A Method in Continuous Chromatography

Abstract

The present invention relates to a method for purifying a target product in a flow-through chromatography system comprises at least a first column loaded with feed material from a feed source. The at least first column is purged after binding of impurities and wherein the outlet of purged material from the column is subsequently passed to the feed source.

Claims

1. A method for purifying a target product in a flow-through chromatography system comprising at least a first column loaded with feed material from a feed source, wherein the at least first column is purged after binding of impurities to produce purged material and wherein the purged material from the column is passed upstream of the at least one column to be re-purified.

2. The method according to claim 1, wherein said upstream passing of the purged material is passing to the feed source.

3. The method according to claim 1 further including the steps of: providing an outlet sensor arranged downstream of at least the first column; loading the first column with feed material from the feed source, detecting impurity breakthrough based on a signal detected by the outlet sensor of the first column, when a predetermined impurity breakthrough is detected, disconnecting the first column from the feed source, purging partly purified feed material from the first column using a purging buffer, and passing the purged partly purified feed material to the feed source.

4. The method according to claim 3, wherein the or each outlet sensor is a UV sensor and the predetermined impurity breakthrough corresponds to a predetermined percentage of impurities in a target product downstream of the or each column.

5. The method according to claim 4, wherein the predetermined percentage of impurities in the target product is about 1%, 10%, 20%, 50% or 70%.

6. The method according to claim 4 or 5, wherein a UV sensor is provided upstream each column, and the method further comprises dynamically controlling the impurity breakthrough.

7. The method according to claim 3, wherein the flow-through chromatography system further comprises a second column, the method further comprises: directing the feed material to the second column when disconnecting the first column from the feed source, detecting impurity breakthrough based on a signal detected by the outlet sensor of the second column, when a predetermined impurity breakthrough is detected by the sensor of the second column, disconnecting the second column from the feed source, purging partly purified feed material from the second column using the purging buffer, and passing the purged partly purified feed material from the second column to the feed source.

8. The method according to claim 7, wherein the method further comprises: regenerating the first column after purging partly purified feed material from the first column using a regenerating buffer, and directing the feed material to the first column when disconnecting the second column from the feed source.

9. The method according to claim 1, wherein the flow-through chromatography system is a continuous chromatography system comprising at least three chromatography columns wherein at least partly purified feed material flow through the at least first column after binding of impurities and wherein the partly purified feed material from the first column is subsequently passed onto a second column for binding of impurities in the partly purified feed material.

10. The method according to claim 1, wherein the method comprises loading each column in the flow-through chromatography system consecutively.

11. A flow-through chromatography system comprising at least a first column loaded or loadable with feed material from a feed source, wherein the flow-through chromatography system is configured: to purge the at least first column after binding of impurities, and to pass purged material from the outlet of the first column upstream of the first column to be re-purified.

12. The flow-through chromatography system according to claim 11, wherein the flow-through chromatography system is configured to pass purged material to the feed source.

13. The flow-through chromatography system according to claim 11, wherein the flow-through chromatography system is a continuous chromatography system comprising at least three chromatography columns, and wherein wherein the flow-through chromatography system is further is configured: to flow at least partly purified feed material through the at least first column after binding of impurities and, and to pass the partly purified feed material from the first column subsequently onto a second column for binding of impurities in the partly purified feed material.

14. The flow-through chromatography system according to claim 11, wherein the flow-through chromatography system is further configured to consecutively load each column.

15. A computer program for purifying a target product in a flow-through chromatography, comprising instructions which, when executed on at least one processor, cause the at least one processor to carry out the method according to claim 1.

16. A computer-readable storage medium carrying a computer program for purifying a target product in a flow-through chromatography according to claim 15.

Description

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0025] FIG. 1 illustrates an overview of a bioprocess purification system designed to purify a target product using continuous chromatography.

[0026] FIG. 2 illustrates a continuous flow-through chromatography with an arbitrary number of columns, based on a simulated moving bed technology.

[0027] FIGS. 3a-3c illustrate the principle of three column flow-through chromatography.

[0028] FIGS. 4a-4d illustrate capacity utilization for conventional batch chromatography operation compared to multi-column flow-through chromatography operation.

[0029] FIG. 5 illustrates an overview of two-step breakthrough in continuous chromatography.

[0030] FIG. 6 illustrates UV signal detectors used for dynamic control in continuous chromatography.

[0031] FIGS. 7a-7b illustrate an embodiment of a single column flow-through chromatography system.

[0032] FIG. 8 illustrates a two column flow-through chromatography system.

[0033] FIGS. 9a-9h illustrate the principle of a four column flow-through chromatography.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

[0034] The term feed refers to a liquid which contains two or more compounds to be separated. In this context, the term compound, or product , is used in a broad sense for any entity such as a molecule, chemical compound, cell etc.

[0035] The term target compound, or target product means herein any compound which it is desired to separate from a liquid comprising one or more additional compounds. Thus, a target compound me be a compound desired e.g. as a drug, diagnostic or vaccine; or, alternatively, a contaminating or undesired compound which should be removed from one or more desired compounds.

[0036] The term break-through means the point of time during feed addition to an adsorbent such as packed chromatography column when the undesired compound, or impurities, adsorbed first appears in the outflow. In other words, in a flow-through process, the break-through is the point of time when contamination of target compound begins in the outflow from the column.

[0037] The term saturation level means the point of time when an adsorbent such as a packed chromatography column retains only a part of its original capacity to adsorb an undesired compound or impurities.

[0038] The term full saturation means the point in time when an adsorbent such as a packed chromatography column is not able to adsorb any more of an undesired compound or impurities.

[0039] The term regeneration means herein a process of treating an adsorbent to make it useful again in chromatography. Thus, regeneration will include release of bound undesired compounds or impurities as well as re-equilibration with the appropriate adsorption buffer. As will be discussed below, regeneration may also include cleaning in place (CIP).

[0040] The term purge means herein a process of treating an adsorbent, such as a chromatography column, with a suitable liquid to remove e.g. one or more target compounds that remain in the chromatography column after the feed has been disconnected at a desired saturation level.

[0041] The term resins means a resin used for removal of impurities from feed streams in flow through applications often, but are not limited to, include ion exchange or multimodal type of resins.

[0042] The term capture means in the context of a chromatography method the first chromatography step, wherein a large amount of target compound is captured or, for a flow-through process, a large amount of impurities is captured.

[0043] The term flow-through means in the context of a chromatography method the first chromatography step, wherein a large amount of undesired compound, or impurity, is captured and the target compound flows through the column.

[0044] Continuous chromatography in flow through mode can be used for removal of impurities during purification of target products (such as viruses, viral vectors, virus like particles (VLP:s), plasmids and similar vaccine typ molecules, but also for mabs and recombinant proteins, biomolecules from cell culture/fermentation, natural extracts) in continuous downstream processes using periodic counter current chromatography, as explained in background section. The technology employs three or four chromatography columns to create a continuous purification step. The columns are switched between loading and non-loading steps, such as wash. Continuous chromatography supports process intensification by reducing footprint and improving productivity. In addition, continuous chromatography is especially suited for purification of unstable molecules, as the short process time helps to ensure stability of the target product.

[0045] In FIG. 1, an overview of a bioprocess purification system, configured to purify a target product using a separation process is shown. The bioprocess purification system comprises a number of steps related to Cell culture 11, Hold 12, Purify 13, Viral inactivation 14, Polish 15 and Delivery 16.

[0046] In a fully continuous process the cell culture step 11 may be a perfusion type culture which comprises continuous addition of nutrients for cell growth in perfusion culture and continuous removal of product and waste through drain and filtration. E.g. using an Alternate Tangential Filtration(ATF) filter. The step may comprise process control for viable cell density (VCD), and the next step in the process starts when VCD reaches a pre-determined value. The VDC may be controlled by adapting the components of the cell culture media fed to the culture or by addition of certain components directly to the culture. Alternatively, the cell culture is of batch type.

[0047] The sample containing the target product is exploited in a cell free extraction process, e.g. by filtration, centrifugation or another technique.

[0048] The hold step 12 is an optional step depending on process needs, e.g. if a filter is in-line before purify step 13. The step may comprise process control on weight, and the next step in the process starts when a pre-determined volume value is reached, or alternatively after a certain time period or when a pre-determined mass is reached. The hold step may be used both for collecting a volume of filtered feed from a perfusion cell culture or from a batch culture.

[0049] The purify step 13 comprises preferably a continuous chromatography that may have a filter in-line before the purify step. The continuous chromatography may be run as periodic counter current chromatography with a continuous feed of sample from the cell culture step 11, directly or via the hold step 12, containing the target product. In one embodiment, the target product is obtained from a flow-through process. In another embodiment, the target product is obtained by eluting captured target product. Furthermore, the purify step may comprise multiple batch elutions or multiple batch flow-through processes, and process control using in-line UV-sensors handles variation in feed concentration and resin capacity. The next step starts when a pre-determined amount value (e.g. volume, mass or time) is reached.

[0050] In the optional viral inactivation step 14, different options for virus inactivation is available depending on process needs. One option is to use batch mode with low pH for 30-60 minutes in hold up tank. The step may comprise process control on volume, time, temperature and pH. The next step starts when a pre-determined time is reached. When for instance an active virus is the desired target product, the viral inactivation step 14 is omitted.

[0051] The polish step 15 may be straight through processing (STP), i.e. a flow-through process, with a connected batch step or continuous chromatography with a continuous load step, or a combination thereof. The step may comprise process control for UV, flow and volume, and the next step starts when a pre-determined volume and amount is reached, alternatively when a timeout is reached.

[0052] The delivery step 16 may comprise a virus removal step, e.g. a viral filter, before an ultra-filtration step. The delivery step may be used as concentration step for batch addition of sample from polish step. The delivery step may comprise continuous or batch delivery of product and may comprise continuous or batch removal of waste. The step may comprise process control for pH, conductivity, absorbance, volume and pressure, and delivery is achieved when a pre-determined product concentration in a pre-defined environment is reached.

[0053] An automation layer 17 is used for handling decision points for next step in the process. Different type of sensors (not shown), both in-line sensors and off-line sensors, are integrated into the process flow to monitor different parameters that may be used for providing the automation layer 17 with data that could be used to handle the decision points. Sensors include but are not limited to only measure flow, VCD, weight, pressure, UV, volume, pH, conductivity, absorbance, etc.

[0054] It should be noted that UV is an example of a parameter that could be monitored to detect the composition of the sample being purified. However, other parameters may be used operating in other frequency ranges, such as IR, fluorescence, x-rays, etc.

[0055] As previously mentioned the purify step 13 and/or the polish step 15 may comprise a continuous chromatography 20, as illustrated in FIG. 2. Feed material 18 containing the target product is fed into the continuous chromatography 20 via inlet 21 and the target product is available at outlet 22. The continuous chromatography 20 comprises multiple columns A, B, . . . , N, and each column is provided with a column inlet 23 and column outlet 24. The column inlet 23 and column outlet 24 of each column is connected to a valve system 25 configured to connect the columns cyclically to the inlet 21 and the outlet 22 to achieve continuous purification of the target product. Example of a system configuration having three columns is described in connection with FIGS. 3a-3c.

[0056] The continuous chromatography 20 is further provided with buffer inlet 21 and waste outlet 27 in order to be able to perform the required operations. An in-line sensor 28 may provide after the column outlet 24 of each column or be assigned to the process flow and integrated into the valve system 25. Important parameters, such as UV, is measured to control the process, as described below. Another in-line sensor 28 may be provided before the column inlet 23 of each column in order to be able to directly evaluate performance of each column. An in-line inlet sensor 26 may also be provided to monitor the composition of the feed material fed into the continuous chromatography 20

[0057] The continuous chromatography may also comprise off-line sensors 29, which are designed to extract material from the process and thereafter evaluate selected parameters before the material is disposed of as waste.

[0058] In addition, the valve system 25 is provided with an purge outlet 19, which is configured to pass partly purified feed material back to the feed 18. The partly purified feed material is provided by recirculating it from columns that have reached the breakthrough point for impurities, as exemplified in FIGS. 3a-3c. In the present disclosure, the purge outlet 19 is schematically shown to be connected to the feed 18, but the purge flow from one column may in other embodiments be combined with the feed flow 21 in other ways or be loaded directly onto the column receiving the feed in the subsequent cycle.

[0059] The principle behind the continuous flow-through chromatography is to keep at least two columns in the loading zone which allows for overloading of the first column without risk of impurities in the product, as the breakthrough of impurities will be caught by downstream columns, as described in connection with FIGS. 4a-4d.

[0060] The continuous flow-through chromatography comprises at least three columns and the principle of operations in a three columns (3C) setup is described in connection with FIGS. 3a-3c. The 3C setup features two parallel flows: one for loading of the two columns in the loading zone, and one for the non-loading steps, e.g. purging and regeneration of the third column.

[0061] In FIG. 3a, illustrating step 1a and 1b, column A and B are in the loading zone. Feed material is provided from the feed and column A can be overloaded without contaminating the product, as column B catches the impurity breakthrough from column A. In this way, the utilization of the resin binding capacity is maximized. The product flows through column A and B and is available from the outlet of column B. Column C, which is overloaded to the point of breakthrough with impurities, also contains a volume of partly purified feed material that is passed to the feed, as illustrated in step 1a. Step 1b illustrates the situation when the partly purified feed material has been purged from the column and passed back to the feed whereafter column C is reconditioned.

[0062] In FIG. 3b, illustrating step 2a and 2b, the overloaded column A is switched and column B becomes the first column and column C becomes the second column in the loading zone. The product flows through column B and C and is available from the outlet of column C. The overloaded column A will now be subjected to the non-loading steps, such as purging partly purified feed material (step 2a) and regenerating (step 2b).

[0063] In FIG. 3c, illustrating step 3a and 3b, the overloaded column B in the loading zone is switched. Now column C becomes the first column and column A the second column in the loading zone, while column B is subjected to purging (step 3a) and regenerating (step 3b).

[0064] These steps are repeated in a cyclic manner until required target product volume, mass or amount is reached (or until resin lifetime is reached and columns needs to be repacked or exchanged).

[0065] The continuous flow-through chromatography illustrated in FIG. 2 may utilize more than three columns, and in a four column (4C) setup, the same principle applies. However, the non-loading steps may become limiting in a 3C setup, and the non-loading steps can be split on two columns and run in parallel utilizing a third flow path in the 4C setup. The 4C setup allows for balancing the loading and non-loading steps. More columns will lead to a more flexible system, while the complexity of the valve system 25 becomes increasingly complicated. However, some continuous chromatography have sixteen or more columns.

[0066] FIGS. 4a-4b illustrate capacity utilization for conventional batch chromatography operation compared to multi-column flow-through chromatography operation. FIG. 4a illustrates the total available impurity capacity 40 of a chromatography resin and impurity breakthrough curve is indicated by 30. As is apparent from the graph, when a small volume is loaded the impurity will be captured in the resin, but at large volumes a substantial part of the impurities will breakthrough and contaminate the product in a batch operation.

[0067] FIG. 4b illustrates the sample load 41 at 10% impurity breakthrough. The product below the breakthrough curve 30 will be wasted if not reused in another column. The impurity capacity 42 typically used in batch operations is illustrated in FIG. 4c, and impurity capacity 43 used in continuous chromatography is illustrated in FIG. 4d. Note that the impurity breakthrough 44 is captured by the columns downstream in the loading zone.

[0068] Dynamic control functionality, which allows for variations in feed composition, may be implemented in continuous chromatography. The principle of dynamic control is based on the relative difference in UV signals before and after each column at breakthrough. The difference between the baseline UV and the UV signal at 100% breakthrough for a saturated column is defined as UV.sub.max, wherein UV is calculated using equation (1)

[00001]$\begin{array}{cc}.Math..Math.\mathrm{UV}=100\frac{{\mathrm{UV}}_{\mathrm{BT}}-\mathrm{Baseline}}{{\mathrm{UV}}_{\mathrm{sample}}-\mathrm{Baseline}}& \left(1\right)\end{array}$

where UV=difference in UV280 nm signal between impurities and antibody (%) UV.sub.BT=UV280 nm value determined at a point during impurity breakthrough (mAu) Baseline=UV280 nm value of antibody and media prior to impurity breakthrough (mAu) and UV.sub.Sample=UV280 nm value of impurities, media, media components, and antibody (mAu)

[0069] The UV absorbance before the first column in the loading zone (i.e. UV.sub.Sample) will reflect the total UV absorbance in the loaded material, including antibody, Host Cell Proteins (HCP), DNA and media components. The UV absorbance after the first column (i.e. UV.sub.BT) will initially, as long as no breakthrough has occurred, reflect only the product (i.e. the antibody in this example). The UV absorbance from the background is defined as the baseline level. The level of breakthrough is measured as the relative difference in percentage (% UV), between the baseline and the level at which the column is saturated and all impurities (i.e. Host Cell Proteins (HCP), DNA and media components) passes through the column.

[0070] FIG. 5 illustrates the two-step breakthrough, displaying the central UV signals used for dynamic control. Curve 50 shows the UV.sub.BT (i.e. the post column impurity breakthrough curve), curve 51 shows the UV.sub.Sample (i.e. the pre column feed line), and reference numeral 55 indicates the baseline. Reference numeral 52 indicates total signal from target product and impurities in the sample being fed into the column, reference numeral 53 indicates signal from target product (background), and reference numeral 54 indicates UV.sub.max (signal from impurity).

[0071] The difference between the baseline UV 55 and the UV signal at 100% impurity breakthrough for a fully loaded column is defined as UV.sub.max, where the desired level is process-dependent. A continuous flow-through chromatography may use UV detectors assigned to the process stream and not to the separate columns. Hence, each breakthrough curve may be generated based on signals from two UV detectors as illustrated in FIG. 6.

[0072] The breakthrough curve (dashed curve 50) and the baseline 55 are the same as shown in FIG. 5. Curve 60 is UV of the sample fed into the column, curve 61 is UV of the impurity breakthrough after the column and curve 62 is UV of the target product.

[0073] The UV may be set to 1-70% after the first column, since the impurities will be captured in the second column and the efficiency of the system increases.

[0074] Whenever the detected impurity level (i.e. UV is higher than a predetermined impurity breakthrough) the column is disconnected from the feed source and a volume of partly purified feed material is still occupying the disconnected column. In order to prevent unnecessary wasting of feed material, the partly purified feed material inside the column is purged using a purging buffer and passed to the feed source before the column is reconditioned.

[0075] FIG. 7a-7c illustrate a single column flow-through chromatography system 80 during loading (FIG. 7a), purging (FIG. 7b) and regenerating (FIG. 7c). The system 80 comprises a column 81 having an outlet sensor 83 arranged downstream the column 81 and an optional inlet sensor 82 upstream the column between the feed source 84 and the inlet of the column. The system also comprises inlet valve 86 and outlet valve 87 configured to switch the column between different mode of operations as illustrated in FIGS. 7a-7c.

[0076] In FIG. 7a, loading is illustrated and the feed source 84 is connected via the optional sensor 82 and the inlet valve 86 to the inlet of the column 81. The feed material is purified from impurities in the column (flow-through processing) and the product is available from the outlet of the column and transported via the sensor 83 and the outlet valve 87 to be delivered. When a predetermined impurity breakthrough is detected by the outlet sensor, e.g. a UV sensor, pH sensor or conductivity sensor, the feed source is disconnected from the inlet of the column and the position of the outlet valve 87 is changed to prevent contamination of product output.

[0077] The optional inlet sensor, e.g. a UV sensor, may be used to perform the dynamic control described above to more accurately determine when to disconnect the column 81 from the feed source 84.

[0078] In FIG. 7b, purging is illustrated after the feed source 84 has been disconnected and a buffer suitable for purging the column is connected by changing the position of the inlet valve 86. The changed position of the outlet valve 87 facilitates recirculation of the purged partly purified feed material which is occupying the column after being disconnected from the feed source 84. When the partly purified feed material has been purged from the column 81 and passed to the feed source 84, the position of the outlet valve 87 is changed to connect the outlet of the column 81 to the waste.

[0079] In FIG. 7c, regenerating is illustrated after the outlet valve has connected the outlet of the column 81 to the waste. A buffer suitable for cleaning and regenerating the column 81 is introduced via the inlet valve 86 into the column 81, and via the outlet valve 87 to the waste. This type of single column flow-through chromatography system may be used as a polishing step in the process described in connection with FIG. 1.

[0080] FIG. 8 illustrates a two column flow-through chromatography system 90. The system comprises similar components as the single column system described in connection with FIGS. 7a-7c. Identical features have the same reference numerals and functionality. A second chromatography column 91 has been introduced in the system.

[0081] Column 81 and column 91 are connected to inlet valves 92, replacing the inlet valve 86 in FIGS. 7a-7c. Column 81 and column 91 are also connected to outlet valves 94, replacing the outlet valve 87 in FIGS. 7a-7c. Inlet valves 92 and outlet valves 94 provide the desired functionality to the system as described below.

[0082] When the first column 81 is loaded with feed material from the feed source 84, the target product is available at the system outlet 95 until a predetermined impurity breakthrough is detected using sensor 83. During loading of the first column, the second column 91 is waiting to be loaded (if the column is new and has not been loaded before) or partly purified feed material inside the second column is purged using a purging buffer and passed to the feed source 84. The second column is thereafter regenerated using a regenerating buffer which is directed to the waste 96.

[0083] When the predetermined impurity breakthrough is detected using sensor 83, the first column is disconnected from the feed source and feed material is directed to the second column 91. Partly purified feed material contained inside the first column is purged using a purging buffer and passed to the feed source 84. The second column is loaded until a predetermined impurity breakthrough is detected using sensor 93 and target product is available at system outlet 95. During loading of the second column, the first column is also regenerated using a regenerating buffer which is directed to the waste 96 after the partly purified feed material has been passed to the feed source 84.

[0084] When the predetermined impurity breakthrough detected using sensor 93, the second column 91 is disconnected from the feed source 84 and feed material is directed to the first column 81 and loading of the first column 81 commences.

[0085] This process is repeated by controlling the inlet valves 92 and outlet valves 94, and a more or less continuous output of target product may be obtain at system outlet 95, since purging and regenerating a column takes less time than loading a column.

[0086] Alternatively, the two column flow-through chromatography system 90 comprises an interconnection flow path between outlet valves 94 and the inlet valves 92, and said valves 92 and 94 are arranged to allow the outlet from either one of the two columns 81 and 91 to be directed to the inlet of the other column. In this embodiment, the two columns may be operated much like the system of FIG. 3 but in a 2 column PCC mode where the purging and regeneration steps on one column are performed while the feed is directed to the other column and preferably before the other column has reached its initial point of breakthrough.

[0087] FIGS. 9a-9h illustrate the steps in a flow-through continuous chromatography system with four columns A-D. The sensors in the system are exemplified as UV sensors and only the used sensors are shown and the functionality of each is indicated in each figure.

[0088] UV FMUV sensor for Feed Material

[0089] UV BTUV sensor for Breakthrough

[0090] UV EluUV sensor for the eluted target product

[0091] UV FTUV sensor for Flowthrough

[0092] FIG. 9a illustrates a first main step in the process, where feed material is loaded into a first column A and at least partly purified feed material flow through the first column after binding of impurities and wherein the partly purified feed material from the first column A is subsequently passed onto a second column B for binding of impurities in the partly purified feed material. Purified material is collected from the second column B. A third column C is regenerated and a fourth column D is washed.

[0093] FIG. 9b illustrates the post load recirculation (PLR) step which commences when the first column is disconnected after a predetermined impurity breakthrough is detected, e.g. 10% BT. Purging buffer Sys A is used to purge partly purified feed material from column A and pass it back to the feed source. The second column B is now loaded with feed material and the partly purified feed material from the second column B is subsequently passed onto the third column C for binding of impurities in the partly purified feed material. Purified material is collected from the third column C. The fourth column D is regenerated.

[0094] FIG. 9c illustrates the second main step in the process. The difference between the PLR step described in connection with FIG. 9b is no circulation from the outlet of column A to the feed source.

[0095] FIG. 9d illustrates the PLR step which commences when the second column is disconnected after a predetermined impurity breakthrough is detected, e.g. 10% BT.

[0096] Purging buffer Sys A is used to purge partly purified feed material from column B and pass it back to the feed source. The third column C is now loaded with feed material and the partly purified feed material from the third column C is subsequently passed onto the fourth column D for binding of impurities in the partly purified feed material. Purified material is collected from the fourth column D. The first column A is regenerated.

[0097] FIG. 9e illustrates the third main step in the process. The difference between the PLR step described in connection with FIG. 9d is no circulation from the outlet of column B to the feed source.

[0098] FIG. 9f illustrates the PLR step which commences when the third column is disconnected after a predetermined impurity breakthrough is detected, e.g. 10% BT. Purging buffer Sys A is used to purge partly purified feed material from column C and pass it back to the feed source. The fourth column D is now loaded with feed material and the partly purified feed material from the fourth column D is subsequently passed onto the first column A for binding of impurities in the partly purified feed material. Purified material is collected from the first column A. The second column B is regenerated.

[0099] FIG. 9g illustrates the fourth main step in the process. The difference between the PLR step described in connection with FIG. 9f is no circulation from the outlet of column C to the feed source.

[0100] FIG. 9h illustrates the PLR step which commences when the fourth column is disconnected after a predetermined impurity breakthrough is detected, e.g. 10% BT. Purging buffer Sys A is used to purge partly purified feed material from column D and pass it back to the feed source. The first column A is now loaded with feed material and the partly purified feed material from the first column A is subsequently passed onto the second column B for binding of impurities in the partly purified feed material. Purified material is collected from the second column B. The third column C is regenerated.

[0101] The process is thereafter repeated as illustrated in FIG. 9a.

[0102] Application examples for use with continuous chromatography flow-through mode, such as PCC, is suitable for efficient removal of impurities from feeds with target molecules such as viruses (e.g. Adeno, Lenti and Influenza virus) and viral vectors, virus like particles and plasmids.

[0103] The types of resins that can be used for these applications include, but are not limited to, lid type resins like Capto Core and the like, ion exchange resins and multimodal types of resins.

[0104] As an example, Capto Core 700 provides efficient capture of impurities while excluding target molecular entities which are sufficiently large from entering the pores of the beads.

[0105] Similarly, ion exchange (e.g. Capto Q) and multimodal type of resins (e.g. Capto MMC and Capto S Adhere) can be used for removal of impurities.

[0106] Continuous chromatography in flow-through mode is similarly suitable for efficient removal of impurities from e.g. monoclonal antibodies, recombinant proteins, plasma proteins and other proteins.

[0107] Suitable applications include polishing steps for e.g. monoclonal antibodies using multimodal type resins such as Capto S Adhere.

[0108] Potential resins also include other Capto Core type resins, which exclude the target molecule from entering the pores of the beads while capturing the impurities.