Organic infrared attenuation agents

Abstract

Organic infrared attenuation agents have been developed to improve the thermal insulation properties of polymeric foams such as polystyrene low density foams. The organic infrared attenuation agents can include polyols such as sorbitol, maltitol, and poly(ethylene glycol), polysaccharides such as starch or cellulose, and infrared attenuation polyesters such as polybutylene terephthalate. The organic attenuation agents include aromatic compounds or carbon oxygen bonds that are effective in absorbing infrared radiation at the desired wavelengths.

Claims

1. An extruded polystyrene foam formed from a composition comprising: an alkenyl aromatic polymer material comprising polystyrene; a blowing agent comprising one or more hydrofluoroolefins (HFOs); and from 0.1 to 10 wt. % of an organic infrared attenuation agent having an oxygen to carbon molar ratio from 1:1 to 1:2, wherein the extruded polystyrene foam has an R value from 3 to 6 F.Math.ft.sup.2.Math.hr/BTU.

2. The extruded polystyrene of claim 1, wherein the one or more hydrofluoroolefins (HFOs) comprises trans-1,3,3,3-tetrafluoropropene (HFO-1234ze).

3. The extruded polystyrene foam of claim 1, wherein the blowing agent further comprises carbon dioxide.

4. The extruded polystyrene foam of claim 1, wherein the organic infrared attenuation agent comprises one or more of: a polyol selected from the group consisting of sugar alcohols and polymeric polyols, a carbohydrate, recycled paint, and coal tar pitch.

5. The extruded polystyrene foam of claim 4, wherein the polyol is selected from the group consisting of sorbitol, maltitol, and polyethylene glycol.

6. The extruded polystyrene foam of claim 4, wherein the carbohydrate is a polysaccharide.

7. The extruded polystyrene foam of claim 6, wherein the polysaccharide comprises pea starch or reclaimed cellulose.

8. The extruded polystyrene foam of claim 4, wherein the recycled paint comprises a polyester.

9. The extruded polystyrene foam of claim 8, wherein the polyester is polybutylene terephthalate or a polyester prepared from isophthalic acid and neopentyl glycol.

10. The extruded polystyrene foam of claim 1, wherein the extruded polystyrene foam has a density of 1.2 to 5 pcf.

11. The extruded polystyrene foam of claim 1, wherein the organic infrared attenuation agent has an oxygen to carbon molar ratio from 1:1 to 2:3.

12. The extruded polystyrene foam of claim 1, wherein the extruded polystyrene polymer foam comprises from 0.5 to 5 wt. % of the organic infrared attenuation agent.

13. The extruded polystyrene foam of claim 1, wherein the extruded polystyrene polymer foam comprises from 0.5 to 3 wt. % of the organic infrared attenuation agent.

14. The extruded polystyrene foam of claim 1, wherein the extruded polystyrene foam is free of carbon black.

15. An extruded polystyrene foam board formed from a composition comprising: an alkenyl aromatic polymer material comprising polystyrene; a blowing agent comprising one or more hydrofluoroolefins (HFOs); from 0.1 to 10 wt. % of an organic infrared attenuation agent comprising one or more of: a polyol selected from the group consisting of sugar alcohols and polymeric polyols, a carbohydrate, recycled paint, and coal tar pitch, wherein the extruded polystyrene foam board has an R value from 3 to 6 F.Math.ft.sup.2.Math.hr/BTU.

16. The extruded polystyrene foam board of claim 15, wherein the extruded polystyrene foam board has a thickness of from to 12 inches.

17. The extruded polystyrene foam board of claim 15, wherein the extruded polystyrene foam board has a thickness of from 1 to 4 inches.

Description

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE FIGURES

(1) The present disclosure may be more readily understood by reference to the following figures, wherein:

(2) FIG. 1 provides a bar graph showing the IR reflectance of PS/IAAs solid disks compared with PS/nano-graphite.

(3) FIG. 2 provides a bar graph showing the IR transmittance of PS/IAAs thin films compared with PS/nano-graphite.

(4) FIG. 3 provides a bar graph showing the density and R value of PS foams including various organic IAAs.

(5) FIG. 4 provides a bar graph showing the predicted R value at same density for all PS/IAA samples.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

(6) The following discussion is presented to enable a person skilled in the art to make and use the present disclosure. Various modifications will be readily apparent to those skilled in the art, and the general principles disclosed herein may be applied to other embodiments and applications without departing from the scope of the present disclosure. Thus, the present disclosure is not intended to be limited to the embodiments shown, but is to be accorded the widest scope consistent with the principles and features disclosed herein.

Definitions

(7) Unless otherwise defined, all technical and scientific terms used herein have the same meaning as commonly understood by one of ordinary skill in the art to which this disclosure pertains. In case of conflict, the present specification, including definitions, will control.

(8) The terminology as set forth herein is for description of the embodiments only and should not be construed as limiting. Unless otherwise specified, a, an, the, and at least one are used interchangeably. Furthermore, as used in the Detailed Description and the appended claims, the singular forms a, an, and the are inclusive of their plural forms, unless contraindicated by the context surrounding such.

(9) Also herein, the recitations of numerical ranges by endpoints include all numbers subsumed within that range (e.g., 1 to 5 includes 1, 1.5, 2, 2.75, 3, 3.80, 4, 5, etc.).

(10) Infrared Attenuation Agents

(11) As described in commonly-assigned U.S. Pat. No. 7,605,188, the thermal conductivity of a polymer foam can be significantly reduced, and hence the insulating effect provided by the foam significantly increased, by including in the polymer forming the foam a suitable amount of an IAA. Typically, these materials are small particles-size particulates made from made various different materials including ceramics (e.g., titanium dioxide), naturally occurring inorganics (e.g., clay particles), metals (e.g., aluminum, gold, silver) and carbon-based materials (e.g., carbon black, graphite, expanded graphite, fibers made from carbon or graphite), etc.

(12) A common problem associate with these materials is that, because they are particulate, they must have a suitably small particle size in order that they can be uniformly taken up by the polymer forming the foam during the foaming operation and hence uniformly distributed in the polymer foam ultimately obtained.

(13) In accordance with this disclosure, this problem is essentially avoided by using certain oxygen-containing organic chemicals as the IAAs, it having been found that such compounds will also effect a substantial reduction in the thermal conductivity of the polymer foam so made, provided that these oxygen-containing organic chemicals are selected in a certain way.

(14) Polymers Forming the Foams

(15) Polymer foams using the organic IAAs of this disclosure can be made from any polymer suitable for making polymer foams. For example, they may be made from polyolefins, polyvinylchloride, polycarbonates, polyetherimides, polyamides, polyesters, polyvinylidene chloride, polymethylmethacrylate, polyurethanes, polyurea, phenol-formaldehyde, polyisocyanurates, phenolics, copolymers and terpolymers of the foregoing, thermoplastic polymer blends, rubber modified polymers, and the like. Suitable polyolefins include polyethylene and polypropylene, and ethylene copolymers.

(16) A particularly suitable class of thermoplastic polymers for making the polymer foams of this disclosure are alkenyl aromatic polymers. Examples of alkenyl aromatic polymers include alkenyl aromatic homopolymers and copolymers of alkenyl aromatic compounds and copolymerizable ethylenically unsaturated comonomers. The alkenyl aromatic polymer material may further include minor proportions of non-alkenyl aromatic polymers. The alkenyl aromatic polymer material may be comprised solely of one or more alkenyl aromatic homopolymers, one or more alkenyl aromatic copolymers, a blend of one or more of each of alkenyl aromatic homopolymers and copolymers, or blends of any of the foregoing with a non-alkenyl aromatic polymer.

(17) Suitable alkenyl aromatic polymers include those derived from alkenyl aromatic compounds such as styrene, -methylstyrene, ethylstyrene, vinyl benzene, vinyl toluene, chlorostyrene, and bromostyrene. A preferred alkenyl aromatic polymer is polystyrene. Minor amounts of monoethylenically unsaturated compounds such as C.sub.2-6 alkyl acids and esters, ionomeric derivatives, and C.sub.4-6 dienes may be copolymerized with alkenyl aromatic compounds. Examples of copolymerizable compounds include acrylic acid, methacrylic acid, maleic acid, itaconic acid, acrylonitrile, maleic anhydride, methyl acrylate, ethyl acrylate, isobutyl acrylate, n-butyl acrylate, methyl methacrylate, vinyl acetate and butadiene. A particularly preferred alkenyl aromatic polymer comprises substantially (i.e., greater than about 95 percent) polystyrene, which polystyrene homopolymer being particularly preferred.

(18) Normally, the polymers used to make the inventive foams will have a weight-average molecular weights of about 30,000 to about 500,000. Weight average molecular weights on the order of about 100,000 to 400,000 or even about 200,000 to 300,000, are more interesting.

(19) Combining the Organic IAA with the Polymer

(20) The organic IAAs of this disclosure can be combined with the polymer forming the inventive polymer foams in any conventional manner. An amount from about 0.5 to about 20% by weight of organic IAA can be included in the polymer, with amounts of 1 to 5% being more preferred.

(21) For example, an in situ polymerization approach can be used in which the monomers forming the polymer are polymerized after first being combined with the organic IAAs of this disclosure. This approach is especially effective when the polymer forming the foam is made by addition polymerization of ethylenically unsaturated monomers, especially polymers and copolymers of styrene, methyl methacrylate, or a mixture of these and/or other ethylenically unsaturated monomers. Preferably, styrene monomer and an initiator (catalyst), such as benzoyl peroxide (BPO), or 2,2-azobisisobutyronitrile (AIBN), are blended together completely using a conventional mixing apparatus such as a homogenizer. The organic IAA is then added to the monomer-initiator mixture in an amount of preferably about 0.1 to about 10%, more preferably about 0.5 to about 5% by weight based on the weight of the polymer. After mixing, the mixture is heated in an oven at a temperature of about 60 to 100 C., for about 15 to 30 hours for in-situ polymerization.

(22) In mixing the organic IAA with the monomer, as discussed above, it is important to have uniform distribution of the organic IAA. Because of its organic character, the organic IAA of this disclosure is more compatible with, and hence more easily mixes uniformly with, the monomers and polymers forming the foam relative to conventional particulate IAAs.

(23) Another approach for combining the organic IAAs of this disclosure with the polymer forming the inventive polymer foams is physical blending. This approach is especially useful when these polymers have a relatively low melting or softening point. For example, the organic IAA may be blended with polymer carriers, such as polystyrene, polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA), ethyl methacrylate (EMA). The loading can be as high as 40%. Mixing temperature is about 150 C. to about 300 C., typically about 225 C. for EMA, and mixing time about 0 to about 3 minutes, typically less than one minute for EMA carrier containing 40 percent by weight of organic IAA, are crucial for effective dispersing the organic IAA throughout the polymer. Mixing may be conducted by any standard method know in the art. Preferably, the components are mixed using a Banbury mixer.

(24) In either approach, additional conventional additives such as particulate infrared attenuation agents, plasticizers, flame retardant chemicals, pigments, elastomers, extrusion aids, antioxidants, fillers, antistatic agents, UV absorbers, citric acids, nucleating agents, surfactants, processing aids, etc., can be included in the polymer systems to be foamed in conventional amounts.

(25) Forming the Polymer Foam

(26) After in-situ polymerization or melt compounding, the organic IAA-containing polymer is foamed using a batch foaming process or standard extrusion process. For example, extruded polystyrene foams can be made by continuously extruding molten polystyrene containing a blowing agent under elevated temperature and pressure into ambient or vacuum conditions, allowing the mass to expand into a lightweight, closed-cell foam.

(27) Standard extrusion processes and methods which may be used in the process of manufacturing embodiments of the present disclosure are described in commonly assigned U.S. Pat. No. 5,753,161 which is herein incorporated by reference in its entirety.

(28) In the extrusion process, an extruded polymer foam containing the organic IAA is prepared by twin-screw extruders (low shear) with flat die and plate shaper. Alternatively, a single screw tandem extruder (high shear) with radial die and slinky shaper can be used. About 0.1 to about 10% of an organic IAA is then added into the extruder, preferably about 0.5 to 5% by weight, more preferably about 0.5 to about 3% by weight based on the weight of the polymer, a blowing agent, and optionally other additives. In a preferred embodiment, an extruded polymer foam is prepared by twin-screw extruders (low shear) with flat die and plate shaper. Alternatively, a single screw tandem extruder (high shear) with radial die and slinky shaper can be used. Preferably, the organic IAA is added into the extruder via multi-feeders, along with polystyrene, a blowing agent, and/or other additives.

(29) The plastified resin mixture, containing the organic IAA, polymer, and optionally, other additives is heated to the melt mixing temperature and thoroughly mixed. The melt mixing temperature must be sufficient to plastify or melt the polymer. Therefore, the melt mixing temperature is at or above the glass transition temperature or melting point of the polymer. Preferably, in the preferred embodiment, the melt mix temperature is from about 200 C. to about 250 C., most preferably about 220 C. to about 240 C. depending on the amount of organic IAA.

(30) A blowing agent is then incorporated to form a foamable gel. The foamable gel is then cooled to a die melt temperature. The die melt temperature is typically cooler than the melt mix temperature, in the preferred embodiment, from about 10 C. to about 130 C., and most preferably from about 120 C. The die pressure must be sufficient to prevent prefoaming of the foamable gel, which contains the blowing agent. Prefoaming involves the undesirable premature foaming of the foamable gel before extrusion into a region of reduced pressure. Accordingly, the die pressure varies depending upon the identity and amount of blowing agent in the foamable gel. Preferably, in the preferred embodiment, the pressure is from about 50 to about 80 bars, most preferably about 60 bars. The expansion ratio, foam thickness per die gap, is in the range of about 20 to about 70, typically about 60.

(31) Any suitable blowing agent may be used in the practice on this disclosure. Blowing agents useful in the practice of this disclosure include inorganic agents, organic blowing agents, chemical blowing agents, and combinations thereof.

(32) Suitable inorganic blowing agents include carbon dioxide, nitrogen, argon, water, air, nitrogen, helium, and combinations thereof. Organic blowing agents include aliphatic hydrocarbons having 1-9 carbon atoms, aliphatic alcohols having 1-3 carbon atoms, fully and partially halogenated aliphatic hydrocarbons having 1-4 carbon atoms, and combinations thereof. Aliphatic hydrocarbons include methane, ethane, propane, n-butane, isobutane, n-pentane, isopentane, and neopentane. Aliphatic alcohols include methanol, ethanol, n-propanol, and isopropanol. Fully and partially halogenated aliphatic hydrocarbons include fluorocarbons, chlorocarbons, chlorofluorocarbons and cyclopentane. Examples of fluorocarbons include methyl fluoride, perfluoromethane, ethyl fluoride (HFC-161), ethyl fluoride, 1,1-difluoroethane (HFC-152a), 1,1,1-trifluoroethane (HFC-143a), 1,1,1,2-tetrafluoro-ethane (HFC-134a), 1,1,2,2-tetrafluoroethane (HFC-134), pentafluoroethane (HFC-125), difluoromethane (HFC-32), perfluoroethane, 2,2-difluoropropane (HFC-272fb), 1,1,1-trifluoropropane (HFC-263fb), perfluoropropane, 1,1,1,3,3-pentafluorobutane (HFC-365mfc), 1,1,1,3,3-pentafluoropropane (HFC 245fa), 1,1,1,2,3,3,3-heptafluoropropane (HFC-227ea), dichloropropane, difluoropropane, perfluorobutane, and perfluorocyclobutane. Partially halogenated chlorocarbons and chlorofluorocarbons for use in this disclosure include methyl chloride, methylene chloride, ethyl chloride-1,1,1-trichloroethane, 1,1-dichloro-1-fluoroethane (HCFC-141b), 1-chloro-1,1-difluoroethane (HCFC-142b), chlorodifluoromethane (HCFC-22), 1,1-dichloro-2,2,2-trifluoroethane (HCFC-123) and 1-chloro-1,2,2,2-tetrafluoroethane (HCFC-124), and the like. Fully halogenated chlorofluorocarbons include trichloromonofluoromethane (CFC-11), dichlorodifluoromethane (CFC-12), trichlorotrifluoroethane (CFC-113), 1,1,1-trifluoroethane, pentafluoroethane, dichlorotetrafluoroethane (CFC-114), chloroheptafluoropropane, and dichlorohexafluoropropane. Chemical blowing agents include azodicarbonamide, azodiisobutyro-nitrile, benzenesutlfonhydrazide, 4,4-oxybenzene sulfonyl-semicarbazide, p-toluene sulfonyl semi-carbazide, barium azodicarboxylate, and N,N-dimethyl-N,N-dinitrosoterephthalamide, trihydrazino triazine, and combinations thereof.

(33) Low global warming hydrofluoro olefin (HFO) blowing agents have recently been developed, which are also suitable for use with the present disclosure. Examples of hydrofluoro olefin blowing agents include 2,3,3,3-tetrafluoropropene (HFO-1234yf); 1,1,1,4,4,4-hexafluoro-2-butene (FEA-1100) and trans-1,3,3,3-tetrafluoropropene (HFO-1234ze).

(34) The amount of blowing agent used varies depending on the class of blowing agent used. For example, it is preferred to add about 0 to about 4% of ethanol or about 3 to about 6% of carbon dioxide. A preferred type of blowing agent for use in the present disclosure is fluorocarbons such as HFC-134a. In the present disclosure it is preferable to use about 4 to about 12%, or more preferably from about 6 to about 8% of HFC-134a. All percentages are based on the weight of the polymer.

(35) Product Foams

(36) The product foams of this disclosure are normally rigid, closed cell foams exhibiting a density of about 1.2 to about 5 pcf, more typically about 1.4 to about 3 pcf, and a thermal conductivity of about 0.1 to about 0.3 BTU.Math.in/(hr.Math.ft.sup.2.Math. F.), 0.14 to about 0.25 BTU.Math.in/(hr.Math.ft.sup.2.Math. F.), or about 0.2 to BTU.Math.in/(hr.Math.ft.sup.2.Math. F.). Polymer foams including the organic IAAs of the present disclosure preferably provide at least 10% lower conductivity compared with polymer foams lacking an IAA. The polymeric foam can have a cell size ranging from 50 to 500 microns. However, cell sizes of 100 to 300 microns are preferred, with cell sizes greater than 150 microns being further preferred. The polymer foam can be formed into a variety of shapes. A preferred shape is an insulating foam board. Insulating polymer foam board can be about to 12 inches thick, but is more typically about 1 to 4 inches thick.

(37) In certain embodiments, the insulating polymer foam may have an R value in the range of 3 to 6 F..Math.ft.sup.2.Math.hr/BTU. In other embodiments, the insulating polymer foam may have an R value in the range of 4 to 5 F..Math.ft.sup.2.Math.hr/BTU. In certain embodiments, the insulating polymer foam may be comprised of no more than 10% by weight of a conventional inorganic infrared attenuation agent, wherein the conventional inorganic infrared attenuation agent is selected from the group consisting of graphite, aluminum, stainless steel, cobalt, nickel, carbon black, titanium dioxide, and combinations thereof. Furthermore, in certain embodiments, the insulating polymer foam having an R value in the range of 3 to 6 F..Math.ft.sup.2.Math.hr/BTU and comprised of an organic infrared attenuation agent may contain 0% by weight of a conventional inorganic infrared attenuation agent.

(38) Organic Infrared Attenuation Agents

(39) In accordance with this disclosure, organic compounds which contain at least one oxygen-carbon bond and preferably a plurality of oxygen-carbon bonds have been found to achieve a significant infrared attenuation effect in that they promote a substantial reduction in the thermal conductivities of polymer foams in which they are included. Preferably, the organic compounds have an oxygen to carbon molar ratio from about 1:1 to about 1:2, from about 1:1 to about 2:3, or most preferably about 1:1 The organic IAAs can be either high molecular weight polymers or low molecular weight additives. High molecular weight polymers generally have a molecular weight ranging from about 40,000 to 80 million Daltons, while low molecular weight additives generally have a molecular weight of 1000 Daltons or less.

(40) Particular materials which have been found to be effective organic IAAs include polyols, polysaccharides, polyesters found in recycled paint, and coal tar pitch. All of these compounds or compositions were found to include compounds having infrared absorption characteristics suitable for an infrared attenuation agent. Aromatic compounds such as those found in coal tar pitch have a peak infrared absorption around 700 cm.sup.1, while the carbon-oxygen bonds found in alcohols, ethers, and esters have a peak infrared absorption from about 1000 to about 1300 cm.sup.1. Preferred peak absorptions are from about 1000 to about 1200 cm-1, which correspond to those provided by fluoralkanes.

(41) Polyols typically include a large number of carbon-oxygen bonds, and therefore provide suitable organic attenuation agents. Polyols include both sugar alcohols and polymeric polyols. Sugar alcohols having a molecular weight from about 100 to about 500. Preferred sugar alcohols are monosaccharides or disaccharides includes from 6 to 12 carbon atoms. Examples of such sugar alcohols include mannitol, sorbitol, dulcitol, iditol, isomalt, maltitol, and lactitol.

(42) Sorbitol and maltitol are preferred examples of 6 and 12 carbon atom sugar alcohols, respectively. Sorbitol has the following structure

(43) ##STR00001##
and maltitol has the following structure:

(44) ##STR00002##

(45) Polymeric polyols are another type of polyols suitable for use as organic attenuation agents. Polymeric polyols include polyethers formed from ether monomers having from 2 to 4 carbon atoms. Particular examples include polyethylene glycol (PEG) and polypropylene glycol. PEG has the following formula

(46) ##STR00003##
An example of a suitable polyethylene glycol is PEG 4,000 (code number: 81240-1KG) supplied by Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, Mo.

(47) Another class of useful organic IAAs are carbohydrates. Carbohydrates include monosaccharides, disaccharides, oligosaccharides, polysaccharides, starches, and relatively large hydrolysis products of starches such as maltodextrin. Polysaccharides can vary dramatically in terms of size and molecular weight. Examples of carbohydrates include monosaccharides and disaccharides such glucose, fructose, maltose, dextrose, and sucrose. Carbohydrates also include natural sources of saccharides and polysaccharides such as cellulose, levan, pullulan, corn syrup, molasses, honey; other cellulosics such as humic substances, etc. Specific examples of suitable polysaccharide organic IAAs are recycled cellulose from paper and pea starch, which contains 35% amylose and 65% amylopectin having the following structures:

(48) ##STR00004##

(49) Recycled paint including an infrared attenuating polyester can also be used as an organic IAA. Recycled paint includes polyesters such as those made by the condensation of dicarboxylic acids and diols, especially isophthalic and terephthalic acid esters made with a variety of different polyols. Specific examples include polyethylene terephthalate, polybutylene terephthalate, polyethylene isophthalate and polybutylene isophthalate, and a polyester prepared from isophthalic acid and neopentyl glycol.

(50) Another useful organic IAA is coal tar pitch, which includes a wide range of aromatic compounds providing suitable IR absorbances.

(51) A preferred source of organic IAAs of this disclosure include recycled or reclaimed products, as such materials are usually readily available and fairly inexpensive. Particular examples of such recycled or reclaimed products include recycled paper available from Mid America Food Sales of St. Charles, Mo., which includes reclaimed cellulose having the following structure

(52) ##STR00005##

(53) Additional particular examples of such recycled or reclaimed products include recycled paint. Recycled paints from the automobile or construction industries are an inexpensive source of organic IAAs. Recycled paints can be provided in various forms, such as a solid powder or a dehydrated putty semisolid. Recycled paints include both organic resins and metal or metal oxide pigments, all of which can function together to provide an infrared attenuation capacity. One example of recycled paint includes silver color recycled paint powder available from Stolte Enterprises Inc. of Glen Ellyn, Ill. (IVC industrial coatings, PD-764 light gray hybrid, prod. 82318H32K), which contains polybutylene terephthalate and another polyester of isophthalic acid and neopentyl glycol.

(54) ##STR00006##
Another example of recycled paint useful as a source of IAA is brown color recycled paint powder, also available from Stolte Enterprises Inc (Morton 15-1001 corvel white gator epoxy Corvel coating powder), which also contains these polyesters.

EXAMPLES

(55) In order to more thoroughly describe embodiments of this disclosure, the following working examples are provided. Because nano-graphite has been proved to be a good IAA, as described in commonly-assigned U.S. Pat. No. 7,605,188, mentioned above, the inventive organic IAAs are compared with these particulate nano-graphite IAAs in the following working examples. The following examples are provided for illustrative purposes only and are in no way intended to limit the scope of the disclosure.

Example 1: Infrared Reflectance of Polystyrene Containing Organic IAAs

(56) Four levels (0.5, 1, 2.5, & 5 wt %) of sorbitol, maltitol, silver color and brown color recycled paints were melt blended into polystyrene (PS) in a twin screw extruder (Leistritz 27). The blended pallets were then molded into a round disk ( thick and 2 in diameter) by using an injection molding machine (Cincinnati ROBOSHOT). Infrared (IR) reflectance was polished and analyzed by reflectance infrared spectroscopy. The resulted intensity of IR reflectance was compared with those of otherwise identical polystyrene disks made with nano-graphite IAAs at nine levels (0, 0.05, 0.1, 0.2, 0.4, 0.8, 1.6, 3.2, & 6.4 wt %).

(57) FIG. 1 shows the IR reflectance of the compounds from PS/nano-graphite and PS/organic IAAs. The intensity of IR reflectance from 700 to 1200 cm.sup.1 was averaged to help comparison because our preferred range for IR wavelength number is around 1000 cm.sup.1. The higher the value of the reflectance intensity, the more heat radiation is reflected back to the environment and therefore the more effective an IAA is.

(58) Without nano-graphite, pure PS (NG-0) has nearly zero reflectance. With more nano-graphite added, the reflectance of PS/nano-graphite compounds exhibits higher reflectance. More interestingly, as shown in FIG. 1, the organic IAAs shows comparable reflectance as those of nano-graphite compounds, although the values are a little bit lower. The following Table 1 gives the description of sample codes in FIG. 1.

(59) TABLE-US-00001 TABLE 1 Description of Samples in FIG. 1 sample # Description NG-0 PS (Nova 1600) NG-1 PS/0.05% nano-graphite NG-2 PS/0.1% nano-graphite NG-3 PS/0.2% nano-graphite NG-4 PS/0.4% nano-graphite NG-5 PS/0.8% nano-graphite NG-6 PS/1.6% nano-graphite NG-7 PS/3.2% nano-graphite NG-8 PS/6.4% nano-graphite B-DP-1 PS/0.5% brown dry paint powder B-DP-2 PS/1% brown dry paint powder B-DP-3 PS/2.5% brown dry paint powder B-DP-4 PS/5% brown dry paint powder S-DP-1 PS/0.5% silver dry paint powder S-DP-2 PS/1% silver dry paint powder S-DP-3 PS/2.5% silver dry paint powder S-DP-4 PS/5% silver dry paint powder SP-1 PS/0.5% SweetPearl - Maltitol P200 SP-2 PS/1% SweetPearl - Maltitol P200 SP-3 PS/2.5% SweetPearl - Maltitol P200 SP-4 PS/5% SweetPearl - Maltitol P200 NS-2 PS/1% Neosorb - Sorbitol P60W NS-3 PS/2.5% Neosorb - Sorbitol P60W

Example 2: Infrared Transmission of Polystyrenes Containing Organic IAAs

(60) By using thin films from the same group of samples listed in Table 1, transmission measurements were performed using infrared spectroscopy. The thin films were prepared by placing a small amount of each sample sandwiched between two microscope slides coated with a very thin film of silicone oil to release the samples from the glass slides. Two small binder clips were added and the assembly was heated in an oven at 460 F. for 5 minutes. The resulting thin films were allowed to cool, pealed from the glass slides and analyzed by infrared spectroscopy

(61) After eliminating the influence of thin film thickness, the transmittance of all samples was determined. Again, the transmittance was averaged between wavelength of 800 and 1200 cm.sup.1 for easy comparison.

(62) The results obtained are shown in FIG. 2, it being understood that lower transmittance numbers connote a better attenuation effect. As can be seen from this figure, transmittance decreases as concentration of either the nano-graphite or organic IAAs increases. 2.5% of sorbitol (NS-3), 5% brown color recycled paint (B-DP-4), and 5% silver color recycled paint (S-DP-4) have comparable transmittance as that of 0.8% nano-graphite (NG-4).

Example 3: R Values of Polystyrene Foams Made with Organic IAAs

(63) Polystyrene (PS) foam boards 0.5 inch thick and 4 in width were made using the Leistritz 27 twin screw extruder and a specialized foaming die, the boards containing seven different organic IAAs. Each board contained 1 wt. % IAA, along with 5 wt. % of HFC-134a (1,1,1,2-tetrafluoroethane) and 2 wt. % water as blowing agents, as well as graphite as a nucleation agent. During foaming process, the die pressure was around 1000 psi and the die temperature was around 120 C. with an extrusion rate about 90 grams/min.

(64) The thermal conductivities of each board was then measured on a testing apparatus from Laser Comp (Fox 200), based on which the R values were calculated and compared with the control sample without any organic IAA.

(65) The detailed recipes of each board and the results obtained are listed in the following Table 2, while the results obtained are also graphically Illustrated in FIG. 3.

(66) TABLE-US-00002 TABLE 2 R values of Polystyrene Foam Boards Containing Different Organic IAAs con- tri- tri- tri- tri- tri- tri- tri- Formula trol al 1 al 2 al 3 al 4 al 5 al 6 al 7 PS (%) 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 Nano- 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 graphite (%) sorbitol(%) 0 1.0 0 0 0 0 0 0 maltitol (%) 0 0 1.0 0 0 0 0 0 PEG (%) 0 0 0 1.0 0 0 0 0 cellulose (%) 0 0 0 0 1.0 0 0 0 pea starch (%) 0 0 0 0 0 1.0 0 0 Silver 0 0 0 0 0 0 1.0 0 paint (%) Brown 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1.0 paint (%) HFC-134a (%) 5.0 5.0 5.0 5.0 5.0 5.0 5.0 5.0 Water (%) 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 Foam density 4.1 8.0 8.5 9.2 4.8 7.0 6.9 7.4 (pcf) R value 4.3 4.2 3.8 3.5 4.3 4.8 4.2 4.0 Predicted R 4.3 4.6 4.3 4.1 4.4 5.0 4.4 4.3 value at the same density

(67) As shown in Table 2 and FIG. 3, pea starch shows the highest R value, being more than 10% greater than that of the control. This indicates that pea starch is an effective organic IAA to increase the R value and thus improve the thermal insulation property of these polystyrene foams.

(68) It is a very well known that PS foams provide the highest R values when their densities are about 2 pounds per cubic foot (pcf). However, because a small scale extruder was used to obtain the results shown in Table 2, the sample foam had a density of about 4.1 pcf. By following the curve of R value versus density, the R value of all foam samples was extrapolated to density of 4.1 pcf and the resulted prediction are shown in FIG. 4. Again pea starch showed the highest R value. Sorbitol, cellulose, and silver color recycled paint that contains polyesters show potential as a good organic IAA, especially if a higher concentration is used.

(69) The complete disclosure of all patents, patent applications, and publications, and electronically available materials cited herein are incorporated by reference. The foregoing detailed description and examples have been given for clarity of understanding only. No unnecessary limitations are to be understood therefrom. In particular. any theories of operation presented herein are optional and the inventors are therefore not bound by theories described herein.