Haloalkyl heteroaryl benzamide compounds

Abstract

A new class of haloalkyl heteroaryl benzamides is described. These compounds show strong activity against hepatitis viruses.

Claims

.[.1. A pharmaceutical composition comprising a compound of Formula I: ##STR00400## wherein: R.sub.1 through R.sub.5 and R.sub.10 are, independently, hydrogen, CN, NO.sub.2, F, Cl, Br, I, hydroxy, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkylalkyl, cycloalkylalkenyl, cycloalkylalkynyl, cycloalkenyl, cycloalkenylalkyl, cycloalkenylalkenyl, cycloalkenylalkynyl, alkoxy, alkenyloxy, alkynyloxy, alkoxyalkyl, alkoxyalkenyl, alkoxyalkynyl, alkenyloxyalkyl, alkenyloxyalkenyl, alkenyloxyalkynyl, alkynyloxyalkyl, alkenyloxyalkenyl, alkenyloxyalkynyl, cycloalkoxy, cycloalkylalkoxy, cycloalkylalkenyloxy, cycloalkylalkynyloxy, cycloalkenyloxy, cycloalkenylalkoxy, cycloalkenylalkenyloxy, cycloalkenylalkynyloxy, alkoxyalkylamino, hydroxyalkyl, acyl, acyloxy, aroyloxy, arylalkanoyloxy, arylalkenoyloxy, heteroaroyloxy, heteroarylalkanoyloxy, heteroarylalkenoyloxy, alkoxycarbonyl, aryloxycarbonyl, arylalkoxycarbonyl, heteroaryloxycarbonyl, heteroarylalkoxycarbonyl, alkoxycarbonyloxy, carbamoyl, carbamoyloxy, alkylamino, dialkylamino, alkylaminoalkyl, amido, alkylamido, dialkylamido, haloalkyl, perhaloalkyl, perhaloalkoxy, alkylthio, alkylthioalkyl, alkylsulfonyl, alkylsulfonylalkyl, alkenylsulfonyl, alkynylsulfonyl, cycloalkylsulfonyl, cycloalkylalkylsulfonyl, cycloalkylsulfonylalkyl, cycloalkylalkylsulfonylalkyl, arylsulfonyl, arylalkylsulfonyl, arylalkenylsulfonyl, heteroarylsulfonyl, heteroarylalkylsulfonyl, heteroarylalkenylsulfonyl, alkylsulfonamido, N,N-dialkylsulfonamido, sulfonamidoalkyl, sulfonamidoaryl, sulfonamidoarylalkyl, sulfonamidoarylalkenyl, aryl, arylalkyl, aryloxy, arylalkoxy, arylthio, arylalkylthio, arylamino, arylalkylamino, arylalkenyl, arylalkynyl, heteroaryl, heteroarylalkyl, heteroarylalkenyl, heteroarylalkynyl, heteroaryloxy, heteroarylalkoxy, heteroarylamino, heteroarylalkylamino, heteroarylthio, heteroarylalkylthio, heteroarylalkylamino, heterocycloalkyl, heterocycloalkenyl, heterocycloalkoxy, or heterocycloalkenyloxy, any of which may be optionally substituted wherein R.sub.6 is selected from the group consisting of haloalkyl, perhaloalkyl, haloalkoxy, perhaloalkoxy, S(O).sub.mC(R.sub.7R.sub.8).sub.nCF.sub.3, and C(R.sub.7R.sub.8).sub.nCF.sub.3; wherein W, X and Y are, independently, S, O, N, NR.sub.9 or CR.sub.10 where at least two of W, X, and Y are S, O, N, or NR.sub.9; wherein R.sub.7, R.sub.8, and R.sub.9 are, independently, hydrogen, fluoro, chloro, alkyl, perhaloalkyl, aryl, arylalkyl, heteroaryl, or heteroarylalkyl, or together with the atoms to which they are attached, may be joined to form an optionally substituted 4-to 8-membered heterocycloalkyl or an optionally substituted 3- to 8-membered cycloalkyl ring, any of which may be optionally substituted; m is an integer between 0 and 2; and n is an integer between 0 and 5; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or ester thereof, and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier, wherein the composition comprises an effective amount of the compound for treating a viral pathogen..].

.[.2. The pharmaceutical composition of claim 1, wherein the viral pathogen is Hepatitis B or Hepatitis C Virus infection..].

.[.3. The pharmaceutical composition of claim 1, wherein the viral pathogen is a parainfluenza, an influenza A, or an influenza B infection..].

.[.4. A method for treating a viral infection comprising administering the pharmaceutical composition of claim 1 to a patient in need thereof..].

.[.5. A method for treating a viral infection comprising administering the pharmaceutical composition as claimed in claim 1, to a patient in need thereof, in combination with another antiviral composition..].

.[.6. The method of claim 4, wherein the viral infection is selected from the group consisting of respiratory viruses, herpes viruses, and gastrointestinal viruses..].

.[.7. The method of claim 6, wherein said respiratory viral infection is selected from the group consisting of parainfluenza, influenza A, influenza B, coronavirus, rhinovirus (RHV), and respiratory syncytial virus (RSV)..].

.[.8. The method of claim 6, wherein said gastrointestinal virus is selected from the group consisting of rotavirus and adenovirus..].

.[.9. A method for treating rhabdovirus comprising administering the pharmaceutical composition of claim 1 to a patient in need thereof..].

.[.10. The pharmaceutical composition of claim 1, wherein: R.sub.1 through R.sub.5 and R.sub.10 are, independently, hydrogen, cyano, nitro, halo, hydroxy, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, alkoxy, alkenyloxy, alkynyloxy, acyl, acyloxy, aroyloxy, heteroaroyloxy, alkoxycarbonyl, aryloxycarbonyl, heteroaryloxycarbonyl, alkoxycarbonyloxy, carbamoyl, carbamoyloxy, alkylamino, haloalkyl, perhaloalkyl, perhaloalkoxy, alkylthio, perhaloalkylthio, alkylthioalkyl, alkylsulfonyl, alkylsulfonylalkyl, arylsulfonyl, heteroarylsulfonyl, alkylsulfonamido, sulfonamidoalkyl, aryl, aryloxy, arylalkoxy, arylthio, arylalkylthio, arylamino, arylalkylamino, heteroaryl, heteroarylalkyl, heteroaryloxy, heteroarylalkoxy, heteroarylamino, heteroarylalkylamino, heteroarylthio, heteroarylalkylthio, heterocycloalkyl, and heterocycloalkoxy, all optionally substituted with substituents selected independently from carbonyl (oxo), carboxyl, lower alkyl carboxylate, lower alkyl carbonate, lower alkyl carbamate, halogen, hydroxy, amino, amido, cyano, hydrazinyl, hydrazinylcarbonyl, alkylhydrazinyl, dialkylhydrazinyl, arylhydrazinyl, heteroarylhydrazinyl, nitro, thiol, sulfonic acid, trisubstituted silyl, urea, acyl, acyloxy, acylamino, arylthio, lower alkyl, lower alkylamino, lower dialkylamino, lower alkyloxy, lower alkoxyalkyl, lower alkylthio, lower alkylsulfonyl, lower alkenyl, lower alkenylamino, lower dialkenylamino, lower alkenyloxy, lower alkenylthio, lower alkenyl sulfonyl, lower alkynyl, lower alkynylamino, lower dialkynylamino, lower alkynyloxy, lower alkynylthio, lower alkynylsulfonyl, lower cycioalkyl, lower cycioalkyloxy, lower cycioalkylamino, lower cycloalkylthio, lower cycioalkylsulfonyl, lower cycioalkylalkyl, lower cycioalkylalkyloxy, lower cycioalkylalkylamino, lower cycioalkylalkylthio, lower cycioalkylalkylsulfonyl, aryl, aryloxy, arylamino, arylthio, arylsulfonyl, arylalkyl, arylalkyloxy, arylalkylamino, arylalkylthio, arylalkylsulfonyl, heteroaryl, heteroaryloxy, heteroarylamino, heteroarylthio, heteroarylsulfonyl, heteroarylalkyl, heteroarylalkyloxy, heteroarylalkylamino, heteroarylalkylthio, heteroarylalkylsulfonyl, heterocycioalkyl, heterocycioalkyloxy, heterocycioalkylamino, heterocycioalkylthio, heterocycloalkylsulfonyl, lower haloalkyl, lower haloalkenyl, lower haloalkynyl, lower perhaloalkyl, lower perhaloalkoxy, lower haloalkoxy, and lower acyloxy; R.sub.6 is selected from the group consisting of haloalkyl, perhaloalkyl, haloalkoxy, perhaloalkoxy, S(O).sub.mC(R.sub.7R.sub.8).sub.nCF.sub.3, and C(R.sub.7R.sub.8).sub.nCF.sub.3; wherein W, X and Y are independently chosen from the group consisting of S, O, N, NR.sub.9 and CR.sub.10 and at least two of W, X and Y are heteroatoms; wherein R.sub.7, R.sub.8, and R.sub.9 are independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, fluoro, chloro, alkyl, perhaloalkyl, aryl, arylalkyl, heteroaryl and heteroarylalkyl, or together with the atoms to which they are attached, may be joined to form an optionally substituted 4- to 8-membered heterocycioalkyl or an optionally substituted 3- to 8-membered cycioalkyl ring, any of which may be optionally substituted as for R.sub.1 through R.sub.5 and R.sub.10; m is an integer between 0 and 2; and n is an integer between 0 and 5..].

.[.11. The pharmaceutical composition of claim 1, wherein R.sub.1 through R.sub.5 are, independently, hydrogen, CN, F, Cl, Br, hydroxy, alkyl, alkoxy, hydroxyalkyl, acyloxy, aroyloxy, arylalkanoyloxy, arylalkenoyloxy, heteroaroyloxy, heteroarylalkanoyloxy, heteroarylalkenoyloxy, alkoxycarbonyloxy, carbamoyloxy, alkylamino, haloalkyl, perhaloalkyl, perhaloalkoxy, alkylthio, alkylthioalkyl, alkylsulfonyl, cycloalkylsulfonyl, or cycloalkylalkylsulfonyl, any of which may be optionally substituted with halogen, alkoxy, perhalo-C.sub.1-C.sub.3-alkyl, or C.sub.1-C.sub.3 alkyl; R.sub.6 is selected from the group consisting of perhaloalkyl, S(O).sub.mC(R.sub.7R.sub.8).sub.nCF.sub.3, and C(R.sub.7R.sub.8).sub.nCF.sub.3, R.sub.7, R.sub.8, and R.sub.9 are independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, fluoro, chloro, alkyl, and perhaloalkyl, any of which may be optionally substituted; R.sub.10 is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, CN, NO.sub.2, F, Cl, Br, alkyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkylalkyl, alkoxy, alkoxyalkyl, cycloalkoxy, cycloalkylalkoxy, acyl, alkoxycarbonyl, aryloxycarbonyl, arylalkoxycarbonyl, heteroaryloxycarbonyl, heteroarylalkoxycarbonyl, carbamoyl, alkylamino, amido, alkylamido, dialkylamido, perhaloalkyl, alkylthio, alkylthioalkyl, alkylsulfonyl, alkylsulfonylalkyl, cycloalkylsulfonyl, alkylsulfonamido, aryl, arylalkyl, aryloxy, arylalkoxy, arylthio, arylalkylthio, arylamino, arylalkylamino, heteroaryl, heteroarylalkyl, heteroaryloxy, heteroarylalkoxy, heteroarylamino, heteroarylalkylamino, heteroarylthio, heteroarylalkylthio, heteroarylalkylamino, heterocycloalkyl, heterocycloalkenyl, heterocycloalkoxy, and heterocycloalkenyloxy; and n is an integer between 0 and 2..].

.[.12. The pharmaceutical composition of claim 11, wherein: R.sub.1, R.sub.2, and R.sub.3 are, independently, hydroxy, acyloxy, aroyloxy, arylalkanoyloxy, arylalkenoyloxy, heteroaroyloxy, heteroarylalkanoyloxy, heteroarylalkenoyloxy, alkoxycarbonyloxy, or carbamoyloxy, any of which may be optionally substituted; R.sub.6 is selected from the group consisting of perhaloalkyl and C(R.sub.7R.sub.8)CF.sub.3; R.sub.7 and R.sub.8 are independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, fluoro, and chloro; and R.sub.10 is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, CN, NO.sub.2, F, Cl, Br, alkyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkoxy, acyl, alkoxycarbonyl, aryloxycarbonyl, heteroaryloxycarbonyl, carbamoyl, amido, dialkylamido, perhaloalkyl, alkylthio, alkylsulfonyl, alkylsulfonylalkyl, cycloalkylsulfonyl, aryl, arylalkyl, heteroaryl, heteroarylalkyl, heteroarylthio, heteroarylalkylthio, heterocycloalkyl, and heterocycloalkenyl..].

.[.13. The pharmaceutical composition of claim 12 comprising a compound of Formula II or III or V or VI or VII or VIII or IX or X or XI or XII or XIII or XVI or XVII or XVIII or XIX ##STR00401## ##STR00402## ##STR00403## wherein: R.sub.10 is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, CN, NO.sub.2, F, Cl, Br, alkyl, cycloalkyl, acyl, alkoxycarbonyl, aryloxycarbonyl, heteroaryloxycarbonyl, carbamoyl, amido, dialkylamido, perhaloalkyl, alkylsulfonyl, alkylsulfonylalkyl, cycloalkylsulfonyl, aryl, arylalkyl, heteroaryl, heteroarylalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, and heterocycloalkenyl..].

.[.14. The pharmaceutical composition of claim 1, wherein the compound is of Formula IV ##STR00404## wherein: R.sub.10 is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, CN, NO.sub.2, F, Cl, alkyl, aryloxycarbonyl, heteroaryloxycarbonyl, carbamoyl, amido, dialkylamido, perhaloalkyl, alkylsulfonyl, alkylsulfonylalkyl, cycloalkylsulfonyl, aryl, arylalkyl, heteroaryl, heteroarylalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, and heterocycloalkenyl; and with the proviso that when R.sub.4 is Br, R.sub.10 may not be unsubstituted phenyl..].

.[.15. The pharmaceutical composition of claim 1, wherein the salt is selected from the group consisting of acetate, adipate, alginate, aspartate, benzoate, benzenesulfonate, bisulfate, butyrate, citrate, camphorate, camphorsulfonate, cyclopentanepropionate, digluconate, dodecylsulfate, ethanesulfonate, fumarate, glucoheptanoate, glycerophosphate, hemisulfate, heptanoate, hexanoate, hydrochloride, hydrobromide, hydroiodide, 2-hydroxyethanesulfonate, lactate, malate, maleate, methanesulfonate, 2-naphthalenesulfonate, nicotinate, oxalate, thiocyanate, tosylate, undecanoate, lithium, sodium, calcium, potassium, aluminum, ammonium, tetraethylammonium, methylammonium, dimethylammonium, N-methylmorpholinium, and ethanolammonium..].

.[.16. The pharmaceutical composition of claim 1, wherein the pharmaceutical composition is a solid..].

.Iadd.17. A compound of Formula I: ##STR00405## wherein R.sub.1 is hydroxy, acyloxy, aroyloxy, arylalkanoyloxy, arylalkenoyloxy, heteroaroyloxy, heteroarylalkanoyloxy, heteroarylalkenoyloxy, alkoxycarbonyloxy, or carbamoyloxy and R.sub.2 and R.sub.3 and R.sub.4 and R.sub.5 are H; wherein R.sub.6 is CF.sub.3; wherein X is N, W is S, and Y is CR.sub.10; and R.sub.10 is hydrogen or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof..Iaddend.

.Iadd.18. The compound according to claim 17, wherein R.sub.1 is hydroxy or C.sub.1-C.sub.3 acyloxy..Iaddend.

.Iadd.19. The compound according to claim 18, wherein R.sub.1 is hydroxy..Iaddend.

.Iadd.20. The compound according to claim 17, wherein the salt is selected from the group consisting of acetate, adipate, alginate, aspartate, benzoate, benzenesulfonate, bisulfate, butyrate, citrate, camphorate, camphorsulfonate, cyclopentanepropionate, digluconate, dodecylsulfate, ethanesulfonate, fumarate, glucoheptanoate, glycerophosphate, hemisulfate, heptanoate, hexanoate, hydrochloride, hydrobromide, hydroiodide, 2-hydroxyethane-sulfonate, lactate, malate, maleate, methanesulfonate, 2-naphthalenesulfonate, nicotinate, oxalate, thiocyanate, tosylate, undecanoate, lithium, sodium, calcium, potassium, aluminum, ammonium, tetraethylammonium, methylammonium, dimethylammonium, N-methylmorpholinium and ethanolammonium..Iaddend.

.Iadd.21. A pharmaceutical composition comprising the compound or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof according to claim 17..Iaddend.

Description

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

(1) Unless otherwise specified, a or an means one or more.

(2) In one embodiment, this invention provides or contemplates a compound of Formula I, wherein R.sub.1 through R.sub.5 are, independently, hydrogen, cyano, fluoro, chloro, bromo, hydroxy, alkyl, alkoxy, aryloxy, aroyloxy, heteroaroyloxy, heteroarylalkanoyloxy, alkoxycarbonyloxy, carbamoyloxy, alkylamino, haloalkyl, perhaloalkyl, perhaloalkylthio, perhaloalkoxy, alkylthio, alkylthioalkyl, alkylsulfonyl, cycloalkylsulfonyl, or cycloalkylalkylsulfonyl, all optionally substituted as described below.

(3) R.sub.6 is selected from the group consisting of perhaloalkyl, S(O).sub.mC(R.sub.7R.sub.8).sub.nCF.sub.3, and C(R.sub.7R.sub.8).sub.nCF.sub.3;

(4) R.sub.7, R.sub.8, and R.sub.9 are, independently, hydrogen, fluoro, chloro, alkyl, or perhaloalkyl, any of which may be optionally substituted;

(5) R.sub.10 is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, CN, NO.sub.2, F, Cl, Br, alkyl, alkoxy, acyl, alkoxycarbonyl, aryloxycarbonyl, heteroaryloxycarbonyl, heteroarylalkoxycarbonyl, carbamoyl, alkylamino, amido, alkylamido, dialkylamido, perhaloalkyl, alkylthio, alkylthioalkyl, alkylsulfonyl, alkylsulfonylalkyl, cycloalkylsulfonyl, alkylsulfonamido, aryl, arylalkyl, aryloxy, arylalkoxy, arylthio, arylalkylthio, arylamino, arylalkylamino, heteroaryl, heteroarylalkyl, heteroaryloxy, heteroarylalkoxy, heteroarylamino, heteroarylalkylamino, heteroarylthio, heteroarylalkylthio, heteroarylalkylamino, heterocycloalkyl, heterocycloalkenyl, heterocycloalkoxy, and heterocycloalkenyloxy; and

(6) m and n are, independently, integers equal to 0, 1, or 2.

(7) In a more specific embodiment, this invention provides or contemplates a compound of Formula I wherein R.sub.1, R.sub.2, or R.sub.3 are, independently, hydroxy, acyloxy, aroyloxy, arylalkanoyloxy, arylalkenoyloxy, heteroaroyloxy, heteroarylalkanoyloxy, heteroarylalkenoyloxy, alkoxycarbonyloxy, or carbamoyloxy, any of which may be optionally substituted.

(8) In another more specific embodiment, this invention provides or contemplates a compound of Formula I wherein one of R.sub.1, R.sub.2 and R.sub.3 is hydroxy or acetoxy.

(9) In another more specific embodiment, this invention provides or contemplates a compound of Formula I wherein either R.sub.3 or R.sub.4 is halogen.

(10) In a still more specific embodiment, this invention provides or contemplates a compound of Formula I wherein one of R.sub.1, R.sub.2 and R.sub.3 is hydroxy or acetoxy and wherein R.sub.4 is halogen.

(11) In a still more specific embodiment, this invention provides or contemplates a compound of Formula I wherein R.sub.1 is hydroxy or acetoxy and wherein R.sub.2, R.sub.3 or R.sub.4 is halogen.

(12) In another more specific embodiment, this invention pro- vides or contemplates a compound of Formula I wherein R.sub.3 or R.sub.4 is methyl or methoxy.

(13) In another more specific embodiment, this invention provides or contemplates a compound of Fonnula I wherein one of R.sub.1, R.sub.2 and R.sub.3 is hydroxy or acetoxy.

(14) In another embodiment, this invention provides or contemplates a compound of Formula I wherein R.sub.6 is selected from the group consisting of perhaloalkyl and C(R.sub.7R.sub.8).sub.nCF.sub.3, wherein R.sub.7 and R.sub.8 are as defined above.

(15) In another embodiment, this invention provides or contemplates a compound of Formula I wherein R.sub.6 is perfluoroalkyl or perchloroalkyl.

(16) In another embodiment, this invention provides or contemplates a compound of Formula I wherein R.sub.6 is perfluoro or perchloro C.sub.1-C.sub.3 alkyl.

(17) In another embodiment, this invention provides or contemplates a compound of Formula I wherein R.sub.6 is trifluoromethyl.

(18) In another embodiment this invention provides or contemplates pharmaceutical compositions comprising one or more compounds of the present invention together with a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier (e.g., a diluent or excipient). It other embodiments this invention provides or contemplates methods of making and using the compounds and compositions. In more specific embodiments, the invention provides or contemplates pharmaceutical compositions which comprise therapeutically effective amounts of the compound of this invention and methods of using such compositions for treating HCV, HBV, and other viral infections.

(19) In one subgeneric embodiment, this invention provides or contemplates a compound of Formula I in which W is O and either X or Y is N or NR.sub.9.

(20) In another embodiment, this invention provides or contemplates a compound of Formula I in which W is O and both X and Y are N or NR.sub.9.

(21) In another embodiment, this invention provides or contemplates a compound of Formula I in which W is S and either X or Y is N or NR.sub.9.

(22) In another embodiment, this invention provides or contemplates a compound of Formula I in which W is S and both X and Y are N or NR.sub.9.

(23) In another embodiment, this invention provides or contemplates a compound of Formula I in which W is N and either X or Y is O.

(24) In another embodiment, this invention provides or contemplates a compound of Formula I in which W is N and either X or Y is S.

(25) In another embodiment, this invention provides or contemplates a compound of Formula I in which W is N and either X or Y is N or NR.sub.9

(26) In another embodiment, this invention provides or contemplates a compound of Formula I in which two of W, X, and Y are N or NR.sub.9.

(27) In another embodiment, this invention provides or contemplates a compound of Formula I in which W, X, and Y are N or NR.sub.9.

(28) In another embodiment, this invention provides or contemplates a compound of Formula I in which W is CR.sub.10, one of X or Y is O, and the other is N or NR.sub.9.

(29) In another embodiment, this invention provides or contemplates a compound of Formula I in which W is CR.sub.10, one of X or Y is O and the other is N or NR.sub.9.

(30) In one subgeneric embodiment, this invention provides or contemplates a compound of Formula I in which W is O and either X or Y is N or NR.sub.9.

(31) In another embodiment, this invention provides or contemplates a compound of Formula I in which W is O and both X and Y are N or NR.sub.9.

(32) In another embodiment, this invention provides or contemplates a compound of Formula I in which W is S and either X or Y is N or NR.sub.9.

(33) In another embodiment, this invention provides or contemplates a compound of Formula I in which W is S and both X and Y are N or NR.sub.9.

(34) In another embodiment, this invention provides or contemplates a compound of Formula I in which W is N or NR.sub.9 and either X or Y is O.

(35) In another embodiment, this invention provides or contemplates a compound of Formula I in which W is N or NR.sub.9 and either X or Y is S.

(36) In another embodiment, this invention provides or contemplates a compound of Formula I in which W is N; either X or Y is N or NR.sub.9; and R.sub.6 is SO.sub.2CF.sub.3 or SO.sub.2CH.sub.2CF.sub.3.

(37) In another embodiment, this invention provides or contemplates a compound of Formula I in which W is N; either X or Y is N or NR.sub.9; and R.sub.6 is CF.sub.2CH.sub.3, CF.sub.2CF.sub.3 or CH.sub.2CF.sub.3.

(38) In another embodiment, this invention provides or contemplates a compound of Formula I in which W is N, in which either X or Y is N or NR.sub.9, and wherein R.sub.6 is SO.sub.2CF.sub.3 or SO.sub.2CH.sub.2CF.sub.3.

(39) In another embodiment, this invention provides or contemplates a compound of Formula I in which W is N, in which either X or Y is N or NR.sub.9, and wherein R.sub.6 is CF.sub.2CH.sub.3, CF.sub.2CF.sub.3 or CH.sub.2CF.sub.3.

(40) In another embodiment, this invention provides or contemplates a compound of Formula I in which two of W, X, and Y are N or NR.sub.9 and wherein R.sub.6 is CF.sub.2CH.sub.3, CF.sub.2CF.sub.3 or CH.sub.2CF.sub.3.

(41) In another embodiment, this invention provides or contemplates a compound of Formula I in which two of W, X, and Y are N or NR.sub.9 and wherein R.sub.6 is SO.sub.2CF.sub.3 or SO.sub.2CH.sub.2CF.sub.3.

(42) In another embodiment, this invention provides or contemplates a compound of Formula I in which W, x, and Y are N or NR.sub.9 and wherein R.sub.6 is SO.sub.2CF.sub.3 or SO.sub.2CH.sub.2CF.sub.3.

(43) In another embodiment, this invention provides or contemplates a compound of Formula I in which W, X, and Y are N or NR.sub.9 and wherein R.sub.6 is CF.sub.2CH.sub.3, CF.sub.2CF.sub.3 or CH.sub.2CF.sub.3.

(44) In another embodiment, this invention provides or contemplates a compound of Formula I in which one of X or Y is O and the other is N or NR.sub.9 and wherein R.sub.6 is methyl, fluoromethyl, or trifluoromethyl.

(45) In another embodiment, this invention provides or contemplates a compound of Formula I in which one of X or Y is O and the other is N or NR.sub.9 and wherein R.sub.6 is SO.sub.2CF.sub.3 or SO.sub.2CH.sub.2CF.sub.3.

(46) In another embodiment, this invention provides or contemplates a compound of Formula I wherein one of X or Y is O and the other is N or NR.sub.9 and wherein R.sub.6 is methyl, fluoromethyl, or trifluoromethyl.

(47) In another embodiment, this invention provides or contemplates a compound of Formula I wherein one of X or Y is O and the other is N or NR.sub.9 and wherein R.sub.6 is SO.sub.2CF.sub.3 or SO.sub.2CH.sub.2CF.sub.3.

(48) In another embodiment, this invention provides or contemplates a compound of Formula I wherein R.sub.6 is methyl, fluoromethyl, or trifluoromethyl.

(49) In another embodiment, this invention provides or contemplates a compound of Formula I wherein R.sub.6 is SO.sub.2CF.sub.3 or SO.sub.2CH.sub.2CF.sub.3.

(50) In another embodiment, this invention provides or contemplates a compound of Formula I wherein R.sub.6 is CF.sub.2CH.sub.3, CF.sub.2CF.sub.3 or CH.sub.2CF.sub.3.

(51) In another embodiment, this invention provides or contemplates a compound of Formula I in which three of R.sub.1-R.sub.5 are H.

(52) In another embodiment, this invention provides or contemplates a compound of Formula I in which two of R.sub.2-R.sub.5 are H.

(53) In another embodiment, this invention provides or contemplates a compound of Formula I in which three of R.sub.2-R.sub.5 are H.

(54) In another embodiment, this invention provides or contemplates a compound of Formula I in which R.sub.2-R.sub.5 are H.

(55) In another embodiment, this invention provides or contemplates a compound of Formula I in which one of R.sub.1-R.sub.5 is OR.sub.12, where R.sub.12 is H or C.sub.1-C.sub.6 alkanoyl, the latter optionally substituted with 1-3 halogens

(56) In another embodiment, this invention provides or contemplates a compound of Formula I in which R.sub.6 is C.sub.1-C.sub.3 alkyl, optionally substituted with 1-3 halogens.

(57) In another embodiment, this invention provides or contemplates a compound of Formula I wherein R.sub.6 is methyl, fluoromethyl, or trifluoromethyl.

(58) In another embodiment, this invention provides or contemplates a compound of Formula I wherein R.sub.6 is SO.sub.2CF.sub.3 or SO.sub.2CH.sub.2CF.sub.3.

(59) In another embodiment, this invention provides or contemplates a compound of Formula I wherein R.sub.6 is CF.sub.2CH.sub.3, CF.sub.2CF.sub.3 or CH.sub.2CF.sub.3.

(60) In another embodiment, this invention provides or contemplates a compound of Formula I wherein R.sub.1 is hydroxy or alkanoyloxy.

(61) In a more specific embodiment, this invention provides or contemplates a compound of Formula I wherein R.sub.1 is hydroxy or C.sub.1-C.sub.3 alkanoyloxy.

(62) In another embodiment, this invention provides or contemplates a compound of Formula II

(63) ##STR00002##
wherein:

(64) R.sub.1 through R.sub.5 are, independently, hydrogen, CN, F, Cl, Br, hydroxy, alkyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkylalkyl, alkoxy, alkoxyalkyl, cycloalkoxy, cycloalkylalkoxy, hydroxyalkyl, acyloxy, aroyloxy, arylalkanoyloxy, arylalkenoyloxy, heteroaroyloxy, heteroarylalkanoyloxy, heteroarylalkenoyloxy, alkoxycarbonyloxy, carbamoyloxy, alkylamino, haloalkyl, perhaloalkyl, perhaloalkoxy, alkylthio, alkylthioalkyl, alkylsulfonyl, cycloalkylsulfonyl, or cycloalkylalkylsulfonyl, any of which may be optionally substituted; and

(65) R.sub.10 is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, CN, NO.sub.2, F, Cl, Br, alkyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkylalkyl, alkoxy, alkoxyalkyl, cycloalkoxy, cycloalkylalkoxy, acyl, alkoxycarbonyl, aryloxycarbonyl, arylalkoxycarbonyl, heteroaryloxycarbonyl, heteroarylalkoxycarbonyl, carbamoyl, alkylamino, amido, alkylamido, dialkylamido, perhaloalkyl, alkylthio, alkylthioalkyl, alkylsulfonyl, alkylsulfonylalkyl, cycloalkylsulfonyl, alkylsulfonamido, aryl, arylalkyl, aryloxy, arylalkoxy, arylthio, arylalkylthio, arylamino, arylalkylamino, heteroaryl, heteroarylalkyl, heteroaryloxy, heteroarylalkoxy, heteroarylamino, heteroarylalkylamino, heteroarylthio, heteroarylalkylthio, heteroarylalkylamino, heterocycloalkyl, heterocycloalkenyl, heterocycloalkoxy, and heterocycloalkenyloxy.

(66) In additional embodiments, this invention provides or contemplates a compound of Formula II wherein:

(67) R.sub.10 is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, CN, NO.sub.2, F, Cl, Br, alkyl, cycloalkyl, acyl, alkoxycarbonyl, aryloxycarbonyl, heteroaryloxycarbonyl, carbamoyl, amido, dialkylamido, perhaloalkyl, alkylsulfonyl, alkylsulfonylalkyl, cycloalkylsulfonyl, aryl, arylalkyl, heteroaryl, heteroarylalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, and heterocycloalkenyl.

(68) In a still more specific embodiment, this invention provides or contemplates a compound of Formula II wherein

(69) R.sub.1 is chosen from the group consisting of hydroxy, acyloxy, aroyloxy, arylalkanoyloxy, arylalkenoyloxy, heteroaroyloxy, heteroarylalkanoyloxy, heteroarylalkenoyloxy, alkoxycarbonyloxy, and carbamoyloxy, any of which may be optionally substituted; and

(70) R.sub.2 through R.sub.5 are, independently, hydrogen, CN, NO.sub.2, F, Cl, Br, alkyl, cycloalkyl, alkoxy, cycloalkoxy, alkoxycarbonyl, aryloxycarbonyl, heteroaryloxycarbonyl, carbamoyl, amido, perhaloalkyl, alkylthio, alkylthioalkyl, alkylsulfonyl, cycloalkylsulfonyl, aryl, arylalkyl, aryloxy, arylalkoxy, arylthio, arylalkylthio, heteroaryl, heteroarylalkyl, heteroaryloxy, heteroarylthio, heteroarylalkylthio, heterocycloalkyl, or heterocycloalkoxy, any of which may be optionally substituted.

(71) In a more specific embodiment, this invention provides or contemplates a compound of Formula II wherein R.sub.1 is hydroxy or C.sub.1-C.sub.3 alkanoyloxy.

(72) In a still more specific embodiment, this invention provides or contemplates a compound of Formula II wherein R.sub.1 is hydroxy or acetoxy; and

(73) and 3, 4, or all of R.sub.2-R.sub.5 and R.sub.10 are hydrogen.

(74) In a still more specific embodiment, this invention provides or contemplates the following compounds of Formula I: 2-(5-(trifluoromethyl)thiazol-2-ylcarbamoyl)phenyl acetate and 2-hydroxy-N-(5-(trifluoromethyl)thiazol-2-yl)benzamide.

(75) In another subgeneric embodiment, this invention provides or contemplates a compound of Formula III:

(76) ##STR00003##
wherein:

(77) R.sub.1 through R.sub.5 are, independently, hydrogen, CN, F, Cl, Br, hydroxy, alkyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkylalkyl, alkoxy, alkoxyalkyl, cycloalkoxy, cycloalkylalkoxy, hydroxyalkyl, acyloxy, aroyloxy, arylalkanoyloxy, arylalkenoyloxy, heteroaroyloxy, heteroarylalkanoyloxy, heteroarylalkenoyloxy, alkoxycarbonyloxy, carbamoyloxy, alkylamino, haloalkyl, perhaloalkyl, perhaloalkoxy, alkylthio, alkylthioalkyl, alkylsulfonyl, cycloalkylsulfonyl, or cycloalkylalkylsulfonyl, any of which may be optionally substituted; and

(78) R.sub.10 is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, CN, NO.sub.2, F, Cl, Br, alkyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkylalkyl, alkoxy, alkoxyalkyl, cycloalkoxy, cycloalkylalkoxy, acyl, alkoxycarbonyl, aryloxycarbonyl, arylalkoxycarbonyl, heteroaryloxycarbonyl, heteroarylalkoxycarbonyl, carbamoyl, alkylamino, amido, alkylamido, dialkylamido, perhaloalkyl, alkylthio, alkylthioalkyl, alkylsulfonyl, alkylsulfonylalkyl, cycloalkylsulfonyl, alkylsulfonamido, aryl, arylalkyl, aryloxy, arylalkoxy, arylthio, arylalkylthio, arylamino, arylalkylamino, heteroaryl, heteroarylalkyl, heteroaryloxy, heteroarylalkoxy, heteroarylamino, heteroarylalkylamino, heteroarylthio, heteroarylalkylthio, heteroarylalkylamino, heterocycloalkyl, heterocycloalkenyl, heterocycloalkoxy, and heterocycloalkenyloxy.

(79) In a more specific embodiment, this invention provides or contemplates a compound of Formula III wherein:

(80) R.sub.10 is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, CN, NO.sub.2, F, Cl, Br, alkyl, cycloalkyl, acyl, alkoxycarbonyl, aryloxycarbonyl, heteroaryloxycarbonyl, carbamoyl, amido, dialkylamido, perhaloalkyl, alkylsulfonyl, alkylsulfonylalkyl, cycloalkylsulfonyl, aryl, arylalkyl, heteroaryl, heteroarylalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, and heterocycloalkenyl.

(81) In a still more specific embodiment, this invention provides or contemplates a compound of Formula III wherein:

(82) R.sub.1 is chosen from the group consisting of hydroxy, acyloxy, aroyloxy, arylalkanoyloxy, arylalkenoyloxy, heteroaroyloxy, heteroarylalkanoyloxy, heteroarylalkenoyloxy, alkoxycarbonyloxy, and carbamoyloxy, any of which may be optionally substituted; and

(83) R.sub.2 through R.sub.5 are, independently, hydrogen, CN, NO.sub.2, F, Cl, Br, alkyl, cycloalkyl, alkoxy, cycloalkoxy, alkoxycarbonyl, aryloxycarbonyl, heteroaryloxycarbonyl, carbamoyl, amido, perhaloalkyl, alkylthio, alkylthioalkyl, alkylsulfonyl, cycloalkylsulfonyl, aryl, arylalkyl, aryloxy, arylalkoxy, arylthio, arylalkylthio, heteroaryl, heteroarylalkyl, heteroaryloxy, heteroarylthio, heteroarylalkylthio, heterocycloalkyl, or heterocycloalkoxy, any of which may be optionally substituted.

(84) In another more specific embodiment, this invention provides or contemplates a compound of Formula III wherein:

(85) R.sub.1 is chosen from the group consisting of hydroxy, acyloxy, aroyloxy, arylalkanoyloxy, arylalkenoyloxy, heteroaroyloxy, heteroarylalkanoyloxy, heteroarylalkenoyloxy, alkoxycarbonyloxy, and carbamoyloxy, any of which may be optionally substituted; and

(86) R.sub.2 through R.sub.5 are, independently, hydrogen, CN, NO.sub.2, F, Cl, Br, alkyl, cycloalkyl, alkoxy, cycloalkoxy, alkoxycarbonyl, aryloxycarbonyl, heteroaryloxycarbonyl, carbamoyl, amido, perhaloalkyl, alkylthio, alkylthioalkyl, alkylsulfonyl, cycloalkylsulfonyl, aryl, arylalkyl, aryloxy, arylalkoxy, arylthio, arylalkylthio, heteroaryl, heteroarylalkyl, heteroaryloxy, heteroarylthio, heteroarylalkylthio, heterocycloalkyl, or heterocycloalkoxy, any of which may be optionally substituted.

(87) In a more specific embodiment, this invention provides or contemplates a compound of Formula III wherein R.sub.1 is hydroxy or C.sub.1-C.sub.3 alkanoyloxy.

(88) In another embodiment, this invention provides or contemplates a compound of Formula III wherein:

(89) R.sub.1 is chosen from the group consisting of hydroxy and acetoxy; and 3, 4, or all of

(90) R.sub.2-R.sub.5 and R.sub.10 are hydrogen.

(91) In another subgeneric embodiment, this invention provides or contemplates a compound of Formula IV:

(92) ##STR00004##
wherein:

(93) R.sub.1 through R.sub.5 are, independently, hydrogen, CN, F, Cl, Br, hydroxy, alkyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkylalkyl, alkoxy, alkoxyalkyl, cycloalkoxy, cycloalkylalkoxy, hydroxyalkyl, acyloxy, aroyloxy, arylalkanoyloxy, arylalkenoyloxy, heteroaroyloxy, heteroarylalkanoyloxy, heteroarylalkenoyloxy, alkoxycarbonyloxy, carbamoyloxy, alkylamino, haloalkyl, perhaloalkyl, perhaloalkoxy, alkylthio, alkylthioalkyl, alkylsulfonyl, cycloalkylsulfonyl, or cycloalkylalkylsulfonyl, any of which may be optionally substituted; and

(94) R.sub.10 is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, CN, NO.sub.2, F, Cl, Br, alkyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkylalkyl, alkoxy, alkoxyalkyl, cycloalkoxy, cycloalkylalkoxy, acyl, alkoxycarbonyl, aryloxycarbonyl, arylalkoxycarbonyl, heteroaryloxycarbonyl, heteroarylalkoxycarbonyl, carbamoyl, alkylamino, amido, alkylamido, dialkylamido, perhaloalkyl, alkylthio, alkylthioalkyl, alkylsulfonyl, alkylsulfonylalkyl, cycloalkylsulfonyl, alkylsulfonamido, aryl, arylalkyl, aryloxy, arylalkoxy, arylthio, arylalkylthio, arylamino, arylalkylamino, heteroaryl, heteroarylalkyl, heteroaryloxy, heteroarylalkoxy, heteroarylamino, heteroarylalkylamino, heteroarylthio, heteroarylalkylthio, heteroarylalkylamino, heterocycloalkyl, heterocycloalkenyl, heterocycloalkoxy, and heterocycloalkenyloxy.

(95) In a more specific embodiment, this invention provides or contemplates a compound of Formula IV wherein:

(96) R.sub.10 is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, CN, NO.sub.2, F, Cl, alkyl, aryloxycarbonyl, heteroaryloxycarbonyl, carbamoyl, amido, dialkylamido, perhaloalkyl, alkylsulfonyl, alkylsulfonylalkyl, cycloalkylsulfonyl, aryl, arylalkyl, heteroaryl, heteroarylalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, and heterocycloalkenyl; an with the proviso that when R.sub.4 is Br, R.sub.10 may not be unsubstituted phenyl.

(97) In a more specific subgeneric embodiment, this invention provides or contemplates a compound of Formula IV wherein:

(98) R.sub.1 is chosen from the group consisting of hydroxy, acyloxy, aroyloxy, arylalkanoyloxy, arylalkenoyloxy, heteroaroyloxy, heteroarylalkanoyloxy, heteroarylalkenoyloxy, alkoxycarbonyloxy, and carbamoyloxy, any of which may be optionally substituted; and

(99) R.sub.2 through R.sub.5 are, independently, hydrogen, CN, NO.sub.2, F, Cl, Br, alkyl, cycloalkyl, alkoxy, cycloalkoxy, alkoxycarbonyl, aryloxycarbonyl, heteroaryloxycarbonyl, carbamoyl, amido, perhaloalkyl, alkylthio, alkylthioalkyl, alkylsulfonyl, cycloalkylsulfonyl, aryl, arylalkyl, aryloxy, arylalkoxy, arylthio, arylalkylthio, heteroaryl, heteroarylalkyl, heteroaryloxy, heteroarylthio, heteroarylalkylthio, heterocycloalkyl, or heterocycloalkoxy, any of which may be optionally substituted.

(100) In a still more specific embodiment, this invention provides or contemplates a compound of Formula IV wherein R.sub.1 is hydroxy or acetoxy; and 3, 4, or all of R.sub.2-R.sub.5 and R.sub.10 are hydrogen.

(101) Examples of this more specific embodiment include the compounds include 2-(4-(trifluoromethyl)thiazol-2-ylcarbamoyl)phenyl acetate and 2-hydroxy-N-(4-(trifluoromethyl)thiazol-2-yl)benzamide.

(102) In another embodiment, this invention provides or contemplates a compound of Formula V:

(103) ##STR00005##
wherein:

(104) R.sub.1 through R.sub.5 are, independently, hydrogen, CN, F, Cl, Br, hydroxy, alkyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkylalkyl, alkoxy, alkoxyalkyl, cycloalkoxy, cycloalkylalkoxy, hydroxyalkyl, acyloxy, aroyloxy, arylalkanoyloxy, arylalkenoyloxy, heteroaroyloxy, heteroarylalkanoyloxy, heteroarylalkenoyloxy, alkoxycarbonyloxy, carbamoyloxy, alkylamino, haloalkyl, perhaloalkyl, perhaloalkoxy, alkylthio, alkylthioalkyl, alkylsulfonyl, cycloalkylsulfonyl, or cycloalkylalkylsulfonyl, any of which may be optionally substituted; and

(105) R.sub.10 is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, CN, NO.sub.2, F, Cl, Br, alkyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkylalkyl, alkoxy, alkoxyalkyl, cycloalkoxy, cycloalkylalkoxy, acyl, alkoxycarbonyl, aryloxycarbonyl, arylalkoxycarbonyl, heteroaryloxycarbonyl, heteroarylalkoxycarbonyl, carbamoyl, alkylamino, amido, alkylamido, dialkylamido, perhaloalkyl, alkylthio, alkylthioalkyl, alkylsulfonyl, alkylsulfonylalkyl, cycloalkylsulfonyl, alkylsulfonamido, aryl, arylalkyl, aryloxy, arylalkoxy, arylthio, arylalkylthio, arylamino, arylalkylamino, heteroaryl, heteroarylalkyl, heteroaryloxy, heteroarylalkoxy, heteroarylamino, heteroarylalkylamino, heteroarylthio, heteroarylalkylthio, heteroarylalkylamino, heterocycloalkyl, heterocycloalkenyl, heterocycloalkoxy, and heterocycloalkenyloxy.

(106) In a more specific embodiment, this invention provides or contemplates a compound of Formula V wherein:

(107) R.sub.10 is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, CN, NO.sub.2, F, Cl, Br, alkyl, cycloalkyl, acyl, alkoxycarbonyl, aryloxycarbonyl, heteroaryloxycarbonyl, carbamoyl, amido, dialkylamido, perhaloalkyl, alkylsulfonyl, alkylsulfonylalkyl, cycloalkylsulfonyl, aryl, arylalkyl, heteroaryl, heteroarylalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, and heterocycloalkenyl.

(108) In additional embodiments, this invention provides or contemplates a compound of Formula V wherein:

(109) R.sub.1 is chosen from the group consisting of hydroxy, acyloxy, aroyloxy, arylalkanoyloxy, arylalkenoyloxy, heteroaroyloxy, heteroarylalkanoyloxy, heteroarylalkenoyloxy, alkoxycarbonyloxy, and carbamoyloxy, any of which may be optionally substituted; and

(110) R.sub.2 through R.sub.5 are, independently, hydrogen, CN, NO.sub.2, F, Cl, Br, alkyl, cycloalkyl, alkoxy, cycloalkoxy, alkoxycarbonyl, aryloxycarbonyl, heteroaryloxycarbonyl, carbamoyl, amido, perhaloalkyl, alkylthio, alkylthioalkyl, alkylsulfonyl, cycloalkylsulfonyl, aryl, arylalkyl, aryloxy, arylalkoxy, arylthio, arylalkylthio, heteroaryl, heteroarylalkyl, heteroaryloxy, heteroarylthio, heteroarylalkylthio, heterocycloalkyl, or heterocycloalkoxy, any of which may be optionally substituted.

(111) In more specific embodiments, this invention provides or contemplates compounds of Formula V wherein:

(112) R.sub.1 is hydroxy or acetoxy; and

(113) 3, 4, or all of R.sub.2 through R.sub.5 and R.sub.10 are hydrogen.

(114) In another embodiment, this invention provides or contemplates a compound of Formula VI:

(115) ##STR00006##
wherein:

(116) R.sub.1 through R.sub.5 are, independently, hydrogen, CN, F, Cl, Br, hydroxy, alkyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkylalkyl, alkoxy, alkoxyalkyl, cycloalkoxy, cycloalkylalkoxy, hydroxyalkyl, acyloxy, aroyloxy, arylalkanoyloxy, arylalkenoyloxy, heteroaroyloxy, heteroarylalkanoyloxy, heteroarylalkenoyloxy, alkoxycarbonyloxy, carbamoyloxy, alkylamino, haloalkyl, perhaloalkyl, perhaloalkoxy, alkylthio, alkylthioalkyl, alkylsulfonyl, cycloalkylsulfonyl, or cycloalkylalkylsulfonyl, any of which may be optionally substituted; and

(117) R.sub.10 is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, CN, NO.sub.2, F, Cl, Br, alkyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkylalkyl, alkoxy, alkoxyalkyl, cycloalkoxy, cycloalkylalkoxy, acyl, alkoxycarbonyl, aryloxycarbonyl, arylalkoxycarbonyl, heteroaryloxycarbonyl, heteroarylalkoxycarbonyl, carbamoyl, alkylamino, amido, alkylamido, dialkylamido, perhaloalkyl, alkylthio, alkylthioalkyl, alkylsulfonyl, alkylsulfonylalkyl, cycloalkylsulfonyl, alkylsulfonamido, aryl, arylalkyl, aryloxy, arylalkoxy, arylthio, arylalkylthio, arylamino, arylalkylamino, heteroaryl, heteroarylalkyl, heteroaryloxy, heteroarylalkoxy, heteroarylamino, heteroarylalkylamino, heteroarylthio, heteroarylalkylthio, heteroarylalkylamino, heterocycloalkyl, heterocycloalkenyl, heterocycloalkoxy, and heterocycloalkenyloxy.

(118) In a more specific embodiment, this invention provides or contemplates a compound of Formula VI wherein:

(119) R.sub.10 is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, CN, NO.sub.2, F, Cl, Br, alkyl, cycloalkyl, acyl, alkoxycarbonyl, aryloxycarbonyl, heteroaryloxycarbonyl, carbamoyl, amido, dialkylamido, perhaloalkyl, alkylsulfonyl, alkylsulfonylalkyl, cycloalkylsulfonyl, aryl, arylalkyl, heteroaryl, heteroarylalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, and heterocycloalkenyl.

(120) In a still more specific embodiment, this invention provides or contemplates a compound of Formula VI wherein:

(121) R.sub.1 is chosen from the group consisting of hydroxy, aryloxy, aroyloxy, arylalkanoyloxy, arylalkenoyloxy, heteroaroyloxy, heteroarylalkanoyloxy, heteroarylalkenoyloxy, alkoxycarbonyloxy, and carbamoyloxy, any of which may be optionally substituted; and

(122) R.sub.2 through R.sub.5 are, independently, hydrogen, CN, NO.sub.2, F, Cl, Br, alkyl, cycloalkyl, alkoxy, cycloalkoxy, alkoxycarbonyl, aryloxycarbonyl, heteroaryloxycarbonyl, carbamoyl, amido, perhaloalkyl, alkylthio, alkylthioalkyl, alkylsulfonyl, cycloalkylsulfonyl, aryl, arylalkyl, aryloxy, arylalkoxy, arylthio, arylalkylthio, heteroaryl, heteroarylalkyl, heteroaryloxy, heteroarylthio, heteroarylalkylthio, heterocycloalkyl, or heterocycloalkoxy, any of which may be optionally substituted.

(123) In more specific embodiments, this invention provides or contemplates compounds of Formula VI wherein R.sub.1 is hydroxy or acetoxy; and 3, 4, or all of R.sub.2 through R.sub.5 and R.sub.10 are hydrogen.

(124) In a still more specific embodiment, this invention provides or contemplates a compound of Formula VI wherein:

(125) R.sub.1 is hydroxy or acetoxy; and

(126) R.sub.2 through R.sub.5 and R.sub.10 are hydrogen.

(127) In additional embodiments, this invention provides or contemplates a compound of Formula VII:

(128) ##STR00007##
wherein:

(129) R.sub.1 through R.sub.5 are, independently, hydrogen, CN, F, Cl, Br, hydroxy, alkyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkylalkyl, alkoxy, alkoxyalkyl, cycloalkoxy, cycloalkylalkoxy, hydroxyalkyl, acyloxy, aroyloxy, arylalkanoyloxy, arylalkenoyloxy, heteroaroyloxy, heteroarylalkanoyloxy, heteroarylalkenoyloxy, alkoxycarbonyloxy, carbamoyloxy, alkylamino, haloalkyl, perhaloalkyl, perhaloalkoxy, alkylthio, alkylthioalkyl, alkylsulfonyl, cycloalkylsulfonyl, or cycloalkylalkylsulfonyl, any of which may be optionally substituted; and

(130) R.sub.10 is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, CN, NO.sub.2, F, Cl, Br, alkyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkylalkyl, alkoxy, alkoxyalkyl, cycloalkoxy, cycloalkylalkoxy, acyl, alkoxycarbonyl, aryloxycarbonyl, arylalkoxycarbonyl, heteroaryloxycarbonyl, heteroarylalkoxycarbonyl, carbamoyl, alkylamino, amido, alkylamido, dialkylamido, perhaloalkyl, alkylthio, alkylthioalkyl, alkylsulfonyl, alkylsulfonylalkyl, cycloalkylsulfonyl, alkylsulfonamido, aryl, arylalkyl, aryloxy, arylalkoxy, arylthio, arylalkylthio, arylamino, arylalkylamino, heteroaryl, heteroarylalkyl, heteroaryloxy, heteroarylalkoxy, heteroarylamino, heteroarylalkylamino, heteroarylthio, heteroarylalkylthio, heteroarylalkylamino, heterocycloalkyl, heterocycloalkenyl, heterocycloalkoxy, and heterocycloalkenyloxy.

(131) In more specific subgeneric embodiments, the invention provides or contemplates a compound of Formula VII wherein:

(132) R.sub.10 is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, CN, NO.sub.2, F, Cl, Br, alkyl, cycloalkyl, acyl, alkoxycarbonyl, aryloxycarbonyl, heteroaryloxycarbonyl, carbamoyl, amido, dialkylamido, perhaloalkyl, alkylsulfonyl, alkylsulfonylalkyl, cycloalkylsulfonyl, aryl, arylalkyl, heteroaryl, heteroarylalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, and heterocycloalkenyl.

(133) In more specific embodiments, this invention provides or contemplates a compound of Formula VII wherein:

(134) R.sub.1 is chosen from the group consisting of hydroxy, acyloxy, aroyloxy, arylalkanoyloxy, arylalkenoyloxy, heteroaroyloxy, heteroarylalkanoyloxy, heteroarylalkenoyloxy, alkoxycarbonyloxy, and carbamoyloxy, any of which may be optionally substituted; and

(135) R.sub.2 through R.sub.5 are, independently, hydrogen, CN, NO.sub.2, F, Cl, Br, alkyl, cycloalkyl, alkoxy, cycloalkoxy, alkoxycarbonyl, aryloxycarbonyl, heteroaryloxycarbonyl, carbamoyl, amido, perhaloalkyl, alkylthio, alkylthioalkyl, alkylsulfonyl, cycloalkylsulfonyl, aryl, arylalkyl, aryloxy, arylalkoxy, arylthio, arylalkylthio, heteroaryl, heteroarylalkyl, heteroaryloxy, heteroarylthio, heteroarylalkylthio, heterocycloalkyl, or heterocycloalkoxy, any of which may be optionally substituted.

(136) In more specific embodiments, this invention provides or contemplates compounds of Formula VII wherein R.sub.1 is hydroxy or acetoxy; and 3, 4, or all of R.sub.2 through R.sub.5 and R.sub.10 are hydrogen.

(137) In a still more specific embodiment, this invention provides or contemplates a compound of Formula VII wherein:

(138) R.sub.1 is hydroxy or acetoxy; and

(139) R.sub.2 through R.sub.5 and R.sub.10 are hydrogen.

(140) In another embodiment, this invention provides or contemplates a compound of Formula VIII:

(141) ##STR00008##
wherein:

(142) R.sub.1 through R.sub.5 are, independently, hydrogen, CN, F, Cl, Br, hydroxy, alkyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkylalkyl, alkoxy, alkoxyalkyl, cycloalkoxy, cycloalkylalkoxy, hydroxyalkyl, acyloxy, aroyloxy, arylalkanoyloxy, arylalkenoyloxy, heteroaroyloxy, heteroarylalkanoyloxy, heteroarylalkenoyloxy, alkoxycarbonyloxy, carbamoyloxy, alkylamino, haloalkyl, perhaloalkyl, perhaloalkoxy, alkylthio, alkylthioalkyl, alkylsulfonyl, cycloalkylsulfonyl, or cycloalkylalkylsulfonyl, any of which may be optionally substituted; and

(143) R.sub.10 is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, CN, NO.sub.2, F, Cl, Br, alkyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkylalkyl, alkoxy, alkoxyalkyl, cycloalkoxy, cycloalkylalkoxy, acyl, alkoxycarbonyl, aryloxycarbonyl, arylalkoxycarbonyl, heteroaryloxycarbonyl, heteroarylalkoxycarbonyl, carbamoyl, alkylamino, amido, alkylamido, dialkylamido, perhaloalkyl, alkylthio, alkylthioalkyl, alkylsulfonyl, alkylsulfonylalkyl, cycloalkylsulfonyl, alkylsulfonamido, aryl, arylalkyl, aryloxy, arylalkoxy, arylthio, arylalkylthio, arylamino, arylalkylamino, heteroaryl, heteroarylalkyl, heteroaryloxy, heteroarylalkoxy, heteroarylamino, heteroarylalkylamino, heteroarylthio, heteroarylalkylthio, heteroarylalkylamino, heterocycloalkyl, heterocycloalkenyl, heterocycloalkoxy, and heterocycloalkenyloxy;

(144) In some embodiments, the compounds of the present invention have structural Formula VIII wherein:

(145) R.sub.10 is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, CN, NO.sub.2, F, Cl, Br, alkyl, cycloalkyl, acyl, alkoxycarbonyl, aryloxycarbonyl, heteroaryloxycarbonyl, carbamoyl, amido, dialkylamido, perhaloalkyl, alkylsulfonyl, alkylsulfonylalkyl, cycloalkylsulfonyl, aryl, arylalkyl, heteroaryl, heteroarylalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, and heterocycloalkenyl.

(146) In other embodiments, the compounds of the present invention have structural Formula VIII wherein:

(147) R.sub.1 is chosen from the group consisting of hydroxy, aryloxy, aroyloxy, arylalkanoyloxy, arylalkenoyloxy, heteroaroyloxy, heteroarylalkanoyloxy, heteroarylalkenoyloxy, alkoxycarbonyloxy, and carbamoyloxy, any of which may be optionally substituted; and

(148) R.sub.2 through R.sub.5 are, independently, hydrogen, CN, NO.sub.2, F, Cl, Br, alkyl, cycloalkyl, alkoxy, cycloalkoxy, alkoxycarbonyl, aryloxycarbonyl, heteroaryloxycarbonyl, carbamoyl, amido, perhaloalkyl, alkylthio, alkylthioalkyl, alkylsulfonyl, cycloalkylsulfonyl, aryl, arylalkyl, aryloxy, arylalkoxy, arylthio, arylalkylthio, heteroaryl, heteroarylalkyl, heteroaryloxy, heteroarylthio, heteroarylalkylthio, heterocycloalkyl, or heterocycloalkoxy, any of which may be optionally substituted.

(149) In more specific embodiments, this invention provides or contemplates compounds of Formula VIII wherein R.sub.1 is hydroxy or acetoxy; and 3, 4, or all of R.sub.2 through R.sub.5 and R.sub.10 are hydrogen.

(150) In a still more specific embodiment, this invention provides or contemplates a compound of Formula VIII wherein: R.sub.1 is hydroxy or acetoxy; and R.sub.2 through R.sub.5 and R.sub.10 are hydrogen.

(151) In certain embodiments, the compounds of the present invention have structural Formula IX:

(152) ##STR00009##
wherein:

(153) R.sub.1 through R.sub.5 are, independently, hydrogen, CN, F, Cl, Br, hydroxy, alkyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkylalkyl, alkoxy, alkoxyalkyl, cycloalkoxy, cycloalkylalkoxy, hydroxyalkyl, acyloxy, aroyloxy, arylalkanoyloxy, arylalkenoyloxy, heteroaroyloxy, heteroarylalkanoyloxy, heteroarylalkenoyloxy, alkoxycarbonyloxy, carbamoyloxy, alkylamino, haloalkyl, perhaloalkyl, perhaloalkoxy, alkylthio, alkylthioalkyl, alkylsulfonyl, cycloalkylsulfonyl, or cycloalkylalkylsulfonyl, any of which may be optionally substituted; and

(154) R.sub.10 is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, CN, NO.sub.2, F, Cl, Br, alkyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkylalkyl, alkoxy, alkoxyalkyl, cycloalkoxy, cycloalkylalkoxy, acyl, alkoxycarbonyl, aryloxycarbonyl, arylalkoxycarbonyl, heteroaryloxycarbonyl, heteroarylalkoxycarbonyl, carbamoyl, alkylamino, amido, alkylamido, dialkylamido, perhaloalkyl, alkylthio, alkylthioalkyl, alkylsulfonyl, alkylsulfonylalkyl, cycloalkylsulfonyl, alkylsulfonamido, aryl, arylalkyl, aryloxy, arylalkoxy, arylthio, arylalkylthio, arylamino, arylalkylamino, heteroaryl, heteroarylalkyl, heteroaryloxy, heteroarylalkoxy, heteroarylamino, heteroarylalkylamino, heteroarylthio, heteroarylalkylthio, heteroarylalkylamino, heterocycloalkyl, heterocycloalkenyl, heterocycloalkoxy, and heterocycloalkenyloxy;

(155) In some embodiments, the compounds of the present invention have structural Formula IX wherein:

(156) R.sub.10 is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, CN, NO.sub.2, F, Cl, Br, alkyl, cycloalkyl, acyl, alkoxycarbonyl, aryloxycarbonyl, heteroaryloxycarbonyl, carbamoyl, amido, dialkylamido, perhaloalkyl, alkylsulfonyl, alkylsulfonylalkyl, cycloalkylsulfonyl, aryl, arylalkyl, heteroaryl, heteroarylalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, and heterocycloalkenyl.

(157) In other embodiments, the compounds of the present invention have structural Formula IX wherein:

(158) R.sub.1 is chosen from the group consisting of hydroxy, acyloxy, aroyloxy, arylalkanoyloxy, arylalkenoyloxy, heteroaroyloxy, heteroarylalkanoyloxy, heteroarylalkenoyloxy, alkoxycarbonyloxy, and carbamoyloxy, any of which may be optionally substituted; and

(159) R.sub.2 through R.sub.5 are, independently, hydrogen, CN, NO.sub.2, F, Cl, Br, alkyl, cycloalkyl, alkoxy, cycloalkoxy, alkoxycarbonyl, aryloxycarbonyl, heteroaryloxycarbonyl, carbamoyl, amido, perhaloalkyl, alkylthio, alkylthioalkyl, alkylsulfonyl, cycloalkylsulfonyl, aryl, arylalkyl, aryloxy, arylalkoxy, arylthio, arylalkylthio, heteroaryl, heteroarylalkyl, heteroaryloxy, heteroarylthio, heteroarylalkylthio, heterocycloalkyl, or heterocycloalkoxy, any of which may be optionally substituted.

(160) In certain embodiments, the compounds of the present invention have structural Formula IX wherein:

(161) R.sub.1 is chosen from the group consisting of hydroxy and acetoxy; and R.sub.2 through R.sub.5 and R.sub.10 are hydrogen.

(162) In certain embodiments, the compounds of the present invention have structural Formula X:

(163) ##STR00010##
wherein:

(164) R.sub.1 through R.sub.5 are, independently, hydrogen, CN, F, Cl, Br, hydroxy, alkyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkylalkyl, alkoxy, alkoxyalkyl, cycloalkoxy, cycloalkylalkoxy, hydroxyalkyl, acyloxy, aroyloxy, arylalkanoyloxy, arylalkenoyloxy, heteroaroyloxy, heteroarylalkanoyloxy, heteroarylalkenoyloxy, alkoxycarbonyloxy, carbamoyloxy, alkylamino, haloalkyl, perhaloalkyl, perhaloalkoxy, alkylthio, alkylthioalkyl, alkylsulfonyl, cycloalkylsulfonyl, or cycloalkylalkylsulfonyl, any of which may be optionally substituted;

(165) R.sub.9 is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, fluoro, chloro, alkyl, and perhaloalkyl, any of which may be optionally substituted; and

(166) R.sub.10 is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, CN, NO.sub.2, F, Cl, Br, alkyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkylalkyl, alkoxy, alkoxyalkyl, cycloalkoxy, cycloalkylalkoxy, acyl, alkoxycarbonyl, aryloxycarbonyl, arylalkoxycarbonyl, heteroaryloxycarbonyl, heteroarylalkoxycarbonyl, carbamoyl, alkylamino, amido, alkylamido, dialkylamido, perhaloalkyl, alkylthio, alkylthioalkyl, alkylsulfonyl, alkylsulfonylalkyl, cycloalkylsulfonyl, alkylsulfonamido, aryl, arylalkyl, aryloxy, arylalkoxy, arylthio, arylalkylthio, arylamino, arylalkylamino, heteroaryl, heteroarylalkyl, heteroaryloxy, heteroarylalkoxy, heteroarylamino, heteroarylalkylamino, heteroarylthio, heteroarylalkylthio, heteroarylalkylamino, heterocycloalkyl, heterocycloalkenyl, heterocycloalkoxy, and heterocycloalkenyloxy.

(167) In some embodiments, the compounds of the present invention have structural Formula X wherein:

(168) R.sub.10 is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, CN, NO.sub.2, F, Cl, Br, alkyl, cycloalkyl, acyl, alkoxycarbonyl, aryloxycarbonyl, heteroaryloxycarbonyl, carbamoyl, amido, dialkylamido, perhaloalkyl, alkylsulfonyl, alkylsulfonylalkyl, cycloalkylsulfonyl, aryl, arylalkyl, heteroaryl, heteroarylalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, and heterocycloalkenyl.

(169) In other embodiments, the compounds of the present invention have structural Formula X wherein:

(170) R.sub.1 is chosen from the group consisting of hydroxy, acyloxy, aroyloxy, arylalkanoyloxy, arylalkenoyloxy, heteroaroyloxy, heteroarylalkanoyloxy, heteroarylalkenoyloxy, alkoxycarbonyloxy, and carbamoyloxy, any of which may be optionally substituted;

(171) R.sub.2 through R.sub.5 are, independently, hydrogen, CN, NO.sub.2, F, Cl, Br, alkyl, cycloalkyl, alkoxy, cycloalkoxy, alkoxycarbonyl, aryloxycarbonyl, heteroaryloxycarbonyl, carbamoyl, amido, perhaloalkyl, alkylthio, alkylthioalkyl, alkylsulfonyl, cycloalkylsulfonyl, aryl, arylalkyl, aryloxy, arylalkoxy, arylthio, arylalkylthio, heteroaryl, heteroarylalkyl, heteroaryloxy, heteroarylthio, heteroarylalkylthio, heterocycloalkyl, or heterocycloalkoxy, any of which may be optionally substituted; and

(172) R.sub.9 is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, alkyl, and perhaloalkyl, any of which may be optionally substituted.

(173) In other embodiments, the compounds of the present invention have structural Formula X wherein:

(174) R.sub.1 is chosen from the group consisting of hydroxy and acetoxy;

(175) R.sub.2 through R.sub.5 and R.sub.10 are hydrogen; and

(176) R.sub.9 is alkyl, which may be optionally substituted.

(177) In certain embodiments, the compounds of the present invention have structural Formula XI:

(178) ##STR00011##
wherein:

(179) R.sub.1 through R.sub.5 are, independently, hydrogen, CN, F, Cl, Br, hydroxy, alkyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkylalkyl, alkoxy, alkoxyalkyl, cycloalkoxy, cycloalkylalkoxy, hydroxyalkyl, acyloxy, aroyloxy, arylalkanoyloxy, arylalkenoyloxy, heteroaroyloxy, heteroarylalkanoyloxy, heteroarylalkenoyloxy, alkoxycarbonyloxy, carbamoyloxy, alkylamino, haloalkyl, perhaloalkyl, perhaloalkoxy, alkylthio, alkylthioalkyl, alkylsulfonyl, cycloalkylsulfonyl, or cycloalkylalkylsulfonyl, any of which may be optionally substituted;

(180) R.sub.9 is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, fluoro, chloro, alkyl, and perhaloalkyl, any of which may be optionally substituted; and

(181) R.sub.10 is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, CN, NO.sub.2, F, Cl, Br, alkyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkylalkyl, alkoxy, alkoxyalkyl, cycloalkoxy, cycloalkylalkoxy, acyl, alkoxycarbonyl, aryloxycarbonyl, arylalkoxycarbonyl, heteroaryloxycarbonyl, heteroarylalkoxycarbonyl, carbamoyl, alkylamino, amido, alkylamido, dialkylamido, perhaloalkyl, alkylthio, alkylthioalkyl, alkylsulfonyl, alkylsulfonylalkyl, cycloalkylsulfonyl, alkylsulfonamido, aryl, arylalkyl, aryloxy, arylalkoxy, arylthio, arylalkylthio, arylamino, arylalkylamino, heteroaryl, heteroarylalkyl, heteroaryloxy, heteroarylalkoxy, heteroarylamino, heteroarylalkylamino, heteroarylthio, heteroarylalkylthio, heteroarylalkylamino, heterocycloalkyl, heterocycloalkenyl, heterocycloalkoxy, and heterocycloalkenyloxy.

(182) In some embodiments, the compounds of the present invention have structural Formula XI wherein:

(183) R.sub.10 is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, CN, NO.sub.2, F, Cl, Br, alkyl, cycloalkyl, acyl, alkoxycarbonyl, aryloxycarbonyl, heteroaryloxycarbonyl, carbamoyl, amido, dialkylamido, perhaloalkyl, alkylsulfonyl, alkylsulfonylalkyl, cycloalkylsulfonyl, aryl, arylalkyl, heteroaryl, heteroarylalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, and heterocycloalkenyl.

(184) In further embodiments, the compounds of the present invention have structural Formula XI wherein:

(185) R.sub.1 is chosen from the group consisting of hydroxy, aryloxy, aroyloxy, arylalkanoyloxy, arylalkenoyloxy, heteroaroyloxy, heteroarylalkanoyloxy, heteroarylalkenoyloxy, alkoxycarbonyloxy, and carbamoyloxy, any of which may be optionally substituted;

(186) R.sub.2 through R.sub.5 are, independently, hydrogen, CN, NO.sub.2, F, Cl, Br, alkyl, cycloalkyl, alkoxy, cycloalkoxy, alkoxycarbonyl, aryloxycarbonyl, heteroaryloxycarbonyl, carbamoyl, amido, perhaloalkyl, alkylthio, alkylthioalkyl, alkylsulfonyl, cycloalkylsulfonyl, aryl, arylalkyl, aryloxy, arylalkoxy, arylthio, arylalkylthio, heteroaryl, heteroarylalkyl, heteroaryloxy, heteroarylthio, heteroarylalkylthio, heterocycloalkyl, or heterocycloalkoxy, any of which may be optionally substituted; and

(187) R.sub.9 is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, alkyl, and perhaloalkyl, any of which may be optionally substituted.

(188) In certain embodiments, the compounds of the present invention have structural Formula XI wherein R.sub.1 is chosen from the group consisting of hydroxy and acetoxy;

(189) R.sub.2 through R.sub.5 and R.sub.10 are hydrogen; and

(190) R.sub.9 is alkyl, which may be optionally substituted.

(191) In certain embodiments, the compounds of the present invention have structural Formula XII:

(192) ##STR00012##
wherein:

(193) R.sub.1 through R.sub.5 are, independently, hydrogen, CN, F, Cl, Br, hydroxy, alkyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkylalkyl, alkoxy, alkoxyalkyl, cycloalkoxy, cycloalkylalkoxy, hydroxyalkyl, acyloxy, aroyloxy, arylalkanoyloxy, arylalkenoyloxy, heteroaroyloxy, heteroarylalkanoyloxy, heteroarylalkenoyloxy, alkoxycarbonyloxy, carbamoyloxy, alkylamino, haloalkyl, perhaloalkyl, perhaloalkoxy, alkylthio, alkylthioalkyl, alkylsulfonyl, cycloalkylsulfonyl, or cycloalkylalkylsulfonyl, any of which may be optionally substituted;

(194) R.sub.9 is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, fluoro, chloro, alkyl, and perhaloalkyl, any of which may be optionally substituted; and

(195) R.sub.10 is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, CN, NO.sub.2, F, Cl, Br, alkyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkylalkyl, alkoxy, alkoxyalkyl, cycloalkoxy, cycloalkylalkoxy, acyl, alkoxycarbonyl, aryloxycarbonyl, arylalkoxycarbonyl, heteroaryloxycarbonyl, heteroarylalkoxycarbonyl, carbamoyl, alkylamino, amido, alkylamido, dialkylamido, perhaloalkyl, alkylthio, alkylthioalkyl, alkylsulfonyl, alkylsulfonylalkyl, cycloalkylsulfonyl, alkylsulfonamido, aryl, arylalkyl, aryloxy, arylalkoxy, arylthio, arylalkylthio, arylamino, arylalkylamino, heteroaryl, heteroarylalkyl, heteroaryloxy, heteroarylalkoxy, heteroarylamino, heteroarylalkylamino, heteroarylthio, heteroarylalkylthio, heteroarylalkylamino, heterocycloalkyl, heterocycloalkenyl, heterocycloalkoxy, and heterocycloalkenyloxy.

(196) In some embodiments, the compounds of the present invention have structural Formula XII wherein:

(197) R.sub.10 is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, CN, NO.sub.2, F, Cl, Br, alkyl, cycloalkyl, acyl, alkoxycarbonyl, aryloxycarbonyl, heteroaryloxycarbonyl, carbamoyl, amido, dialkylamido, perhaloalkyl, alkylsulfonyl, alkylsulfonylalkyl, cycloalkylsulfonyl, aryl, arylalkyl, heteroaryl, heteroarylalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, and heterocycloalkenyl.

(198) In other embodiments, the compounds of the present invention have structural Formula XII wherein:

(199) R.sub.1 is chosen from the group consisting of hydroxy, acyloxy, aroyloxy, arylalkanoyloxy, arylalkenoyloxy, heteroaroyloxy, heteroarylalkanoyloxy, heteroarylalkenoyloxy, alkoxycarbonyloxy, and carbamoyloxy, any of which may be optionally substituted;

(200) R.sub.2 through R.sub.5 are, independently, hydrogen, CN, NO.sub.2, F, Cl, Br, alkyl, cycloalkyl, alkoxy, cycloalkoxy, alkoxycarbonyl, aryloxycarbonyl, heteroaryloxycarbonyl, carbamoyl, amido, perhaloalkyl, alkylthio, alkylthioalkyl, alkylsulfonyl, cycloalkylsulfonyl, aryl, arylalkyl, aryloxy, arylalkoxy, arylthio, arylalkylthio, heteroaryl, heteroarylalkyl, heteroaryloxy, heteroarylthio, heteroarylalkylthio, heterocycloalkyl, or heterocycloalkoxy, any of which may be optionally substituted; and

(201) R.sub.9 is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, alkyl, and perhaloalkyl, any of which may be optionally substituted.

(202) In certain embodiments, the compounds of the present invention have structural Formula XII wherein:

(203) R.sub.1 is chosen from the group consisting of hydroxy and acetoxy;

(204) R.sub.2 through R.sub.5 and R.sub.10 are hydrogen; and

(205) R.sub.9 is alkyl, which may be optionally substituted.

(206) In certain embodiments, the compounds of the present invention have structural Formula XIII:

(207) ##STR00013##
wherein:

(208) R.sub.1 through R.sub.5 are, independently, hydrogen, CN, F, Cl, Br, hydroxy, alkyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkylalkyl, alkoxy, alkoxyalkyl, cycloalkoxy, cycloalkylalkoxy, hydroxyalkyl, acyloxy, aroyloxy, arylalkanoyloxy, arylalkenoyloxy, heteroaroyloxy, heteroarylalkanoyloxy, heteroarylalkenoyloxy, alkoxycarbonyloxy, carbamoyloxy, alkylamino, haloalkyl, perhaloalkyl, perhaloalkoxy, alkylthio, alkylthioalkyl, alkylsulfonyl, cycloalkylsulfonyl, or cycloalkylalkylsulfonyl, any of which may be optionally substituted;

(209) R.sub.9 is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, fluoro, chloro, alkyl, and perhaloalkyl, any of which may be optionally substituted; and

(210) R.sub.10 is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, CN, NO.sub.2, F, Cl, Br, alkyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkylalkyl, alkoxy, alkoxyalkyl, cycloalkoxy, cycloalkylalkoxy, acyl, alkoxycarbonyl, aryloxycarbonyl, arylalkoxycarbonyl, heteroaryloxycarbonyl, heteroarylalkoxycarbonyl, carbamoyl, alkylamino, amido, alkylamido, dialkylamido, perhaloalkyl, alkylthio, alkylthioalkyl, alkylsulfonyl, alkylsulfonylalkyl, cycloalkylsulfonyl, alkylsulfonamido, aryl, arylalkyl, aryloxy, arylalkoxy, arylthio, arylalkylthio, arylamino, arylalkylamino, heteroaryl, heteroarylalkyl, heteroaryloxy, heteroarylalkoxy, heteroarylamino, heteroarylalkylamino, heteroarylthio, heteroarylalkylthio, heteroarylalkylamino, heterocycloalkyl, heterocycloalkenyl, heterocycloalkoxy, and heterocycloalkenyloxy;

(211) In some embodiments, the compounds of the present invention have structural Formula XIII wherein:

(212) R.sub.10 is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, CN, NO.sub.2, F, Cl, Br, alkyl, cycloalkyl, acyl, alkoxycarbonyl, aryloxycarbonyl, heteroaryloxycarbonyl, carbamoyl, amido, dialkylamido, perhaloalkyl, alkylsulfonyl, alkylsulfonylalkyl, cycloalkylsulfonyl, aryl, arylalkyl, heteroaryl, heteroarylalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, and heterocycloalkenyl.

(213) In some embodiments, the compounds of the present invention have structural Formula XIII wherein:

(214) R.sub.1 is chosen from the group consisting of hydroxy, aryloxy, aroyloxy, arylalkanoyloxy, arylalkenoyloxy, heteroaroyloxy, heteroarylalkanoyloxy, heteroarylalkenoyloxy, alkoxycarbonyloxy, and carbamoyloxy, any of which may be optionally substituted;

(215) R.sub.2 through R.sub.5 are, independently, hydrogen, CN, NO.sub.2, F, Cl, Br, alkyl, cycloalkyl, alkoxy, cycloalkoxy, alkoxycarbonyl, aryloxycarbonyl, heteroaryloxycarbonyl, carbamoyl, amido, perhaloalkyl, alkylthio, alkylthioalkyl, alkylsulfonyl, cycloalkylsulfonyl, aryl, arylalkyl, aryloxy, arylalkoxy, arylthio, arylalkylthio, heteroaryl, heteroarylalkyl, heteroaryloxy, heteroarylthio, heteroarylalkylthio, heterocycloalkyl, or heterocycloalkoxy, any of which may be optionally substituted; and

(216) R.sub.9 is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, alkyl, and perhaloalkyl, any of which may be optionally substituted.

(217) In certain embodiments, the compounds of the present invention have structural Formula XIII wherein:

(218) R.sub.1 is chosen from the group consisting of hydroxy and acetoxy;

(219) R.sub.2 through R.sub.5 and R.sub.10 are hydrogen; and

(220) R.sub.9 is alkyl, which may be optionally substituted.

(221) In certain embodiments, the compounds of the present invention have structural Formula XIV:

(222) ##STR00014##
wherein:

(223) R.sub.1 through R.sub.5 or, hydrogen, CN, F, Cl, Br, hydroxy, alkyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkylalkyl, alkoxy, alkoxyalkyl, cycloalkoxy, cycloalkylalkoxy, hydroxyalkyl, acyloxy, aroyloxy, arylalkanoyloxy, arylalkenoyloxy, heteroaroyloxy, heteroarylalkanoyloxy, heteroarylalkenoyloxy, alkoxycarbonyloxy, carbamoyloxy, alkylamino, haloalkyl, perhaloalkyl, perhaloalkoxy, alkylthio, alkylthioalkyl, alkylsulfonyl, cycloalkylsulfonyl, and cycloalkylalkylsulfonyl, any of which may be optionally substituted; and

(224) R.sub.10 is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, CN, NO.sub.2, F, Cl, Br, alkyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkylalkyl, alkoxy, alkoxyalkyl, cycloalkoxy, cycloalkylalkoxy, acyl, alkoxycarbonyl, aryloxycarbonyl, arylalkoxycarbonyl, heteroaryloxycarbonyl, heteroarylalkoxycarbonyl, carbamoyl, alkylamino, amido, alkylamido, dialkylamido, perhaloalkyl, alkylthio, alkylthioalkyl, alkylsulfonyl, alkylsulfonylalkyl, cycloalkylsulfonyl, alkylsulfonamido, aryl, arylalkyl, aryloxy, arylalkoxy, arylthio, arylalkylthio, arylamino, arylalkylamino, heteroaryl, heteroarylalkyl, heteroaryloxy, heteroarylalkoxy, heteroarylamino, heteroarylalkylamino, heteroarylthio, heteroarylalkylthio, heteroarylalkylamino, heterocycloalkyl, heterocycloalkenyl, heterocycloalkoxy, and heterocycloalkenyloxy.

(225) In some embodiments, the compounds of the present invention have structural Formula XIV wherein:

(226) R.sub.1 and R.sub.2 are, independently, hydroxy, acyloxy, aroyloxy, arylalkanoyloxy, arylalkenoyloxy, heteroaroyloxy, heteroarylalkanoyloxy, heteroarylalkenoyloxy, alkoxycarbonyloxy, or carbamoyloxy, any of which may be optionally substituted;

(227) R.sub.3 is selected from the group consisting of acyloxy, aroyloxy, arylalkanoyloxy, arylalkenoyloxy, heteroaroyloxy, heteroarylalkanoyloxy, heteroarylalkenoyloxy, alkoxycarbonyloxy, and carbamoyloxy, any of which may be optionally substituted; and

(228) R.sub.10 is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, CN, NO.sub.2, F, Cl, Br, alkyl, cycloalkyl, acyl, alkoxycarbonyl, aryloxycarbonyl, heteroaryloxycarbonyl, carbamoyl, amido, dialkylamido, perhaloalkyl, alkylsulfonyl, alkylsulfonylalkyl, cycloalkylsulfonyl, aryl, arylalkyl, heteroaryl, heteroarylalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, and heterocycloalkenyl.

(229) In other embodiments, the compounds of the present invention have structural Formula XIV wherein:

(230) R.sub.1 is chosen from the group consisting of hydroxy, acyloxy, aroyloxy, arylalkanoyloxy, arylalkenoyloxy, heteroaroyloxy, heteroarylalkanoyloxy, heteroarylalkenoyloxy, alkoxycarbonyloxy, and carbamoyloxy, any of which may be optionally substituted; and

(231) R.sub.2 through R.sub.5 are, independently, hydrogen, CN, NO.sub.2, F, Cl, Br, alkyl, cycloalkyl, alkoxy, cycloalkoxy, alkoxycarbonyl, aryloxycarbonyl, heteroaryloxycarbonyl, carbamoyl, amido, perhaloalkyl, alkylthio, alkylthioalkyl, alkylsulfonyl, cycloalkylsulfonyl, aryl, arylalkyl, aryloxy, arylalkoxy, arylthio, arylalkylthio, heteroaryl, heteroarylalkyl, heteroaryloxy, heteroarylthio, heteroarylalkylthio, heterocycloalkyl, or heterocycloalkoxy, any of which may be optionally substituted.

(232) In certain embodiments, the compounds of the present invention have structural Formula XIV wherein:

(233) R.sub.1 is chosen from the group consisting of hydroxy and acetoxy: and

(234) R.sub.2 through R.sub.5 and R.sub.10 are hydrogen.

(235) In certain embodiments, the compounds of the present invention have structural Formula XV:

(236) ##STR00015##
wherein:

(237) R.sub.1 through R.sub.5 or, independently, hydrogen, CN, F, Cl, Br, hydroxy, alkyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkylalkyl, alkoxy, alkoxyalkyl, cycloalkoxy, cycloalkylalkoxy, hydroxyalkyl, acyloxy, aroyloxy, arylalkanoyloxy, arylalkenoyloxy, heteroaroyloxy, heteroarylalkanoyloxy, heteroarylalkenoyloxy, alkoxycarbonyloxy, carbamoyloxy, alkylamino, haloalkyl, perhaloalkyl, perhaloalkoxy, alkylthio, alkylthioalkyl, alkylsulfonyl, cycloalkylsulfonyl, or cycloalkylalkylsulfonyl, any of which may be optionally substituted; and

(238) R.sub.10 is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, CN, NO.sub.2, F, Cl, Br, alkyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkylalkyl, alkoxy, alkoxyalkyl, cycloalkoxy, cycloalkylalkoxy, acyl, alkoxycarbonyl, aryloxycarbonyl, arylalkoxycarbonyl, heteroaryloxycarbonyl, heteroarylalkoxycarbonyl, carbamoyl, alkylamino, amido, alkylamido, dialkylamido, perhaloalkyl, alkylthio, alkylthioalkyl, alkylsulfonyl, alkylsulfonylalkyl, cycloalkylsulfonyl, alkylsulfonamido, aryl, arylalkyl, aryloxy, arylalkoxy, arylthio, arylalkylthio, arylamino, arylalkylamino, heteroaryl, heteroarylalkyl, heteroaryloxy, heteroarylalkoxy, heteroarylamino, heteroarylalkylamino, heteroarylthio, heteroarylalkylthio, heteroarylalkylamino, heterocycloalkyl, heterocycloalkenyl, heterocycloalkoxy, and heterocycloalkenyloxy.

(239) In some embodiments, the compounds of the present invention have structural Formula XV wherein:

(240) R.sub.1 and R.sub.2 are, independently, hydroxy, acyloxy, aroyloxy, arylalkanoyloxy, arylalkenoyloxy, heteroaroyloxy, heteroarylalkanoyloxy, heteroarylalkenoyloxy, alkoxycarbonyloxy, or carbamoyloxy, any of which may be optionally substituted;

(241) R.sub.3 is selected from the group consisting of acyloxy, aroyloxy, arylalkanoyloxy, arylalkenoyloxy, heteroaroyloxy, heteroarylalkanoyloxy, heteroarylalkenoyloxy, alkoxycarbonyloxy, and carbamoyloxy, any of which may be optionally substituted; and

(242) R.sub.10 is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, CN, NO.sub.2, F, Cl, Br, alkyl, cycloalkyl, acyl, alkoxycarbonyl, aryloxycarbonyl, heteroaryloxycarbonyl, carbamoyl, amido, dialkylamido, perhaloalkyl, alkylsulfonyl, alkylsulfonylalkyl, cycloalkylsulfonyl, aryl, arylalkyl, heteroaryl, heteroarylalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, and heterocycloalkenyl.

(243) In other embodiments, the compounds of the present invention have structural Formula XV wherein:

(244) R.sub.1 is chosen from the group consisting of hydroxy, acyloxy, aroyloxy, arylalkanoyloxy, arylalkenoyloxy, heteroaroyloxy, heteroarylalkanoyloxy, heteroarylalkenoyloxy, alkoxycarbonyloxy, and carbamoyloxy, any of which may be optionally substituted; and

(245) R.sub.2 through R.sub.5 are, independently, hydrogen, CN, NO.sub.2, F, Cl, Br, alkyl, cycloalkyl, alkoxy, cycloalkoxy, alkoxycarbonyl, aryloxycarbonyl, heteroaryloxycarbonyl, carbamoyl, amido, perhaloalkyl, alkylthio, alkylthioalkyl, alkylsulfonyl, cycloalkylsulfonyl, aryl, arylalkyl, aryloxy, arylalkoxy, arylthio, arylalkylthio, heteroaryl, heteroarylalkyl, heteroaryloxy, heteroarylthio, heteroarylalkylthio, heterocycloalkyl, or heterocycloalkoxy, any of which may be optionally substituted.

(246) In certain embodiments, the compounds of the present invention have structural Formula XV wherein:

(247) R.sub.1 is chosen from the group consisting of hydroxy and acetoxy; and

(248) R.sub.2 through R.sub.5 and R.sub.10 are hydrogen.

(249) In certain embodiments, the compounds of the present invention have structural Formula XVI:

(250) ##STR00016##
wherein:

(251) R.sub.1 through R.sub.5 are, independently, hydrogen, CN, F, Cl, Br, hydroxy, alkyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkylalkyl, alkoxy, alkoxyalkyl, cycloalkoxy, cycloalkylalkoxy, hydroxyalkyl, acyloxy, aroyloxy, arylalkanoyloxy, arylalkenoyloxy, heteroaroyloxy, heteroarylalkanoyloxy, heteroarylalkenoyloxy, alkoxycarbonyloxy, carbamoyloxy, alkylamino, haloalkyl, perhaloalkyl, perhaloalkoxy, alkylthio, alkylthioalkyl, alkylsulfonyl, cycloalkylsulfonyl, or cycloalkylalkylsulfonyl, any of which may be optionally substituted; and

(252) R.sub.10 is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, CN, NO.sub.2, F, Cl, Br, alkyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkylalkyl, alkoxy, alkoxyalkyl, cycloalkoxy, cycloalkylalkoxy, acyl, alkoxycarbonyl, aryloxycarbonyl, arylalkoxycarbonyl, heteroaryloxycarbonyl, heteroarylalkoxycarbonyl, carbamoyl, alkylamino, amido, alkylamido, dialkylamido, perhaloalkyl, alkylthio, alkylthioalkyl, alkylsulfonyl, alkylsulfonylalkyl, cycloalkylsulfonyl, alkylsulfonamido, aryl, arylalkyl, aryloxy, arylalkoxy, arylthio, arylalkylthio, arylamino, arylalkylamino, heteroaryl, heteroarylalkyl, heteroaryloxy, heteroarylalkoxy, heteroarylamino, heteroarylalkylamino, heteroarylthio, heteroarylalkylthio, heteroarylalkylamino, heterocycloalkyl, heterocycloalkenyl, heterocycloalkoxy, and heterocycloalkenyloxy.

(253) In some embodiments, the compounds of the present invention have structural Formula XVI wherein:

(254) R.sub.10 is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, CN, NO.sub.2, F, Cl, Br, alkyl, cycloalkyl, acyl, alkoxycarbonyl, aryloxycarbonyl, heteroaryloxycarbonyl, carbamoyl, amido, dialkylamido, perhaloalkyl, alkylsulfonyl, alkylsulfonylalkyl, cycloalkylsulfonyl, aryl, arylalkyl, heteroaryl, heteroarylalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, and heterocycloalkenyl.

(255) In further embodiments, the compounds of the present invention have structural Formula XVI wherein:

(256) R.sub.1 is chosen from the group consisting of hydroxy, aryloxy, aroyloxy, arylalkanoyloxy, arylalkenoyloxy, heteroaroyloxy, heteroarylalkanoyloxy, heteroarylalkenoyloxy, alkoxycarbonyloxy, and carbamoyloxy, any of which may be optionally substituted; and

(257) R.sub.2 through R.sub.5 are, independently, hydrogen, CN, NO.sub.2, F, Cl, Br, alkyl, cycloalkyl, alkoxy, cycloalkoxy, alkoxycarbonyl, aryloxycarbonyl, heteroaryloxycarbonyl, carbamoyl, amido, perhaloalkyl, alkylthio, alkylthioalkyl, alkylsulfonyl, cycloalkylsulfonyl, aryl, arylalkyl, aryloxy, arylalkoxy, arylthio, arylalkylthio, heteroaryl, heteroarylalkyl, heteroaryloxy, heteroarylthio, heteroarylalkylthio, heterocycloalkyl, or heterocycloalkoxy, any of which may be optionally substituted.

(258) In certain embodiments, the compounds of the present invention have structural Formula XVI wherein:

(259) R.sub.1 is chosen from the group consisting of hydroxy and acetoxy; and

(260) R.sub.2 through R.sub.5 and R.sub.10 are hydrogen.

(261) In certain embodiments, the compounds of the present invention have structural Formula XVII:

(262) ##STR00017##
wherein:

(263) R.sub.1 through R.sub.5 are, independently, hydrogen, CN, F, Cl, Br, hydroxy, alkyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkylalkyl, alkoxy, alkoxyalkyl, cycloalkoxy, cycloalkylalkoxy, hydroxyalkyl, acyloxy, aroyloxy, arylalkanoyloxy, arylalkenoyloxy, heteroaroyloxy, heteroarylalkanoyloxy, heteroarylalkenoyloxy, alkoxycarbonyloxy, carbamoyloxy, alkylamino, haloalkyl, perhaloalkyl, perhaloalkoxy, alkylthio, alkylthioalkyl, alkylsulfonyl, cycloalkylsulfonyl, or cycloalkylalkylsulfonyl, any of which may be optionally substituted; and

(264) R.sub.10 is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, CN, NO.sub.2, F, Cl, Br, alkyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkylalkyl, alkoxy, alkoxyalkyl, cycloalkoxy, cycloalkylalkoxy, acyl, alkoxycarbonyl, aryloxycarbonyl, arylalkoxycarbonyl, heteroaryloxycarbonyl, heteroarylalkoxycarbonyl, carbamoyl, alkylamino, amido, alkylamido, dialkylamido, perhaloalkyl, alkylthio, alkylthioalkyl, alkylsulfonyl, alkylsulfonylalkyl, cycloalkylsulfonyl, alkylsulfonamido, aryl, arylalkyl, aryloxy, arylalkoxy, arylthio, arylalkylthio, arylamino, arylalkylamino, heteroaryl, heteroarylalkyl, heteroaryloxy, heteroarylalkoxy, heteroarylamino, heteroarylalkylamino, heteroarylthio, heteroarylalkylthio, heteroarylalkylamino, heterocycloalkyl, heterocycloalkenyl, heterocycloalkoxy, and heterocycloalkenyloxy.

(265) In some embodiments, the compounds of the present invention have structural Formula XVII wherein:

(266) R.sub.10 is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, CN, NO.sub.2, F, Cl, Br, alkyl, cycloalkyl, acyl, alkoxycarbonyl, aryloxycarbonyl, heteroaryloxycarbonyl, carbamoyl, amido, dialkylamido, perhaloalkyl, alkylsulfonyl, alkylsulfonylalkyl, cycloalkylsulfonyl, aryl, arylalkyl, heteroaryl, heteroarylalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, and heterocycloalkenyl.

(267) In other embodiments, the compounds of the present invention have structural Formula XVII wherein:

(268) R.sub.1 is chosen from the group consisting of hydroxy, acyloxy, aroyloxy, arylalkanoyloxy, arylalkenoyloxy, heteroaroyloxy, heteroarylalkanoyloxy, heteroarylalkenoyloxy, alkoxycarbonyloxy, and carbamoyloxy, any of which may be optionally substituted; and

(269) R.sub.2 through R.sub.5 are, independently, hydrogen, CN, NO.sub.2, F, Cl, Br, alkyl, cycloalkyl, alkoxy, cycloalkoxy, alkoxycarbonyl, aryloxycarbonyl, heteroaryloxycarbonyl, carbamoyl, amido, perhaloalkyl, alkylthio, alkylthioalkyl, alkylsulfonyl, cycloalkylsulfonyl, aryl, arylalkyl, aryloxy, arylalkoxy, arylthio, arylalkylthio, heteroaryl, heteroarylalkyl, heteroaryloxy, heteroarylthio, heteroarylalkylthio, heterocycloalkyl, or heterocycloalkoxy, any of which may be optionally substituted.

(270) In certain embodiments, the compounds of the present invention have structural Formula XVII wherein:

(271) R.sub.1 is chosen from the group consisting of hydroxy and acetoxy; and

(272) R.sub.2 through R.sub.5 and R.sub.10 are hydrogen.

(273) In certain embodiments, the compounds of the present invention have structural Formula XVIII:

(274) ##STR00018##
wherein:

(275) R.sub.1 through R.sub.5 are, independently, hydrogen, CN, F, Cl, Br, hydroxy, alkyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkylalkyl, alkoxy, alkoxyalkyl, cycloalkoxy, cycloalkylalkoxy, hydroxyalkyl, acyloxy, aroyloxy, arylalkanoyloxy, arylalkenoyloxy, heteroaroyloxy, heteroarylalkanoyloxy, heteroarylalkenoyloxy, alkoxycarbonyloxy, carbamoyloxy, alkylamino, haloalkyl, perhaloalkyl, perhaloalkoxy, alkylthio, alkylthioalkyl, alkylsulfonyl, cycloalkylsulfonyl, or cycloalkylalkylsulfonyl, any of which may be optionally substituted;

(276) R.sub.9 is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, fluoro, chloro, alkyl, and perhaloalkyl, any of which may be optionally substituted; and

(277) R.sub.10 is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, CN, NO.sub.2, F, Cl, Br, alkyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkylalkyl, alkoxy, alkoxyalkyl, cycloalkoxy, cycloalkylalkoxy, acyl, alkoxycarbonyl, aryloxycarbonyl, arylalkoxycarbonyl, heteroaryloxycarbonyl, heteroarylalkoxycarbonyl, carbamoyl, alkylamino, amido, alkylamido, dialkylamido, perhaloalkyl, alkylthio, alkylthioalkyl, alkylsulfonyl, alkylsulfonylalkyl, cycloalkylsulfonyl, alkylsulfonamido, aryl, arylalkyl, aryloxy, arylalkoxy, arylthio, arylalkylthio, arylamino, arylalkylamino, heteroaryl, heteroarylalkyl, heteroaryloxy, heteroarylalkoxy, heteroarylamino, heteroarylalkylamino, heteroarylthio, heteroarylalkylthio, heteroarylalkylamino, heterocycloalkyl, heterocycloalkenyl, heterocycloalkoxy, and heterocycloalkenyloxy;

(278) In some embodiments, the compounds of the present invention have structural Formula XVIII wherein:

(279) R.sub.10 is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, CN, NO.sub.2, F, Cl, Br, alkyl, cycloalkyl, acyl, alkoxycarbonyl, aryloxycarbonyl, heteroaryloxycarbonyl, carbamoyl, amido, dialkylamido, perhaloalkyl, alkylsulfonyl, alkylsulfonylalkyl, cycloalkylsulfonyl, aryl, arylalkyl, heteroaryl, heteroarylalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, and heterocycloalkenyl.

(280) In other embodiments, the compounds of the present invention have structural Formula XVIII wherein:

(281) R.sub.1 is chosen from the group consisting of hydroxy, aryloxy, aroyloxy, arylalkanoyloxy, arylalkenoyloxy, heteroaroyloxy, heteroarylalkanoyloxy, heteroarylalkenoyloxy, alkoxycarbonyloxy, and carbamoyloxy, any of which may be optionally substituted;

(282) R.sub.2 through R.sub.5 are, independently, hydrogen, CN, NO.sub.2, F, Cl, Br, alkyl, cycloalkyl, alkoxy, cycloalkoxy, alkoxycarbonyl, aryloxycarbonyl, heteroaryloxycarbonyl, carbamoyl, amido, perhaloalkyl, alkylthio, alkylthioalkyl, alkylsulfonyl, cycloalkylsulfonyl, aryl, arylalkyl, aryloxy, arylalkoxy, arylthio, arylalkylthio, heteroaryl, heteroarylalkyl, heteroaryloxy, heteroarylthio, heteroarylalkylthio, heterocycloalkyl, or heterocycloalkoxy, any of which may be optionally substituted; and

(283) R.sub.9 is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, alkyl, and perhaloalkyl, any of which may be optionally substituted.

(284) In certain embodiments, the compounds of the present invention have structural Formula XVIII wherein:

(285) R.sub.1 is chosen from the group consisting of hydroxy and acetoxy;

(286) R.sub.2 through R.sub.5 and R.sub.10 are hydrogen; and

(287) R.sub.9 is methyl.

(288) In certain embodiments, the compounds of the present invention have structural Formula XIX:

(289) ##STR00019##
wherein:

(290) R.sub.1 through R.sub.5 are, independently, hydrogen, CN, F, Cl, Br, hydroxy, alkyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkylalkyl, alkoxy, alkoxyalkyl, cycloalkoxy, cycloalkylalkoxy, hydroxyalkyl, acyloxy, aroyloxy, arylalkanoyloxy, arylalkenoyloxy, heteroaroyloxy, heteroarylalkanoyloxy, heteroarylalkenoyloxy, alkoxycarbo- nyloxy, carbamoyloxy, alkylamino, haloalkyl, perhaloalkyl, perhaloalkoxy, alkylthio, alkylthioalkyl, alkylsulfonyl, cycloalkylsulfonyl, or cycloalkylalkylsulfonyl, any of which may be optionally substituted;

(291) R.sub.9 is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, fluoro, chloro, alkyl, and perhaloalkyl, any of which may be optionally substituted; and

(292) R.sub.10 is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, CN, NO.sub.2, F, Cl, Br, alkyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkylalkyl, alkoxy, alkoxyalkyl, cycloalkoxy, cycloalkylalkoxy, acyl, alkoxycarbonyl, aryloxycarbonyl, arylalkoxycarbonyl, heteroaryloxycarbonyl, heteroarylalkoxycarbonyl, carbamoyl, alkylamino, amido, alkylamido, dialkylamido, perhaloalkyl, alkylthio, alkylthioalkyl, alkylsulfonyl, alkylsulfonylalkyl, cycloalkylsulfonyl, alkylsulfonamido, aryl, arylalkyl, aryloxy, arylalkoxy, arylthio, arylalkylthio, arylamino, arylalkylamino, heteroaryl, heteroarylalkyl, heteroaryloxy, heteroarylalkoxy, heteroarylamino, heteroarylalkylamino, heteroarylthio, heteroarylalkylthio, heteroarylalkylamino, heterocycloalkyl, heterocycloalkenyl, heterocycloalkoxy, and heterocycloalkenyloxy.

(293) In some embodiments, the compounds of the present invention have structural Formula XIX wherein:

(294) R.sub.10 is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, CN, NO.sub.2, F, Cl, Br, alkyl, cycloalkyl, acyl, alkoxycarbonyl, aryloxycarbonyl, heteroaryloxycarbonyl, carbamoyl, amido, dialkylamido, perhaloalkyl, alkylsulfonyl, alkylsulfonylalkyl, cycloalkylsulfonyl, aryl, arylalkyl, heteroaryl, heteroarylalkyl, heterocycloalkyl, and heterocycloalkenyl.

(295) In other embodiments, the compounds of the present invention have structural Formula XIX wherein:

(296) R.sub.1 is chosen from the group consisting of hydroxy, acyloxy, aroyloxy, arylalkanoyloxy, arylalkenoyloxy, heteroaroyloxy, heteroarylalkanoyloxy, heteroarylalkenoyloxy, alkoxycarbonyloxy, and carbamoyloxy, any of which may be optionally substituted:

(297) R.sub.2 through R.sub.5 are, independently, hydrogen, CN, NO.sub.2, F, Cl, Br, alkyl, cycloalkyl, alkoxy, cycloalkoxy, alkoxycarbonyl, aryloxycarbonyl, heteroaryloxycarbonyl, carbamoyl, amido, perhaloalkyl, alkylthio, alkylthioalkyl, alkylsulfonyl, cycloalkylsulfonyl, aryl, arylalkyl, aryloxy, arylalkoxy, arylthio, arylalkylthio, heteroaryl, heteroarylalkyl, heteroaryloxy, heteroarylthio, heteroarylalkylthio, heterocycloalkyl, and heterocycloalkoxy, any of which may be optionally substituted; or

(298) R.sub.9 is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, alkyl, and perhaloalkyl, any of which may be optionally substituted.

(299) In certain embodiments, the compounds of the present invention have structural Formula XIX wherein:

(300) R.sub.1 is chosen from the group consisting of hydroxy and acetoxy;

(301) R.sub.2 through R.sub.5 and R.sub.10 are hydrogen; and

(302) R.sub.9 is methyl.

(303) In certain embodiments, the compounds of the present invention have structural Formula XX:

(304) ##STR00020##
wherein:

(305) R.sub.1 is chosen from the group consisting of hydroxy, acyloxy, aroyloxy, arylalkanoyloxy, arylalkenoyloxy, heteroaroyloxy, heteroarylalkanoyloxy, heteroarylalkenoyloxy, alkoxycarbonyloxy, and carbamoyloxy, any of which may be optionally substituted;

(306) R.sub.2 through R.sub.5 are, independently, hydrogen, CN, NO.sub.2, F, Cl, Br, alkyl, cycloalkyl, alkoxy, cycloalkoxy, alkoxycarbonyl, aryloxycarbonyl, heteroaryloxycarbonyl, carbamoyl, amido, perhaloalkyl, alkylthio, alkylthioalkyl, alkylsulfonyl, cycloalkylsulfonyl, aryl, arylalkyl, aryloxy, arylalkoxy, arylthio, arylalkylthio, heteroaryl, heteroarylalkyl, heteroaryloxy, heteroarylthio, heteroarylalkylthio, heterocycloalkyl, or heterocycloalkoxy, any of which may be optionally substituted;

(307) R.sub.6 is selected from the group consisting of perhaloalkyl, S(O).sub.mC(R.sub.7R.sub.8).sub.nCF.sub.3, and C(R.sub.7R.sub.8).sub.nCF.sub.3;

(308) R.sub.7 and R.sub.8 are independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, fluoro, chloro, alkyl, and perhaloalkyl, any of which may be optionally substituted;

(309) m is an integer between 0 and 2;

(310) n is an integer between 0 and 2; and

(311) with the following provisos when R.sub.6 is trifluoromethyl:

(312) when R.sub.1 is selected from the group consisting of hydroxy, and acetoxy, R.sub.2-R.sub.5 cannot be hydrogen;

(313) when R.sub.1 is hydroxy, R.sub.4 cannot be selected from the group consisting of Cl and Br; and

(314) when R.sub.3 is acetoxy, R.sub.1, R.sub.2, R.sub.4 and R.sub.5 may not be hydrogen.

(315) In some embodiments, the compounds of the present invention have structural Formula XX:

(316) R.sub.1 is chosen from the group consisting of hydroxy and acetoxy;

(317) R.sub.2 through R.sub.5 are hydrogen; and

(318) R.sub.6 is perfluoroethyl, CF.sub.3CH.sub.2, and CH.sub.3CF.sub.2.

(319) In certain embodiments, the compounds of the present invention have structural Formula XXI:

(320) ##STR00021##
wherein:

(321) R.sub.1 through R.sub.5 are, independently, hydrogen, CN, F, Cl, Br, hydroxy, alkyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkylalkyl, alkoxy, alkoxyalkyl, cycloalkoxy, cycloalkylalkoxy, hydroxyalkyl, acyloxy, aroyloxy, arylalkanoyloxy, arylalkenoyloxy, heteroaroyloxy, heteroarylalkanoyloxy, heteroarylalkenoyloxy, alkoxycarbonyloxy, carbamoyloxy, alkylamino, haloalkyl, perhaloalkyl, perhaloalkoxy, alkylthio, alkylthioalkyl, alkylsulfonyl, cycloalkylsulfonyl, or cycloalkylalkylsulfonyl, any of which may be optionally substituted.

(322) In other embodiments, the compounds of the present invention have structural Formula XXI, wherein:

(323) R.sub.1 is chosen from the group consisting of hydroxy, acyloxy, aroyloxy, arylalkanoyloxy, arylalkenoyloxy, heteroaroyloxy, heteroarylalkanoyloxy, heteroarylalkenoyloxy, alkoxycarbonyloxy, and carbamoyloxy, any of which may be optionally substituted; and

(324) R.sub.2 through R.sub.5 are, independently, hydrogen, CN, NO.sub.2, F, Cl, Br, alkyl, cycloalkyl, alkoxy, cycloalkoxy, alkoxycarbonyl, aryloxycarbonyl, heteroaryloxycarbonyl, carbamoyl, amido, perhaloalkyl, alkylthio, alkylthioalkyl, alkylsulfonyl, cycloalkylsulfonyl, aryl, arylalkyl, aryloxy, arylalkoxy, arylthio, arylalkylthio, heteroaryl, heteroarylalkyl, heteroaryloxy, heteroarylthio, heteroarylalkylthio, heterocycloalkyl, or heterocycloalkoxy, any of which may be optionally substituted.

(325) In certain embodiments, the compounds of the present invention have structural Formula XXI, wherein:

(326) R.sub.1 is chosen from the group consisting of hydroxy and acetoxy; and

(327) R.sub.2 through R.sub.5 are hydrogen.

(328) In certain embodiments, the compounds of the present invention have structural Formula XXII:

(329) ##STR00022##
wherein:

(330) R.sub.1 through R.sub.5 are, independently, hydrogen, CN, F, Cl, Br, hydroxy, alkyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkylalkyl, alkoxy, alkoxyalkyl, cycloalkoxy, cycloalkylalkoxy, hydroxyalkyl, acyloxy, aroyloxy, arylalkanoyloxy, arylalkenoyloxy, heteroaroyloxy, heteroarylalkanoyloxy, heteroarylalkenoyloxy, alkoxycarbonyloxy, carbamoyloxy, alkylamino, haloalkyl, perhaloalkyl, perhaloalkoxy, alkylthio, alkylthioalkyl, alkylsulfonyl, cycloalkylsulfonyl, or cycloalkylalkylsulfonyl, any of which may be optionally substituted.

(331) In other embodiments, the compounds of the present invention have structural Formula XXII, wherein:

(332) R.sub.1 is chosen from the group consisting of hydroxy, acyloxy, aroyloxy, arylalkanoyloxy, arylalkenoyloxy, heteroaroyloxy, heteroarylalkanoyloxy, heteroarylalkenoyloxy, alkoxycarbonyloxy, and carbamoyloxy, any of which may be optionally substituted; and

(333) R.sub.2 through R.sub.5 are, independently, hydrogen, CN, NO.sub.2, F, Cl, Br, alkyl, cycloalkyl, alkoxy, cycloalkoxy, alkoxycarbonyl, aryloxycarbonyl, heteroaryloxycarbonyl, carbamoyl, amido, perhaloalkyl, alkylthio, alkylthioalkyl, alkylsulfonyl, cycloalkylsulfonyl, aryl, arylalkyl, aryloxy, arylalkoxy, arylthio, arylalkylthio, heteroaryl, heteroarylalkyl, heteroaryloxy, heteroarylthio, heteroarylalkylthio, heterocycloalkyl, or heterocycloalkoxy, any of which may be optionally substituted.

(334) In certain embodiments, the compounds of the present invention have structural Formula XXII, wherein:

(335) R.sub.1 is chosen from the group consisting of hydroxy and acetoxy; and

(336) R.sub.2 through R.sub.5 are hydrogen.

(337) In certain embodiments, the compounds of the present invention have structural Formula XXIII:

(338) ##STR00023##
wherein:

(339) R.sub.1 through R.sub.5 are, independently, hydrogen, CN, F, Cl, Br, hydroxy, alkyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkylalkyl, alkoxy, alkoxyalkyl, cycloalkoxy, cycloalkylalkoxy, hydroxyalkyl, acyloxy, aroyloxy, arylalkanoyloxy, arylalkenoyloxy, heteroaroyloxy, heteroarylalkanoyloxy, heteroarylalkenoyloxy, alkoxycarbonyloxy. carbamoyloxy, alkylamino, haloalkyl, perhaloalkyl, perhaloalkoxy, alkylthio, alkylthioalkyl, alkylsulfonyl, cycloalkylsulfonyl, or cycloalkylalkylsulfonyl, any of which may be optionally substituted.

(340) In other embodiments, the compounds of the present invention have structural Formula XXIII, wherein:

(341) R.sub.1 is chosen from the group consisting of hydroxy, acyloxy, aroyloxy, arylalkanoyloxy, arylalkenoyloxy, heteroaroyloxy, heteroarylalkanoyloxy, heteroarylalkenoyloxy, alkoxycarbonyloxy, and carbamoyloxy, any of which may be optionally substituted; and

(342) R.sub.2 through R.sub.5 are, independently, hydrogen, CN, NO.sub.2, F, Cl, Br, alkyl, cycloalkyl, alkoxy, cycloalkoxy, alkoxycarbonyl, aryloxycarbonyl, heteroaryloxycarbonyl, carbamoyl, amido, perhaloalkyl, alkylthio, alkylthioalkyl, alkylsulfonyl, cycloalkylsulfonyl, aryl, arylalkyl, aryloxy, arylalkoxy, arylthio, arylalkylthio, heteroaryl, heteroarylalkyl, heteroaryloxy, heteroarylthio, heteroarylalkylthio, heterocycloalkyl, or heterocycloalkoxy, any of which may be optionally substituted.

(343) In certain embodiments, the compounds of the present invention have structural Formula XXIII, wherein:

(344) R.sub.1 is chosen from the group consisting of hydroxy and acetoxy; and R.sub.2 through R.sub.5 are hydrogen.

(345) In certain embodiments, the compounds of the present invention have structural Formula XXIV:

(346) ##STR00024##
wherein:

(347) R.sub.1 through R.sub.5 are, independently, hydrogen, CN, F, Cl, Br, hydroxy, alkyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkylalkyl, alkoxy, alkoxyalkyl, cycloalkoxy, cycloalkylalkoxy, hydroxyalkyl, acyloxy, aroyloxy, arylalkanoyloxy, arylalkenoyloxy, heteroaroyloxy, heteroarylalkanoyloxy, heteroarylalkenoyloxy, alkoxycarbonyloxy, carbamoyloxy, alkylamino, haloalkyl, perhaloalkyl, perhaloalkoxy, alkylthio, alkylthioalkyl, alkylsulfonyl, cycloalkylsulfonyl, or cycloalkylalkylsulfonyl, any of which may be optionally substituted.

(348) In other embodiments, the compounds of the present invention have structural Formula XXIV, wherein:

(349) R.sub.1 is chosen from the group consisting of hydroxy, acyloxy, aroyloxy, arylalkanoyloxy, arylalkenoyloxy, heteroaroyloxy, heteroarylalkanoyloxy, heteroarylalkenoyloxy, alkoxycarbonyloxy, and carbamoyloxy, any of which may be optionally substituted; and

(350) R.sub.2 through R.sub.5 are, independently, hydrogen, CN, NO.sub.2, F, Cl, Br, alkyl, cycloalkyl, alkoxy, cycloalkoxy, alkoxycarbonyl, aryloxycarbonyl, heteroaryloxycarbonyl, carbamoyl, amido, perhaloalkyl, alkylthio, alkylthioalkyl, alkylsulfonyl, cycloalkylsulfonyl, aryl, arylalkyl, aryloxy, arylalkoxy, arylthio, arylalkylthio, heteroaryl, heteroarylalkyl, heteroaryloxy, heteroarylthio, heteroarylalkylthio, heterocycloalkyl, or heterocycloalkoxy, any of which may be optionally substituted.

(351) In certain embodiments, the compounds of the present invention have structural Formula XXIV, wherein:

(352) R.sub.1 is chosen from the group consisting of hydroxy and acetoxy; and

(353) R.sub.2 through R.sub.5 are hydrogen.

(354) In certain embodiments, the compounds of the present invention have structural Formula XXV:

(355) ##STR00025##
wherein:

(356) R.sub.1 through R.sub.5 are, independently, hydrogen, CN, F, Cl, Br, hydroxy, alkyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkylalkyl, alkoxy, alkoxyalkyl, cycloalkoxy, cycloalkylalkoxy, hydroxyalkyl, acyloxy, aroyloxy, arylalkanoyloxy, arylalkenoyloxy, heteroaroyloxy, heteroarylalkanoyloxy, heteroarylalkenoyloxy, alkoxycarbonyloxy, carbamoyloxy, alkylamino, haloalkyl, perhaloalkyl, perhaloalkoxy, alkylthio, alkylthioalkyl, alkylsulfonyl, cycloalkylsulfonyl, or cycloalkylalkylsulfonyl, any of which may be optionally substituted.

(357) In other embodiments, the invention provides or contemplates a compound of Formula XXV, wherein:

(358) R.sub.1 is chosen from the group consisting of hydroxy, acyloxy, aroyloxy, arylalkanoyloxy, arylalkenoyloxy, heteroaroyloxy, heteroarylalkanoyloxy, heteroarylalkenoyloxy, alkoxycarbonyloxy, and carbamoyloxy, any of which may be optionally substituted; and

(359) R.sub.2 through R.sub.5 are, independently, hydrogen, CN, NO.sub.2, F, Cl, Br, alkyl, cycloalkyl, alkoxy, cycloalkoxy, alkoxycarbonyl, aryloxycarbonyl, heteroaryloxycarbonyl, carbamoyl, amido, perhaloalkyl, alkylthio, alkylthioalkyl, alkylsulfonyl, cycloalkylsulfonyl, aryl, arylalkyl, aryloxy, arylalkoxy, arylthio, arylalkylthio, heteroaryl, heteroarylalkyl, heteroaryloxy, heteroarylthio, heteroarylalkylthio, heterocycloalkyl, or heterocycloalkoxy, any of which may be optionally substituted.

(360) In certain embodiments, the compounds of the present invention have structural Formula XXV, wherein:

(361) R.sub.1 is chosen from the group consisting of hydroxy and acetoxy; and

(362) R.sub.2 through R.sub.5 are hydrogen.

(363) In certain embodiments, the compounds of the present invention have structural Formula XXVI:

(364) ##STR00026##
wherein:

(365) R.sub.1 through R.sub.5 are, independently, hydrogen, CN, F, Cl, Br, hydroxy, alkyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkylalkyl, alkoxy, alkoxyalkyl, cycloalkoxy, cycloalkylalkoxy, hydroxyalkyl, acyloxy, aroyloxy, arylalkanoyloxy, arylalkenoyloxy, heteroaroyloxy, heteroarylalkanoyloxy, heteroarylalkenoyloxy, alkoxycarbonyloxy, carbamoyloxy, alkylamino, haloalkyl, perhaloalkyl, perhaloalkoxy, alkylthio, alkylthioalkyl, alkylsulfonyl, cycloalkylsulfonyl, or cycloalkylalkylsulfonyl, any of which may be optionally substituted; and

(366) R.sub.9 is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, alkyl, and perhaloalkyl, any of which may be optionally substituted.

(367) In some embodiments, the compounds of the present invention have structural Formula XXVI wherein:

(368) R.sub.1 is chosen from the group consisting of hydroxy, acyloxy, aroyloxy, arylalkanoyloxy, arylalkenoyloxy, heteroaroyloxy, heteroarylalkanoyloxy, heteroarylalkenoyloxy, alkoxycarbonyloxy, and carbamoyloxy, any of which may be optionally substituted; and

(369) R.sub.2 through R.sub.5 are, independently, hydrogen, CN, NO.sub.2, F, Cl, Br, alkyl, cycloalkyl, alkoxy, cycloalkoxy, alkoxycarbonyl, aryloxycarbonyl, heteroaryloxycarbonyl, carbamoyl, amido, perhaloalkyl, alkylthio, alkylthioalkyl, alkylsulfonyl, cycloalkylsulfonyl, aryl, arylalkyl, aryloxy, arylalkoxy, arylthio, arylalkylthio, heteroaryl, heteroarylalkyl, heteroaryloxy, heteroarylthio, heteroarylalkylthio, heterocycloalkyl, or heterocycloalkoxy, any of which may be optionally substituted.

(370) In certain embodiments, the compounds of the present invention have structural Formula XXVI wherein:

(371) R.sub.1 is chosen from the group consisting of hydroxy and acetoxy;

(372) R.sub.2 through R.sub.5 are hydrogen; and

(373) R.sub.9 is methyl.

(374) In certain embodiments, the compounds of the present invention have structural Formula XXVII:

(375) ##STR00027##
wherein:

(376) R.sub.1 through R.sub.5 are, independently, hydrogen, CN, F, Cl, Br, hydroxy, alkyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkylalkyl, alkoxy, alkoxyalkyl, cycloalkoxy, cycloalkylalkoxy, hydroxyalkyl, acyloxy, aroyloxy, arylalkanoyloxy, arylalkenoyloxy, heteroaroyloxy, heteroarylalkanoyloxy, heteroarylalkenoyloxy, alkoxycarbonyloxy, carbamoyloxy, alkylamino, haloalkyl, perhaloalkyl, perhaloalkoxy, alkylthio, alkylthioalkyl, alkylsulfonyl, cycloalkylsulfonyl, or cycloalkylalkylsulfonyl, any of which may be optionally substituted; and

(377) R.sub.9 is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, alkyl, and perhaloalkyl, any of which may be optionally substituted.

(378) In some embodiments, the compounds of the present invention have structural Formula XXVII wherein:

(379) R.sub.1 is chosen from the group consisting of hydroxy, acyloxy, aroyloxy, arylalkanoyloxy, arylalkenoyloxy, heteroaroyloxy, heteroarylalkanoyloxy, heteroarylalkenoyloxy, alkoxycarbonyloxy, and carbamoyloxy, any of which may be optionally substituted; and

(380) R.sub.2 through R.sub.5 are, independently, hydrogen, CN, NO.sub.2, F, Cl, Br, alkyl, cycloalkyl, alkoxy, cycloalkoxy, alkoxycarbonyl, aryloxycarbonyl, heteroaryloxycarbonyl, carbamoyl, amido, perhaloalkyl, alkylthio, alkylthioalkyl, alkylsulfonyl, cycloalkylsulfonyl, aryl, arylalkyl, aryloxy, arylalkoxy, arylthio, arylalkylthio, heteroaryl, heteroarylalkyl, heteroaryloxy, heteroarylthio, heteroarylalkylthio, heterocycloalkyl, or heterocycloalkoxy, any of which may be optionally substituted.

(381) In certain embodiments, the compounds of the present invention have structural Formula XXVII wherein:

(382) R.sub.1 is chosen from the group consisting of hydroxy and acetoxy;

(383) R.sub.2 through R.sub.5 are hydrogen; and

(384) R.sub.9 is methyl.

(385) In certain embodiments, the compounds of the present invention have structural Formula XXVIII:

(386) ##STR00028##
wherein:

(387) R.sub.1 through R.sub.5 are, independently, hydrogen, CN, F, Cl, Br, hydroxy, alkyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkylalkyl, alkoxy, alkoxyalkyl, cycloalkoxy, cycloalkylalkoxy, hydroxyalkyl, acyloxy, aroyloxy, arylalkanoyloxy, arylalkenoyloxy, heteroaroyloxy, heteroarylalkanoyloxy, heteroarylalkenoyloxy, alkoxycarbonyloxy, carbamoyloxy, alkylamino, haloalkyl, perhaloalkyl, perhaloalkoxy, alkylthio, alkylthioalkyl, alkylsulfonyl, cycloalkylsulfonyl, or cycloalkylalkylsulfonyl, any of which may be optionally substituted; and

(388) R.sub.9 is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, alkyl, and perhaloalkyl, any of which may be optionally substituted.

(389) In some embodiments, the compounds of the present invention have structural Formula XXVIII wherein:

(390) R.sub.1 is chosen from the group consisting of hydroxy, acyloxy, aroyloxy, arylalkanoyloxy, arylalkenoyloxy, heteroaroyloxy, heteroarylalkanoyloxy, heteroarylalkenoyloxy, alkoxycarbonyloxy, and carbamoyloxy, any of which may be optionally substituted; and

(391) R.sub.2 through R.sub.5 are, independently, hydrogen, CN, NO.sub.2, F, Cl, Br, alkyl, cycloalkyl, alkoxy, cycloalkoxy, alkoxycarbonyl, aryloxycarbonyl, heteroaryloxycarbonyl, carbamoyl, amido, perhaloalkyl, alkylthio, alkylthioalkyl, alkylsulfonyl, cycloalkylsulfonyl, aryl, arylalkyl, aryloxy, arylalkoxy, arylthio, arylalkylthio, heteroaryl, heteroarylalkyl, heteroaryloxy, heteroarylthio, heteroarylalkylthio, heterocycloalkyl, or heterocycloalkoxy, any of which may be optionally substituted.

(392) In certain embodiments, the compounds of the present invention have structural Formula XXVIII wherein:

(393) R.sub.1 is chosen from the group consisting of hydroxy and acetoxy;

(394) R.sub.2 through R.sub.5 are hydrogen; and

(395) R.sub.9 is methyl.

(396) The disclosed compounds include compounds of formula (I), salts, and solvates thereof. For example, in some embodiments, the compound of the present invention may be a salt or a solvate.

(397) Many compounds of this invention are capable of existing in more than one stereoisomeric form. All depictions of and references to compounds of this invention are intended to include all diastereomeric and enantiomeric forms of those compounds.

(398) Because compounds of this invention may be used in the diagnosis as well as the treatment of disease, isotopically labeled versions of these compounds are included in this disclosure and in the claims. All references to elements in compounds of this invention are intended to include all isotopes of those elements, including unstable isotopes. For example, references to hydrogen or H in formulas or in claims are intended to include deuterium, (D) and tritium (T.)

(399) In another embodiment, this invention provides or contemplates a kit, comprising, in a compartment, at least one pharmaceutical composition comprising, in a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier, an effective amount of at least one compound of the invention. In some embodiments, the kit further comprises written instructions for administering the pharmaceutical composition. In some embodiments, written instructions for administering concern indications noted elsewhere in this disclosure. In some embodiments, written instructions for administering concern an administration regimen noted elsewhere in this disclosure.

(400) As used in the present specification the following terms have the meanings indicated:

(401) The term salts is used in its broadest sense. For example, the term salts includes hydrogen salts and hydroxide salts with ions of the present compound. In some embodiments, the term salt may be a subclass referred to as pharmaceutically acceptable salts, which are salts of the present compounds having a pharmacological activity and which are neither biologically nor otherwise undesirable. In all embodiments, the salts can be formed with acids, such as, without limitation, hydrogen, acetate, adipate, alginate, aspartate, benzoate, benzenesulfonate, bisulfate butyrate, citrate, camphorate, camphorsulfonate, cyclopentanepropionate, digluconate, dodecylsulfate, ethanesulfonate, fumarate, glucoheptanoate, glycero-phosphate, hemisulfate, heptanoate, hexanoate, hydrochloride hydrobromide, hydroiodide, 2-hydroxyethane-sulfonate, lactate, maleate, methanesulfonate, 2-naphthalenesulfonate, nicotinate, oxalate, thiocyanate, tosylate and undecanoate. In all embodiments, the salts can be formed with bases, such as, without limitation, hydroxide, ammonium salts, alkali metal salts such as lithium, sodium and potassium salts, alkaline earth metal salts such as calcium, magnesium salts, aluminum salts, salts with organic bases such as ammonia, methylamine, diethylamine, ethanolamine, dicyclohexylamine, N-methylmorpholine, N-methyl-D-glucamine, and salts with amino acids such as arginine and lysine. Basic nitrogen-containing groups can be quarternized with agents including lower alkyl halides such as methyl, ethyl, propyl and butyl chlorides, bromides and iodides; dialkyl sulfates such as dimethyl, diethyl, dibutyl and diamyl sulfates; long chain halides such as decyl, lauryl, myristyl and stearyl chlorides, bromides and iodides; and aralkyl halides such as benzyl and phenethyl bromides.

(402) The terms therapeutically acceptable salt, and pharmaceutically acceptable salt, as used herein, represent salts or zwitterionic forms of the compounds of the present invention which are water or oil-soluble or dispersible; which are suitable for treatment of diseases without undue toxicity, irritation, and allergic-response; which are commensurate with a reasonable benefit/risk ratio; and which are effective for their intended use. The salts can be prepared during the final isolation and purification of the compounds or separately by reacting the appropriate compound in the form of the free base with a suitable acid. Representative acid addition salts include acetate, adipate, alginate, L-ascorbate, aspartate, benzoate, benzenesulfonate (besylate), bisulfate, butyrate, camphorate, camphorsulfonate, citrate, digluconate, formate, fumarate, gentisate, glutarate, glycerophosphate, glycolate, hemisulfate, heptanoate, hexanoate, hippurate, hydrochloride, hydrobromide, hydroiodide, 2-hydroxyethansulfonate (isethionate), lactate, maleate, malonate, DL-mandelate, mesitylenesulfonate, methanesulfonate, naphthylenesulfonate, nicotinate, 2-naphthalenesulfonate, oxalate, pamoate, pectinate, persulfate, 3-phenylproprionate, phosphonate, picrate, pivalate, propionate, pyroglutamate, succinate, sulfonate, tartrate, L-tartrate, trichloroacetate, trifluoroacetate, phosphate, glutamate, bicarbonate, para-toluenesulfonate (p-tosylate), and undecanoate. Also, basic groups in the compounds of the present invention can be quaternized with methyl, ethyl, propyl, and butyl chlorides, bromides, and iodides; dimethyl, diethyl, dibutyl, and diamyl sulfates; decyl, lauryl, myristyl, and steryl chlorides, bromides, and iodides; and benzyl and phenethyl bromides. Examples of acids which can be employed to form therapeutically acceptable addition salts include inorganic acids such as hydrochloric, hydrobromic, sulfuric, and phosphoric, and organic acids such as oxalic, maleic, succinic, and citric. Salts can also be formed by coordination of the compounds with an alkali metal or alkaline earth ion. Hence, the present invention contemplates sodium, potassium, magnesium, and calcium salts of the compounds of the compounds of the present invention and the like.

(403) Basic addition salts can be prepared during the final isolation and purification of the compounds by reacting a carboxy, phenol or similar group with a suitable base such as the hydroxide, carbonate, or bicarbonate of a metal cation or with ammonia or an organic primary, secondary, or tertiary amine. The cations of therapeutically acceptable salts include lithium, sodium, potassium, calcium, magnesium, and aluminum, as well as nontoxic quaternary amine cations such as ammonium, tetramethylammonium, tetraethylammonium, methylamine, dimethylamine, trimethylamine, triethylamine, diethylamine, ethylamine, tributylamine, pyridine, N,N-dimethylaniline, N-methylpiperidine, N-methylmorpholine, dicyclohexylamine, procaine, dibenzylamine, N,N-dibenzylphenethylamine, 1-ephenamine, and N,N-dibenzylethylenediamine. Other representative organic amines useful for the formation of base addition salts include ethylenediamine, ethanolamine, diethanolamine, piperidine, and piperazine.

(404) The term solvates is used in its broadest sense. For example, the term solvates includes hydrates formed when a compound of the present invention contains one or more bound water molecules.

(405) The term acyl, as used herein, alone or in combination, refers to a carbonyl attached to an alkyl, alkenyl, aryl, heteroaryl, heterocycle, or any other moiety where the atom attached to the carbonyl is carbon. An acetyl group refers to a C(O)CH.sub.3 group. Examples of acyl groups include alkanoyl groups such as formyl, acetyl, and propionyl, aroyl groups such as benzoyl, and mixed alkyl-aryl groups such as cinnamoyl.

(406) The term acylamino embraces an amino radical substituted with an acyl group. An example of an acylamino radical is acetylamino (CH.sub.3C(O)NH) The term alkenyl, as used herein, alone or in combination, refers to a straight-chain, branched-chain, or cyclic unsaturated hydrocarbon radical, or a radical containing any combination of straight-chain or branched-chain, and cyclic moieties, having one or more double bonds and containing from 2 to 20 carbon atoms, or, in the case of cyclic moieties, having from 3 to 20 ring members. In many embodiments alkenyl groups comprise from 2 to 6 carbon atoms. The term alkenyl groups is used in its broadest sense. Alkenylene refers to a carbon-carbon double bond system attached at two or more positions such as ethenylene [(CHCH),(C::C)]. For example, the term (C.sub.2-C.sub.8) alkenyl groups embraces straight, branched, and cyclic hydrocarbon radicals containing 2 to 8 carbon atoms having at least one double bond. Examples of suitable alkenyl radicals include ethenyl, also known as vinyl, propenyl, iso-propenyl, butenyl, iso-butenyl, sec-butenyl, tert-butenyl, 1,3-butadienyl, n-pentenyl, n-hexenyl, cycloalkenyl radicals such as cyclohexenyl and 1,3-cyclopentadienyl, cycloalkenylalkyl radicals such as cyclohexenylmethyl, alkenylcycloalkyl radicals such as methylenecyclohexyl, and the like. The term alkoxy, as used herein, alone or in combination, refers to an alkyl ether radical, wherein the term alkyl is as defined herein. Examples of suitable alkyl ether radicals include methoxy, ethoxy, n-propoxy, isopropoxy, n-butoxy, iso-butoxy, sec-butoxy, tert-butoxy, cyclopentoxy, and the like.

(407) The term alkoxyalkoxy, as used herein, alone or in combination, refers to one or more alkoxy groups attached to the parent molecular moiety through another alkoxy group. Examples include ethoxyethoxy, methoxypropoxyethoxy, ethoxypentoxyethoxyethoxy and the like.

(408) The term alkoxyalkyl, as used herein, alone or in combination, refers to an alkoxy group attached to the parent molecular moiety through an alkyl group. The term alkoxyalkyl also embraces alkoxyalkyl groups having one or more alkoxy groups attached to the alkyl group, that is, to form monoalkoxyalkyl and dialkoxyalkyl groups.

(409) The term alkoxycarbonyl, as used herein, alone or in combination, refers to an alkoxy group attached to the parent molecular moiety through a carbonyl group. Examples of such alkoxycarbonyl groups include methoxycarbonyl, ethoxycarbonyl, propoxycarbonyl, butoxycarbonyl and hexyloxycarbonyl.

(410) The term alkoxycarbonylalkyl embraces radicals having alkoxycarbonyl, as defined above substituted to an alkyl radical. More preferred alkoxycarbonylalkyl radicals are lower alkoxycarbonylalkyl having lower alkoxycarbonyl radicals as defined above attached to one to six carbon atoms. Examples of such lower alkoxycarbonylalkyl radicals include methoxycarbonylmethyl.

(411) The term alkyl, as used herein, alone or in combination, refers to a straight-chain, branched, or cyclic alkyl radical, or a radical consisting of any combination of straight, branched, and/or cyclic radicals, which is a saturated aliphatic hydrocarbon group containing from 1-20 carbon atoms. In many embodiments, alkyl groups comprise 1-10 carbon atoms. In many other embodiments, alkyl groups comprise 1-6 carbon atoms. The term alkyl groups is used in its broadest sense. Alkyl groups may be optionally substituted as defined herein. Examples of alkyl radicals include methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, isopropyl, cyclopropyl, cyclopropylmethyl, n-butyl, isobutyl, sec-butyl, tert-butyl, cyclobutyl, pentyl, neopentyl, iso-amyl, hexyl, cyclohexyl, trans-1,2-di-ethylcyclohexyl, octyl, nonyl and the like. For example, the abbreviation (C.sub.1-C.sub.6)-alkyl groups includes (C.sub.3-C.sub.6)-cycloalkyl groups as well as straight and branched alkyl groups, and O(C.sub.1-C.sub.8)-alkyl groups includes the straight-chain O(C.sub.1-C.sub.8)-alkyl groups, branched O(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)-alkyl groups, and cyclic O(C.sub.1-C.sub.6)-alkyl groups. The term alkylene, as used herein, alone or in combination, refers to a saturated aliphatic group derived from a straight or branched chain saturated hydrocarbon attached at two or more positions, such as methylene (CH.sub.2), ethylene, and 1,3-cyclobutylene.

(412) The term alkylamino, as used herein, alone or in combination, refers to an amino group attached to the parent molecular moiety through an alkyl group.

(413) The term alkylaminocarbonyl as used herein, alone or in combination, refers to an alkylamino group attached to the parent molecular moiety through a carbonyl group. Examples of such radicals include N-methylaminocarbonyl and N,N-dimethylcarbonyl.

(414) The term alkylcarbonyl and alkanoyl, as used herein, alone or in combination, refers to an alkyl group attached to the parent molecular moiety through a carbonyl group. Examples of such groups include methylcarbonyl, also known as acetyl; ethylcarbonyl, also known as propionyl; and 2-methyl-cyclopentylcarbonyl, etc.

(415) The term alkylidene, as used herein, alone or in combination, refers to an alkenyl group in which one carbon atom of the carbon-carbon double bond belongs to the moiety to which the alkenyl group is attached.

(416) The term alkylsulfinyl, as used herein, alone or in combination, refers to an alkyl group attached to the parent molecular moiety through a sulfinyl group. Examples of alkylsulfinyl groups include methylsulfinyl, ethylsulfinyl, butylsulfinyl and hexylsulfinyl.

(417) The term alkylsulfonyl, as used herein, alone or in combination, refers to an alkyl group attached to the parent molecular moiety through a sulfonyl group. Examples of alkylsulfinyl groups include methanesulfonyl, ethanesulfonyl, tert-butanesulfonyl, and the like.

(418) The term alkylthio, as used herein, alone or in combination, refers to an alkyl thioether (RS) radical wherein the term alkyl is as defined above. Examples of suitable alkyl thioether radicals include methylthio, ethylthio, n-propylthio, isopropylthio, n-butylthio, iso-butylthio, sec-butylthio, tert-butylthio, ethoxyethylthio, methoxypropoxyethylthio, ethoxypentoxyethoxyethylthio and the like.

(419) The term alkylthioalkyl embraces alkylthio radicals attached to an alkyl radical. Alkylthioalkyl radicals include lower alkylthioalkyl radicals having alkyl radicals of one to six carbon atoms and an alkylthio radical as described above. Examples of such radicals include methylthiomethyl.

(420) The term alkynyl, as used herein in its broadest sense, alone or in combination, refers to a straight-chain, branched chain, or cyclic unsaturated hydrocarbon radical, as well as a radical which contains any combination of straight, branched, and/or cyclic radicals, having one or more carbon-carbon triple bonds and containing from 2 to 20 carbon atoms. In many embodiments alkynyl groups contain from 2 to 6 carbon atoms. In many other embodiments alkynyl groups contain from 2 to 4 carbon atoms. Alkynylene refers to a carbon-carbon triple bond attached at two positions such as ethynylene (C:::C, CC). For example, (C.sub.2-C.sub.8) alkynyl groups embraces straight, branched, and cyclic hydrocarbon chains containing 2 to 8 carbon atoms having at least one triple bond, and the term includes but is not limited to substituents such as ethynyl, propynyl, hydroxypropynyl, butyn-1-yl, butyn-2-yl, pentyn-1-yl, pentyn-2-yl, 4-methoxypentyn-2-yl, 3-methylbutyn-1-yl, hexyn-1-yl, hexyn-2-yl, hexyn-3-yl, 3,3-dimethylbutyn-1-yl, and the like, unless otherwise indicated.

(421) The term amido, as used herein, alone or in combination, refers to an amino group as described below attached to the parent molecular moiety through a carbonyl or sulfonyl group. The term C-amido as used herein, alone or in combination, refers to a C(O)NR.sub.2 group with R as defined herein. The term N-amido as used herein, alone or in combination, refers to a RC(O)NH group, with R as defined herein.

(422) The term amino, as used herein, alone or in combination, refers to NRR, wherein R and R are independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, alkenyl, alkoxy, alkoxyalkyl, alkoxycarbonyl, alkyl, alkylcarbonyl, aryl, arylalkenyl, arylalkyl, cycloalkyl, haloalkylcarbonyl, heteroaryl, heteroarylalkenyl, heteroarylalkyl, heterocycle, heterocycloalkenyl, and heterocycloalkyl, wherein the aryl, the aryl part of the arylalkenyl, the arylalkyl, the heteroaryl, the heteroaryl part of the heteroarylalkenyl and the heteroarylalkyl, the heterocycle, and the heterocycle part of the heterocycloalkenyl and the heterocycloalkyl can be optionally substituted with one, two, three, four, or five substituents independently selected from the group consisting of alkenyl, alkoxy, alkoxyalkyl, alkyl, cyano, halo, haloalkoxy, haloalkyl, hydroxy, hydroxy-alkyl, nitro, and oxo.

(423) The term aminoalkyl, as used herein, alone or in combination, refers to an amino group attached to the parent molecular moiety through an alkyl group. Examples include aminomethyl, aminoethyl and aminobutyl. The term alkylamino denotes amino groups which have been substituted with one or two alkyl radicals. Suitable alkylamino groups may be mono- or dialkylated, forming groups such as, for example, N-methylamino, N-ethylamino, N,N-dimethylamino, N,N-diethylamino and the like.

(424) The terms aminocarbonyl and carbamoyl, as used herein, alone or in combination, refer to an amino-substituted carbonyl group, wherein the amino group can be a primary or secondary amino group containing substituents selected from alkyl, aryl, aralkyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkylalkyl radicals and the like.

(425) The term aminocarbonylalkyl, as used herein, alone or in combination, refers to an aminocarbonyl radical attached to an alkyl radical, as described above. An example of such radicals is aminocarbonylmethyl. The term amidino denotes an C(NH)NH.sub.2 radical. The term cyanoamidino denotes an C(NCN)NH.sub.2 radical.

(426) The term aralkenyl or arylalkenyl, as used herein, alone or in combination, refers to an aryl group attached to the parent molecular moiety through an alkenyl group.

(427) The term aralkoxy or arylalkoxy, as used herein, alone or in combination, refers to an aryl group attached to the parent molecular moiety through an alkoxy group.

(428) The term aralkyl or arylalkyl, as used herein, alone or in combination, refers to an aryl group attached to the parent molecular moiety through an alkyl group.

(429) The term aralkylamino or arylalkylamino, as used herein, alone or in combination, refers to an arylalkyl group attached to the parent molecular moiety through a nitrogen atom, wherein the nitrogen atom is substituted with hydrogen.

(430) The term aralkylidene or arylalkylidene, as used herein, alone or in combination, refers to an aryl group attached to the parent molecular moiety through an alkylidene group

(431) The term aralkylthio or arylalkylthio, as used herein, alone or in combination, refers to an arylalkyl group attached to the parent molecular moiety through a sulfur atom.

(432) The term aralkynyl or arylalkynyl, as used herein, alone or in combination, refers to an aryl group attached to the parent molecular moiety through an alkynyl group.

(433) The term aralkoxycarbonyl, as used herein, alone or in combination, refers to a radical of the formula aralkyl-OC(O) in which the term aralkyl, has the significance given above. Examples of an aralkoxycarbonyl radical are benzyloxycarbonyl (Z or Cbz) and 4-methoxyphenylmethoxycarbonyl (MOS).

(434) The term aralkanoyl, as used herein, alone or in combination, refers to an acyl radical derived from an aryl-substituted alkanecarboxylic acid such as benzoyl, phenylacetyl, 3-phenylpropionyl (hydrocinnamoyl), 4-phenylbutyryl, (2-naphthyl)acetyl, 4-chlorohydrocinnamoyl, 4-aminohydrocinnamoyl, 4-methoxyhydrocinnamoyl, and the like. The term aroyl refers to an acyl radical derived from an arylcarboxylic acid, aryl having the meaning given below. Examples of such aroyl radicals include substituted and unsubstituted benzoyl or napthoyl such as benzoyl, 4-chlorobenzoyl, 4-carboxybenzoyl, 4-(benzyloxycarbonyl)benzoyl, 1-naphthoyl, 2-naphthoyl, 6-carboxy-2-naphthoyl, 6-(benzyloxycarbonyl)-2-naphthoyl, 3-benzyloxy-2-naphthoyl, 3-hydroxy-2-naphthoyl, 3-(benzyloxyformamido)-2-naphthoyl, and the like.

(435) The term aryl, as used herein, alone or in combination, means a carbocyclic aromatic system containing one, two or three rings wherein such rings may be attached together in a pendent manner or may be fused. The term aryl embraces aromatic radicals such as phenyl, naphthyl, anthracenyl, phenanthryl, and biphenyl. The aryl groups of the present invention can be optionally substituted with one, two, three, four, or five substituents independently selected from the groups as defined herein.

(436) The term arylamino as used herein, alone or in combination, refers to an aryl group attached to the parent moiety through an amino group, such as N-phenylamino, and the like.

(437) The terms arylcarbonyl and aroyl, as used herein, alone or in combination, refer to an aryl group attached to the parent molecular moiety through a carbonyl group.

(438) The term aryloxy, as used herein, alone or in combination, refers to an aryl group attached to the parent molecular moiety through an oxygen atom.

(439) The term arylsulfonyl, as used herein, alone or in combination, refers to an aryl group attached to the parent molecular moiety through a sulfonyl group.

(440) The term arylthio, as used herein, alone or in combination, refers to an aryl group attached to the parent molecular moiety through a sulfur atom.

(441) The terms carboxy or carboxyl, whether used alone or with other terms, such as carboxyalkyl, denotes CO.sub.2H.

(442) The terms benzo and benz, as used herein, alone or in combination, refer to the divalent radical C.sub.6H.sub.4 derived from benzene. Examples include benzothiophene and benzimidazole.

(443) The term carbamoyloxy, as used herein, alone or in combination, refers to an amino-substituted carbonyl group attached to the parent molecular moiety through a oxygen atom (e.g. RRNC(O)O), wherein the amino group can be a primary or secondary amino group containing substituents selected from alkyl, aryl, aralkyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkylalkyl radicals and the like.

(444) The term O-carbamyl as used herein, alone or in combination, refers to a OC(O)NR, groupwith R as defined herein.

(445) The term C-linked as used herein, alone or in combination, refers to any substituent that is attached to the parent molecular moiety through a carbon-carbon bond.

(446) The term N-carbamyl as used herein, alone or in combination, refers to a ROC(O)NH group, with R as defined herein.

(447) The term carbonate as used herein, alone or in combination, refers to a OC(O)OR group, with R as defined herein.

(448) The term carbonyl, as used herein, when alone includes formyl [C(O)H] and in combination is a C(O) group.

(449) The term carboxy, as used herein, refers to C(O)OH or the corresponding carboxylate such as a carboxylic acid salt derivative or ester derivative. An O-carboxy group refers to a RC(O)O group, where R is as defined herein. A C-carboxy group refers to a C(O)OR groups where R is as defined herein.

(450) The term cyano, as used herein, alone or in combination, refers to CN.

(451) The term cycloalkyl, as used herein, alone or in combination, refers to a saturated or partially saturated monocyclic, bicyclic or tricyclic alkyl radical wherein each cyclic moiety contains from 3 to 12, preferably three to seven, carbon atom ring members and which may optionally be a benzo fused ring system which is optionally substituted as defined herein. Examples of such cycloalkyl radicals include cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl, cycloheptyl, octahydronaphthyl, 2,3-dihydro-1H-indenyl, adamantyl and the like. Bicyclic and tricyclic as used herein are intended to include both fused ring systems, such as decahydonapthalene, octahydronapthalene as well as the multicyclic (multicentered) saturated or partially unsaturated type. The latter type of isomer is exemplified in general by bicyclo[2,2,2]octane, bicyclo[2,2,2]octane, bicyclo[1,1,1]pentane, camphor and bicyclo[3,2,1]octane.

(452) The term cycloalkenyl, as used herein, alone or in combination, refers to a partially unsaturated monocyclic, bicyclic or tricyclic radical wherein each cyclic moiety contains from 3 to 12, preferably five to eight, carbon atom ring members and which may optionally be a benzo fused ring system which is optionally substituted as defined herein. Examples of such cycloalkenyl radicals include cyclopentenyl, cyclohexenyl, cyclohexadienyl, cycloheptenyl, cyclooctadienyl, -1H-indenyl and the like.

(453) The term cycloalkylalkyl, as used herein, alone or in combination, refers to an alkyl radical as defined above which is substituted by a cycloalkyl radical as defined above. Examples of such cycloalkylalkyl radicals include cyclopropylmethyl, cyclobutylmethyl, cyclopentylmethyl, cyclohexylmethyl, 1-cyclopentylethyl, 1-cyclohexylethyl, 2-cyclopentylethyl, 2-cyclohexylethyl, cyclobutylpropyl, cyclopentylpropyl, cyclohexylbutyl and the like.

(454) The term cycloalkenylalkyl, as used herein, alone or in combination, refers to an alkyl radical as defined above which is substituted by a cycloalkenyl radical as defined above. Examples of such cycloalkenylalkyl radicals include 1-methylcyclohex-1-enyl-, 4-ethylcyclohex-1-enyl-, 1-butylcyclopent-1-enyl-, 3-methylcyclopent-1-enyl- and the like.

(455) The term ester, as used herein, alone or in combination, refers to a carbonyloxy (CO)O group bridging two moieties linked at carbon atoms. Examples include ethyl benzoate, n-butyl cinnamate, phenyl acetate and the like.

(456) The term ether, as used herein, alone or in combination, refers to an oxy group bridging two moieties linked at carbon atoms.

(457) The term halo, or halogen, as used herein, alone or in combination, refers to fluorine, chlorine, bromine, or iodine.

(458) The term haloalkoxy, as used herein, alone or in combination, refers to a haloalkyl group attached to the parent molecular moiety through an oxygen atom.

(459) The term haloalkyl, as used herein, alone or in combination, refers to an alkyl radical having the meaning as defined above wherein one or more hydrogens are replaced with a halogen. Specifically embraced are monohaloalkyl, dihaloalkyl and polyhaloalkyl radicals. A monohaloalkyl radical, for one example, may have either an iodo, bromo, chloro or fluoro atom within the radical. Dihalo and polyhaloalkyl radicals may have two or more of the same halo atoms or a combination of different halo radicals. Examples of haloalkyl radicals include fluoromethyl, difluoromethyl, trifluoromethyl, chloromethyl, dichloromethyl, trichloromethyl, trichloroethyl, pentafluoroethyl, heptafluoropropyl, difluorochloromethyl, dichlorofluoromethyl, difluoroethyl, difluoropropyl, dichloroethyl and dichloropropyl. Haloalkylene refers to a halohydrocarbyl group attached at two or more positions. Examples include fluoromethylene (CFH), difluoromethylene (CF.sub.2), chloromethylene (CHCl) and the like. Examples of such haloalkyl radicals include chloromethyl, 1-bromoethyl, fluoromethyl, difluoromethyl, trifluoromethyl, 1,1,1-trifluoroethyl, perfluorodecyl and the like.

(460) The term heteroalkyl, as used herein, alone or in combination, refers to a stable straight or branched chain, or cyclic hydrocarbon radical, or combinations thereof, fully saturated or containing from 1 to 3 degrees of unsaturation, consisting of the stated number of carbon atoms and from one to three heteroatoms selected from the group consisting of O, N, and S, and wherein the nitrogen and sulfur atoms may optionally be oxidized and the nitrogen heteroatom may optionally be quaternized. The heteroatom(s) O, N and S may be placed at any interior position of the heteroalkyl group. Up to two heteroatoms may be consecutive, such as, for example, CH.sub.2NHOCH.sub.3.

(461) The term heteroaryl, as used herein, alone or in combination, refers to an aromatic five- or six-membered ring, where at least one atom is selected from the group consisting of N, O, and S, and the remaining ring atoms are carbon. The five-membered rings have two double bonds, and the six-membered rings have three double bonds. The heteroaryl groups are connected to the parent molecular group through a substitutable carbon or nitrogen atom in the ring. The term heteroaryl also includes systems where a heteroaryl ring is fused to an aryl group, as defined herein, a heterocycle group, as defined herein, or an additional heteroaryl group. Heteroaryls are exemplified by benzothienyl, benzoxazolyl, benzofuranyl, benzimidazolyl, benzthiazolyl benzotriazolyl, cinnolinyl, furyl, imidazolyl, triazolyl [e.g., 4H-1,2,4-triazolyl, 1H-1,2,3-triazolyl, 2H-1,2,3-triazolyl, etc.], tetrazolyl [e.g. 1H-tetrazolyl, 2H-tetrazolyl, etc.], indazolyl, indolyl, isoxazolyl, isoquinolinyl, isothiazolyl, naphthyridinyl, oxadiazolyl [e.g., 1,2,4-oxadiazolyl, 1,3,4-oxadiazolyl, 1,2,5-oxadiazolyl, etc.], oxazolyl, isoxazolyl, purinyl, thiazolyl, isothiazolyl, thienopyridinyl, thienyl, thiadiazolyl [e.g., 1,2,4-thiadiazolyl, 1,3,4-thiadiazolyl, 1,2,5-thiadiazolyl, etc.], pyridinyl, pyridazinyl, pyrimidinyl, pyrazinyl, pyrazolyl, pyrrolyl, pyrido[2,3-d]pyrimidinyl, pyrrolo[2,3-b]pyridinyl, quinazolinyl, quinolinyl, thieno[2,3-c]pyridinyl, tetrazolyl, triazinyl, and the like. The heteroaryl groups of the present invention can be optionally substituted with one, two, three, four, or five substituents independently selected from the groups as defined herein.

(462) Examples of preferred heteroaryl groups include, without limitation, thienyl, benzothienyl, furyl, benzofuryl, dibenzofuryl, pyrrolyl, imidazolyl, pyrazolyl, pyridyl, pyrazinyl, pyrimidinyl, indolyl, quinolyl, isoquinolyl, quinoxalinyl, tetrazolyl, oxazolyl, thiazolyl, triazolyl, and isoxazolyl

(463) The term heteroaralkyl or heteroarylalkyl, as used herein, alone or in combination, refers to a heteroaryl group attached to the parent molecular moiety through an alkyl group.

(464) The term heteroaralkenyl or heteroarylalkenyl, as used herein, alone or in combination, refers to a heteroaryl group attached to the parent molecular moiety through an alkenyl group.

(465) The term heteroaralkoxy or heteroarylalkoxy, as used herein, alone or in combination, refers to a heteroaryl group attached to the parent molecular moiety through an alkoxy group.

(466) The term heteroaralkylidene or heteroarylalkylidene, as used herein, alone or in combination, refers to a heteroaryl group attached to the parent molecular moiety through an alkylidene group.

(467) The term heteroaryloxy, as used herein, alone or in combination, refers to a heteroaryl group attached to the parent molecular moiety through an oxygen atom.

(468) The term heteroarylsulfonyl, as used herein, alone or in combination, refers to a heteroaryl group attached to the parent molecular moiety through a sulfonyl group.

(469) The terms heterocycloalkyl and, interchangeably, heterocycle, as used herein, alone or in combination, each refer to a saturated, partially unsaturated, or fully unsaturated monocyclic, bicyclic, or tricyclic heterocyclic radical containing one or more heteroatoms as ring members, wherein each said heteroatom may be independently selected from the group consisting of nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur, and wherein there are typically 3 to 8 ring members in each ring. Most commonly heterocyclic rings contain 5 to 6 ring members. In some embodiments of this invention heterocyclic rings contain 1 to 4 heteroatoms; in other embodiments, heterocyclic rings contain 1 to 2 heteroatoms. Heterocycloalkyl and heterocycle are intended to include sulfones, sulfoxides, N-oxides of tertiary nitrogen ring members, and carbocyclic fused and benzo fused ring systems; additionally, both terms also include systems where a heterocycle ring is fused to an aryl group, as defined herein, or an additional heterocycle group. Heterocycle groups of the invention are exemplified by aziridinyl, azetidinyl, 1,3-benzodioxolyl, dihydroisoindolyl, dihydroisoquinolinyl, dihydrocinnolinyl, dihydrobenzodioxinyl, dihydro[1,3]oxazolo[4,5-b]pyridinyl, benzothiazolyl, dihydroindolyl, dihy-dropyridinyl, 1,3-dioxanyl, 1,4-dioxanyl, 1,3-dioxolanyl, isoindolinyl, morpholinyl, piperazinyl, pyrrolidinyl, tetrahydropyridinyl, piperidinyl, thiomorpholinyl, and the like. The heterocycle groups may be optionally substituted unless specifically prohibited.

(470) The term heterocycloalkenyl, as used herein, alone or in combination, refers to a heterocycle group attached to the parent molecular moiety through an alkenyl group.

(471) The term heterocycloalkoxy, as used herein, alone or in combination, refers to a heterocycle group attached to the parent molecular group through an oxygen atom.

(472) The term heterocycloalkylalkyl, as used herein, alone or in combination, refers to an alkyl radical as defined above in which at least one hydrogen atom is replaced by a heterocycloalkyl radical as defined above, such as pyrrolidinylmethyl, tetrahydrothienylmethyl, pyridylmethyl and the like.

(473) The term heterocycloalkylidene, as used herein, alone or in combination, refers to a heterocycle group attached to the parent molecular moiety through an alkylidene group.

(474) The term hydrazinyl as used herein, alone or in combination, refers to two amino groups joined by a single bond, i.e., NN.

(475) The term hydroxy, as used herein, alone or in combination, refers to OH.

(476) The term hydroxyalkyl as used herein, alone or in combination, refers to a linear or branched alkyl group having one to about ten carbon atoms any one of which may be substituted with one or more hydroxyl radicals. Examples of such radicals include hydroxymethyl, hydroxyethyl, hydroxypropyl, hydroxybutyl and hydroxyhexyl.

(477) The term hydroxyalkyl, as used herein, alone or in combination, refers to a hydroxy group attached to the parent molecular moiety through an alkyl group.

(478) The term imino, as used herein, alone or in combination, refers to N.

(479) The term iminohydroxy, as used herein, alone or in combination, refers to N(OH) and NO.

(480) The phrase in the main chain refers to the longest contiguous or adjacent chain of carbon atoms starting at the point of attachment of a group to the compounds of this invention.

(481) The term isocyanato refers to a NCO group.

(482) The term isothiocyanato refers to a NCS group.

(483) The phrase linear chain of atoms refers to the longest straight chain of atoms independently selected from carbon, nitrogen, oxygen and sulfur.

(484) The term lower, as used herein in such terms as lower alkyl, alone or in combination, means containing from 1 to and including 6 carbon atoms.

(485) The term mercaptoalkyl as used herein, alone or in combination, refers to an RSR group, where R and R are as defined herein.

(486) The term mercaptomercaptyl as used herein, alone or in combination, refers to a RSRS group, where R is as defined herein.

(487) The term mercaptyl as used herein, alone or in combination, refers to an RS group, where R is as defined herein.

(488) The term null refers to a lone electron pair.

(489) The term nitro, as used herein, alone or in combination, refers to NO.sub.2.

(490) The term optionally substituted means the anteceding group may be substituted or unsubstituted. When substituted, the hydrogen atoms bound to the carbon, nitrogen, sulfur, or oxygen atoms are replaced by substituents which may include carbonyl (oxo), carboxyl, lower alkyl carboxylate, lower alkyl carbonate, lower alkyl carbamate, halogen, hydroxy, amino, amido, cyano, hydrazinyl, hydrazinylcarbonyl, alkylhydrazinyl, dialkylhydrazinyl, arylhydrazinyl, heteroarylhydrazinyl, nitro, thiol, sulfonic acid, trisubstituted silyl, urea, acyl, acyloxy, acylamino, acylthio, lower alkyl, lower alkylamino, lower dialkylamino, lower alkyloxy, lower alkoxyalkyl, lower alkylthio, lower alkylsulfonyl, lower alkenyl, lower alkenylamino, lower dialkenylamino, lower alkenyloxy, lower alkenylthio, lower alkenyl sulfonyl, lower alkynyl, lower alkynylamino, lower dialkynylamino, lower alkynyloxy, lower alkynylthio, lower alkynylsulfonyl, lower cycloalkyl, lower cycloalkyloxy, lower cycloalkylamino, lower cycloalkylthio, lower cycloalkylsulfonyl, lower cycloalkylalkyl, lower cycloalkylalkyloxy, lower cycloalkylalkylamino, lower cycloalkylalkylthio, lower cycloalkylalkylsulfonyl, aryl, aryloxy, arylamino, arylthio, arylsulfonyl, arylalkyl, arylalkyloxy, arylalkylamino, arylalkylthio, arylalkylsulfonyl, heteroaryl, heteroaryloxy, heteroarylamino, heteroarylthio, heteroarylsulfonyl, heteroarylalkyl, heteroarylalkyloxy, heteroarylalkylamino, heteroarylalkylthio, heteroarylalkylsulfonyl, heterocycloalkyl, heterocycloalkyloxy, heterocycloalkylamino, heterocycloalkylthio, heterocycloalkylsulfonyl, lower haloalkyl, lower haloalkenyl, lower haloalkynyl, lower perhaloalkyl, lower perhaloalkoxy, lower haloalkoxy, and lower acyloxy. Two substituents may be joined together to form a fused four-, five-, six-, or seven-membered carbocyclic or heterocyclic ring consisting of zero to three heteroatoms, for example forming methylenedioxy or ethylenedioxy. An optionally substituted group may be unsubstituted (e.g., CH.sub.2CH.sub.3), fully substituted (e.g., CF.sub.2CF.sub.3), monosubstituted (e.g., CH.sub.2CH.sub.2F) or substituted at a level anywhere in-between fully substituted and monosubstituted (e.g., CH.sub.2CF.sub.3). Where substituents are recited without qualification as to substitution, both substituted and unsubstituted forms are encompassed. Where a substituent is qualified as substituted, the substituted form is specifically intended. All pendant aryl, heteroaryl, and heterocyclo moieties can be further optionally substituted with one, two, three, four, or five substituents independently selected from the groups listed above.

(491) The terms oxy or oxa, as used herein, alone or in combination, refer to O.

(492) The term oxo as used herein, alone or in combination, refers to a doubly bonded oxygen O.

(493) The term perhaloalkoxy refers to an alkoxy group where all of the hydrogen atoms are replaced by halogen atoms.

(494) The term perhaloalkyl as used herein, alone or in combination, refers to an alkyl group where all of the hydrogen atoms are replaced by halogen atoms.

(495) The term phosphonate as used herein, alone or in combination, refers to the P(O)(OG)(OG1) group, where G and G1 are chosen from H, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, heteroaryl, etc.

(496) The term phosphinate as used herein, alone or in combination, refers to the P(O)(G)(OG1) group, where G and G1 are chosen from H, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, heteroaryl, etc.

(497) The terms sulfonate, sulfonic acid, and sulfonic, as used herein, alone or in combination, refer the SO.sub.3H group and its anion as the sulfonic acid is used in salt formation.

(498) The term sulfanyl, as used herein, alone or in combination, refers to S and S.

(499) The term sulfinyl, as used herein, alone or in combination, refers to S(O).

(500) The term sulfonyl, as used herein, alone or in combination, refers to SO.sub.2.

(501) The term N-sulfonamido refers to a RS(O).sub.2NH group with R as defined herein.

(502) The term S-sulfonamido refers to a S(O).sub.2NR.sub.2, group, with R as defined herein.

(503) The terms thia and thio, as used herein, alone or in combination, refer to a S group or an ether wherein the oxygen is replaced with sulfur. The oxidized derivatives of the thio group, namely sulfinyl and sulfonyl, are included in the definition of thia and thio.

(504) The term thioether, as used herein, alone or in combination, refers to a thio group bridging two moieties linked at carbon atoms.

(505) The term thiol, as used herein, alone or in combination, refers to an SH group.

(506) The term thiocarbonyl, as used herein, when alone includes thioformyl C(S)H and in combination is a C(S) group.

(507) The term N-thiocarbamyl refers to an ROC(S)NH group, with R as defined herein.

(508) The term O-thiocarbamyl refers to a OC(S)NR, group with R as defined herein.

(509) The term thiocyanato refers to a CNS group.

(510) The term trihalomethanesulfonamido refers to a X.sub.3CS(O).sub.2NR group with Xis a halogen and R as defined herein.

(511) The term trihalomethanesulfonyl refers to a X.sub.3CS(O).sub.2 group where X is a halogen.

(512) The term trihalomethoxy refers to a X.sub.3CO group where X is a halogen.

(513) The term trisubstituted silyl, as used herein, alone or in combination, refers to a silicone group substituted at its three free valences with groups as listed herein under the definition of substituted amino. Examples include trimethysilyl, tert-butyldimethylsilyl, triphenylsilyl and the like.

(514) The term urea, as used herein, alone or in combination, refers to N(R)C(O)N(R)(R), with R as defined herein.

(515) The term carrier is used in its broadest sense. For example, the term carrier refers to any carriers, diluents, excipients, wetting agents, buffering agents, suspending agents, lubricating agents, adjuvants, vehicles, delivery systems, emulsifiers, disintegrants, absorbents, preservatives, surfactants, colorants, flavorants, and sweeteners. In sonic embodiments, the carrier may be a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier, a term narrower than carrier, because the term pharmaceutically acceptable carrier means a non-toxic that would be suitable for use in a pharmaceutical composition.

(516) The present invention also relates to a pharmaceutical composition comprising, in a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier, an effective amount of at least one compound of the invention.

(517) The term effective amount is used in its broadest sense. The term, for example, refers to the amount required to produce a desired effect.

(518) In some embodiments, the compound of the invention is present in a pharmaceutical composition in an effective amount for treating HCV infection (e.g., chronic HCV infection). Treating HCV infection may refers to: (i) preventing HCV infection from occurring in an animal that may be predisposed to HCV infection but has not yet been diagnosed as having it; (ii) inhibiting or slowing HCV infection, e.g. arresting its development; (iii) relieving chronic infection, e.g. causing its regression; (iv) improving a symptom in a subject having chronic infection; and/or (v) prolonging the survival of a subject having chronic infection.

(519) In any embodiment of the compounds of formula (I), R.sub.1 through R.sub.5 may be the same, may be different, or some members of R.sub.1 through R.sub.5 may be the same while the others are different. Any combination is possible.

(520) Examples of compounds of the present invention may include, but are not limited to the following compounds listed in Table 1 below:

(521) TABLE-US-00001 TABLE 1 No. Structure 1 2 0 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 0 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 0 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 0 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 0 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 0 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 0 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 00 73 01 74 02 75 03 76 04 77 05 78 06 79 07 80 08 81 09 82 0 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 0 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 101 102 0 103 104 105 106 107 108 109 110 111 112 0 113 114 115 116 117 118 119 120 121 122 0 123 124 125 126 127 128 129 130 131 132 0 133 134 135 136 137 138 139 140 141 142 0 143 144 145 146 147 148 149 150 151 152 0 153 154 155 156 157 158 159 160 161 162 0 163 164 165 166 167 168 169 170 171 172 00 173 01 174 02 175 03 176 04 177 05 178 06 179 07 180 08 181 09 182 0 183 184 185 186 187 188 189 190 191 192 0 193 194 195 196 197 198 199 200 201 202 0 203 204 205 206 207 208 209 210 211 212 0 213 214 215 216 217 218 219 220 221 222 0 223 224 225 226 227 228 229 230 231 232 0 233 234 235 236 237 238 239 240 241 242 0 243 244 245 246 247 248 249 250 251 252 0 253 254 255 256 257 258 259 260 261 262 0 263 264 265 266 267 268 269 270 271 272 00 273 01 274 02 275 03 276 04 277 05 278 06 279 07 280 08 281 09 282 0 283 384 285 286 287 288 289 290 291 292 0 293 294 295 296 297 298 299 300 301 302 0 303 304 305 306 307 308 309 310 311 312 0 313 314 315 316 317 318 319 320 321 322 0 323 324 325 326 327 328 329 330 331 332 0 333 334 335 336 337 338 339 340 341 342 0 343 344 345 346 347 348 349 350 351 352 0 353 354 355 356 357 358 359 360

(522) Table 2 designates the melting points of various compounds.

(523) TABLE-US-00002 TABLE 2 Melting No. Structure Point ( C.) 1 127.5-129.0 2 0 260-264 (dec) 3 126-128 4 254-257 5 172-174 6 >300

(524) For the above compounds that have a trifluoromethyl group (CF.sub.3), it is also envisioned by the inventors that in place of the trifluoromethyl, a moiety selected from CF.sub.2H, CH.sub.2CF.sub.3, CF.sub.2CH.sub.3, CF.sub.2CF.sub.3, SCF.sub.3, SO.sub.2CF.sub.3, OCF.sub.3 and CH.sub.2CH.sub.2CF.sub.3 may be used.

(525) Compounds of Formula (I), where R.sub.6 is any of haloalkyl, perhaloalkyl, haloalkoxy, perhaloalkoxy, S(O).sub.mC(R.sub.7R.sub.8).sub.nCF.sub.3, and C(R.sub.7R.sub.8).sub.nCF.sub.3, may be synthesized by reacting an aroyl derivative, wherein G.sub.1 is hydroxy, chloro, fluoro, bromo, alkoxy and the like with a heteroaromatic amine as shown below, wherein W, X, and Y are as defined above, under suitable reaction conditions. In some embodiments, the reaction may be generically represented as follows:

(526) ##STR00395##

(527) Examples of the invention, compounds (1) and (2), may be synthesized by the method described in the following reaction scheme. 2-Amino-5-trifluoromethyl-thiazole was prepared by a modification of the procedure of Laduron et al. J. Fluorine Chem. 1995, 73, 83-86. Coupling of o-acetylsalicyloyl chloride and 2-Amino-5-trifluoromethylthiazole in the presence of a suitable base, including tertiary amines like triethylamine, in a suitable inert solvent like dichloromethane, at about 0 C. to about ambient room temperature, affords compound (1). Hydrolysis of the acetyl moiety of compound (1) with dilute hydrochoric acid at room temperature to about 50 C. yields compound (2).

(528) ##STR00396##

(529) Further examples of the invention, compounds (3) and (4), may be synthesized via the synthetic pathway outlined in the scheme below, using commercially available 2-amino-4-trifluoromethylthiazole as a starting material.

(530) ##STR00397##

(531) The compositions of the present invention may be formulated as solid or liquid dosage forms, or as pastes or ointments, and may optionally contain further active ingredients.

(532) A pharmaceutical composition of the present invention comprises a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier, which is not particularly limited, and includes a wide range of carriers known to those of ordinary skill in the art, and including wetting or dispersing agents, starch derivatives, excipients, and the like. Tablet embodiments may optionally comprise a coating of a substance that constitutes an enteric coating, i.e., a coating that substantially insoluble in gastric secretion but substantially soluble in intestinal fluids.

(533) Pharmaceutical compositions comprising the compounds of the present invention are in some embodiments formulated for oral administration and are optionally in the form of a liquid, for example an emulsion or a solution or a suspension in water or oil such as arachis oil, or other liquid. Formulations of non-aqueous micellar solutions may be prepared according to the method disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 5,169,846. Alternatively, tablets can be manufactured, for example, by performing the following steps: wet granulation; drying; and compression. Film coating may generally be performed with organic solvents.

(534) The present invention is a method, comprising administering to a subject at least one compound of the present invention in an amount in an effective amount for treating HCV infection (e.g., chronic HCV infection). In some embodiments, the method, comprising administering to a subject at least one pharmaceutical composition which comprises at least one compound of the present invention in an amount in an effective amount for treating HCV infection (e.g., chronic HCV infection).

(535) In some embodiments, the subject is chosen from animals. In some embodiments, the subject is chosen from mammals. In some embodiments, the subject is chosen from pets, such as mice, dogs, cats, etc. In some embodiments, the subject is chosen from humans.

(536) In some embodiments, the invention provides a method of treating a viral infection in a subject, comprising administering to the subject at least one dose of an effective amount of at least one compound of the present invention. In some embodiments, the invention provides a method of treating a viral infection in a subject, comprising administering to the subject at least one dose of an effective amount of at least one pharmaceutical composition comprising, in a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier, at least one compound of the present invention.

(537) In some embodiments the antiviral treatment or prophylactic dosages of the compound of the present invention may depend upon the weight of the subject, and may be inferred by one of ordinary skill without undue experimentation by reference to the following examples, which are set forth for purposes of illustration and are not intended to be limiting.

(538) The inventive compounds and compositions may be administered locally or systemically by any means known to an ordinarily skilled artisan. For example, the inventive compounds and compositions may be administered orally, parenterally, by inhalation spray, topically, rectally, nasally, buccally, vaginally or via an implanted reservoir in dosage formulations containing conventional non-toxic pharmaceutically acceptable carriers, adjuvants and vehicles. The term parenteral as used herein includes subcutaneous, intravenous, intraarterial, intramuscular, intraperitoneal, intrathecal, intraventricular, intrasternal, intracranial or intraosseous injection and infusion techniques. The exact administration protocol will vary depending upon various factors including the age, body weight, general health, sex and diet of the patient; the determination of specific administration procedures would be routine to an ordinarily skilled artisan.

(539) Dose levels on the order of about 0.1 to about 100 mg/kg of the active ingredient compound are useful in the treatment of the above conditions (e.g., 0.1 mg/kg-day). In some embodiments, the amounts range from about 1 to about 10 mg/kg, and in other embodiments, the amounts range from about 2 to about 5 mg/kg. The specific dose level for any particular patient will vary depending upon a variety of factors, including the activity and the possible toxicity of the specific compound employed; the age, body weight, general health, sex and diet of the patient; the time of administration; the rate of excretion; drug combination; the severity of the particular disease being treated; and the form of administration. Typically, in vitro dosage-effect results provide useful guidance on the proper doses for patient administration. Studies in animal models are also helpful. The considerations for determining the proper dose levels are well known in the art.

(540) Any administration regimen for regulating the timing and sequence of drug delivery can be used and repeated as necessary to effect treatment. Such regimen may include multiple uses or preadministration and/or co-administration and/or postadministration with food, liquid, or water.

(541) As noted above, this invention provides or contemplates a kit, comprising at least one compound of the invention. The kit could take any form. By way of example, a kit includes one or more containers for storing a pharmaceutical composition. In some embodiments, a container contains written instructions for administering the pharmaceutical composition. In some embodiments, a container contains is the substrate for the written instructions for administering the pharmaceutical composition. In some embodiments, the written instructions for administering the pharmaceutical composition are affixed to a container, for example, as in a container for filling a prescription sometimes has written instructions affixed on a surface.

(542) Other embodiments of the invention will be apparent to those skilled in the art from consideration of the specification and practice of the invention disclosed herein. It is intended that the specification and its examples be considered as exemplary only, with a true scope and spirit of the invention being indicated by what may eventually be claimed.

EXAMPLES

(543) 1. Materials and Methods

(544) 1.1 Materials.

(545) All test compounds were provided by Romark Laboratories, Nitazoxanide and Tizoxanide were used as standards.

(546) 1.2. HBV studies.

(547) 1.2.1. Antiviral Assays.

(548) HBV antiviral assays were conducted as previous described [Korba and Gerin, Antiviral Res. 19:55 (1992 Confluent cultures of 2.2.15 cells were maintained on 96-well flat-bottomed tissue culture plates (confluence in this culture system is required for active, high levels of HBV replication equivalent to that observed in chronically-infected individuals [Sells et al. J. Virol. 62, 2836-2844 (1988); Korba and Gerin (1992)]. Cultures were treated with nine consecutive daily doses of the test compounds. HBV DNA levels were assessed by quantitative blot hybridization 24 hr. after the last treatment. Cytotoxicity was assessed by uptake of neutral red dye 24 hr. following the last treatment.

(549) 1.2.3. Production of HBV Proteins.

(550) Cultures of 2.2.15 cells were treated under standard procedures and semi-quantitative EIA-based analysis of HBV proteins was performed as previously described [Korba and Gerin, Antivir. Res. 28, 225-242 (1995)], except that HBeAg was analyzed ETI-EBK Plus(DiaSorin, Inc., Stillwater, Minn. USA). Samples were diluted (2 to 10-fold) to bring levels into the dynamic response ranges of the EIA's. HBsAg, and HBeAg were analyzed from culture medium samples and HBcAg was analyzed from intracellular lysates. Intracellular HBV RNA was assessed by quantitative northern blot hybridization (Korba and Gerin, 1995).

(551) 1.3. HCV Studies.

(552) Antiviral activity of test compounds was assessed in a 3-day assay using the stably-expressing HCV replicon cell line, AVAS (sub-genomic CONI, genotype 1b) [Blight et al., Science 290, 1972-1974 (2000)] maintained as sub-confluent cultures on 96-well plates as previously described (Okuse et al., Antiviral Research 65, 23-34 (2005)]. Antiviral activity was determined by blot hybridization analysis of intracellular HCV RNA (normalized to the level of cellular B-actin RNA in each culture sample) and cytotoxicity was assessed by neutral red dye uptake after 3 days of treatment. Additional studies were performed using Huh7 cells containing another HCV replicon, H/FL-Neo, a genotype 1a full length construct [Blight et al., J. Virol. 77, 3181-3190 (2003)]. For studies involving human serum, standard culture medium (which contains 10% fetal bovine serum) and assay conditions were maintained.

(553) 1.4. Presentation of Results.

(554) EC.sub.50, EC.sub.90 and CC.sub.50 values (standard deviations [S.D.]) were calculated by linear regression analysis using data combined from all treated cultures (Korba and Gerin, 1992; Okuse et al., 2005). EC.sub.50 and EC.sub.90 are drug concentrations at which a 2-fold, or a 10-fold depression of intracellular HBV DNA or HCV RNA (relative to the average levels in untreated cultures), respectively, was observed. CC.sub.50 is the drug concentration at which a 2-fold lower level of neutral red dye uptake (relative to the average levels in untreated cultures) was observed. Selectivity index (S.I.) was calculated as CC.sub.50/EC.sub.90 for HBV assays and CC.sub.50/EC.sub.50 for HCV assays. EC.sub.90 values were used for calculation of the S.I. in HBV assays since at least a 3-fold depression of HBV DNA levels is typically required to achieve statistical significance in this assay system (Korba and Gerin, 1992). For combination treatments, EC.sub.50, EC.sub.90, CC.sub.50 and S.I. are presented for the first compound listed. The molar ratio of the compounds in each combination is also indicated.

(555) 2. Results

(556) TABLE-US-00003 TABLE 3 HBV Extracellular Virion Assay Results. CC.sub.50 EC.sub.50 EC.sub.90 SI Compd # (M) (VIR) (M) (VIR) (M) (VIR) Nitazoxanide > 100.0 A C > 121 (reference) Tizoxanide > 100.0 A C > 172 (reference) 1 > 100.0 D E > 11 2 > 100.0 D E > 11 3 > 100.0 > E > E 4 > 100.0 > E > E 5 > 100.0 > E > E 6 > 100.0 > E > E Legend: A: 0.05-0.2; B: 0.2-0.8; C: 0.8-3.2; D: 3.2-4.0; E: >4.0 Nitazoxanide (reference) Tizoxanide (reference)

(557) Table 4 presents data from the primary HCV replicon cell assay.

(558) TABLE-US-00004 TABLE 4 Primary HCV Replicon Cell Assay. PRIMARY ASSAY, GENOTYPE 1B CC50 EC50 EC90 Compound (M) (M) (M) SI Nitazoxanide (reference) 32.0 B C 169.0 Tizoxanide (reference) 15.0 B C 100.0 1 3.7 D E 0.9 2 0.46 A A 58.0 3 in test 4 in test 5 15.0 D E 15.0 6 5.3 D E 1.4 EC50 & EC90 Legand A: 0.005-0.05; B: 0.05-0.5; C: 0.5-10; D: 0-5.0; E: >5.0

(559) TABLE-US-00005 TABLE 5 Antiviral Activity of Thiazolides Against Paramyxovirus, Influenza A and Coronavirus in Cell Assays Paramyxovirus (Sendai virus)- Influenza A (PR8)- Coronavirus (CCoV)- 37RC cells MDCK cells A72 cells Toxicity Toxicity Toxicity Virus Yield LD.sub.50 S.I. Virus Yield LD.sub.50 S.I. Virus Yield LD.sub.50 S.I. ID.sub.50 ID.sub.90 (MTT) LD.sub.50/ ID.sub.50 ID.sub.90 (MTT) LD.sub.50/ ID.sub.50 ID.sub.90 (MTT) LD.sub.50/ Compound RM# g/ml g/ml g/ml ID.sub.50 g/ml g/ml g/ml ID.sub.50 g/ml g/ml g/ml ID.sub.50 Nitazoxanide NTZ 1 6 >50 >50 1 7 >50 >50 (reference) Tizoxanide TIZ 0.5 5 >50 >100 1 9 >50 >50 1 1.5 >50 >50 (reference) 1 RM5036 2 RM5037 3 RM5034 4 RM5035 5 RM4816 3 9 >50 >17 3 9 >50 >16.7 6 RM5033

(560) TABLE-US-00006 TABLE 6 Antiviral Activity of Thiazolides Against Rhinovirus, Respiratory Syncytial Virus and Herpesvirus in Cell Assays Rhinovirus (RHV-2) HeLa R19 Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RV-A2)- Herpesvirus (HSV-1) - Hep-2 cells HeLa cells cells Toxicity Toxicity Toxicity Virus Yield LD.sub.50 S.I. Virus Yield LD.sub.50 S.I. Virus Yield LD.sub.50 S.I. ID.sub.50 ID.sub.90 (MTT) LD.sub.50/ ID.sub.50 ID.sub.90 (MTT) LD.sub.50/ ID.sub.50 ID.sub.90 (MTT) LD.sub.50/ Compound RM# g/ml g/ml g/ml ID.sub.50 g/ml g/ml g/ml ID.sub.50 g/ml g/ml g/ml ID.sub.50 Nitazoxanide NTZ 2.5 >50 >50 >20 0.025 0.5 >50 >2000 (reference) Tizoxanide TIZ 0.3 40 >50 >167 0.5 3 6 2 5 50 25 (reference) 1 RM5036 9 >50 >50 >5.5 0.2 2 >50 >250 2 RM5037 3 RM5034 0.03 1.5 >50 >1667 4 RM5035 0.15 1.5 >50 >333 5 RM4816 6 RM5033 0.2 1 >50 >250

(561) TABLE-US-00007 TABLE 7 Antiviral Activity of Thiazolides Against Rotavirus (2 strains) and Adenovirus in Cell Assays Rotavirus (Simian SA11)- Rotavirus (WAG8P1) - MA104 Adenovirus (Ad5)- HeLa R19 MA104 cells cells cells Toxicity Toxicity Toxicity Virus Yield LD.sub.50 S.I. Virus Yield LD.sub.50 S.I. Virus Yield LD.sub.50 S.I. ID.sub.50 ID.sub.90 (MTT) LD.sub.50/ ID.sub.50 ID.sub.90 (MTT) LD.sub.50/ ID.sub.50 ID.sub.90 (MTT) LD.sub.50/ Compound RM# g/ml g/ml g/ml ID.sub.50 g/ml g/ml g/ml ID.sub.50 g/ml g/ml g/ml ID.sub.50 Nitazoxanide NTZ 1 10 >50 >50 10 40 >50 >5 1.5 15 >50 >33.3 (reference) Tizoxanide TIZ 0.5 4 >50 >100 1 15 >50 >50 0.2 0.3 0.8 5 (reference) 1 RM5036 0.1 3.5 4 40 2 RM5037 3 RM5034 4 RM5035 5 RM4816 6 RM5033

(562) TABLE-US-00008 TABLE 8 Antiviral Activity of thiazolides Against Rhabdovirus in Cell Assays Rhabdovirus (VSV)-MA104 cells Toxicity Virus Yield LD.sub.50 ID.sub.50 ID.sub.90 (MTT) S.I. Compound RM # g/ml g/ml g/ml LD.sub.50/ID.sub.50 Nitazoxanide NTZ (reference) Tizoxanide TIZ 2 15 50 25 (reference) 1 RM5036 2 RM5037 3 RM5034 4 RM5035 5 RM4816 6 RM5033