium chloride; [0938] 0.35% w/v sodium chloride; and [0939] 3 mM phosphate buffer, [0940] wherein the composition is used for soaking a contact lens sold under the tradename Oasys Accuvue or Air Optix Aqua.

    [0941] A monovision contact lens with a +1.5-mono prescription was soaked in Composition AA prior to insertion into the eye of a patient. Following insertion, the patient obtained instantly clear vision. Further, the tear breakup time was extended to more than 3 hours. Finally, and surprisingly, the patient obtained 20.25 distance vision. These results are surprising as they far exceed the results achieved when the contact lens was soaked in normal saline prior to insertion.

    Example 16Artificial Tear Gels

    [0942] Artificial tear gels are virtually described for purposes of prolonged surface contact with some added initial blur. These artificial tear gels may be used during a time that initial blur is unproblematic such as insertion before sleep. Such gels may be with or without an active drug for purposes of therapeutic treatment. An example of an artificial tear gel of the present invention is described below with and without an active ingredient.

    [0943] Artificial Tear Gel [0944] 2.0% Polysorbate 80 [0945] 1.0% Poloxamer 188 [0946] 1.0% Hydroxypropyl gamma cyclodextrin [0947] 1.5% to 20% Hydroxypropyl methyl cellulose (preferably 1.7% to 2.5%) [0948] 2.5% Mannitol [0949] 0.10% MgCl.sub.2 [0950] 0.75% NaCl [0951] Citrate buffer to pH 5.0 [0952] 0.10 mM Menthol

    [0953] Lidocaine Tear Gel [0954] 1.0% Lidocaine [0955] 2.0% Polysorbate 80 [0956] 1.0% Poloxamer 188 [0957] 1.0% Hydroxypropyl gamma cyclodextrin [0958] 1.5% to 20% Hydroxypropyl methyl cellulose (preferably 1.7% to 2.5%) [0959] 2.5% Mannitol [0960] 0.10% MgCl.sub.2 [0961] 0.75% NaCl [0962] 3 mM Phosphate buffer [0963] pH 6.0

    [0964] Cyclosporine-A Tear Gel [0965] Cyclosporine-A 1.0% [0966] 2.0% Polysorbate 80 [0967] 1.0% Poloxamer 188 [0968] 1.0% Hydroxypropyl gamma cyclodextrin [0969] 1.5% to 20% Hydroxypropyl methyl cellulose (preferably 1.7% to 2.5%) [0970] 2.5% Mannitol [0971] 0.10% MgCl.sub.2 [0972] 0.75% NaCl [0973] Citrate buffer to pH 5.0 [0974] 0.15 mM Menthol

    [0975] Advantages of these tear gel compositions are prolonged duration and minimized blur. The viscosity at low shear is from about 500 cps to about 10,000 cps. Visual blur is less than 5 minutes. Maximum moisture-lock is precipitated.

    Example 17Night Vision Compositions (Virtual)

    [0976] Compositions of the present invention may be used as a drug vehicle. An example of use as a drug vehicle is for pilocarpine for use as an inductor of miotic pupils. 0.075% w/v pilocarpine will be suspended in saline (0.9% w/v NaCl) and in a composition of the present invention detailed below. These two pilocarpine compositions will then be instilled in the eye of a subject at separate times with a sufficient wash out period between instillations. Pupil size will be measured 1 hour after instillation.

    [0977] Pilocarpine Artificial Enhanced Tear [0978] 0.075% Pilocarpine [0979] 2.0% Polysorbate 80 [0980] 1.0% Poloxamer 188 [0981] 1.0% Hydroxypropyl gamma cyclodextrin [0982] 1.30% Hydroxypropyl methyl cellulose [0983] 2.5% Mannitol [0984] 0.10% MgCl.sub.2 [0985] 0.30% NaCl [0986] Phosphate buffer to pH 7.0

    Results

    [0987] 1 hour after instillation of pilocarpine in the artificial enhanced tear composition, the pupil size will be reduced by 1.5 mm vs 0.5 mm reduction in pupil size 1 hour after instillation of pilocarpine in the saline composition.

    Example 18(Hypothetical) Cyclosporine-A Drug Vehicle

    [0988] Cyclosporine-A is added to a composition of the present invention at a concentration from about 0.05% to about 2.0% w/v, more preferably from about 0.075% to about 1.5% w/v, and most preferably from about 0.09% to about 0.125% w/v. wherein the composition comprises one or more nonionic surfactants are at a concentration from about 1.5% to about 4.9% w/v, more preferably from about 2.5% to about 4.0% w/v, a viscosity agent, preferably a cellulose derivative and most preferably HPMC or CMC at low shear interblink viscosities of 50 cps to 500 cps, more preferably 100 cps to 400 cps, optionally from about 0.01 to about 20 mM menthol, preferably from about 0.07 to about 12 mM and optionally a reduced pH, hypoosmolarity and or hyperosmolarity. The drug vehicle when combined with cyclosporine-A results in an enhanced duration and effectiveness of the anti-inflammatory effects of cyclosporine-A upon the secretory mucin cells and other tear secretion glands of the lacrimal and accessory lacrimal apparatus. Further the drug vehicle enhances the general anti-inflammatory effects of such compositions on the eye lid margins.

    Example 19Dexmedetomidine Drug Vehicle

    [0989] 2 drops of a composition comprising dexmedetomidine 0.075% w/v, polysorbate 4.0% w/v, hydroxypropylmethyl cellulose 1.35% w/v, sorbate 0.10% w/v, BAK 0.02% w/v, EDTA 0.10% w/v, and a phosphate or a citrate buffer with a pH of 6.0 (AQus Dex) was in one eye of a first patient and 2 drops of a composition comprising dexmedetomidine 0.07% w/v in saline and phosphate buffer with a pH of 6.0 (saline Dex) was instilled in one eye of a second patient. Tests were performed to measure the intraocular pressure (TOP) in both eyes of each patient, where the non-instilled contralateral eye would thereby serve as a measure of systemic absorption. The IOP was measured at baseline (1 pm), and drops were instilled subsequently at 8 am for check at 1 pm (5 hours post instillation).

    Results

    [0990] Baseline TOP for both patients was 18.25 mm Hg. 5 hours after instillation of the saline Dex composition pressure in both eyes dropped to 13.5 mm Hg. In contrast, 5 hours after instillation of the AQus Dex composition pressure dropped to 12.0 mm Hg in the treated eye and 16.5 mm Hg in the untreated eye.

    [0991] These results demonstrate that the compositions of the present invention are effective drug vehicles that reduce systemic absorption of the active ingredient resulting in a more effective application with reduced systemic side effects.

    Example 20Solubilization of Cyclosporine-A

    Method

    [0992] 0.09% cyclosporine-A was added to several compositions in an attempt to provide a stable, clear solution. Specifically, these compositions were as follows: 1) 4% Captisol, 2) 0.5% glycofurol, 3) 0.25% polyoxyl 35 castor oil, 4) 4% -cyclodextrin, 5) 4% poloxamer 407, 6) 1% polysorbate 80, 7) 4% Captisol and 0.5% glycofurol, 8) 4% cyclodextrin, 0.5% glycofurol, and 0.25% polyoxyl 40 castor oil, 9) 4% poloxamer 188, 0.5% glycofurol and 0.02% BAK, 10) 2% polysorbate 80, 11) 3% polysorbate 80, 12) 3.5% polysorbate 80, 13 4% polysorbate 80 and 0.01% polyoxyl castor oil and 14) 3.5% polysorbate 80, 4.0% poloxamer 407 and 0.01% polyoxyl castor oil.

    Results

    [0993] Compositions 1), 4-6), and 12) did not solubilize cyclosporine-A. Compositions 3), 10) and 11) sparingly solubilized cyclosporine-A. Compositions 7-9) resulted precipitate formation. Composition 12) solubilized cyclosporine-A but was not stable or clear. Compositions 2), 13) and 14) solubilized cyclosporine-A and resulted in stable and clear solutions.

    Example 21Increased Tear Volume with Cyclosporine-A Composition

    [0994] Composition #C12 from Table 10, above, was instilled in each eye of a subject. Tear volume was calculated via the Schirmer's test at 5-minute intervals to 45 minutes using phenol thread. After saline was used to clear the eyes of the subject, Restasis was instilled in each eye of the same subject. Tear volume was calculated via the Schirmer's test at 5-minute intervals to 45 minutes using phenol thread. Results from this experiment can be seen in FIG. 8. Specifically, Composition #C12 increased tear volume from 8.5 millimeters to about 10 millimeters at 15 minutes after instillation, 15 millimeters at 20 minutes and peaked at 20 millimeters at 30 minutes after instillation. After 30 minutes, the subjects tear volume slowly decreased to 9.0 at 45 minutes. In contrast, installation of Restasis in the eyes of the subject resulted in a decreased tear volume at all time points including a peak decrease to about 6 millimeters at 15 and 30 minutes. Further, the subject reported that the lid margin felt only marginally wet 5 minutes after instillation of Restasis and felt dry by 10 minutes after instillation. In contrast, the subject reported a welling of tears along the lid margin at both 5 and 10 minutes after instillation of Composition #C12. The wet feeling continued through 20 minutes to marginally wet at 30 minutes post instillation. The subject further reported minimal stinging with Restasis and no stinging with Composition #C12. Finally, there subject reported only minimal blur lasting 15 seconds for each of Restasis and

    Example 22Nano-Micelle Size Distribution of Cyclosporine-A Compositions

    [0995] Composition #C12 and Restasis were each measured for nano-micelle size distribution. See FIG. 9. As shown in FIG. 9, the average diameter of nano-micelles of Composition #C12 of the present invention was 16.3 nanometers with a standard deviation of 5.55 nanometers. Restasis had an average size of 135.1 nanometers with a standard deviation of 77.81 nanometers.

    Example 24Enhanced Tearing Using an all GRAS Artificial Tears Composition (Virtual)

    Method

    [0996]

    TABLE-US-00020 GRAS Composition- 2.0% w/v polysorbate 80 1.45% w/v carboxymethyl cellulose (high MW 2% = 3,500 cps) 0.34 mM menthol 0.10% w/v sorbate Q.S. sterile saline 7.0 pH (adjusted)

    [0997] A polyphenol thread (Zone Quick) was used to provide a Schirmer's testing measurement of tear volume. The thread was applied to the lateral canthus prior to administration of the formulation above and again to the lateral canthus at time increments shown below. The formulation was administered in to the right eye (OD) of the subject and the left eyes of the subject (OS) was used as the control. Results of this experiment can be seen in Table 17 below.

    Results

    [0998]

    TABLE-US-00021 TABLE 19 Time OD OS (min) (mm) (mm) 1 9.5 9 5 30+ 8.5-9.5 10 22 8.5-9.5 15 17 8.5-9.5 30 17 8.5-9.5 45 12 8.5-9.5 60 12 8.5-9.5 75 10 8.5-9.5
    The results of Table 17 indicate that the subject suffered from dry eye prior to the instillation of the GRAS composition. Following instillation, the tear volume of the subjects treated eye increased for at least 1 hour.

    Example 25Effect of Sorbate Concentration on Tearing Production (Virtual)

    [0999] Method

    The dry eye subject of Example 5, above, was administered the GRAS composition of Example 5, which includes 0.10% w/v sorbate; and two additional modified versions of the GRAS composition including a no sorbate composition and a 0.12% w/v sorbate composition.

    Results

    [1000] Tearing at 5-15 Minutes:

    Subject detected no difference between the 3 compositions in tearing at 5 minutes post administration. However, subject noted enhanced tearing for at least 10-15 minutes following administration with the 0.12% w/v sorbate composition along with a sharper sensation upon instillation.