INDUCTIVE SENSING SYSTEM AND METHOD

Abstract

An inductive sensing system (8) has a resonator circuit (10) with an antenna (12) for simultaneously applying electro-magnetic signals to a body and sensing secondary electromagnetic signals returned from the body. The system includes signal sensing means (30) which is configured to detect a measure indicative of an imaginary part of an additional inductance component added to the resonator circuit by the secondary electromagnetic signals but which does not measure the real part. In particular, the signal sensing means may be configured to detect a measure indicative of damping in the resonator circuit (e.g. a damping factor), and comprises no means for detecting any measure indicative of variations in a natural frequency of the resonator circuit.

Claims

1. An inductive sensing system for sensing electromagnetic signals returned from a body responsive to application of electromagnetic excitation signals to said body, the system comprising: a resonator circuit comprising: a loop antenna and an electronic signal generator coupled to the antenna, for driving the antenna with a drive signal to cause it to generate the electromagnetic excitation signals, the resonator circuit having a resonance frequency. a signal sensor, arranged for sensing, simultaneously with signal generation, a measure indicative of a damping exhibited by the resonator circuit, wherein the signal sensor comprises a magnetic field sensor arranged in use to sense a magnetic field to which the antenna of the resonator circuit is exposed, or a sensor for measuring variations in amplification gain of an oscillator in the signal iterator, and wherein the inductive sensing system is adapted to measure only said damping in the resonator circuit, and does not detect any measure indicative of variations in frequency in the resonator circuit.

2. The system as claimed in claim 1, wherein the signal sensor is adapted to monitor variation in said damping over time.

3. The system as claimed in claim 1, wherein the signal sensor comprises a circuit arrangement electrically coupled with the resonator circuit.

4. The system as claimed in claim 3, wherein the signal sensor is further adapted to detect a measure indicative of variations in an amplitude of a measurable signal in the resonator circuit.

5. The system as claimed in claim 4, wherein the sensing of the damping comprises sensing a measure indicative of variation in the amplitude of the measurable resonator circuit signal compared with an amplitude of the drive signal

6. The system as claimed in claim 3, wherein the circuit arrangement comprises: an amplitude measurement element arranged for extracting a signal indicative of amplitude of the resonator circuit signal; a low pass or band pass filter arranged for filtering the extracted amplitude signal to reduce noise; and an amplifier arranged to amplify the filtered amplitude signal

7. (canceled)

8. (canceled)

9. The system as claimed in any one of the preceding claims wherein the signal sensor comprises a magnetic field sensor and the magnetic field sensor is arranged to sense a magnetic field at a location radially inside of the loop described by the loop antenna.

10. The system as claimed in claim 1, wherein the system includes signal processor configured, based on sensed variations in damping in the resonator circuit as a function of time, to determine one or more of heart rate and respiration rate

11. The system as claimed in claim 1, wherein the system includes a controller configured in use to set a drive frequency of said drive signal, based on a target measurement depth within the body.

12. The system as claimed in claim 11, wherein the controller is configured for receiving a user input signal indicative of the target measurement depth

13. A method for sensing electromagnetic signals returned from a body responsive to application of electromagnetic excitation signals to said body based on use of a resonator circuit comprising a loop antenna, the method comprising: driving the loop antenna with a drive signal to cause it to generate the electromagnetic excitation signals, sensing, simultaneously with signal generation, a damping exhibited in the resonator circuit, wherein the sensing is performed using a magnetic field sensor arranged in use to sense a magnetic field to which the antenna of the resonator circuit is exposed, or a sensor for measuring variations in amplification gain of an oscillator connected to the loop antenna, and wherein the method comprises sensing only said damping in the resonator circuit, and does not comprise detecting any measure indicative of a frequency of the resonator circuit.

14. The method as claimed in claim 13, wherein sensing of the damping comprises: detecting a measure indicative of changes in the amplitude of a measurable resonator circuit signal compared with an amplitude of the drive signal, and/or sensing variations in a magnetic field at the location of the antenna loop.

15. The method as claimed in claim 13, further comprising setting a frequency of the drive signal based on a target measurement depth within the body.

16. The system as claimed in claim 1, wherein the signal sensor comprises a sensor for measuring variations in amplification gain of the oscillator in the signal generator and wherein the amplification gain is measured by comparing amplitudes of input signals to the oscillator and output signals from the oscillator.

17. The system as claimed in claim 1, wherein the signal sensor comprises a sensor for measuring variations in amplification gain of the oscillator in the signal generator and wherein the amplification gain is measured by measuring an operation point of an active amplifier device in the oscillator.

Description

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0063] For a better understanding of the invention, and to show more clearly how it may be carried into effect, reference will now be made, by way of example only, to the accompanying drawings, in which:

[0064] FIG. 1 schematically illustrates eddy current induction within a body to which the system is applied;

[0065] FIG. 2 shows a schematic block diagram of components of an example system in accordance with one or more embodiments;

[0066] FIG. 3 shows a further schematic block diagram of components of an example system in accordance with one or more embodiments; and

[0067] FIGS. 4 and 5 each show schematic bock diagrams of components of example signal conditioning blocks for use within sensing systems according to one or more embodiments.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE EMBODIMENTS

[0068] The invention will be described with reference to the Figures.

[0069] It should be understood that the detailed description and specific examples, while indicating exemplary embodiments of the apparatus, systems and methods, are intended for purposes of illustration only and are not intended to limit the scope of the invention. These and other features, aspects, and advantages of the apparatus, systems and methods of the present invention will become better understood from the following description, appended claims, and accompanying drawings. It should be understood that the Figures are merely schematic and are not drawn to scale. It should also be understood that the same reference numerals are used throughout the Figures to indicate the same or similar parts.

[0070] The invention provides an inductive sensing system having a resonator circuit with an antenna for simultaneously applying electromagnetic signals to a body and sensing secondary electromagnetic signals returned from the body. The system includes signal sensing means which is configured to detect a measure indicative of an imaginary part of an additional inductance component added to the resonator circuit by the secondary electromagnetic signals but which does not measure the real part. In particular, the signal sensing means may be configured to detect a measure indicative of damping in the resonator circuit (e.g. a damping factor), and comprises no means for detecting any measure indicative of variations in a natural frequency of the resonator circuit.

[0071] Circuit components for measuring variations in frequency of the resonator oscillations (or natural frequency of the resonator circuit) are complex, expensive and consume a relatively high level of power. Thus by including only components for detecting variations in damping (e.g. via variations in amplitude), complexity of the system and also power consumption is reduced.

[0072] As discussed, embodiments of the invention make use principles of magnetic induction for sensing parameters of a body. Inductive sensing is based on generation of a primary alternating magnetic field via a primary antenna loop, which leads to the induction of eddy currents and a consequent secondary magnetic field in conductive material or tissue within the primary magnetic field. This is schematically illustrated in FIG. 1. A loop antenna 12 of a resonator circuit is driven with an alternating current (drive signal). This causes current oscillations in the antenna.

[0073] In use, the antenna 12 is brought into proximity with a body 16 to be probed. The driving of the antenna generates primary electromagnetic (EM) signals 22 which couple with the body and generate eddy currents 18 in the body. These eddy currents depend on the conductivity of the body. The eddy currents generate a secondary magnetic field 24. This secondary field interacts with the primary field 22 to alter the oscillation characteristics of the resonator circuit.

[0074] In particular, in general, when a loop antenna is brought into proximity with a body, the inductance, L, acquires an additional reflected inductance component, L.sub.r, arising due to the eddy currents 18 induced in the stimulated body as a result of application of the excitation signals 22.

[0075] These eddy currents 18 in turn effectively make a contribution to the inductance of the loop antenna 12, due to the generation of a secondary time-varying magnetic flux. These eddy-current fluxes combine with the primary flux of the antenna, resulting in a greater induced back-EMF in the antenna, and hence a larger measurable effective inductance.

[0076] The added component of inductance arising from the eddy currents may be referred to synonymously in this disclosure as ‘reflected inductance’.

[0077] In general, the reflected inductance, L.sub.r, is complex, and can be expressed as

L.sub.r=L′.sub.r+iL″.sub.r  (1)

where L′.sub.r is related to a reactive impedance of the antenna and L″.sub.r is related to resistive impedance of the antenna.

[0078] The addition of the reflected component of inductance L.sub.r leads to a detuning of the characteristics of the antenna (or resonator circuit). In particular, both the natural radial frequency of the coil antenna circuit and the damping factor of the coil antenna circuit change.

[0079] In particular, the real part of the additional inductance component, L.sub.r, manifests in the natural frequency of the resonator circuit or antenna. The imaginary part of the additional inductance component manifests in the (natural) amplitude of oscillations of the resonator circuit.

[0080] In previously proposed inductive system systems, it has been suggested to measure at least the real part of the reflected inductance (i.e. via frequency change) or to measure both the real and imaginary parts of the reflected inductance. In WO 2018/127482 for example, both the real part and imaginary part of reflected inductance L.sub.r are measured. The real part is determined by measuring the frequency of the oscillator of the resonator circuit and the imaginary part is determined by measuring loss of electromagnetic power due to absorption in the body, as well as by phase shift of the received reflected electromagnetic signal.

[0081] To measure the oscillator frequency, the required electronic circuit and microcontroller consumes a large amount of power. In case of a battery fed device, this significantly shortens the operation time between battery charges.

[0082] For example, previous proposed devices have included signal processing modules for sensing natural frequency variations. In some example, these include a circuit having a variable capacitor with a phased locked loop (PLL). In such an arrangement, the PLL artificially keeps the loop resonator frequency constant by controlling a variable capacitor in parallel with the loop capacitor. The variable capacitor control signal is thus a measure indicative of the frequency variations which would be induced in the resonator circuit absent the forcing of the PLL (i.e. variations in the natural frequency of the resonator circuit). These are in turn indicative of the real part of the additional inductance induced in the antenna as a consequence of the secondary fields emanating from the body.

[0083] In other previous examples, the resonator circuit is arranged as part of a free running oscillator circuit. The oscillator frequency is primarily influenced by the real part of the additional inductance component added to the resonator circuit by the secondary electromagnetic signals from the body. This frequency can be measured directly with a frequency counter, or an approach can be used employing the super heterodyne receiver principle, in which a second oscillator is added, and a mixer and a low pass or band pass filter are used. This is described in WO 2018/127482 for example.

[0084] Both of the above described signal sensing arrangements are complex and consume significant power.

[0085] The realization of the present invention is that an acceptable compromise can be reached between measurement versatility and precision on the one hand and power consumption on the other by measuring only the imaginary part of reflected inductance, L.sub.r, via damping variations. There had previously been a prejudice against this approach on the grounds that both real and imaginary components needed to be measured, or at least the real component, in order to ensure adequate measurement robustness. However, significant experimentation and testing by the inventors has in fact found that this is not the case, particular for simple use cases such as measurement of only one or more two particular target physiological or anatomical parameters.

[0086] Embodiments of the present invention are based on eliminating components for sensing variations in natural frequency in the resonator circuit and including means instead only for sensing damping in the resonator circuit, e.g. via variations in amplitude of the resonator oscillations, e.g. compared with the drive signal amplitude.

[0087] For example, for measuring only the respiration rate and pulse, the imaginary part of L.sub.r is sufficient. By removing high power demand and expensive electronic components for frequency measurement, and running for example a microcontroller with low clock speed to measure the imaginary part of L.sub.r at the lowest required sample rate, battery lifetime can be extended and manufacturing cost can be reduced.

[0088] A schematic block diagram of an example inductive sensing system 8 in accordance with one or more embodiments of the invention is shown in FIG. 2.

[0089] The system is for sensing electromagnetic signals returned from a body responsive to application of electromagnetic excitation signals to said body.

[0090] The system 8 comprises a resonator circuit 10 comprising: a loop antenna 12 and an electronic signal generator 14 coupled to the antenna, for driving the antenna with a drive signal to cause it to generate the electromagnetic excitation signals. The signal generator in this example is in the form of an oscillator 14 which generates the drive signal with the drive frequency. The drive frequency is preferably adjustable, for example dependent on a desired depth of measurement within the body (as will be explained further in passages to follow).

[0091] The resonator circuit 10 further includes in this example a capacitor 13 for setting or tuning a natural free space resonance frequency of the resonator circuit (i.e. natural frequency in the absence of any applied fields). The capacitor may in some examples be a variable capacitor to allow a natural free space resonance frequency to be adjusted.

[0092] The system 8 further comprises a signal sensing means 30, arranged for sensing, simultaneously with signal generation, a measure indicative of a damping exhibited in the resonator circuit relative to the drive signal supplied to the resonator circuit. The damping may refer to a damping factor of the resonator circuit. In the absence of any external magnetic fields, the resonator circuit will exhibit a natural free space damping factor, ζ.sub.0 which is associated with the degree of damping which the circuit exerts on the applied drive signal when oscillating within the resonance circuit. The secondary EM signals from the body influence the damping factor by adding a component to it which is dependent upon the properties of the object or medium in the body from which the secondary EM signals are emitted. By monitoring the variation in damping of the resonator circuit, a measurement signal carrying information related to the probed body can be derived.

[0093] The inductive sensing system is adapted to measure only said damping in the resonator circuit, and comprises no means for detecting any measure indicative of variations in frequency (e.g. a natural frequency) in the resonator circuit. Thus the sensing or measurement signal is derived solely based on detection and monitoring of the damping of the resonator circuit.

[0094] In the example of FIG. 2, the system 8 further comprises a microprocessor 32 arranged operatively coupled to the signal sensing means 30 and the resonator circuit 32. For example, the microprocessor may be configured for controlling a drive frequency of the drive signal generator 14, and/or it may be configured to perform signal processing, for example for deriving one or more physiological or anatomical parameters from the sensing or measurement signal output from the signal sensing means 30.

[0095] The signal sensing means 30 can take different forms and operate in different ways for deriving said measure representative of damping of the resonator circuit.

[0096] In some examples, the signal sensing means 30 includes at least a signal conditioning part 42 for deriving a signal indicative of the damping of the resonator circuit as a function of time, and an analog to digital converter (ADC) 44 for digitizing said derived signal. An example is schematically shown in FIG. 3.

[0097] In accordance with at least one set of embodiments, the signal sensing means 30 senses the damping based on sensing variations in amplitude of oscillations in the resonator circuit 10. For example, in some cases, the sensing of the damping may comprise sensing a measure indicative of variation in the amplitude of the resonator circuit oscillations compared with an amplitude of the drive signal applied by the oscillator 14.

[0098] An example of such a configuration is shown schematically in FIG. 4. For illustration, FIG. 4 shows the amplitude monitoring components as comprised by the signal conditioning block 42 of the system shown in FIG. 3. This part of the signal sensing means 30 thus comprises an amplitude measurement element 52 arranged for extracting a signal indicative of amplitude of oscillating signal in the resonator circuit, a low pass or band pass filter 54 arranged for filtering the extracted amplitude signal to reduce noise, and an amplifier 58 arranged to amplify the filtered amplitude signal.

[0099] The signal sensing means may operate continuously in some examples, thereby continuously outputting as a function of time an amplitude signal representative of the detected variations in amplitude over time.

[0100] The amplitude measurement element 52 may in some examples comprise a rectifying diode. Any other means of deriving a measure of amplitude of the signal in the resonator circuit may however alternatively be used.

[0101] The filter 54 is for filtering high frequency noise, for example noise of a higher frequency than a typical upper threshold of variations in amplitude for the particular body region being probed.

[0102] The amplified amplitude signal may in some examples be output to an ADC 44 for digitization. It may then be passed in some examples to a microprocessor 32, for example for signal processing or for storage or for transmission to an external device or system or computer.

[0103] The amplifier 58 may in some examples be for increasing the power of the extracted amplitude signal to a sufficient level for it to be digitized by an ADC 44.

[0104] In some examples, the signal sensing means 30, for example a signal conditioning block 42 of such signal sensing means, may further include a DC offset adjustment element 56 between the filter 54 and the amplifier 58 for ensuring all signals passed to the amplifier have a positive DC offset (DC bias). FIG. 5 schematically depicts such an example.

[0105] The offset adjustment element 56 is thus arranged for adjusting any negative DC offset to a positive DC offset in advance of the signal passing to the amplifier 58.

[0106] In further examples, the offset adjustment element may be configured to adjust any DC offset (positive or negative) to a positive DC offset of a defined level or value. The defined level may be adjustable in some examples, or may be pre-set or pre-defined.

[0107] Many common varieties of amplifiers and ADCs are only able to handle signals having a positive DC offset voltage. Hence, the DC offset adjustment element ensures all types of amplifier (and ADC) can be used.

[0108] Furthermore, the amplified signal with DC offset should not exceed or fall below the voltage range of the ADC. Thus, adjusting the DC offset so as to be at a defined level (in advance of the signal passing to the amplifier) avoids inadvertently exceeding the maximum and minimum ADC input voltages.

[0109] Sensing variations in the amplitude of the signal oscillating in the resonator circuit 10 represents just one example approach to deriving a measure indicative of damping in the resonator circuit as a function of time. In alternative embodiments, the signal sensing means may take a different form and the damping detected in a different way.

[0110] In accordance with one or more further embodiments, deriving the measure indicative of damping of the resonator circuit may be done based on measuring a gain of the amplifying elements in the oscillator 14 circuit. The amplification gain of the oscillator is typically automatically configured to compensate any losses in the loop. Thus in this case, changes in the resonator damping may not manifest in observable changes in the amplitude of oscillations in the resonator circuit. In this case, instead the variations in the amplification gain of the oscillator 14 may be sensed and a signal indicative of these variations output as the measure indicative of variations in damping.

[0111] The oscillator 14 amplification gain can be measured by for example comparing the amplitudes of input signals to the oscillator and output signals from the oscillator. Alternatively, it may be measured by for example measuring the operation point of the active amplifier devices in the oscillator 14.

[0112] In accordance with a further set of one or more embodiments, the signal sensing means 30 may take the form of a magnetic field sensor arranged for sensing field strength of the magnetic field magnetically coupling the antenna 12 and the body being sensed. In some examples for instance it may be mounted at the location of the antenna, for example radially inside the antenna 12 of the resonator circuit 10. For example it may be arranged radially inside the antenna loop and within the plane defined by the antenna loop.

[0113] In other examples, it may be arranged at a different location to that of the antenna. For example, it may be mounted so as to be located between the plane defined by the antenna and the body to be probed. It may be arranged for example radially inside the antenna loop but axially offset from the plane defined by the antenna loop, for example offset toward the body to be probed, for example located between the antenna and the body to be probed.

[0114] In some embodiments, the system may include a frame structure or a housing to which the antenna is mounted, and wherein the magnetic field sensor is arranged also to be mounted in fixed relation with respect to the antenna.

[0115] The field strength of the magnetic field with which the loop antenna is coupled provides an indirect measure of variations in the damping factor. For example, an amplitude of magnetic field strength oscillations provide an indirect measure of consequent amplitude of the resonator oscillations, and thus of damping. Thus for example, variations downward in magnetic field strength oscillation amplitude indicates increased damping, and vice versa. Thus in some examples variation in amplitude of magnetic field strength oscillations may be used as the measure indicative of variation in damping of the resonator circuit.

[0116] According to any embodiment of the present invention, the system 8 may include a signal processing means configured, based on sensed variations in damping in the resonator circuit as a function of time, to determine one or more of heart rate and respiration rate. This may be a controller or processor in some examples. In the examples of FIGS. 2-5, the microprocessor 32 performs the role of the signal processor and performs the signal processing functions.

[0117] In accordance with one or more embodiments, the system may further comprise means for setting a frequency of the drive signal based on a target measurement depth within the body.

[0118] For example, the system may include control means configured in use to set a drive frequency of said drive signal, based on a target measurement depth within the body. The control means may be provided by the microprocessor 32 for example.

[0119] As discussed above, at a fixed drive signal 14 frequency, the strength of the real and imaginary parts of the reflected inductance, L.sub.r, component at the antenna 12 by secondary electromagnetic signals emitted from the body will vary as a function of the depth in the body from which the signals are being emitted (i.e. the depth of the eddy currents). In other words, for a fixed depth in the body, the strength of the real and imaginary parts will each vary between a minimum and maximum value as a function of drive signal frequency. In other words again, for every depth in the body, there is a natural optimum frequency for the drive signal for which the obtained measurement signal from the body (in the form of the imaginary part of the reflected inductance, i.e. resonator damping) will have maximum signal strength.

[0120] Thus, for a known desired measurement depth, it is possible to select the drive signal frequency so as to maximize measurement signal strength for the imaginary part (i.e. associated with damping) for that depth.

[0121] Thus, for eddy currents induced at a certain depth in the body, the oscillator 14 frequency can be chosen at a value where response in the imaginary signal is maximum.

[0122] By way of example, it might be desired to probe the heart to obtain a measure of the heart rate. In this case, a frequency for the oscillator 14 drive signal can be chosen known to have an optimum response in the imaginary reflected inductance component for the depth of the heart in the probed subject. This may thereby at the same time at least partially suppress any detected signal components received from the lungs, which are at a slightly different depth. Thus the heart can be effectively isolated.

[0123] In a further example, it might instead be desired to obtain a signal indicative of breathing rate or breathing depth. In this case, a frequency for the oscillator 14 drive signal can be chosen known to have an optimum response in the imaginary reflected inductance component for the depth of the lungs in the probed subject.

[0124] The optimal frequency choice can be the frequency where the ratio of wanted to unwanted measurements is optimal, or the frequency with the largest response of the desired physiological signal.

[0125] For example, the system may include control means configured in use to set a drive frequency of said drive signal, based on a target measurement depth within the body. The control means may for example be provided by the microcontroller 32 or microprocessor in the system of FIG. 3.

[0126] The control means may include a memory storing a lookup table, the lookup table storing a plurality of target measurement depths and associated drive signal frequencies for maximizing strength of the measurement signal from the body

[0127] The control means may be configured for receiving a user input signal indicative of the target measurement depth. The system may include a user interface for permitting input by a user of a desired measurement depth or a target anatomical region or body for sensing, and wherein the control means determines an appropriate measurement depth and, based thereon, an appropriate drive frequency for the drive signal, for maximizing acquired measurement signal strength.

[0128] As discussed, the inductive sensing system 8 according to embodiments of the present invention is configured to have means for detecting a measure of damping of the resonator circuit but not to have means for detecting variations in frequency of the resonator circuit. This saves power and complexity by avoiding components needed to derive the frequency variations.

[0129] In accordance with any embodiment of the present invention, the system may comprise a local (non-mains) power source for powering components of the system, e.g. one or more batteries. For example a battery may be arranged to supply power to the signal generation means and the signal sensing means.

[0130] In accordance with any embodiment of the present invention, the system may further comprise a housing in which the antenna 12, signal generation means 14 and signal sensing means 30 are mounted. All components of the system may be mounted inside the housing.

[0131] The system may according to one or more embodiments be a portable sensing system. For example, it may take the form of a portable inductive sensing unit, e.g. a portable probe. It may take the form of a handheld sensing device.

[0132] Examples in accordance with a further aspect of the invention also provide an inductive sensing method. The method is for sensing electromagnetic signals returned from a body responsive to application of electromagnetic excitation signals to said body based on use of a resonator circuit comprising a loop antenna.

[0133] The method comprises driving the loop antenna with a drive signal to cause it to generate the electromagnetic excitation signals

[0134] The method also comprises sensing, simultaneously with signal generation, a damping exhibited in the resonator circuit, for example relative to the drive signal supplied to the resonator circuit.

[0135] The method is characterized in that the method comprises sensing only said damping in the resonator circuit, and does not comprise detecting any measure indicative of a frequency of the resonator circuit.

[0136] Implementation options and details for each of the above steps may be understood and interpreted in accordance with the explanations and descriptions provided above for the apparatus aspect of the present invention (i.e. the system aspect).

[0137] Any of the examples, options or embodiment features or details described above in respect of the apparatus aspect of this invention (in respect of the inductive sensing system) may be applied or combined or incorporated into the present method aspect of the invention.

[0138] Embodiments of the invention provide a low cost, low current, but more functionally limited inductive sensing system. Embodiments of the system permit measurement of, by way of example, respiration rate, respiration depth and pulse.

[0139] Embodiments of the invention however permit a wide variety of different example applications. Some example applications include:

[0140] Non-invasive measurements of fluid compositions in anatomical structures, e.g. within a subject's bladder, mammary gland, or blood vessels.

[0141] Non-invasive measurements of fluid densities in tissues, e.g. lung tissue.

[0142] Application as a spot-check (hand held) device to measure for example patient respiration and pulse.

[0143] A home-use device, permitting respiration and pulse measurement for personal use.

[0144] Use for long term monitoring of respiration and pulse (enabled by using relatively low current in the resonator circuit for example).

[0145] Contactless measurements of fluid densities in e.g. baby milk bottles.

[0146] Use as a disposable device, for example based on use with a battery power source which can be disposed of with the device.

[0147] As discussed above, some embodiments make use of a control means and/or a microcontroller and/or microprocessor.

[0148] Any or each of these components may be implemented in numerous ways, with software and/or hardware, to perform the various functions required. For example a processor may be used which employs one or more microprocessors that may be programmed using software (e.g., microcode) to perform the required functions. A control means may however be implemented with or without employing a processor, and also may be implemented as a combination of dedicated hardware to perform some functions and a processor (e.g., one or more programmed microprocessors and associated circuitry) to perform other functions.

[0149] Examples of controller components that may be employed in various embodiments of the present disclosure include, but are not limited to, conventional microprocessors, application specific integrated circuits (ASICs), and field-programmable gate arrays (FPGAs).

[0150] In various implementations, a processor or controller may be associated with one or more storage media such as volatile and non-volatile computer memory such as RAM, PROM, EPROM, and EEPROM. The storage media may be encoded with one or more programs that, when executed on one or more processors and/or controllers, perform the required functions. Various storage media may be fixed within a processor or controller or may be transportable, such that the one or more programs stored thereon can be loaded into a processor or controller.

[0151] Variations to the disclosed embodiments can be understood and effected by those skilled in the art in practicing the claimed invention, from a study of the drawings, the disclosure and the appended claims. In the claims, the word “comprising” does not exclude other elements or steps, and the indefinite article “a” or “an” does not exclude a plurality. A single processor or other unit may fulfill the functions of several items recited in the claims. The mere fact that certain measures are recited in mutually different dependent claims does not indicate that a combination of these measures cannot be used to advantage. If a computer program is discussed above, it may be stored/distributed on a suitable medium, such as an optical storage medium or a solid-state medium supplied together with or as part of other hardware, but may also be distributed in other forms, such as via the Internet or other wired or wireless telecommunication systems. If the term “adapted to” is used in the claims or description, it is noted the term “adapted to” is intended to be equivalent to the term “configured to”. Any reference signs in the claims should not be construed as limiting the scope.